1
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Zhu X, Su Z, Tan R, Guo C, Ai X, Qian J. Scalable Synthesis of Bilayer Graphene at Ambient Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6388-6396. [PMID: 38408435 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we develop for the first time a facile chemical lithiation-assisted exfoliation approach to the controllable and scalable preparation of bilayer graphene. Biphenyl lithium (Bp-Li), a strong reducing reagent, is selected to realize the spontaneous Li-intercalation into graphite at ambient temperature, forming lithium graphite intercalation compounds (Li-GICs). The potential of Bp-Li (0.11 V vs Li/Li+), which is just lower than the potential of stage-2 lithium intercalation (0.125 V), enables the precise lithiation of graphite to stage-2 Li-GICs (LiC12). Intriguingly, the exfoliation of LiC12 leads to the bilayer-favored production of graphene, giving a high selectivity of 78%. Furthermore, the mild intercalation-exfoliation procedure yields high-quality graphene with negligible structural deterioration. The obtained graphene exhibits ultralow defect density (ID/IG ∼ 0.14) and a considerably high C/O ratio (∼29.7), superior to most current state-of-the-art techniques. This simple and scalable strategy promotes the understanding of chemical Li-intercalation methods for preparing high-quality graphene and shows great potential for layer-controlled engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Zhikang Su
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Ran Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Cunlan Guo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xinping Ai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Jiangfeng Qian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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2
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Wang D, Zhang W, Wang J, Li X, Liu Y. A high-performance, all-solid-state Na + selective sensor printed with eco-friendly conductive ink. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16610-16618. [PMID: 37287809 PMCID: PMC10242244 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01410j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the integration of flexible printed electronics and electrochemical sensors has emerged as a new approach for developing wearable biochemical detecting devices. Among the materials utilized in flexible printed electronics, carbon-based conductive inks are considered to be crucial. In this study, we propose a cost-effective, highly conductive, and environmentally friendly ink formulation utilizing graphite and carbon black (CB) as conductive fillers, resulting in a very low sheet resistance of 15.99 Ω sq-1 (conductivity of 2.5 × 103 S m-1) and a printed film thickness of 25 μm. The unique "sandwich" structure of the working electrode (WE) printed with this ink enhances its electrical conductivity, leading to high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, with almost no water film generated between the WE and the ion-selective membrane (ISM), strong ion selectivity, long-term stability, and anti-interference. The lower detection limit of the sensor for Na+ is 0.16 mM with a slope of 75.72 mV per decade. To validate the sensor's usability, we analyzed three sweat samples collected during physical activity, with Na+ concentrations within the typical range for human sweat (51 ± 4 mM, 39 ± 5 mM, and 46 ± 2 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Wanggang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Yiming Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
- Shanxi Academy of Analytical Sciences Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi China
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3
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Paton KR, Despotelis K, Kumar N, Turner P, Pollard AJ. On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:509-521. [PMID: 37152472 PMCID: PMC10155622 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is one of the most common methods to characterize graphene-related 2D materials, providing information on a wide range of physical and chemical properties. Because of typical sample inhomogeneity, Raman spectra are acquired from several locations across a sample, and analysis is carried out on the averaged spectrum from all locations. This is then used to characterize the "quality" of the graphene produced, in particular the level of exfoliation for top-down manufactured materials. However, these have generally been developed using samples prepared with careful separation of unexfoliated materials. In this work we assess these metrics when applied to non-ideal samples, where unexfoliated graphite has been deliberately added to the exfoliated material. We demonstrate that previously published metrics, when applied to averaged spectra, do not allow the presence of this unexfoliated material to be reliably detected. Furthermore, when a sufficiently large number of spectra are acquired, it is found that by processing and classifying individual spectra, rather than the averaged spectrum, it is possible to identify the presence of this material in the sample, although quantification of the amount remains approximate. We therefore recommend this approach as a robust methodology for reliable characterization of mass-produced graphene-related 2D materials using confocal Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Paton
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | | | - Naresh Kumar
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Piers Turner
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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4
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Hu CX, Read O, Shin Y, Chen Y, Wang J, Boyes M, Zeng N, Panigrahi A, Kostarelos K, Larrosa I, Vranic S, Casiraghi C. Effects of Lateral Size, Thickness, and Stabilizer Concentration on the Cytotoxicity of Defect-Free Graphene Nanosheets: Implications for Biological Applications. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:12626-12636. [PMID: 36185165 PMCID: PMC9513747 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c02403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we apply liquid cascade centrifugation to highly concentrated graphene dispersions produced by liquid-phase exfoliation in water with an insoluble bis-pyrene stabilizer to obtain fractions containing nanosheets with different lateral size distributions. The concentration, stability, size, thickness, and the cytotoxicity profile are studied as a function of the initial stabilizer concentration for each fraction. Our results show that there is a critical initial amount of stabilizer (0.4 mg/mL) above which the dispersions show reduced concentration, stability, and biocompatibility, no matter the lateral size of the flakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xia Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Oliver Read
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yuyoung Shin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yingxian Chen
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Booth Street East, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Matthew Boyes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Niting Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Adyasha Panigrahi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Booth Street East, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), UAB Campus Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Igor Larrosa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sandra Vranic
- Nanomedicine
Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, AV Hill Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Booth Street East, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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5
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Zhao Y, Gobbi M, Hueso LE, Samorì P. Molecular Approach to Engineer Two-Dimensional Devices for CMOS and beyond-CMOS Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 122:50-131. [PMID: 34816723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials (2DMs) have attracted tremendous research interest over the last two decades. Their unique optical, electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties make 2DMs key building blocks for the fabrication of novel complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) and beyond-CMOS devices. Major advances in device functionality and performance have been made by the covalent or noncovalent functionalization of 2DMs with molecules: while the molecular coating of metal electrodes and dielectrics allows for more efficient charge injection and transport through the 2DMs, the combination of dynamic molecular systems, capable to respond to external stimuli, with 2DMs makes it possible to generate hybrid systems possessing new properties by realizing stimuli-responsive functional devices and thereby enabling functional diversification in More-than-Moore technologies. In this review, we first introduce emerging 2DMs, various classes of (macro)molecules, and molecular switches and discuss their relevant properties. We then turn to 2DM/molecule hybrid systems and the various physical and chemical strategies used to synthesize them. Next, we discuss the use of molecules and assemblies thereof to boost the performance of 2D transistors for CMOS applications and to impart diverse functionalities in beyond-CMOS devices. Finally, we present the challenges, opportunities, and long-term perspectives in this technologically promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Zhao
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,School of Micro-Nano Electronics, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,CIC nanoGUNE, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis E Hueso
- CIC nanoGUNE, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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6
