1
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Kim J, Oh J, Park S, Yoneda T, Osuka A, Lim M, Kim D. Modulations of a Metal-Ligand Interaction and Photophysical Behaviors by Hückel-Möbius Aromatic Switching. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:582-589. [PMID: 34967619 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In organometallic complexes containing π-conjugated macrocyclic chelate ligands, conformational change significantly affects metal-ligand electronic interactions, hence tuning properties of the complexes. In this regard, we investigated the metal-ligand interactions in hexaphyrin mono-Pd(II) complexes Pd[28]M and Pd[26]H, which exhibit a redox-induced switching of Hückel-Möbius aromaticity and subsequent molecular conformation, and their effect on the electronic structure and photophysical behaviors. In Möbius aromatic Pd[28]M, the weak metal-ligand interaction leads to the π electronic structure of the hexaphyrin ligand remaining almost intact, which undergoes efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) assisted by the heavy-atom effect of the Pd metal. In Hückel aromatic Pd[26]H, the significant metal-ligand interaction results in ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) in the excited-state dynamics. These contrasting metal-ligand electronic interactions have been revealed by time-resolved electronic and vibrational spectroscopies and time-dependent DFT calculations. This work indicates that the conspicuous modulation of metal-ligand interaction by Hückel-Möbius aromaticity switching is an appealing approach to manipulate molecular properties of metal complexes, further enabling the fine-tuning of metal-ligand interactions and the novel design of functional organometallic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungnam 31538, Korea
| | - Seongchul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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2
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Kim J, Oh J, Osuka A, Kim D. Porphyrinoids, a unique platform for exploring excited-state aromaticity. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:268-292. [PMID: 34879124 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00742d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Baird (anti)aromaticity has been referred to as a description of excited-state (anti)aromaticity. With the term of Baird's rule, recent studies have intensively verified that the Hückel aromatic [4n + 2]π (or antiaromatic [4n]π) molecules in the ground state are reversed to give Baird aromatic [4n]π (or Baird antiaromatic [4n + 2]π) molecules in the excited states. Since the Hückel (anti)aromaticity has great influence on the molecular properties and reaction mechanisms, the Baird (anti)aromaticity has been expected to act as a dominant factor in governing excited-state properties and processes, which has attracted intensive scientific investigations for the verification of the concept of reversed aromaticity in the excited states. In this scientific endeavor, porphyrinoids have recently played leading roles in the demonstration of the aromaticity reversal in the excited states and its conceptual development. The distinct structural and electronic nature of porphyhrinoids depending on their (anti)aromaticity allow the direct observation of excited-state aromaticity reversal, Baird's rule. The explicit experimental demonstration with porphyrinoids has contributed greatly to its conceptual development and application in novel functional organic materials. Based on the significant role of porphyrinoids in the field of excited-state aromaticity, this review provides an overview of the experimental verification of the reversal concept of excited-state aromaticity by porphyrinoids and the recent progress on its conceptual application in novel functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea.
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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3
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Romero AH, Romero IE, Piro OE, Echeverría GA, Gotopo LA, Moller MN, Rodríguez GA, Cabrera GJ, Castro ER, López SE, Cerecetto HE. Photo-Induced Partially Aromatized Intramolecular Charge Transfer. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9268-9285. [PMID: 34357778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diverse models of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) have been proposed for interpreting the origin of the charge-transfer (CT) state in donor-acceptor (D-A) dyes. However, a large variety of fused-heterocyclic dyes containing a pseudo-aromatic ring in the rigid structure have shown to be incompatible with them. To approximate a solution within the ICT concept, we reported a novel ICT model called partially aromatized intramolecular charge transfer (PAICT). PAICT involves the generation of a CT state from an ICT that occurred within a pre-excited D-A fused-heterocyclic structure possessing a pseudo-aromatic or unstable aromatic ring as the acceptor moiety. The model was proposed from the multiple-emissive mesomeric D-A N1-aryl-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[b][1,8]naphthyridin-4(1H)-one, whose excited mesomeric states, which are defined by the aromatic and pseudo-aromatic forms of the pyrindin-4(1H)-one ring, led to a common partial aromatized CT state upon excitation via PAICT. The latter was supported through theoretical calculations on the excited mesomeric states, one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) excitation-emission measurements in different solvents, and the detection of three excited states by lifetime measurements upon 370 nm excitation. The existence of mesomerism was supposed from: (i) two overlapping bands at 370-390 (or 400-420 nm) in UV-vis spectra, (ii) the direct interaction between the pyridinic nitrogen of one molecule and the carbonylic oxygen of the other found in the solid state and, (iii) the detection of three excited states by lifetime measurements. The PAICT opens new perspectives for interpreting the charge-transfer phenomenon in fused-heterocyclic dyes, in particular, those containing a pseudo-aromatic or unstable aromatic ring as an acceptor moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel H Romero
