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Krieft J, Trapp PC, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Lamm JH, Mitzel NW. A geminal antimony(iii)/phosphorus(iii) frustrated Lewis pair. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12118-12125. [PMID: 39092119 PMCID: PMC11290451 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02785j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The geminal Lewis pair (F5C2)2SbCH2P(tBu)2 (1) was prepared by reacting (F5C2)2SbCl with LiCH2P(tBu)2. Despite its extremely electronegative pentafluoroethyl substituents, the neutral 1 exhibits a relatively soft acidic antimony function according to the HSAB concept (hard-soft acid-base). These properties lead to a reversibility in the binding of CS2 to 1, as observed by VT-NMR spectroscopy, while no reaction with CO2 is observed. The reaction behaviour towards heterocumulenes and the specific interaction situation in the CS2 adduct were analysed by quantum chemical calculations. The FLP-type reactivity of 1 has also been demonstrated by reaction with a variety of small molecules (SO2, PhNCO, PhNCS, (MePh2P)AuCl). The reactions of 1 with PhNCO and PhNCS led to different types of cyclic addition products: PhNCO adds with its N[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond and PhNCS adds preferentially with its C[double bond, length as m-dash]S bond. The reaction of 1 with (MePh2P)AuCl gave an adduct {[(F5C2)2SbCH2(tBu)2P]2Au}+ with a clamp-like structure binding a chloride anion by its two antimony atoms in chelate mode. Compound 1 and its adducts have been characterised by X-ray diffraction experiments, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses and computational calculations (DFT, QTAIM, IQA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Krieft
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Pia C Trapp
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Lamm
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
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2
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Krieft J, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Oxidation-dependent Lewis acidity in chalcogen adducts of Sb/P frustrated Lewis pairs. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11762-11768. [PMID: 38938114 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01591f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The reactions of the frustrated Lewis pair (F5C2)2SbCH2P(tBu)2 with oxygen, sulphur, selenium and tellurium led to the mono-oxidation products (F5C2)2SbCH2P(E)(tBu)2 (E = O, S, Se, Te). Further oxidation of these chalcogen adducts with tetrachloro-ortho-benzoquinone (o-chloranil) gave (F5C2)2Sb(CH2)(μ-E)P(tBu)2·CatCl (CatCl = o-O2C6Cl4) with a central four-membered ring heterocycle for E = O, S, and Se. For E = Te the elimination of elemental tellurium led to an oxidation product with two equivalents of o-chloranil, (F5C2)2SbCH2P(tBu)2·2CatCl, which is also accessible by reaction of (F5C2)2SbCH2P(tBu)2 with o-chloranil. The synthesised compounds were characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray structure analyses, and the structural properties were analysed in the light of the altered Lewis acidity due to the oxidation of the antimony atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Krieft
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany.
| | - Beate Neumann
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany.
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials CM2, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany.
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3
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Sinha S, Giri S. Ab initio investigation on the mechanism of SO 2 activation by P/B intermolecular frustrated Lewis pairs. J Mol Model 2024; 30:241. [PMID: 38954102 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT In silico study investigates the activation of sulfur dioxide by newly designed frustrated Lewis pairs, i.e., [P(tBu)3…B(C2NBSHF2)3], where the Lewis acid part is a super Lewis acid. The activation process involves the making of P-S and B-O bonds, leading to the formation of an FLP-SO2 adduct. The calculated results demonstrate that the activation of SO2 by the FLP is almost barrierless and exothermic. Exploration of the impact of the solvent environment on the feasibility and energetics of the reaction has been investigated. The exothermicity is increasing in nonpolar solvents. METHODS This study focuses on understanding the electronic activity of SO2 activation by FLP with the help of the Minnesota 06 functional, M06-2X (global hybrid functional with 54% HF exchange) along with Pople's basis set, 6-311G (d, p). Principal interacting orbital and extended transition state-natural orbitals for chemical valence studies, giving impactful insight into the favorable orbital interaction and electron transfer in this reaction. Furthermore, useful CDFT descriptors such as reaction force constant and reaction electronic flux profiles along the intrinsic reaction coordinate give insights into the synchronicity and total electronic activity of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan Sinha
- School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, 721657, India
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Haringhata, 741249, India
| | - Santanab Giri
- School of Applied Science and Humanities, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, 721657, India.