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Gautam C, Chelliah S. Methods of hexagonal boron nitride exfoliation and its functionalization: covalent and non-covalent approaches. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31284-31327. [PMID: 35496870 PMCID: PMC9041435 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05727h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The exfoliation of two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNSs) from bulk hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) materials has received intense interest owing to their fascinating physical, chemical, and biological properties. Numerous exfoliation techniques offer scalable approaches for harvesting single-layer or few-layer h-BNNSs. Their structure is very comparable to graphite, and they have numerous significant applications owing to their superb thermal, electrical, optical, and mechanical performance. Exfoliation from bulk stacked h-BN is the most cost-effective way to obtain large quantities of few layer h-BN. Herein, numerous methods have been discussed to achieve the exfoliation of h-BN, each with advantages and disadvantages. Herein, we describe the existing exfoliation methods used to fabricate single-layer materials. Besides exfoliation methods, various functionalization methods, such as covalent, non-covalent, and Lewis acid-base approaches, including physical and chemical methods, are extensively described for the preparation of several h-BNNS derivatives. Moreover, the unique and potent characteristics of functionalized h-BNNSs, like enhanced solubility in water, improved thermal conductivity, stability, and excellent biocompatibility, lead to certain extensive applications in the areas of biomedical science, electronics, novel polymeric composites, and UV photodetectors, and these are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandkiram Gautam
- Advanced Glass and Glass Ceramics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Lucknow Lucknow 226007 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Selvam Chelliah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University Houston USA
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7
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Anichini C, Samorì P. Graphene-Based Hybrid Functional Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100514. [PMID: 34174141 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a 2D material combining numerous outstanding physical properties, including high flexibility and strength, extremely high thermal conductivity and electron mobility, transparency, etc., which make it a unique testbed to explore fundamental physical phenomena. Such physical properties can be further tuned by combining graphene with other nanomaterials or (macro)molecules to form hybrid functional materials, which by design can display not only the properties of the individual components but also exhibit new properties and enhanced characteristics arising from the synergic interaction of the components. The implementation of the hybrid approach to graphene also allows boosting the performances in a multitude of technological applications. This review reports the hybrids formed by graphene combined with other low-dimensional nanomaterials of diverse dimensionality (0D, 1D, and 2D) and (macro)molecules, with emphasis on the synthetic methods. The most important applications of these hybrids in the fields of sensing, water purification, energy storage, biomedical, (photo)catalysis, and opto(electronics) are also reviewed, with a special focus on the superior performances of these hybrids compared to the individual, nonhybridized components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Anichini
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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8
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MOOSA AA, ABED MS. Graphene preparation and graphite exfoliation. Turk J Chem 2021; 45:493-519. [PMID: 34385847 PMCID: PMC8326494 DOI: 10.3906/kim-2101-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of Graphene is critical to achieving its functions in practical applications. Different methods have been used to synthesis graphene, but graphite exfoliation is considered the simplest way to produce graphene and graphene oxide. In general, controlling the synthesis conditions to achieving the optimum yield, keeping the pristine structure to realize on-demand properties, minimum layers with the smallest lateral size, and minimum oxygen content are the most obstacles experienced by researchers. Each application requires a specific graphene model, graphene oxides GO, or even graphene intercalated compounds (GIC) depending on synthesis conditions and approach. This paper reviewed and summarized the most researches in this field and focusing on exfoliation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. MOOSA
- Materials Engineering Technology Department, Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, BaghdadIraq
| | - Mayyadah S. ABED
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Technology, BaghdadIraq
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9
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Shin Y, Just-Baringo X, Boyes M, Panigrahi A, Zarattini M, Chen Y, Liu X, Morris G, Prestat E, Kostarelos K, Vranic S, Larrosa I, Casiraghi C. Enhanced liquid phase exfoliation of graphene in water using an insoluble bis-pyrene stabiliser. Faraday Discuss 2021; 227:46-60. [PMID: 33295354 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00114j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stabilisers, such as surfactants, polymers and polyaromatic molecules, offer an effective way to produce graphene dispersions in water by Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE) without degrading the properties of graphene. In particular, pyrene derivatives provide better exfoliation efficiency than traditional surfactants and polymers. A stabiliser is expected to be relatively soluble in order to disperse hydrophobic graphene in water. Here, we show that exfoliation can also be achieved with insoluble pyrene stabilisers if appropriately designed. In particular, bis-pyrene stabilisers (BPSs) functionalised with pyrrolidine provide a higher exfoliation efficiency and percentage of single layers compared to traditional pyrene derivatives under the same experimental conditions. This is attributed to the enhanced interactions between BPS and graphene, provided by the presence of two pyrene binding groups. This approach is therefore attractive not only to produce highly concentrated graphene, but also to use graphene to disperse insoluble molecules in water. The enhanced adsorption of BPS on graphene, however, is reflected in higher toxicity towards human epithelial bronchial immortalized cells, limiting the use of this material for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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10
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Luo J, Yang L, Sun D, Gao Z, Jiao K, Zhang J. Graphene Oxide "Surfactant"-Directed Tunable Concentration of Graphene Dispersion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003426. [PMID: 33079468 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous graphene dispersions with tunable concentrations are fundamental prerequisites for the preparation of graphene-based materials. Here, a strategy for effectively dispersing graphene using graphene oxide (GO) to produce homogeneous, tunable, and ultrahigh concentration graphene dispersions (>150 mg mL-1 ) is proposed. The structure of GO with abundant edge-bound hydrophilic carboxyl groups and in-plane hydrophobic π-conjugated domains allows it to function as a special "surfactant" that enables graphene dispersion. In acidic solutions, GO sheets tend to form edge-to-edge hydrogen bonds and expose the π-conjugated regions which interact with graphene, thereby promoting graphene dispersion. While in alkaline solutions, GO sheets tend to stack in a surface-to-surface manner, thereby blocking the π-conjugated regions and impeding graphene dispersion. As the concentration of GO-dispersed graphene dispersion (GO/G) increases, a continuous transition between four states is obtained, including a dilute dispersion, a thick paste, a free-standing gel, and a kneadable, playdough-like material. Furthermore, GO/G can be applied to create desirable structures including highly conductive graphene films with excellent flexibility, thereby demonstrating an immense potential in flexible composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Luo
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Liangwei Yang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Aerospace Special Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing, 100074, P. R. China
| | - Danping Sun
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfei Gao
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Kun Jiao
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, P. R. China
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11
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Mukhopadhyay TK, Datta A. Disentangling the liquid phase exfoliation of two-dimensional materials: an " in silico" perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22157-22179. [PMID: 33016978 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03128c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE) is one of the most successful synthetic roots for the preparation of two-dimensional (2D) materials from their bulk counterparts. In recent years, significant progress has been accomplished for the development and modification of LPE techniques. However, precise identification of the hierarchical steps of the molecular mechanism of LPE remains to some extent elusive. Additionally, the a priori choice of suitable solvents for successful exfoliation and dispersion of various layered materials poses a challenge for both academia and industry. Computational methods, particularly Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations with classical force-fields have contributed a great deal towards the understanding of the underlying mechanism of LPE, providing remarkable insights into the molecular-level details of the solvent-material interactions at the nanoscale and predicting "good" and "bad" solvents for exfoliation as well as stabilization of the dispersed state. With an intention to build up a unified understanding, in this perspective article, we summarize the recent advancements of molecular simulation techniques employed to decipher the mechanism of LPE, pointing out the key features of molecular interactions and identifying several thermodynamic parameters governing the phenomena. In addition, we outline the necessary characteristics of solvent molecules, essential for their use as "good" solvents towards LPE. Also, we highlight the limitations of simulation methods for the modelling of LPE. We believe that this article will be beneficial for the selection of solvents for the synthesis of novel 2D materials via LPE and will also provide a comprehensive view to computational material scientists towards the development of novel simulation protocols for investigating and analysing such complex molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titas Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India.