- Grupo de Química Orgánica Medicinal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Ivan E Romero
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1040, Venezuela
| | - Oscar E Piro
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Echeverría
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Lourdes A Gotopo
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1040, Venezuela
| | - Matías N Moller
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo A Rodríguez
- Grupo de Química Orgánica Medicinal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo J Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas 1040, Venezuela
| | - Erick R Castro
- Instituto de Física da UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre 9500, RS, Brazil
| | - Simón E López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Hugo E Cerecetto
- Grupo de Química Orgánica Medicinal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.,Área de Radiofarmacia, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Mataojo 2055, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
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4
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Ayub R, El Bakouri O, Smith JR, Jorner K, Ottosson H. Triplet State Baird Aromaticity in Macrocycles: Scope, Limitations, and Complications. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:570-584. [PMID: 33427474 PMCID: PMC7884009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aromaticity of cyclic 4nπ-electron molecules in their first ππ* triplet state (T1), labeled Baird aromaticity, has gained growing attention in the past decade. Here we explore computationally the limitations of T1 state Baird aromaticity in macrocyclic compounds, [n]CM's, which are cyclic oligomers of four different monocycles (M = p-phenylene (PP), 2,5-linked furan (FU), 1,4-linked cyclohexa-1,3-diene (CHD), and 1,4-linked cyclopentadiene (CPD)). We strive for conclusions that are general for various DFT functionals, although for macrocycles with up to 20 π-electrons in their main conjugation paths we find that for their T1 states single-point energies at both canonical UCCSD(T) and approximative DLPNO-UCCSD(T) levels are lowest when based on UB3LYP over UM06-2X and UCAM-B3LYP geometries. This finding is in contrast to what has earlier been observed for the electronic ground state of expanded porphyrins. Yet, irrespective of functional, macrocycles with 2,5-linked furans ([n]CFU's) retain Baird aromaticity until larger n than those composed of the other three monocycles. Also, when based on geometric, electronic and energetic aspects of aromaticity, a 3[n]CFU with a specific n is more strongly Baird-aromatic than the analogous 3[n]CPP while the magnetic indices tell the opposite. To construct large T1 state Baird-aromatic [n]CM's, the design should be such that the T1 state Baird aromaticity of the macrocyclic perimeter dominates over a situation with local closed-shell Hückel aromaticity of one or a few monocycles and semilocalized triplet diradical character. Monomers with lower Hückel aromaticity in S0 than benzene (e.g., furan) that do not impose steric congestion are preferred. Structural confinement imposed by, e.g., methylene bridges is also an approach to larger Baird-aromatic macrocycles. Finally, by using the Zilberg-Haas description of T1 state aromaticity, we reveal the analogy to the Hückel aromaticity of the corresponding closed-shell dications yet observe stronger Hückel aromaticity in the macrocyclic dications than Baird aromaticity in the T1 states of the neutral macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ayub
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ouissam El Bakouri
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joshua R. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt State University, One Harpst Street, Arcata, California 95521, United States
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Kim J, Oh J, Soya T, Yoneda T, Park S, Lim M, Osuka A, Kim D. Excited‐State Aromaticity of Gold(III) Hexaphyrins and Metalation Effect Investigated by Time‐Resolved Electronic and Vibrational Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5129-5134. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Takanori Soya
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Seongchul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional MaterialsPusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional MaterialsPusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
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6
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Kim J, Oh J, Soya T, Yoneda T, Park S, Lim M, Osuka A, Kim D. Excited‐State Aromaticity of Gold(III) Hexaphyrins and Metalation Effect Investigated by Time‐Resolved Electronic and Vibrational Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Takanori Soya
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Seongchul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional MaterialsPusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional MaterialsPusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of ChemistryYonsei University Seoul 120-749 Korea
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7
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Abdisa Kerayu B, Ching WM, Dela Cruz JA, Hung CH. 2,5-Thienylene-Strapped Bicyclic and Tricyclic Expanded Porphyrins. Chempluschem 2020; 84:810-815. [PMID: 31943993 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An [18]thiaporphyrin[36]dithiaoctaphyrin-[18]thiaporphyrin tricyclic macrocycle, fused through the 2,5-thienylene bridging moiety, was isolated during the preparation of 2,5-thienylene-strapped [26]hexaphyrin containing o-dichlorophenyl groups as meso substituents. The spectroscopic data of the 2,5-thienylene-strapped [26]hexaphyrin verified contributions of aromaticity from ring currents of both the [18]thiaporphyrin and the [26]hexaphyrin. The crystal structure of the tricyclic macrocycle revealed a distorted [36]dithiaoctaphyrin central core with two [18]thiaporphyrin sidewheels oriented nearly perpendicular to the mean-plane of dithiaoctaphyrin, implying the existence of independent π-conjugated systems. Both the absorption maximum at 441 nm and the chemical shifts in the 1 H NMR spectrum of the tricyclic macrocycle are dominated by diatropic ring currents of two aromatic [18]thiaporphyrin sidewheels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulti Abdisa Kerayu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607 (Taiwan)-Min Ching Instrumentation Center National Taiwan Normal University Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Ching