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Du T, Zhang P, Jiao Z, Zhou J, Ding Y. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Frustrated Lewis Pairs for the Activation and Transformation of CO 2. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400208. [PMID: 38607325 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Due to the serious ecological problems caused by the high CO2 content in the atmosphere, reducing atmospheric CO2 has attracted widespread attention from academia and governments. Among the many ways to mitigate CO2 concentration, the capture and comprehensive utilization of CO2 through chemical methods have obvious advantages, whose key is to develop suitable adsorbents and catalysts. Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are known to bind CO2 through the interaction between unquenched Lewis acid sites/Lewis base sites with the O/C of CO2, simultaneously achieving CO2 capture and activation, which render FLP better potential for CO2 utilization. However, how to construct efficient FLP targeted for CO2 utilization and the mechanism of CO2 activation have not been systematically reported. This review firstly provides a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in the field of CO2 capture, activation, and transformation with the help of FLP, including the construction of homogeneous and heterogeneous FLPs, their interaction with CO2, reaction activity, and mechanism study. We also illustrated the challenges and opportunities faced in this field to shed light on the prospective research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Du
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, Peoples R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Dongnandaxue Rd, Nanjing, 211189, Jiangsu, Peoples R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, Peoples R. China
| | - Zhen Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Dongnandaxue Rd, Nanjing, 211189, Jiangsu, Peoples R. China
| | - Jiancheng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Dongnandaxue Rd, Nanjing, 211189, Jiangsu, Peoples R. China
| | - Yuxiao Ding
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, Peoples R. China
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5
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Thorwart T, Greb L. Structural Flexibility is a Decisive Factor in FLP Dihydrogen Cleavage with Tetrahedral Lewis Acids: A Silane Case Study. Chemistry 2024:e202401912. [PMID: 38856095 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Dihydrogen activation is the paradigmatic reaction of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). While trigonal-planar Lewis acids have been well established in this transformation, tetrahedral Lewis acids are surprisingly limited. Indeed, several cases were computed as thermodynamically and kinetically feasible but exhibit puzzling discrepancies with experimental results. In the present study, a computational investigation of the factors influencing dihydrogen activation are considered by large ensemble sampling of encounter complexes, deformation energies and the activation strain model for a silicon/nitrogen FLP and compared with a boron/phosphorous FLP. The analysis adds the previously missing dimension of Lewis acids' structural flexibility as a factor that influences preexponential terms beyond pure transition state energies. It sheds light on the origin of "overfrustration" (defined herein), indicates structural constraint in Lewis acids as a linchpin for activation of weak donor substrates, and allows drawing a more refined mechanistic picture of this emblematic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Krämer F. Aluminum in Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405207. [PMID: 38826040 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
This review article describes the development of the use of aluminum compounds in the chemistry of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) over the last 14 years. It also discusses the synthesis, reactivity and catalytic applications of intermolecular, intramolecular and so-called hidden FLPs with phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon Lewis bases. The intrinsically higher acidity of aluminum compounds compared to their boron analogs opens up different reaction pathways. The results are presented in a more or less chronological order. It is shown that Al FLPs react with a variety of polar and non-polar substrates and form both stable adducts and reversibly activate bonds. Consequently, some catalytic applications of the title compounds were presented such as dimerization of alkynes, hydrogenation of tert-butyl ethylene and imines, C-F bond activation, reduction of CO2, dehydrogenation of amine borane and transfer of ammonia. In addition, various Al FLPs were used as initiators in polymerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Krämer
- C1 Green Chemicals AG, Am Studio 2a, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Frenette BL, Rivard E. Frustrated Lewis Pair Chelation in the p-Block. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302332. [PMID: 37677126 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have been the subject of considerable study since the field's inception. While much of the research into FLPs has centered around small molecule activation for diverse stoichiometric and catalytic transformations, intramolecular FLPs also show promise as chelating ligands. The cooperative action of Lewis basic and acidic moieties enables intramolecular FLPs to stabilize low oxidation state centers and (consequently) reactive molecular fragments through a donor-acceptor approach, making them an attractive ligand class in main group element chemistry. This review outlines the state of FLP chelation to date throughout the p-block, encompassing primarily groups 13-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Frenette
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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Werner L, Hagn J, Walpuski J, Radius U. Aluminum(III) Cations [(NHC) ⋅ AlMes 2 ] + : Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in FLP-Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202312111. [PMID: 37877231 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The three-coordinate aluminum cations ligated by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) [(NHC) ⋅ AlMes2 ]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- (NHC=IMeMe 4, IiPrMe 5, IiPr 6, Mes=2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) were prepared via hydride abstraction of the alanes (NHC) ⋅ AlHMes2 (NHC=IMeMe 1, IiPrMe 2, IiPr 3) using [Ph3 C]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- in toluene as hydride acceptor. If this reaction was performed in diethyl ether, the corresponding four-coordinate aluminum etherate cations [(NHC) ⋅ AlMes2 (OEt2 )]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- 7-9 (NHC=IMeMe 7, IiPrMe 8, IiPr 9) were isolated. According to a theoretical and experimental assessment of the Lewis-acidity of the [(IMeMe ) ⋅ AlMes2 ]+ cation is the acidity larger than that of B(C6 F5 )3 and of similar magnitude as reported for Al(C6 F5 )3 . The reaction of [(IMeMe ) ⋅ AlMes2 ]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- 4 with the sterically less demanding, basic phosphine PMe3 afforded a mixed NHC/phosphine stabilized cation [(IMeMe ) ⋅ AlMes2 (PMe3 )]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- 10. Equimolar mixtures of 4 and the sterically more demanding PCy3 gave a frustrated Lewis-pair (FLP), i.e., [(IMeMe ) ⋅ AlMes2 ]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- /PCy3 FLP-11, which reacts with small molecules such as CO2 , ethene, and 2-butyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Werner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julika Hagn
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janis Walpuski