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12
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Shin Y, Vranic S, Just-Baringo X, Gali SM, Kisby T, Chen Y, Gkoutzidou A, Prestat E, Beljonne D, Larrosa I, Kostarelos K, Casiraghi C. Stable, concentrated, biocompatible, and defect-free graphene dispersions with positive charge. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12383-12394. [PMID: 32490468 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02689a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding properties of graphene offer high potential for biomedical applications. In this framework, positively charged nanomaterials show better interactions with the biological environment, hence there is strong interest in the production of positively charged graphene nanosheets. Currently, production of cationic graphene is either time consuming or producing dispersions with poor stability, which strongly limit their use in the biomedical field. In this study, we made a family of new cationic pyrenes, and have used them to successfully produce water-based, highly concentrated, stable, and defect-free graphene dispersions with positive charge. The use of different pyrene derivatives as well as molecular dynamics simulations allowed us to get insights on the nanoscale interactions required to achieve efficient exfoliation and stabilisation. The cationic graphene dispersions show outstanding biocompatibility and cellular uptake as well as exceptional colloidal stability in the biological medium, making this material extremely attractive for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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13
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Nagyte V, Kelly DJ, Felten A, Picardi G, Shin Y, Alieva A, Worsley RE, Parvez K, Dehm S, Krupke R, Haigh SJ, Oikonomou A, Pollard AJ, Casiraghi C. Raman Fingerprints of Graphene Produced by Anodic Electrochemical Exfoliation. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3411-3419. [PMID: 32233490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical exfoliation is one of the most promising methods for scalable production of graphene. However, limited understanding of its Raman spectrum as well as lack of measurement standards for graphene strongly limit its industrial applications. In this work, we show a systematic study of the Raman spectrum of electrochemically exfoliated graphene, produced using different electrolytes and types of solvents in varying amounts. We demonstrate that no information on the thickness can be extracted from the shape of the 2D peak as this type of graphene is defective. Furthermore, the number of defects and the uniformity of the samples strongly depend on the experimental conditions, including postprocessing. Under specific conditions, the formation of short conductive trans-polyacetylene chains has been observed. Our Raman analysis provides guidance for the community on how to get information on defects coming from electrolyte, temperature, and other experimental conditions, by making Raman spectroscopy a powerful metrology tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaiva Nagyte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Felten
- Synthesis, Irradiation and Analysis of Materials (SIAM), University of Namur, Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Gennaro Picardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - YuYoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana Alieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn E Worsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Khaled Parvez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Oikonomou
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Photonic Sciences, Castelldefels 08860, Spain
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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14
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Le TH, Oh Y, Kim H, Yoon H. Exfoliation of 2D Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications. Chemistry 2020; 26:6360-6401. [PMID: 32162404 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The fascinating properties of single-layer graphene isolated by mechanical exfoliation have inspired extensive research efforts toward two-dimensional (2D) materials. Layered compounds serve as precursors for atomically thin 2D materials (briefly, 2D nanomaterials) owing to their strong intraplane chemical bonding but weak interplane van der Waals interactions. There are newly emerging 2D materials beyond graphene, and it is becoming increasingly important to develop cost-effective, scalable methods for producing 2D nanomaterials with controlled microstructures and properties. The variety of developed synthetic techniques can be categorized into two classes: bottom-up and top-down approaches. Of top-down approaches, the exfoliation of bulk 2D materials into single or few layers is the most common. This review highlights chemical and physical exfoliation methods that allow for the production of 2D nanomaterials in large quantities. In addition, remarkable examples of utilizing exfoliated 2D nanomaterials in energy and environmental applications are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Hai Le
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Yuree Oh
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Hyungwoo Kim
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research &, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.,Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research &, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.,Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
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15
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Fusco L, Gazzi A, Peng G, Shin Y, Vranic S, Bedognetti D, Vitale F, Yilmazer A, Feng X, Fadeel B, Casiraghi C, Delogu LG. Graphene and other 2D materials: a multidisciplinary analysis to uncover the hidden potential as cancer theranostics. Theranostics 2020; 10:5435-5488. [PMID: 32373222 PMCID: PMC7196289 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents one of the main causes of death in the world; hence the development of more specific approaches for its diagnosis and treatment is urgently needed in clinical practice. Here we aim at providing a comprehensive review on the use of 2-dimensional materials (2DMs) in cancer theranostics. In particular, we focus on graphene-related materials (GRMs), graphene hybrids, and graphdiyne (GDY), as well as other emerging 2DMs, such as MXene, tungsten disulfide (WS2), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), black phosphorus (BP), silicene, antimonene (AM), germanene, biotite (black mica), metal organic frameworks (MOFs), and others. The results reported in the scientific literature in the last ten years (>200 papers) are dissected here with respect to the wide variety of combinations of imaging methodologies and therapeutic approaches, including drug/gene delivery, photothermal/photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy. We provide a unique multidisciplinary approach in discussing the literature, which also includes a detailed section on the characterization methods used to analyze the material properties, highlighting the merits and limitations of the different approaches. The aim of this review is to show the strong potential of 2DMs for use as cancer theranostics, as well as to highlight issues that prevent the clinical translation of these materials. Overall, we hope to shed light on the hidden potential of the vast panorama of new and emerging 2DMs as clinical cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fusco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
- Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arianna Gazzi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Guotao Peng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuyoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sandra Vranic
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Flavia Vitale
- Department of Neurology, Bioengineering, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Acelya Yilmazer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lucia Gemma Delogu
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic CompositesBeijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsBionanomaterials & Translational Engineering LaboratoryBeijing Key Laboratory of BioprocessBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Xueting Pan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic CompositesBeijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsBionanomaterials & Translational Engineering LaboratoryBeijing Key Laboratory of BioprocessBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Huiyu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic CompositesBeijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsBionanomaterials & Translational Engineering LaboratoryBeijing Key Laboratory of BioprocessBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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17
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Liu S, Pan X, Liu H. Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterials for Photothermal Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5890-5900. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic CompositesBeijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsBionanomaterials & Translational Engineering LaboratoryBeijing Key Laboratory of BioprocessBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Xueting Pan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic CompositesBeijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsBionanomaterials & Translational Engineering LaboratoryBeijing Key Laboratory of BioprocessBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Huiyu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic CompositesBeijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsBionanomaterials & Translational Engineering LaboratoryBeijing Key Laboratory of BioprocessBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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18
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Shi H, Li M, Shaygan Nia A, Wang M, Park S, Zhang Z, Lohe MR, Yang S, Feng X. Ultrafast Electrochemical Synthesis of Defect-Free In 2 Se 3 Flakes for Large-Area Optoelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907244. [PMID: 31944431 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Because of its thickness-dependent direct bandgap and exceptional optoelectronic properties, indium(III) selenide (In2 Se3 ) has emerged as an important semiconductor for electronics and optoelectronics. However, the scalable synthesis of defect-free In2 Se3 flakes remains a significant barrier for its practical applications. Here, a facile electrochemical strategy is presented for the ultrafast delamination of bulk layered In2 Se3 crystals in nonaqueous media, resulting in high-yield (83%) production of defect-free In2 Se3 flakes with large lateral size (up to 26 µm). The intercalation of tetrahexylammonium (THA+ ) ions mainly creates stage-3 intercalated compounds in which every three layers of In2 Se3 are occupied by one layer of THA molecules. The subsequent exfoliation leads to a majority of trilayer In2 Se3 nanosheets. As a proof of concept, solution-processed, large-area (400 µm × 20 µm) thin-film photodetectors embedded with the exfoliated In2 Se3 flakes reveal ultrafast response time with a rise and decay of 41 and 39 ms, respectively, and efficient responsivity (1 mA W-1 ). Such performance surpasses most of the state-of-the-art thin-film photodetectors based on transition metal dichalcogenides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Shi