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jay-Ar Dela Cruz
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Research program Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsiung Hung
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
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8
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Kim J, Oh J, Park S, Zafra JL, DeFrancisco JR, Casanova D, Lim M, Tovar JD, Casado J, Kim D. Two-electron transfer stabilized by excited-state aromatization. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4983. [PMID: 31676760 PMCID: PMC6825201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific significance of excited-state aromaticity concerns with the elucidation of processes and properties in the excited states. Here, we focus on TMTQ, an oligomer composed of a central 1,6-methano[10]annulene and 5-dicyanomethyl-thiophene peripheries (acceptor-donor-acceptor system), and investigate a two-electron transfer process dominantly stabilized by an aromatization in the low-energy lying excited state. Our spectroscopic measurements quantitatively observe the shift of two π-electrons between donor and acceptors. It is revealed that this two-electron transfer process accompanies the excited-state aromatization, producing a Baird aromatic 8π core annulene in TMTQ. Biradical character on each terminal dicyanomethylene group of TMTQ allows a pseudo triplet-like configuration on the 8π core annulene with multiexcitonic nature, which stabilizes the energetically unfavorable two-charge separated state by the formation of Baird aromatic core annulene. This finding provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of excited-state aromaticity and insight to designing functional photoactive materials. Excited state aromaticity gives rise to unique photophysical properties which may aid the design of functional photoactive materials. Here, the authors spectroscopically characterize an acceptor-donor-acceptor system featuring a two-electron transfer process stabilized by aromatization in the lower energy excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Seongchul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Jose L Zafra
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Justin R DeFrancisco
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia, International Physics Center (DIPC) & IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain.
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea.
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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9
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Benchouaia R, Cissé N, Boitrel B, Sollogoub M, Le Gac S, Ménand M. Orchestrating Communications in a Three-Type Chirality Totem: Remote Control of the Chiroptical Response of a Möbius Aromatic System. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11583-11593. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajaa Benchouaia
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)−UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Nicolas Cissé
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)−UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Bernard Boitrel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)−UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Matthieu Sollogoub
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM (UMR 8232), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Le Gac
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)−UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Mickaël Ménand
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM (UMR 8232), F-75005 Paris, France
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10
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León I, Fernández JA. Influence of the solvent in the electronic excitation of aromatic alcohols: Excited state IR-UV of propofol(H 2O) 8. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:214306. [PMID: 31176335 DOI: 10.1063/1.5093813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that water plays an important role in the reactivity and dynamics in a solution of molecules in electronic excited states. For example, electronic excitation is usually accompanied by a solvent rearrangement that may also influence the redistribution of the excitation energy. However, there is a lack of experimental data on such processes. Here, we explore the structural changes that follow electronic excitation in aggregates of propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) with up to eight water molecules, using a combination of mass-resolved excitation spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The molecules of water form a polyhedron around the hydroxyl group of propofol, also interacting with the π cloud of the aromatic ring. Electronic excitation produces a strong structural change in the water superstructure, which moves to an interaction with one of the carbon atoms of the aromatic ring, producing its distortion into a prefulvenic structure. Such deformation is not observed in smaller water clusters or in propofol-phenol aggregates highlighting the decisive role played by the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker León
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/N, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - José A Fernández
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Barrio Sarriena S/N, Leioa 48940, Spain
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11
