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Hofmann KP, Lamb TD. Rhodopsin, light-sensor of vision. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 93:101116. [PMID: 36273969 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The light sensor of vertebrate scotopic (low-light) vision, rhodopsin, is a G-protein-coupled receptor comprising a polypeptide chain with bound chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, that exhibits remarkable physicochemical properties. This photopigment is extremely stable in the dark, yet its chromophore isomerises upon photon absorption with 70% efficiency, enabling the activation of its G-protein, transducin, with high efficiency. Rhodopsin's photochemical and biochemical activities occur over very different time-scales: the energy of retinaldehyde's excited state is stored in <1 ps in retinal-protein interactions, but it takes milliseconds for the catalytically active state to form, and many tens of minutes for the resting state to be restored. In this review, we describe the properties of rhodopsin and its role in rod phototransduction. We first introduce rhodopsin's gross structural features, its evolution, and the basic mechanisms of its activation. We then discuss light absorption and spectral sensitivity, photoreceptor electrical responses that result from the activity of individual rhodopsin molecules, and recovery of rhodopsin and the visual system from intense bleaching exposures. We then provide a detailed examination of rhodopsin's molecular structure and function, first in its dark state, and then in the active Meta states that govern its interactions with transducin, rhodopsin kinase and arrestin. While it is clear that rhodopsin's molecular properties are exquisitely honed for phototransduction, from starlight to dawn/dusk intensity levels, our understanding of how its molecular interactions determine the properties of scotopic vision remains incomplete. We describe potential future directions of research, and outline several major problems that remain to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Peter Hofmann
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité, and, Zentrum für Biophysik und Bioinformatik, Humboldt-Unversität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
| | - Trevor D Lamb
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
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2
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Pintér G, Hohmann K, Grün J, Wirmer-Bartoschek J, Glaubitz C, Fürtig B, Schwalbe H. Real-time nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the study of biomolecular kinetics and dynamics. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021; 2:291-320. [PMID: 37904763 PMCID: PMC10539803 DOI: 10.5194/mr-2-291-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The review describes the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study kinetics of folding, refolding and aggregation of proteins, RNA and DNA. Time-resolved NMR experiments can be conducted in a reversible or an irreversible manner. In particular, irreversible folding experiments pose large requirements for (i) signal-to-noise due to the time limitations and (ii) synchronising of the refolding steps. Thus, this contribution discusses the application of methods for signal-to-noise increases, including dynamic nuclear polarisation, hyperpolarisation and photo-CIDNP for the study of time-resolved NMR studies. Further, methods are reviewed ranging from pressure and temperature jump, light induction to rapid mixing to induce rapidly non-equilibrium conditions required to initiate folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Pintér
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for
Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Katharina F. Hohmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for
Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - J. Tassilo Grün
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for
Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Julia Wirmer-Bartoschek
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for
Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Boris Fürtig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for
Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for
Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
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Kubatova N, Mao J, Eckert CE, Saxena K, Gande SL, Wachtveitl J, Glaubitz C, Schwalbe H. Light Dynamics of the Retinal-Disease-Relevant G90D Bovine Rhodopsin Mutant. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15656-15664. [PMID: 32602600 PMCID: PMC7496284 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The RHO gene encodes the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) rhodopsin. Numerous mutations associated with impaired visual cycle have been reported; the G90D mutation leads to a constitutively active mutant form of rhodopsin that causes CSNB disease. We report on the structural investigation of the retinal configuration and conformation in the binding pocket in the dark and light-activated state by solution and MAS-NMR spectroscopy. We found two long-lived dark states for the G90D mutant with the 11-cis retinal bound as Schiff base in both populations. The second minor population in the dark state is attributed to a slight shift in conformation of the covalently bound 11-cis retinal caused by the mutation-induced distortion on the salt bridge formation in the binding pocket. Time-resolved UV/Vis spectroscopy was used to monitor the functional dynamics of the G90D mutant rhodopsin for all relevant time scales of the photocycle. The G90D mutant retains its conformational heterogeneity during the photocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kubatova
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic ResonanceGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438FrankfurtGermany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Jiafei Mao
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic ResonanceGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438FrankfurtGermany
- Institute of Biophysical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 960438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Carl Elias Eckert
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Krishna Saxena
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic ResonanceGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438FrankfurtGermany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Santosh L. Gande
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic ResonanceGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438FrankfurtGermany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic ResonanceGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438FrankfurtGermany
- Institute of Biophysical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 960438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic ResonanceGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438FrankfurtGermany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438FrankfurtGermany
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4
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Kubatova N, Mao J, Eckert CE, Saxena K, Gande SL, Wachtveitl J, Glaubitz C, Schwalbe H. Light Dynamics of the Retinal‐Disease‐Relevant G90D Bovine Rhodopsin Mutant. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kubatova