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ali Shaygan Nia
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - SangWook Park
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin R Lohe
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sheng Yang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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19
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Just-Baringo X, Shin Y, Panigrahi A, Zarattini M, Nagyte V, Zhao L, Kostarelos K, Casiraghi C, Larrosa I. Palladium catalysed C-H arylation of pyrenes: access to a new class of exfoliating agents for water-based graphene dispersions. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2472-2478. [PMID: 34084412 PMCID: PMC8157272 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05101e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A new and diverse family of pyrene derivatives was synthesised via palladium-catalysed C-H ortho-arylation of pyrene-1-carboxylic acid. The strategy affords easy access to a broad scope of 2-substituted and 1,2-disubstituted pyrenes. The C1-substituent can be easily transformed into carboxylic acid, iodide, alkynyl, aryl or alkyl functionalities. This approach gives access to arylated pyrene ammonium salts, which outperformed their non-arylated parent compound during aqueous Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE) of graphite and compare favourably to state-of-the-art sodium pyrene-1-sulfonate PS1. This allowed the production of concentrated and stable suspensions of graphene flakes in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Just-Baringo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Yuyoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Adyasha Panigrahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Marco Zarattini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Vaiva Nagyte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester AV Hill Building, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Igor Larrosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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20
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Bolognesi M, Brucale M, Lorenzoni A, Prescimone F, Moschetto S, Korolkov VV, Baldoni M, Serrano-Ruiz M, Caporali M, Mercuri F, Besley E, Muccini M, Peruzzini M, Beton PH, Toffanin S. Epitaxial multilayers of alkanes on two-dimensional black phosphorus as passivating and electrically insulating nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:17252-17261. [PMID: 31317153 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01155b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically exfoliated two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus (bP) is epitaxially terminated by monolayers and multilayers of tetracosane, a linear alkane, to form a weakly interacting van der Waals heterostructure. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and computational modelling show that epitaxial domains of alkane chains are ordered in parallel lamellae along the principal crystalline axis of bP, and this order is extended over a few layers above the interface. Epitaxial alkane multilayers delay the oxidation of 2D bP in air by 18 hours, in comparison to 1 hour for bare 2D bP, and act as an electrical insulator, as demonstrated using electrostatic force microscopy. The presented heterostructure is a technologically relevant insulator-semiconductor model system that can open the way to the use of 2D bP in micro- and nanoelectronic, optoelectronic and photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bolognesi
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Brucale
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Lorenzoni
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federico Prescimone
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Moschetto
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Vladimir V Korolkov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Matteo Baldoni
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Manuel Serrano-Ruiz
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Caporali
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Mercuri
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michele Muccini
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Peruzzini
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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21
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Capone M, Cherubini N, Cozzella ML, Dodaro A, Guarcini T. The exfoliation of irradiated nuclear graphite by treatment with organic solvent: A proposal for its recycling. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Liao Y, Zhang R, Wang H, Ye S, Zhou Y, Ma T, Zhu J, Pfefferle LD, Qian J. Highly conductive carbon-based aqueous inks toward electroluminescent devices, printed capacitive sensors and flexible wearable electronics. RSC Adv 2019; 9:15184-15189. [PMID: 35514818 PMCID: PMC9064188 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01721f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based conductive inks are one of the most important materials in the field of printing electronics. However, most carbon-based conductive inks with small electrical resistance are expensive, such as graphene. It limits the commercial use of carbon inks in the fields of flexible electronics and printed electronics. Here, we propose a low-cost and environmentally friendly formula based on dihydroxyphenyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT-f-OH)/carbon black/graphite as conductive fillers and waterborne acrylic resins as binders for preparing highly conductive carbon-based aqueous inks (HCCA-inks). Our study showed that when the mass fraction of carbon black, graphite and MWNT-f-OH was 3.0%, 10.2% and 4.1%, respectively, on a thickness of 40 μm, optimal conductivity (sheet resistance up to 29 Ω sq-1) was achieved, and the printed HCCA-inks on a paper could withstand extremely high folding cycles (>2000 cycles) while the resistance value of the flexible circuit only increased by 11%. The carbon-based aqueous inks showed high electrical conductivity and excellent mechanical stability, which makes it possible for them to be used as flexible wearable electronics, electroluminescent (EL) devices and printed capacitive sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liao
- School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University Luojia Hill Wuhan 430072 China
- Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University 17 Hillhouse Avenue New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University Luojia Hill Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University Luojia Hill Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Shuangli Ye
- School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University Luojia Hill Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University Luojia Hill Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Taolin Ma
- School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University Luojia Hill Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Junqing Zhu
- Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University 17 Hillhouse Avenue New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Lisa D Pfefferle
- Chemical & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University 17 Hillhouse Avenue New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Jun Qian
- School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University Luojia Hill Wuhan 430072 China
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23
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Bellani S, Antognazza MR, Bonaccorso F. Carbon-Based Photocathode Materials for Solar Hydrogen Production. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1801446. [PMID: 30221413 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is considered a promising environmentally friendly energy carrier for replacing traditional fossil fuels. In this context, photoelectrochemical cells effectively convert solar energy directly to H2 fuel by water photoelectrolysis, thereby monolitically combining the functions of both light harvesting and electrolysis. In such devices, photocathodes and photoanodes carry out the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively. Here, the focus is on photocathodes for HER, traditionally based on metal oxides, III-V group and II-VI group semiconductors, silicon, and copper-based chalcogenides as photoactive material. Recently, carbon-based materials have emerged as reliable alternatives to the aforementioned materials. A perspective on carbon-based photocathodes is provided here, critically analyzing recent research progress and outlining the major guidelines for the development of efficient and stable photocathode architectures. In particular, the functional role of charge-selective and protective layers, which enhance both the efficiency and the durability of the photocathodes, is discussed. An in-depth evaluation of the state-of-the-art fabrication of photocathodes through scalable, high-troughput, cost-effective methods is presented. The major aspects on the development of light-trapping nanostructured architectures are also addressed. Finally, the key challenges on future research directions in terms of potential performance and manufacturability of photocathodes are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Bellani
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- BeDimensional Srl, via Albisola 121, 16163, Genova, Italy
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24
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Yan H, Yu P, Han G, Zhang Q, Gu L, Yi Y, Liu H, Li Y, Mao L. High‐Yield and Damage‐free Exfoliation of Layered Graphdiyne in Aqueous Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:746-750. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsInstitute of Chemistrythe Chinese, Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 1100049 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science Beijing 100190 China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsInstitute of Chemistrythe Chinese, Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 1100049 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science Beijing 100190 China
| | - Guangchao Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryCAS Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 1100049 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science Beijing 100190 China
| | | | - Lin Gu
- Institute of PhysicsCAS Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yuanping Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryCAS Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 1100049 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science Beijing 100190 China
| | - Huibiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryCAS Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 1100049 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yuliang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryCAS Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 1100049 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science Beijing 100190 China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsInstitute of Chemistrythe Chinese, Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 1100049 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science Beijing 100190 China