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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Thorwart T, Greb L. Reversible C-H bond silylation with a neutral silicon Lewis acid. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11237-11242. [PMID: 37860638 PMCID: PMC10583699 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03488g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The silicon-carbon bond is a valuable linchpin for synthetic transformations. However, installing Si-C functionalities requires metalated C-nucleophiles, activated silicon reagents (silylium ions, silyl radicals, and silyl anions), or transition metal catalysis, and it occurs irreversibly. In contrast, spontaneous C-H silylations with neutral silanes leading to anionic silicates, and their reversible deconstruction, are elusive. Herein, the CH-bond silylation of heterocycles or a terminal alkyne is achieved by reaction with bis(perfluoro(N-phenyl-ortho-amidophenolato))silane and 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine. Computational and experimental insights reveal a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) mechanism. Adding a silaphilic donor to the ammonium silicate products induces the reformation of the C-H bond, thus complementing previously known irreversible C-H bond silylation protocols. Interestingly, the FLP "activated" N-methylpyrrole exhibits "deactivated" features against electrophiles, while a catalytic functionalization is found to be effective only in the absence of a base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
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10
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Reactivity of the Intramolecular Vicinal Group-13/P- and B/Group-15-Based Frustrate Lewis Pairs with Sulfur Dioxide: Mechanistic Insight from DFT. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13315-13327. [PMID: 37549232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The emission of SO2 gas by industrialized societies contributes to the occurrence of acid rain in natural environments. In this study, we put forward a theoretical investigation into the capture reactions of SO2. Our analysis centers on the energy profiles of intramolecular 1,2-cyclohexylene-bridged FLP-associated molecules. We will particularly examine the reactions involving G13/P-based (with G13 denoting Group 13 element) and B/G15-based (with G15 representing Group 15 element) FLP-associated molecules. Except for Tl/P-FLP, B/N-FLP, and B/Bi-FLP, our theoretical examinations indicate that the remaining six FLP-associated molecules, namely G13'/P-FLP (G13' = B, Al, Ga, and In) and B/G15 ' -FLP (G15' = P, As, and Sb), can easily undergo SO2 capture reactions due to their energetic feasibility. Particularly, our theoretical findings suggested that 1,2-cyclohexylene-bridged Al/P-FLP, Ga/P-FLP, B/As-FLP, and B/Sb-FLP are capable of undergoing a reversible reaction and returning to the initial reactant state. Our theoretical evidence indicates that the G13-G15 bond length in the 1,2-cyclohexylene-linked G13/G15-FLP can serve as a basis for evaluating the free activation barrier associated with its reaction with SO2. Two theoretical methods, namely, the frontier molecular orbital theory and the energy decomposition analysis-natural orbitals of chemical valence approach, are utilized to investigate the electronic structure and bonding nature of the reactions under consideration. Moreover, the analyses based on the activation strain model revealed that it is the geometrical deformation energies of G13/G15-FLP, which is the key factor that greatly influences the activation barriers of such SO2 capture reactions. Further, our theoretical computations indicate that such capturing reactions of SO2 by intramolecular 1,2-cyclohexylene-linked G13/G15-based FLP-type molecules obey the Hammond postulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Wickemeyer L, Schwabedissen J, Trapp PC, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. ortho-Phenylene-bridged phosphorus/silicon Lewis pairs. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2611-2618. [PMID: 36740914 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of five ortho-phenylene-bridged phosphorus-silicon Lewis pairs was synthesized, with phosphorus bearing isopropyl groups while the substituents at the silicon atom vary (-CH3, -Cl, -F). Possible interactions between Lewis acid and base were investigated both experimentally (NMR, XRD) and theoretically to determine the influence of the different substituents. Calculated ortho-interaction energies (OIEs) show a stabilizing interactions between the acidic and basic units which were also found for the meta- and para-interaction energies (MIEs and PIEs, respectively), indicating stabilization resulting not from direct acid-base interaction but from electronic interactions through the ring. Further spectroscopic (NMR, XRD) and theoretical (NBO, QTAIM, SAPT) investigations confirmed the absence of direct interactions between silicon and phoshorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wickemeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Pia C Trapp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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12
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Wickemeyer L, Hartmann L, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Differences in the Reactivity of Geminal Si-O-P and Al-O-P Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202842. [PMID: 36349870 PMCID: PMC10107522 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The new oxygen-bridged geminal Si/P Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) tBu2 P-O-Si(C2 F5 )3 (2) is able to reversibly bind carbon dioxide at ambient temperature. We compared its reactivity towards benzil, but-3-en-2-one, nitriles and phenylacetylene to that of the Al/P FLP tBu2 P-O-AlBis2 (Bis=-CH(SiMe3 )2 ) (1). When reacted with benzil, both, 1 and 2, form the 1,2-addition product, but in the Si/P FLP 2, the second carbonyl function additionally binds to the silicon atom. With but-3-en-2-one 2 forms the 1,2-addition product, while 1 binds in 1,4-position. The reaction with acetonitrile yielded an unexpected etheneimine adduct for both systems, while only 1 reacted with tert-butylnitrile. With benzonitrile and acrylonitrile, 2 showed reversible addition to the C≡N bond and 1 forms a stable adduct with benzonitrile. Solely 1 shows reactivity towards phenylacetylene affording a mixture of the CH deprotonation adduct tBu2 P(H)-O-AlBis2 (CCPh) and the FLP -C≡C 1,2-addition adduct under ring formation. All compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, XRD and elemental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wickemeyer
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Lukas Hartmann
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehtuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie andCentrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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13
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Wickemeyer L, Trapp PC, Aders N, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Reactivity of Oxygen-Bridged Geminal Al/P and Si/P Frustrated Lewis Pairs towards Heterocumulenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203685. [PMID: 36734185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The two oxygen-bridged geminal frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) tBu2 P-O-AlBis2 (Bis=CH(SiMe3 )2 ; 1) and tBu2 P-O-Si(C2 F5 )3 (2) were reacted with the heterocumulenes PhNCO, PhOCN, PhNCS, CS2 and PhNSO as well as SO2 . With isocyanate and cyanate, both 1 and 2, form addition products under formation of five-membered rings. With CS2 , isothiocyanate and sulfinylaniline, only 1 forms stable adducts, whereas 2 shows reactivity towards sulfinylaniline, but the product decomposed after a few minutes. The reaction of 1 with SO2 led to partial cleavage of the P-O-Al and Al-C units, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies of a complex aggregate. The reaction of 2 with SO2 affords the 1,2-addition product. All adducts were characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and CHN analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wickemeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pia C Trapp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Niklas Aders
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and, Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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14