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance Goethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Goethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Jiafei Mao
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance Goethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Goethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Carl Elias Eckert
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Goethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Krishna Saxena
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance Goethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Goethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Santosh L. Gande
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance Goethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Goethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Goethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance Goethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry Goethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance Goethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Goethe University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
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5
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Frederiksen R, Nymark S, Kolesnikov AV, Berry JD, Adler L, Koutalos Y, Kefalov VJ, Cornwall MC. Rhodopsin kinase and arrestin binding control the decay of photoactivated rhodopsin and dark adaptation of mouse rods. J Gen Physiol 2017; 148:1-11. [PMID: 27353443 PMCID: PMC4924931 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201511538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein receptor kinase and arrestin 1 are required for inactivation of photoactivated vertebrate rhodopsin. Frederiksen et al. show that they additionally regulate the subsequent decay of inactive rhodopsin into opsin and all-trans retinal and therefore dark adaptation. Photoactivation of vertebrate rhodopsin converts it to the physiologically active Meta II (R*) state, which triggers the rod light response. Meta II is rapidly inactivated by the phosphorylation of C-terminal serine and threonine residues by G-protein receptor kinase (Grk1) and subsequent binding of arrestin 1 (Arr1). Meta II exists in equilibrium with the more stable inactive form of rhodopsin, Meta III. Dark adaptation of rods requires the complete thermal decay of Meta II/Meta III into opsin and all-trans retinal and the subsequent regeneration of rhodopsin with 11-cis retinal chromophore. In this study, we examine the regulation of Meta III decay by Grk1 and Arr1 in intact mouse rods and their effect on rod dark adaptation. We measure the rates of Meta III decay in isolated retinas of wild-type (WT), Grk1-deficient (Grk1−/−), Arr1-deficient (Arr1−/−), and Arr1-overexpressing (Arr1ox) mice. We find that in WT mouse rods, Meta III peaks ∼6 min after rhodopsin activation and decays with a time constant (τ) of 17 min. Meta III decay slows in Arr1−/− rods (τ of ∼27 min), whereas it accelerates in Arr1ox rods (τ of ∼8 min) and Grk1−/− rods (τ of ∼13 min). In all cases, regeneration of rhodopsin with exogenous 11-cis retinal is rate limited by the decay of Meta III. Notably, the kinetics of rod dark adaptation in vivo is also modulated by the levels of Arr1 and Grk1. We conclude that, in addition to their well-established roles in Meta II inactivation, Grk1 and Arr1 can modulate the kinetics of Meta III decay and rod dark adaptation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Frederiksen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Soile Nymark
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, BioMediTech, Tampere University of Technology, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Alexander V Kolesnikov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Justin D Berry
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Leopold Adler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Yiannis Koutalos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Vladimir J Kefalov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - M Carter Cornwall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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Peterhans C, Lally CCM, Ostermaier MK, Sommer ME, Standfuss J. Functional map of arrestin binding to phosphorylated opsin, with and without agonist. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28686. [PMID: 27350090 PMCID: PMC4923902 DOI: 10.1038/srep28686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrestins desensitize G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and act as mediators of signalling. Here we investigated the interactions of arrestin-1 with two functionally distinct forms of the dim-light photoreceptor rhodopsin. Using unbiased scanning mutagenesis we probed the individual contribution of each arrestin residue to the interaction with the phosphorylated apo-receptor (Ops-P) and the agonist-bound form (Meta II-P). Disruption of the polar core or displacement of the C-tail strengthened binding to both receptor forms. In contrast, mutations of phosphate-binding residues (phosphosensors) suggest the phosphorylated receptor C-terminus binds arrestin differently for Meta II-P and Ops-P. Likewise, mutations within the inter-domain interface, variations in the receptor-binding loops and the C-edge of arrestin reveal different binding modes. In summary, our results indicate that arrestin-1 binding to Meta II-P and Ops-P is similarly dependent on arrestin activation, although the complexes formed with these two receptor forms are structurally distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peterhans
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, CH-5323, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Ciara C M Lally
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin K Ostermaier
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martha E Sommer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Standfuss
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, CH-5323, Villigen, Switzerland
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Slavov C, Yang C, Schweighauser L, Boumrifak C, Dreuw A, Wegner HA, Wachtveitl J. Connectivity matters – ultrafast isomerization dynamics of bisazobenzene photoswitches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:14795-804. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00603e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the ultrafast dynamics of o-, m- and p-bisazobenzenes, which represent elementary building blocks for photoswitchable multiazobenzene nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavdar Slavov
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Goethe University
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - Chong Yang
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR)
- University of Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Luca Schweighauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Justus-Liebig University Giessen
- 35392 Giessen
- Germany
| | - Chokri Boumrifak
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Goethe University
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR)
- University of Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Justus-Liebig University Giessen
- 35392 Giessen
- Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Goethe University
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
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