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25
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Yan H, Yu P, Han G, Zhang Q, Gu L, Yi Y, Liu H, Li Y, Mao L. High‐Yield and Damage‐free Exfoliation of Layered Graphdiyne in Aqueous Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsInstitute of Chemistrythe Chinese, Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 1100049 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science Beijing 100190 China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsInstitute of Chemistrythe Chinese, Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 1100049 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science Beijing 100190 China
| | - Guangchao Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryCAS Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 1100049 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science Beijing 100190 China
| | | | - Lin Gu
- Institute of PhysicsCAS Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yuanping Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryCAS Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 1100049 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science Beijing 100190 China
| | - Huibiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryCAS Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 1100049 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yuliang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryCAS Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 1100049 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science Beijing 100190 China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesKey Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living BiosystemsInstitute of Chemistrythe Chinese, Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 1100049 China
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science Beijing 100190 China
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26
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Wang X, Song J, Qu J. Antimonen: von der experimentellen Herstellung zur praktischen Anwendung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Optoelectronic EngineeringKey Lab of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong ProvinceShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Jun Song
- College of Optoelectronic EngineeringKey Lab of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong ProvinceShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Junle Qu
- College of Optoelectronic EngineeringKey Lab of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong ProvinceShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
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27
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Wang X, Song J, Qu J. Antimonene: From Experimental Preparation to Practical Application. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:1574-1584. [PMID: 30137673 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The two-dimensional material antimonene was first reported in 2015. Subsequently, its unique properties, including enhanced stability, high carrier mobility, and band-gap tunability, were predicted theoretically. These theoretical results have motivated experimental confirmation and thus a better understanding of this new material. Recently, the preparation of antimonene and its attempted use in several applications have attracted extensive attention. This Minireview focuses on both the experimental preparation and practical applications of antimonene, including the results of recent research on novel methods of preparing antimonene and its potential applications in optoelectronic devices, electrocatalysis, energy storage, and cancer therapy. Moreover, it provides insight that could further improve the preparation of antimonene and also describes numerous opportunities for application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Lab of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jun Song
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Lab of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Junle Qu
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Lab of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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28
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Hu G, Kang J, Ng LWT, Zhu X, Howe RCT, Jones CG, Hersam MC, Hasan T. Functional inks and printing of two-dimensional materials. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:3265-3300. [PMID: 29667676 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00084k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and related two-dimensional materials provide an ideal platform for next generation disruptive technologies and applications. Exploiting these solution-processed two-dimensional materials in printing can accelerate this development by allowing additive patterning on both rigid and conformable substrates for flexible device design and large-scale, high-speed, cost-effective manufacturing. In this review, we summarise the current progress on ink formulation of two-dimensional materials and the printable applications enabled by them. We also present our perspectives on their research and technological future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Hu
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.
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29
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Eredia M, Bertolazzi S, Leydecker T, El Garah M, Janica I, Melinte G, Ersen O, Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Morphology and Electronic Properties of Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3347-3355. [PMID: 28678507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically exfoliated graphene (EEG) possesses optical and electronic properties that are markedly different from those of the more explored graphene oxide in both its pristine and reduced forms. EEG also holds a unique advantage compared to other graphenes produced by exfoliation in liquid media: it can be obtained in large quantities in a short time. However, an in-depth understanding of the structure-properties relationship of this material is still lacking. In this work, we report physicochemical characterization of EEG combined with an investigation of the electronic properties of this material carried out both at the single flake level and on the films. Additionally, we use for the first time microwave irradiation to reduce the EEG and demonstrate that the oxygen functionalities are not the bottleneck for charge transport in EEG, which is rather hindered by the presence of structural defects within the basal plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Eredia
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Simone Bertolazzi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Tim Leydecker
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohamed El Garah
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Iwona Janica
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89c, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89b, 61614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Georgian Melinte
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) , 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) , 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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30
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Yang S, Ricciardulli AG, Liu S, Dong R, Lohe MR, Becker A, Squillaci MA, Samorì P, Müllen K, Feng X. Ultrafast Delamination of Graphite into High-Quality Graphene Using Alternating Currents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6669-6675. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Mommsenstraße 4 01062 Dresden Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | | | - Shaohua Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Mommsenstraße 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Mommsenstraße 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Martin R. Lohe
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Mommsenstraße 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Alfons Becker
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Marco A. Squillaci
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006; 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006; 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Mommsenstraße 4 01062 Dresden Germany
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31
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Yang S, Ricciardulli AG, Liu S, Dong R, Lohe MR, Becker A, Squillaci MA, Samorì P, Müllen K, Feng X. Ultraschnelle Schichtablösung von Graphit zu qualitativ hochwertigem Graphen durch Nutzung von Wechselstrom. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Mommsenstraße 4 01062 Dresden Deutschland
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | | | - Shaohua Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Mommsenstraße 4 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Mommsenstraße 4 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Martin R. Lohe
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Mommsenstraße 4 01062 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Alfons Becker
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Marco A. Squillaci
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006; 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg Frankreich
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006; 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg Frankreich
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry; Technische Universität Dresden; Mommsenstraße 4 01062 Dresden Deutschland
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32
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Wee BH, Wu TF, Hong JD. Facile and Scalable Synthesis Method for High-Quality Few-Layer Graphene through Solution-Based Exfoliation of Graphite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:4548-4557. [PMID: 28094493 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a facile and scalable method for preparing defect-free graphene sheets exfoliated from graphite using the positively charged polyelectrolyte precursor poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV-pre) as a stabilizer in an aqueous solution. The graphene exfoliated by PPV-pre was apparently stabilized in the solution as a form of graphene/PPV-pre (denoted to GPPV-pre), which remains in a homogeneous dispersion over a year. The thickness values of 300 selected 76% GPPV-pre flakes ranged from 1 to 10 nm, corresponding to between one and a few layers of graphene in the lateral dimensions of 1 to 2 μm. Furthermore, this approach was expected to yield a marked decrease in the density of defects in the electronic conjugation of graphene compared to that of graphene oxide (GO) obtained by Hummers' method. The positively charged GPPV-pre was employed to fabricate a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) electrode layer-by-layer with negatively charged GO, yielding (GPPV-pre/GO)n film electrode. The PPV-pre and GO in the (GPPV-pre/GO)n films were simultaneously converted using hydroiodic acid vapor to fully conjugated PPV and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), respectively. The electrical conductivity of (GPPV/RGO)23 multilayer films was 483 S/cm, about three times greater than that of the (PPV/RGO)23 multilayer films (166 S/cm) comprising RGO (prepared by Hummers method). Furthermore, the superior electrical properties of GPPV were made evident, when comparing the capacitive performances of two supercapacitor systems; (polyaniline PANi/RGO)30/(GPPV/RGO)23/PET (volumetric capacitance = 216 F/cm3; energy density = 19 mWh/cm3; maximum power density = 498 W/cm3) and (PANi/RGO)30/(PPV/RGO)23/PET (152 F/cm3; 9 mWh/cm3; 80 W/cm3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon-Hong Wee