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Dankert F, Gupta P, Wellnitz T, Baumann W, Hering-Junghans C. Deoxygenation of chalcogen oxides EO 2 (E = S, Se) with phospha-Wittig reagents. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18642-18651. [PMID: 36448405 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03703c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In here we present the deoxygenation of the chalcogen oxides EO2 (E = S, Se) with R-P(PMe3), so-called phospha-Wittig reagents. The reaction of DABSO (DABCO·2SO2) with R-P(PMe3) (R = Mes*, 2,4,6-tBu3-C6H2; MesTer, 2,6-(2,4,6-Me3-C6H2)2-C6H3) resulted in the formation of thiadiphosphiranes (RP)2S (1:R), while selenadiphosphiranes (RP)2Se (2:R) were afforded with SeO2, both accompanied by the formation of OPMe3. Utilizing the sterically more encumbered DipTer-P(PMe3) (DipTer = 2,6-(2,6-iPr2-C6H3)2-C6H3) a different selectivity was observed and (DipTerP)2Se (2:DipTer) along with [Se(μ-PDipTer)]2 (3:DipTer) were isolated as the Se-containing species in the reaction with SeO2. Interestingly, the reaction with DABSO (or with equimolar ratios of SeO2 at elevated temperatures) gave rise to the formation of the OPMe3-stabilized dioxophosphorane (phosphinidene dioxide) DipTerP(O)2-OPMe3 (4:DipTer) as the main product. This contrasting reactivity can be rationalized by two potential pathways in the reaction with EO2: (i) a Wittig-type pathway and (ii) a pathway involving oxygenation of the phospha-Wittig reagents and release of SO. Thus, phospha-Wittig reagents are shown to be useful synthetic tools for the metal-free deoxygenation of EO2 (E = S, Se).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dankert
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str.3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str.3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Tim Wellnitz
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str.3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Baumann
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str.3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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15
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Federmann P, Bosse T, Wolff S, Cula B, Herwig C, Limberg C. A strained intramolecular P/Al-FLP and its reactivity toward allene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13451-13454. [PMID: 36342335 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05640b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
FLPs featuring aluminum-phosphane interactions, spring-loaded by a rigid biphenylene linker, have been accessed through a route where trimethyltin units at phosphane-functionalized organic backbones are exchanged by an AlCl2 moiety. Upon contact with substrates like CO2 these are readily bound by the Al/P site with release of strain. The system could also be utilized for a unique reactivity, namely the activation of allene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Federmann
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tamino Bosse
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Siad Wolff
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Beatrice Cula
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Herwig
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Limberg
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Aders N, Trapp PC, Lamm JH, Beckmann JL, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Hydroalumination of 1,8-Diethynylanthracenes–Al-based Bis-Lewis-Acids and their Isomerization and Complexation Behavior. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Aders
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie (ACS), Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld D-33615, Germany
| | - Pia Charlotte Trapp
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie (ACS), Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld D-33615, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Lamm
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie (ACS), Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld D-33615, Germany
| | - J. Louis Beckmann
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie (ACS), Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld D-33615, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie (ACS), Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld D-33615, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie (ACS), Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld D-33615, Germany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie (ACS), Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld D-33615, Germany
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17
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Theoretical Study of Reaction Mechanisms of Carbon Dioxide with E–CH 2–Z-Type Frustrated Lewis Pairs (E = C–Pb; Z = N–Bi). Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung80708, Taiwan
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18
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Thorwart T, Hartmann D, Greb L. Dihydrogen Activation with a Neutral, Intermolecular Silicon(IV)-Amine Frustrated Lewis Pair. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202273. [PMID: 35861023 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The heterolytic cleavage of dihydrogen constitutes the hallmark reaction of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP). While being well-established for planar Lewis acids, such as boranes or silylium ions, the observation of the primary H2 splitting products with non-planar Lewis acid FLPs remained elusive. In the present work, we report bis(perfluoro-N-phenyl-ortho-amidophenolato)silane and its application in dihydrogen activation to a fully characterized hydridosilicate. The strict design of the Lewis acid, the limited selection of the Lewis base, and the distinct reaction conditions emphasize the narrow tolerance to achieve this fascinating process with a tetrahedral Lewis acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Hartmann D, Strunden T, Greb L. Silicon Carbamates by CO 2 Fixation: Brønsted Acid Labile Precursor of a Lewis Superacid. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15693-15698. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Taddäus Strunden
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Cabrera-Trujillo JJ, Fernández I. Aromaticity-enhanced reactivity of geminal frustrated Lewis pairs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6801-6804. [PMID: 35611955 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02013k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a cyclopropenimine moiety as the Lewis base partner in geminal frustrated Lewis pairs greatly enhances the reactivity of the system towards the activation of small molecules. This is mainly due to an increase of the aromaticity strength of this fragment during the activation reaction which results in a significant gain of stability ultimately leading to low barrier and high exergonic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Juan Cabrera-Trujillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Fernández I. Understanding the reactivity of frustrated Lewis pairs with the help of the activation strain model-energy decomposition analysis method. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4931-4940. [PMID: 35322823 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00233g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This Feature article presents recent representative applications of the combination of the Activation Strain Model of reactivity and the Energy Decomposition Analysis methods to understand the reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs). This approach has been helpful to not only gain a deeper quantitative insight into the factors controlling the cooperative action between the Lewis acid/base partners but also to rationally design highly active systems for different bond activation reactions. Issues such as the influence of the nature of the FLP antagonists or the substituents directly attached to them on the reactivity are covered herein, which are crucial for the future development of this fascinating family of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Sarkar P, Das S, Pati SK. Recent Advances in Group 14 and 15 Lewis Acids for Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200148. [PMID: 35320614 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP) which rely on the cooperative action of Lewis acids and Lewis bases, played a prominent role in the advancement of main-group catalysis. While the early days of FLP chemistry witnessed the dominance of boranes, there is a growing body of reports on alternative Lewis acids derived from groups 14 and 15. This short review focuses on the discovery of such non-boron candidates reported since 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sarkar