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University , 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21022, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong-Fei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University , 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21022, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Dal Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University , 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21022, Republic of Korea
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33
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Park J, Kim YS, Sung SJ, Kim T, Park CR. Highly dispersible edge-selectively oxidized graphene with improved electrical performance. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:1699-1708. [PMID: 28090610 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05902c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We prepared liquid phase exfoliated edge-selectively oxidized graphene (LPEOG) with a high concentration in water (∼14.7 mg ml-1) and a high ratio of a single layer (70%). The edge of graphite was selectively oxidized by step II oxidation of the modified Hummers method, and we subsequently exfoliated the edge-selectively oxidized graphite (EOG) into LPEOG. The edge selective oxidation of the LPEOG was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta-potentiometry, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The highly concentrated LPEOG ink can be used in solution processing such as simple drawing or spin casting. Reduced LPEOG showed a higher conductivity (120 000 S m-1) than that of reduced graphene oxide (68 800 S m-1) despite the small lateral size. A transparent conducting film prepared from the LPEOG ink showed a lower surface resistance (∼2.97 kΩ sq-1) at a higher transmittance (>83.0 %T) compared to those of the graphene oxide based film. These results indicate that preservation of π-conjugation of the basal plane of graphene is critical for electrical performance of graphene. Our method facilitates solution processing of graphene for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Park
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yern Seung Kim
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sae Jin Sung
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chong Rae Park
- Carbon Nanomaterials Design Laboratory, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Garrido M, Calbo J, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Aragó J, Ortí E, Herranz MÁ, Martín N. Non-covalent graphene nanobuds from mono- and tripodal binding motifs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12402-12405. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07836f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dispersion forces govern the interaction of graphene with mono- and tripodal pyrene–[60]fullerene derivatives and direct the formation of graphene nanobuds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Garrido
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Joaquín Calbo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Juan Aragó
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | - Ma Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
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35
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Martín-Gomis L, Karousis N, Fernández-Lázaro F, Petsalakis ID, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S, Tagmatarchis N, Sastre-Santos Á. Exfoliation and supramolecular functionalization of graphene with an electron donor perylenediimide derivative. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:596-605. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00351f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exfoliation of graphene with 1-N-methylpiperazine-perylenediimide (Pip-PDI) and supramolecular formation of Pip-PDI/graphene ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martín-Gomis
- Área de Química Orgánica Instituto de Bioingeniería
- Universidad Miguel Hernández
- Elche
- Spain
| | - Nikos Karousis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute
- National Hellenic Research Foundation
- Athens 116 35
- Greece
| | | | - Ioannis D. Petsalakis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute
- National Hellenic Research Foundation
- Athens 116 35
- Greece
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Division of Innovative Research for Drug Design
- Institute of Academic Initiatives
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul
- Korea
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute
- National Hellenic Research Foundation
- Athens 116 35
- Greece
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- Área de Química Orgánica Instituto de Bioingeniería
- Universidad Miguel Hernández
- Elche
- Spain
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36
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Eredia M, Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Graphene via Molecule-Assisted Ultrasound-Induced Liquid-Phase Exfoliation: A Supramolecular Approach. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2016-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) material holding unique optical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. The combination of these exceptional characteristics makes graphene an ideal model system for fundamental physical and chemical studies as well as technologically ground breaking material for a large range of applications. Graphene can be produced either following a bottom-up or top-down method. The former is based on the formation of covalent networks suitably engineered molecular building blocks undergoing chemical reaction. The latter takes place through the exfoliation of bulk graphite into individual graphene sheets. Among them, ultrasound-induced liquid-phase exfoliation (UILPE) is an appealing method, being very versatile and applicable to different environments and on various substrate types. In this chapter, we describe the recently reported methods to produce graphene via molecule-assisted UILPE of graphite, aiming at the generation of high-quality graphene. In particular, we will focus on the supramolecular approach, which consists in the use of suitably designed organic molecules during the UILPE of graphite. These molecules act as graphene dispersion-stabilizing agents during the exfoliation. This method relying on the joint effect of a solvent and ad hoc molecules to foster the exfoliation of graphite into graphene in liquid environment represents a promising and modular method toward the improvement of the process of UILPE in terms of the concentration and quality of the exfoliated material. Furthermore, exfoliations in aqueous and organic solutions are presented and discussed separately.
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37
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Ciesielski A, Haar S, Aliprandi A, El Garah M, Tregnago G, Cotella GF, El Gemayel M, Richard F, Sun H, Cacialli F, Bonaccorso F, Samorì P. Modifying the Size of Ultrasound-Induced Liquid-Phase Exfoliated Graphene: From Nanosheets to Nanodots. ACS NANO 2016; 10:10768-10777. [PMID: 28024344 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-induced liquid-phase exfoliation (UILPE) is an established method to produce single- (SLG) and few-layer (FLG) graphene nanosheets starting from graphite as a precursor. In this paper we investigate the effect of the ultrasonication power in the UILPE process carried out in either N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) or ortho-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB). Our experimental results reveal that while the SLGs/FLGs concentration of the NMP dispersions is independent of the power of the ultrasonic bath during the UILPE process, in o-DCB it decreases as the ultrasonication power increases. Moreover, the ultrasonication power has a strong influence on the lateral size of the exfoliated SLGs/FLGs nanosheets in o-DCB. In particular, when UILPE is carried out at ∼600 W, we obtain dispersions composed of graphene nanosheets with a lateral size of 180 nm, whereas at higher power (∼1000 W) we produce graphene nanodots (GNDs) with an average diameter of ∼17 nm. The latter nanostructures exhibit a strong and almost excitation-independent photoluminescence emission in the UV/deep-blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum arising from the GNDs' intrinsic states and a less intense (and strongly excitation wavelength dependent) emission in the green/red region attributed to defect states. Notably, we also observe visible emission with near-infrared excitation at 850 and 900 nm, a fingerprint of the presence of up-conversion processes. Overall, our results highlight the crucial importance of the solvent choice for the UILPE process, which under controlled experimental conditions allows the fine-tuning of the morphological properties, such as lateral size and thickness, of the graphene nanosheets toward the realization of luminescent GNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Ciesielski
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sébastien Haar
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohamed El Garah
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Giulia Tregnago
- Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni F Cotella
- Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Mirella El Gemayel
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fanny Richard
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Cacialli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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38
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Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Supramolecular Approaches to Graphene: From Self-Assembly to Molecule-Assisted Liquid-Phase Exfoliation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6030-51. [PMID: 26928750 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, a one-atom thick two-dimensional (2D) material, is at the core of an ever-growing research effort due to its combination of unique mechanical, thermal, optical and electrical properties. Two strategies are being pursued for the graphene production: the bottom-up and the top-down. The former relies on the use of covalent chemistry approaches on properly designed molecular building blocks undergoing chemical reaction to form 2D covalent networks. The latter occurs via exfoliation of bulk graphite into individual graphene sheets. Amongst the various types of exfoliations exploited so far, ultrasound-induced liquid-phase exfoliation (UILPE) is an attractive strategy, being extremely versatile, up-scalable and applicable to a variety of environments. In this review, we highlight the recent developments that have led to successful non-covalent functionalization of graphene and how the latter can be exploited to promote the process of molecule-assisted UILPE of graphite. The functionalization of graphene with non-covalently interacting molecules, both in dispersions as well as in dry films, represents a promising and modular approach to tune various physical and chemical properties of graphene, eventually conferring to such a 2D system a multifunctional nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Ciesielski