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Theoretical Sciences Unit, INDIA
| | - Shubhajit Das
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, New Chemstry Unit, INDIA
| | - Swapan K Pati
- JNCASR, Theoretical Sciences Unit and New Chemistry Unit, Jakkur Campus, 560064, Bangalore, INDIA
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23
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Schwedtmann K, Quest M, Guddorf BJ, Keuter J, Hepp A, Feldt M, Droste J, Hansen MR, Lips F. Reactivity of the Bicyclic Amido-Substituted Silicon(I) Ring Compound Si 4 {N(SiMe 3 )Mes} 4 with FLP-Type Character. Chemistry 2021; 27:17361-17368. [PMID: 34636454 PMCID: PMC9297995 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The bicyclic amido‐substituted silicon(I) ring compound Si4{N(SiMe3)Mes}42 (Mes=Mesityl=2,4,6‐Me3C6H2) features enhanced zwitterionic character and different reactivity from the analogous compound Si4{N(SiMe3)Dipp}41 (Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) due to the smaller mesityl substituents. In a reaction with the N‐heterocyclic carbene NHCMe4
(1,3,4,5‐tetramethyl‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene), we observe adduct formation to give Si4{N(SiMe3)Mes}4 ⋅ NHCMe4
(3). This adduct reacts further with the Lewis acid BH3 to yield the Lewis acid–base complex Si4{N(SiMe3)Mes}4 ⋅ NHCMe4
⋅ BH3 (4). Coordination of AlBr3 to 2 leads to the adduct 5. Calculated proton affinities and fluoride ion affinities reveal highly Lewis basic and very weak Lewis acidic character of the low‐valent silicon atoms in 1 and 2. This is confirmed by protonation of 1 and 2 with Brookharts acid yielding 6 and 7. Reaction with diphenylacetylene only occurs at 111 °C with 2 in toluene and is accompanied by fragmentation of 2 to afford the silacyclopropene 8 and the trisilanorbornadiene species 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schwedtmann
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Quest
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt J Guddorf
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Keuter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Milica Feldt
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Organisch Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörn Droste
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Felicitas Lips
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149, Münster, Germany
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24
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A neutral germanium/phosphorus frustrated Lewis pair: Synthesis and reactivity. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Sarkar P, Das S, Pati SK. Investigating Tetrel-Based Neutral Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Hydrogen Activation. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15180-15189. [PMID: 34590831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetrel Lewis acids are a prospective alternative to commonly employed neutral boranes in frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry. While cationic tetrylium Lewis acids, being isolobal and iso(valence)electronic, are a natural replacement to boranes, neutral tetrel Lewis acids allude as less trivial options due to the absence of a formally empty p orbital on the acceptor atom. Recently, a series of intramolecular geminal FLPs (C2F5)3E-CH2-P(tBu)2 (E = Si, Ge, Sn) featuring neutral tetrel atoms as acceptor sites has been reported for activation of small molecules including H2. In this work, through density functional theory computations, we elucidate the general mechanistic picture of H2 activation by this family of FLPs. Our findings reveal that the acceptor atom derives the required Lewis acidity utilizing the antibonding orbitals of its adjacent bonds with the individual contributions depending on the identity of the acceptor and the donor atoms. By varying the identity of the Lewis acid and Lewis base sites and attached substituents, we unravel their interplay on the energetics of the H2 activation. We find that switching the donor site from P to N significantly affects the synchronous nature of the bond breaking/formations along the reaction pathway, and as a result, N-bearing FLPs have a more favorable H2 activation profile than those with P. Our results are quantitatively discussed in detail within the framework of the activation-strain model of reactivity along with the energy-decomposition analysis method. Finally, the reductive elimination decomposition route pertinent to the plausible extension of the H2 activation to catalytic hydrogenation by these FLPs is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sarkar
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Shubhajit Das
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Swapan K Pati
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
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26
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Hartmann D, Braner S, Greb L. Bis(perchlorocatecholato)silane and heteroleptic bidonors: hidden frustrated Lewis pairs resulting from ring strain. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8572-8575. [PMID: 34373874 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bis(perchlorocatecholato)silane and bidentate N,N- or N,P-heteroleptic donors were reacted to form hexacoordinated complexes. Depending on the ring strain and hemilability in the adducts, frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) reactivity with aldehydes and catalytic ammonia borane dehydrocoupling was enabled. All reactions were analyzed using density functional theory. This approach represents an alternative way, beyond relying on steric bulk, to achieve frustration in bimolecular FLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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27
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Ferrer M, Alkorta I, Elguero J, Oliva-Enrich JM. Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide with Frustrated Lewis Pairs Based on N-Heterocycles with Silane/Germane Groups. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6976-6984. [PMID: 34375528 PMCID: PMC8389994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) based on nitrogen heterocycles (pyridine, pyrazole, and imidazole) with a silane or germane group in the α-position of a nitrogen atom have been considered as potential molecules to sequestrate carbon dioxide. Three stationary points have been characterized in the reaction profile: a pre-reactive complex, an adduct minimum, and the transition state connecting them. The effect of external (solvent) or internal (hydroxyl group) electric fields in the reaction profile has been considered. In both cases, it is possible to improve the kinetics and thermodynamics of the complexation of CO2 by the FLP and favor the formation of adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Ferrer
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- PhD Programme in Theoretical Chemistry and Computational Modelling, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M Oliva-Enrich
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano (CSIC), Serrano, 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Thorwart T, Roth D, Greb L. Bis(pertrifluoromethylcatecholato)silane: Extreme Lewis Acidity Broadens the Catalytic Portfolio of Silicon. Chemistry 2021; 27:10422-10427. [PMID: 33852170 PMCID: PMC8361710 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Given its earth abundance, silicon is ideal for constructing Lewis acids of use in catalysis or materials science. Neutral silanes were limited to moderate Lewis acidity, until halogenated catecholato ligands provoked a significant boost. However, catalytic applications of bis(perhalocatecholato)silanes were suffering from very poor solubility and unknown deactivation pathways. In this work, the novel per(trifluoromethyl)catechol, H2 catCF3 , and adducts of its silicon complex Si(catCF3 )2 (1) are described. According to the computed fluoride ion affinity, 1 ranks among the strongest neutral Lewis acids currently accessible in the condensed phase. The improved robustness and affinity of 1 enable deoxygenations of aldehydes, ketones, amides, or phosphine oxides, and a carbonyl-olefin metathesis. All those transformations have never been catalyzed by a neutral silane. Attempts to obtain donor-free 1 attest to the extreme Lewis acidity by stabilizing adducts with even the weakest donors, such as benzophenone or hexaethyl disiloxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Roth
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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29
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Holtkamp P, Poier D, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Exploring the Reactivity of a Frustrated Sn/P Lewis Pair: The Highly Selective Complexation of the cis-Azobenzene Photoisomer. Chemistry 2021; 27:3793-3798. [PMID: 33284497 PMCID: PMC7986075 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the geminal frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) (F5 C2 )3 SnCH2 P(tBu)2 (1) was explored by reacting it with a variety of small molecules (PhOCN, PhNCS, PhCCH, tBuCCH, H3 CC(O)CH=CH2 , Ph[C(O)]2 Ph, PhN=NPh and Me3 SiCHN2 ), featuring polar or non-polar multiple bonds and/or represent α,β-unsaturated systems. While most adducts are formed readily, the binding of azobenzene requires UV-induced photoisomerization, which results in the highly selective complexation of cis-azobenzene. In the case of benzil, the reaction does not lead to the expected 1,2- or 1,4-addition products, but to the non-stereoselective (tBu)2 PCH2 -transfer to a prochiral keto function of benzil. All adducts of 1 were characterised by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses and X-ray diffraction experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Dario Poier
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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30
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Fontana N, Espinosa‐Jalapa NA, Seidl M, Bauer JO. Easy Access to Enantiomerically Pure Heterocyclic Silicon-Chiral Phosphonium Cations and the Matched/Mismatched Case of Dihydrogen Release. Chemistry 2021; 27:2649-2653. [PMID: 33264430 PMCID: PMC7898527 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphonium ions are widely used in preparative organic synthesis and catalysis. The provision of new types of cations that contain both functional and chiral information is a major synthetic challenge and can open up new horizons in asymmetric cation-directed and Lewis acid catalysis. We discovered an efficient methodology towards new Si-chiral four-membered CPSSi* heterocyclic cations. Three synthetic approaches are presented. The stereochemical sequence of anchimerically assisted cation formation with B(C6 F5 )3 and subsequent hydride addition was fully elucidated and proceeds with excellent preservation of the chiral information at the stereogenic silicon atom. Also the mechanism of dihydrogen release from a protonated hydrosilane was studied in detail by the help of Si-centered chirality as stereochemical probe. Chemoselectivity switch (dihydrogen release vs. protodesilylation) can easily be achieved through slight modifications of the solvent. A matched/mismatched case was identified and the intermolecularity of this reaction supported by spectroscopic, kinetic, deuterium-labeling experiments, and quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Fontana
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für Chemie und PharmazieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Noel Angel Espinosa‐Jalapa
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für Chemie und PharmazieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für Chemie und PharmazieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Jonathan O. Bauer
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieFakultät für Chemie und PharmazieUniversität RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193053RegensburgGermany
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31
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Holtkamp P, Schwabedissen J, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Koptyug IV, Zhivonitko VV, Mitzel NW. A Zwitterionic Phosphonium Stannate(II) via Hydrogen Splitting by a Sn/P Frustrated Lewis-Pair and Reductive Elimination. Chemistry 2020; 26:17381-17385. [PMID: 33016507 PMCID: PMC7839681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) (F5C2)3SnCH2P(tBu)2 (1) was investigated with respect to the activation of elemental hydrogen. The reaction of 1 at elevated hydrogen pressure afforded the intramolecular phosphonium stannate(II) (F5C2)2SnCH2PH(tBu)2 (3). It was characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. NMR experiments with the two isotopologues H2 and D2 showed it to be formed via an H2 adduct (F5C2)3HSnCH2PH(tBu)2 (2) and the subsequent formal reductive elimination of pentafluoroethane; this is supported by DFT calculations. Parahydrogen‐induced polarization experiments revealed the formation of a second product of the reaction of 1 with H2, [HP(tBu)2Me][Sn(C2F5)3] (4), in 1H NMR spectra, whereas 2 was not detected due to its transient nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Institutskaya St. 3A, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | | | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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32
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Zhang J, Xie Z. Tri-insertion with dearomatization of terminal arylalkynes using a carborane based frustrated Lewis pair template. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1745-1749. [PMID: 34163934 PMCID: PMC8179331 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05755j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramolecular vicinal Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs) have played a significant role in the activation of small molecules, and their stabilities and reactivities are found to strongly depend on the nature of the bridging units. This work reports a new carborane based FLP, 1-PPh2-2-BPh2-1,2-C2B10H10 (2), which reacts with an equimolar amount of p-R2NC6H4C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
]]>
CH (R = Me, Et, Ph) at room temperature to give CC triple bond addition products 1,2-[PPh2C(R2NC6H4)
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
]]>
CHBPh2]-1,2-C2B10H10 (3) in high yields. Compounds 3 react further with two equiv. of p-R2NC6H4CCH (R = Me, Et) at 60–70 °C to give unprecedented stereoselective tri-insertion products, 3,3a,6,6a-tetrahydronaphtho[1,8a-b]borole tricycles (4), in which one of the aryl rings from arylacetylene moieties has been dearomatized with the formation of four stereocenters including one quaternary carbon center. It is noted that the phosphine unit functions as a catalyst during the reactions. After trapping and structural characterization of a key intermediate, a reaction mechanism is proposed, involving sequential alkyne insertion and 1,2-boryl migration. A carborane based frustrated Lewis pair enables tri-insertion with dearomatization of arylalkynes, forming unprecedented products, borole tricycles, with the construction of four stereocenters including one quaternary carbon center in one process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin New Territories Hong Kong China
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33