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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Zhu W, Gao X, Li Q, Li H, Chao Y, Li M, Mahurin SM, Li H, Zhu H, Dai S. Controlled Gas Exfoliation of Boron Nitride into Few-Layered Nanosheets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10766-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Materials Science and Technology Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Qian Li
- Center for nanophase materials sciences; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Hongping Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Yanhong Chao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Meijun Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Shannon M. Mahurin
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Huaming Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Huiyuan Zhu
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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40
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Zhu W, Gao X, Li Q, Li H, Chao Y, Li M, Mahurin SM, Li H, Zhu H, Dai S. Controlled Gas Exfoliation of Boron Nitride into Few-Layered Nanosheets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Materials Science and Technology Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Qian Li
- Center for nanophase materials sciences; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Hongping Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Yanhong Chao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Meijun Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Shannon M. Mahurin
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Huaming Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute for Energy Research; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Huiyuan Zhu
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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41
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Haar S, Bruna M, Lian JX, Tomarchio F, Olivier Y, Mazzaro R, Morandi V, Moran J, Ferrari AC, Beljonne D, Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Graphite into Single- and Few-Layer Graphene with α-Functionalized Alkanes. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2714-21. [PMID: 27349897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has unique physical and chemical properties, making it appealing for a number of applications in optoelectronics, sensing, photonics, composites, and smart coatings, just to cite a few. These require the development of production processes that are inexpensive and up-scalable. These criteria are met in liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE), a technique that can be enhanced when specific organic molecules are used. Here we report the exfoliation of graphite in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, in the presence of heneicosane linear alkanes terminated with different head groups. These molecules act as stabilizing agents during exfoliation. The efficiency of the exfoliation in terms of the concentration of exfoliated single- and few-layer graphene flakes depends on the functional head group determining the strength of the molecular dimerization through dipole-dipole interactions. A thermodynamic analysis is carried out to interpret the impact of the termination group of the alkyl chain on the exfoliation yield. This combines molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics to rationalize the role of functionalized alkanes in the dispersion and stabilization process, which is ultimately attributed to a synergistic effect of the interactions between the molecules, graphene, and the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Haar
- Institut de Science et d'Ingeńierie Supramolećulaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Matteo Bruna
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Xiang Lian
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Research in Molecular Electronics and Photonics, University of Mons , Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Flavia Tomarchio
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Research in Molecular Electronics and Photonics, University of Mons , Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Raffaello Mazzaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi (IMM) Sede di Bologna , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna , Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Morandi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi (IMM) Sede di Bologna , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Joseph Moran
- Institut de Science et d'Ingeńierie Supramolećulaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge , 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Research in Molecular Electronics and Photonics, University of Mons , Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Institut de Science et d'Ingeńierie Supramolećulaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Institut de Science et d'Ingeńierie Supramolećulaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 alleé Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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42
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Light-enhanced liquid-phase exfoliation and current photoswitching in graphene-azobenzene composites. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11090. [PMID: 27052205 PMCID: PMC4829665 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional materials can be engineered by combining multiple chemical components, each conferring a well-defined function to the ensemble. Graphene is at the centre of an ever-growing research effort due to its combination of unique properties. Here we show that the large conformational change associated with the trans-cis photochemical isomerization of alkyl-substituted azobenzenes can be used to improve the efficiency of liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite, with the photochromic molecules acting as dispersion-stabilizing agents. We also demonstrate reversible photo-modulated current in two-terminal devices based on graphene-azobenzene composites. We assign this tuneable electrical characteristics to the intercalation of the azobenzene between adjacent graphene layers and the resulting increase in the interlayer distance on (photo)switching from the linear trans-form to the bulky cis-form of the photochromes. These findings pave the way to the development of new optically controlled memories for light-assisted programming and high-sensitive photosensors.
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Zhang L, Miao Z, Hao Z, Liu J. Exfoliating and Dispersing Few-Layered Graphene in Low-Boiling-Point Organic Solvents towards Solution-Processed Optoelectronic Device Applications. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1441-6. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Zhongshuo Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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Backes C, Paton KR, Hanlon D, Yuan S, Katsnelson MI, Houston J, Smith RJ, McCloskey D, Donegan JF, Coleman JN. Spectroscopic metrics allow in situ measurement of mean size and thickness of liquid-exfoliated few-layer graphene nanosheets. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4311-23. [PMID: 26838813 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08047a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Liquid phase exfoliation is a powerful and scalable technique to produce defect-free mono- and few-layer graphene. However, samples are typically polydisperse and control over size and thickness is challenging. Notably, high throughput techniques to measure size and thickness are lacking. In this work, we have measured the extinction, absorption, scattering and Raman spectra for liquid phase exfoliated graphene nanosheets of various lateral sizes (90 ≤ 〈L〉 ≤ 810 nm) and thicknesses (2.7 ≤ 〈N〉 ≤ 10.4). We found all spectra to show well-defined dependences on nanosheet dimensions. Measurements of extinction and absorption spectra of nanosheet dispersions showed both peak position and spectral shape to vary with nanosheet thickness in a manner consistent with theoretical calculations. This allows the development of empirical metrics to extract the mean thickness of liquid dispersed nanosheets from an extinction (or absorption) spectrum. While the scattering spectra depended on nanosheet length, poor signal to noise ratios made the resultant length metric unreliable. By analyzing Raman spectra measured on graphene nanosheet networks, we found both the D/G intensity ratio and the width of the G-band to scale with mean nanosheet length allowing us to establish quantitative relationships. In addition, we elucidate the variation of 2D/G band intensities and 2D-band shape with the mean nanosheet thickness, allowing us to establish quantitative metrics for mean nanosheet thickness from Raman spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Backes
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Keith R Paton
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Damien Hanlon
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Shengjun Yuan
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University of Nijmegen, Heijendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mikhail I Katsnelson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University of Nijmegen, Heijendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - James Houston
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Ronan J Smith
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - David McCloskey
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - John F Donegan
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Jonathan N Coleman
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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45
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Althumayri K, Harrison WJ, Shin Y, Gardiner JM, Casiraghi C, Budd PM, Bernardo P, Clarizia G, Jansen JC. The influence of few-layer graphene on the gas permeability of the high-free-volume polymer PIM-1. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20150031. [PMID: 26712643 PMCID: PMC4696075 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Gas permeability data are presented for mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) of few-layer graphene in the polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM-1, and the results compared with previously reported data for two other nanofillers in PIM-1: multiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) (f-MWCNTs) and fused silica. For few-layer graphene, a significant enhancement in permeability is observed at very low graphene content (0.05 vol.%), which may be attributed to the effect of the nanofiller on the packing of the polymer chains. At higher graphene content permeability decreases, as expected for the addition of an impermeable filler. Other nanofillers, reported in the literature, also give rise to enhancements in permeability, but at substantially higher loadings, the highest measured permeabilities being at 1 vol.% for f-MWCNTs and 24 vol.% for fused silica. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that packing of the polymer chains is influenced by the curvature of the nanofiller surface at the nanoscale, with an increasingly pronounced effect on moving from a more-or-less spherical nanoparticle morphology (fused silica) to a cylindrical morphology (f-MWCNT) to a planar morphology (graphene). While the permeability of a high-free-volume polymer such as PIM-1 decreases over time through physical ageing, for the PIM-1/graphene MMMs a significant permeability enhancement was retained after eight months storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Althumayri