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Horstmann JS, Klabunde S, Hepp A, Layh M, Hansen MR, Eckert H, Würthwein E, Uhl W. Reactions of Al‐N Based Active Lewis Pairs with Ketones and 1,2‐Diketones: Insertion into Al‐N Bonds, C‐C and C‐N Bond Formation and a Tricyclic Saturated Tetraaza Compound. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Silissa Horstmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Sina Klabunde
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Marcus Layh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ernst‐Ulrich Würthwein
- Organisch‐chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC) Universität Münster Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Werner Uhl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
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34
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Holtkamp P, Glodde T, Poier D, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. An Adduct of Sulfur Monoxide to a Frustrated Sn/P Lewis Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17388-17392. [PMID: 32558235 PMCID: PMC7540458 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The geminal frustrated Lewis pair (F5 C2 )3 SnCH2 P(tBu)2 (1) reacted with N-sulfinylaniline PhNSO to afford the first sulfur monoxide adduct of a main group metal, (F5 C2 )3 SnCH2 P(tBu)2 ⋅SO (2), which contains a SnCPSO ring. The second product is a phenylnitrene adduct of 1. The surprising stability of 2 was compared with the stabilities of the so far inaccessible O2 and S2 adducts of 1. Attempts to prepare these from 1 and the elemental chalcogens (O2 , S8 , Se∞ , Te∞ ) led to four-membered SnCPE ring systems. Quantum-chemical investigations of 2 demonstrate the bond polarity of the SO unit to stabilize 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Timo Glodde
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Dario Poier
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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35
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Holtkamp P, Glodde T, Poier D, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Ein Schwefelmonoxid‐Addukt eines frustrierten Sn/P‐Lewis‐Paares. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Timo Glodde
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Dario Poier
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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36
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Tolzmann M, Schürmann L, Hepp A, Uhl W, Layh M. Hydrosilylation and Hydrogermylation of CO
2
and CS
2
by Al and Ga Functionalized Silanes and Germanes – Cooperative Reactivity with Formation of Silyl Formates and Disilylacetals. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tolzmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Lina Schürmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Werner Uhl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Marcus Layh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
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37
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Boudjelel M, Declercq R, Mallet‐Ladeira S, Bouhadir G, Bourissou D. Synthesis of a C(sp
2
)‐bridged Phosphine‐Borane by Ionic Coupling. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boudjelel
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069) CNRS / Université Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Richard Declercq
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069) CNRS / Université Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Sonia Mallet‐Ladeira
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (FR 2599) 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Ghenwa Bouhadir
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069) CNRS / Université Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Didier Bourissou
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069) CNRS / Université Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Kejian Chang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
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39
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Simon M, Radius M, Wagner HE, Breher F. Imidazolyl Alanes – Synthesis, Structures, and Reactivity Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Simon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael Radius
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Hanna E. Wagner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Division Molecular Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr.15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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40
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Sun X, Su W, Shi K, Xie Z, Zhu C. Triple Frustrated Lewis Pair-Type Reactivity on a Single Rare-Earth Metal Center. Chemistry 2020; 26:5354-5359. [PMID: 31950533 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rare-earth metal cations have been used rarely as Lewis-acidic components in the chemistry of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). Herein, we report the first cerium/phosphorus system (2) employing a heptadentate N4 P3 ligand, which exhibits triple FLP-type reactivity towards a series of organic substrates, including isocyanates, isothiocyanates, diazomethane, and azides on a single rare-earth Lewis acidic Ce center. This result shows that the Ce center and three P atoms in 2 could simultaneously activate three equivalents of small molecules under mild conditions. This study broadens the diversity of FLPs and demonstrates that rare earth based FLP exhibit unique properties compared with other FLP systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Wei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Kaiying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoyi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Congqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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41
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Kunzmann R, Omatsu Y, Schnakenburg G, Espinosa Ferao A, Yanagisawa T, Tokitoh N, Streubel R. A synthetic equivalent for unknown 1,3-zwitterions? – A K/OR phosphinidenoid complex with an additional Si–Cl function. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3899-3902. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00024h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the chemistry of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) has seen tremendous developments, investigations on anionic, mono-molecular FLPs are still scarce and 1,3-zwitterions are unknown, but a functional K/OR phosphinindenoid complex can be used instead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kunzmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Yamato Omatsu
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Uji
- Japan
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de Murcia
- 30100 Murcia
- Spain
| | | | | | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
- Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1
- 53121 Bonn
- Germany
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42
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Organoelement Compounds Crystallized In Situ: Weak Intermolecular Interactions and Lattice Energies. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The in situ crystallization is the most suitable way to obtain a crystal of a low-melting-point compound to determine its structure via X-Ray diffraction. Herein, the intermolecular interactions and some crystal properties of low-melting-point organoelement compounds (lattice energies, melting points, etc.) are discussed. The discussed structures were divided into two groups: organoelement compounds of groups 13–16 and organofluorine compounds with other halogen atoms (Cl, Br, I). The most of intermolecular interactions in the first group are represented by weak hydrogen bonds and H···H interactions. The crystal packing of the second group of compounds is stabilized by various interactions between halogen atoms in conjunction with hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions. The data on intermolecular interactions from the analysis of crystal packing allowed us to obtain correlations between lattice energies and Hirshfeld molecular surface areas, molecular volumes, and melting points.
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43
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Zhuang D, Rouf AM, Li Y, Dai C, Zhu J. Aromaticity‐promoted CO
2
Capture by P/N‐Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs: A Theoretical Study. Chem Asian J 2019; 15:266-272. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danling Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Alvi Muhammad Rouf
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Chenshu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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44
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Cabrera-Trujillo JJ, Fernández I. Understanding the Reactivity of Neutral Geminal Group 14 Element/Phosphorus Frustrated Lewis Pairs. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10095-10101. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Juan Cabrera-Trujillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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45
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Kinder TA, Blomeyer S, Franke M, Depenbrock F, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Small Neutral Geminal Silicon/Phosphorus Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo A. Kinder
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Maurice Franke
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Felix Depenbrock
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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46
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Hartmann D, Schädler M, Greb L. Bis(catecholato)silanes: assessing, rationalizing and increasing silicon's Lewis superacidity. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7379-7388. [PMID: 31489160 PMCID: PMC6713871 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bis(catecholato)silanes have been known for several decades, their substantial Lewis acidity is not yet well described in the literature. Herewith, the synthesis and characterization of multiple substituted bis(catecholato)silanes and their triethylphosphine oxide, fluoride and chloride ion adducts are reported. The Lewis acidity of bis(catecholato)silanes is assessed by effective (Gutmann-Beckett, catalytic efficiency), global (theoretical and relative experimental fluoride (FIA) and chloride (CIA) ion affinities) and intrinsic (electrophilicity index) scaling methods. This comprehensive set of experimental and theoretical results reveals their general Lewis acidic nature and provides a consistent Lewis acidity trend for bis(catecholato)silanes for the first time. All experimental findings are supported by high-level DLPNO-CCSD(T) based thermochemical data and the Lewis acidity is rationalized by complementary chemical bonding analysis tools. Against the common belief that inductive electron withdrawal is the most important criterion for strong Lewis acidity, the present work highlights the decisive role of π-back bonding effects in aromatic ring systems to enhance electron deficiency. Thus, bis(perbromocatecholato)silane is identified and synthesized as the new record holder for silicon Lewis superacids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 275 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Marcel Schädler
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 275 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 275 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
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Aders N, Keweloh L, Pleschka D, Hepp A, Layh M, Rogel F, Uhl W. P–H Functionalized Al/P-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs in Dipolar Activation and Hydrophosphination: Reactions with CO2 and SO2. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Aders
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lukas Keweloh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Damian Pleschka
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marcus Layh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Friedhelm Rogel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Werner Uhl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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48
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Medici F, Maury J, Lemière G, Fensterbank L. Interaction between Spirosilanes and Lewis Bases: from Coordination to Frustration. Chemistry 2019; 25:9438-9442. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Medici
- CNRSInstitut Parisien de Chimie MoléculaireSorbonne Universite 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Julien Maury
- CNRSInstitut Parisien de Chimie MoléculaireSorbonne Universite 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Gilles Lemière
- CNRSInstitut Parisien de Chimie MoléculaireSorbonne Universite 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Louis Fensterbank
- CNRSInstitut Parisien de Chimie MoléculaireSorbonne Universite 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
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49
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Adenot A, von Wolff N, Lefèvre G, Berthet J, Thuéry P, Cantat T. Activation of SO
2
by N/Si
+
and N/B Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Experimental and Theoretical Comparison with CO
2
Activation. Chemistry 2019; 25:8118-8126. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Adenot
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, CEA SaclayUniversité Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Niklas von Wolff
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, CEA SaclayUniversité Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Guillaume Lefèvre
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, CEA SaclayUniversité Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Jean‐Claude Berthet
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, CEA SaclayUniversité Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Pierre Thuéry
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, CEA SaclayUniversité Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Thibault Cantat
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, CEA SaclayUniversité Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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50
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Holtkamp P, Friedrich F, Stratmann E, Mix A, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. A Neutral Geminal Tin/Phosphorus Frustrated Lewis Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5114-5118. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Felix Friedrich
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Erik Stratmann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Andreas Mix
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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