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Wayne J Harrison
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yuyoung Shin
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - John M Gardiner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Peter M Budd
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Paola Bernardo
- Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), Via P. Bucci, cubo 17/C, Rende (CS) 87036, Italy
| | - Gabriele Clarizia
- Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), Via P. Bucci, cubo 17/C, Rende (CS) 87036, Italy
| | - Johannes C Jansen
- Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM-CNR), Via P. Bucci, cubo 17/C, Rende (CS) 87036, Italy
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46
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Conti S, del Rosso MG, Ciesielski A, Weippert J, Böttcher A, Shin Y, Melinte G, Ersen O, Casiraghi C, Feng X, Müllen K, Kappes MM, Samorì P, Cecchini M. Perchlorination of Coronene Enhances its Propensity for Self-Assembly on Graphene. Chemphyschem 2015; 17:352-7. [PMID: 26663716 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201501113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Providing a quantitative understanding of the thermodynamics involved in molecular adsorption and self-assembly at a nanostructured carbon material is of fundamental importance and finds outstanding applications in the graphene era. Here, we study the effect of edge perchlorination of coronene, which is a prototypical polyaromatic hydrocarbon, on the binding affinity for the basal planes of graphite. First, by comparing the desorption barrier of hydrogenated versus perchlorinated coronene measured by temperature-programmed desorption, we quantify the enhancement of the strength of physisorption at the single-molecule level though chlorine substitution. Then, by a thermodynamic analysis of the corresponding monolayers based on force-field calculations and statistical mechanics, we show that perchlorination decreases the free energy of self-assembly, not only enthalpically (by enhancing the strength of surface binding), but also entropically (by decreasing the surface concentration). The functional advantage of a chemically modulated 2D self-assembly is demonstrated in the context of the molecule-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite into graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Conti
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Fonctions Moléculaires, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg (France
| | - Maria G del Rosso
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg (France
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg (France
| | - Jürgen Weippert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe (Germany
| | - Artur Böttcher
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe (Germany
| | - Yuyoung Shin
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK
| | - Georgian Melinte
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, 23, rue du Loess, 67037 Cedex 08, Strasbourg (France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, 23, rue du Loess, 67037 Cedex 08, Strasbourg (France
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz (Germany.,Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) & Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Dresden, 01062, Dresden (Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz (Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe (Germany.
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg (France.
| | - Marco Cecchini
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Fonctions Moléculaires, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg (France.
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Enhancing the Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Graphene in Organic Solvents upon Addition of n-Octylbenzene. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16684. [PMID: 26573383 PMCID: PMC4648096 DOI: 10.1038/srep16684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a unique combination of electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical stiffness, strength and elasticity, graphene became a rising star on the horizon of materials science. This two-dimensional material has found applications in many areas of science ranging from electronics to composites. Making use of different approaches, unfunctionalized and non-oxidized graphene sheets can be produced; among them an inexpensive and scalable method based on liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite (LPE) holds potential for applications in opto-electronics and nanocomposites. Here we have used n-octylbenzene molecules as graphene dispersion-stabilizing agents during the graphite LPE process. We have demonstrated that by tuning the ratio between organic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone or ortho-dichlorobenzene, and n-octylbenzene molecules, the concentration of exfoliated graphene can be enhanced by 230% as a result of the high affinity of the latter molecules for the basal plane of graphene. The LPE processed graphene dispersions were further deposited onto solid substrates by exploiting a new deposition technique called spin-controlled drop casting, which was shown to produce uniform highly conductive and transparent graphene films.
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48
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Yang S, Brüller S, Wu ZS, Liu Z, Parvez K, Dong R, Richard F, Samorì P, Feng X, Müllen K. Organic Radical-Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation for the Scalable Production of High-Quality Graphene. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13927-32. [PMID: 26460583 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the intensive research efforts devoted to graphene fabrication over the past decade, the production of high-quality graphene on a large scale, at an affordable cost, and in a reproducible manner still represents a great challenge. Here, we report a novel method based on the controlled electrochemical exfoliation of graphite in aqueous ammonium sulfate electrolyte to produce graphene in large quantities and with outstanding quality. Because the radicals (e.g., HO(•)) generated from water electrolysis are responsible for defect formation on graphene during electrochemical exfoliation, a series of reducing agents as additives (e.g., (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO), ascorbic acid, and sodium borohydride) have been investigated to eliminate these radicals and thus control the exfoliation process. Remarkably, TEMPO-assisted exfoliation results in large graphene sheets (5-10 μm on average), which exhibit outstanding hole mobilities (∼405 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)), very low Raman I(D)/I(G) ratios (below 0.1), and extremely high carbon to oxygen (C/O) ratios (∼25.3). Moreover, the graphene ink prepared in dimethylformamide can exhibit concentrations as high as 6 mg mL(-1), thus qualifying this material for intriguing applications such as transparent conductive films and flexible supercapacitors. In general, this robust method for electrochemical exfoliation of graphite offers great promise for the preparation of graphene that can be utilized in industrial applications to create integrated nanocomposites, conductive or mechanical additives, as well as energy storage and conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brüller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Zhong-Shuai Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Khaled Parvez
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fanny Richard
- ISIS, Université de Strasbourg , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67083 Strasbourg, France.,icFRC, CNRS , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- ISIS, Université de Strasbourg , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67083 Strasbourg, France.,icFRC, CNRS , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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49
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Narayan R, Kim SO. Surfactant mediated liquid phase exfoliation of graphene. NANO CONVERGENCE 2015; 2:20. [PMID: 28191406 PMCID: PMC5270964 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-015-0050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Commercialization of graphene based applications inevitably requires cost effective mass production. From the early days of research on graphene, direct liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of graphite has been considered as the most promising strategy to produce high-quality mono or few-layer graphene sheets in solvent dispersion forms. Substantial success has been achieved thus far in the LPE of graphene employing numerous solvent systems and suitable surfactants. This invited review article principally showcase the recent research progress as well as shortcomings of surfactant assisted LPE of graphene. In particular, a comprehensive assessment of the quality and yield of the graphene sheets produced by different categories of the surfactants are summarized. Future direction of LPE methods is also proposed for the eventual success of commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Narayan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701 Republic of Korea
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Shim HW, Ahn KJ, Im K, Noh S, Kim MS, Lee Y, Choi H, Yoon H. Effect of Hydrophobic Moieties in Water-Soluble Polymers on Physical Exfoliation of Graphene. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Woo Shim
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, School
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, and †Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Ki-Jin Ahn
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, School
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, and †Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Kyungun Im
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, School
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, and †Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Seonmyeong Noh
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, School
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, and †Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, School
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, and †Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Younghee Lee
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, School
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, and †Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Hojin Choi
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, School
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, and †Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, School
of Polymer Science
and Engineering, and †Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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