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Peeks MD, Gong JQ, McLoughlin K, Kobatake T, Haver R, Herz LM, Anderson HL. Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in the Excited States of Porphyrin Nanorings. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2017-2022. [PMID: 30951313 PMCID: PMC6488184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aromaticity can be a useful concept for predicting the behavior of excited states. Here we show that π-conjugated porphyrin nanorings exhibit size-dependent excited-state global aromaticity and antiaromaticity for rings containing up to eight porphyrin subunits, although they have no significant global aromaticity in their neutral singlet ground states. Applying Baird's rule, even rings ([4 n] π-electrons) are aromatic in their lowest excited states, whereas the lowest excited states of odd rings ([4 n + 2] π-electrons) are antiaromatic. These predictions are borne out by density functional theory (DFT) studies of the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) in the T1 triplet state of each ring, which reveal the critical importance of the triplet delocalization to the emergence of excited-state aromaticity. The singlet excited states (S1) are explored by measurements of the radiative rate and fluorescence peak wavelength, revealing a subtle odd-even alternation as a function of ring size, consistent with symmetry breaking in antiaromatic excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Peeks
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Q. Gong
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Kirstie McLoughlin
- Department
of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Takayuki Kobatake
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Renée Haver
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Herz
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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12
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Kishore MVN, Panda PK. Revisiting the intense NIR active bronzaphyrin, a 26-π aromatic expanded porphyrin: synthesis and structural analysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13135-13138. [PMID: 30402647 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07752e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dithiabronzaphyrin, with intense absorption and fluorescence in the NIR region, was synthesized as its β-octaethyl analogue via a thiophene bridged terpyrrole. Solid state structural characterization obtained for the first time revealed inversion of the thiophene rings. Studies showed that there is no effect from protonation or temperature on the structural rigidity of the macrocycle. Crystal packing revealed four open dimeric trifluoroacetate [(CF3COO)2H]- moieties binding to the macrocycle in the protonated form via H bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Nanda Kishore
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India.
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13
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Oh J, Sung YM, Hong Y, Kim D. Spectroscopic Diagnosis of Excited-State Aromaticity: Capturing Electronic Structures and Conformations upon Aromaticity Reversal. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1349-1358. [PMID: 29508985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aromaticity, the special energetic stability derived from cyclic [4 n + 2]π-conjugated electronic structures, has been the topic of intense interest in chemistry because it plays a critical role in rationalizing molecular stability, reactivity, and physical/chemical properties. Recently, the pioneering work by Colin Baird on aromaticity reversal, postulating that aromatic (antiaromatic) character in the ground state reverses to antiaromatic (aromatic) character in the lowest excited triplet state, has attracted much scientific attention. The completely reversed aromaticity in the excited state provides direct insight into understanding the photophysical/chemical properties of photoactive materials. In turn, the application of aromatic molecules to photoactive materials has led to numerous studies revealing this aromaticity reversal. However, most studies of excited-state aromaticity have been based on the theoretical point of view. The experimental evaluation of aromaticity in the excited state is still challenging and strenuous because the assessment of (anti)aromaticity with conventional magnetic, energetic, and geometric indices is difficult in the excited state, which practically restricts the extension and application of the concept of excited-state aromaticity. Time-resolved optical spectroscopies can provide a new and alternative avenue to evaluate excited-state aromaticity experimentally while observing changes in the molecular features in the excited states. Time-resolved optical spectroscopies take advantage of ultrafast laser pulses to achieve high time resolution, making them suitable for monitoring ultrafast changes in the excited states of molecular systems. This can provide valuable information for understanding the aromaticity reversal. This Account presents recent breakthroughs in the experimental assessment of excited-state aromaticity and the verification of aromaticity reversal with time-resolved optical spectroscopic measurements. To scrutinize this intriguing and challenging scientific issue, expanded porphyrins have been utilized as the ideal testing platform for investigating aromaticity because they show distinct aromatic and antiaromatic characters with aromaticity-specific spectroscopic features. Expanded porphyrins exhibit perfect aromatic and antiaromatic congener pairs having the same molecular framework but different numbers of π electrons, which facilitates the study of the pure effect of aromaticity by comparative analyses. On the basis of the characteristics of expanded porphyrins, time-resolved electronic and vibrational absorption spectroscopies capture the changes in electronic structure and molecular conformations driven by the change in aromaticity and provide clear evidence for aromaticity reversal in the excited states. The approaches described in this Account pave the way for the development of new and alternative experimental indices for the evaluation of excited-state aromaticity, which will enable overarching and fundamental comprehension of the role of (anti)aromaticity in the stability, dynamics, and reactivity in the excited states with possible implications for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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14
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Ema F, Tanabe M, Saito S, Yoneda T, Sugisaki K, Tachikawa T, Akimoto S, Yamauchi S, Sato K, Osuka A, Takui T, Kobori Y. Charge-Transfer Character Drives Möbius Antiaromaticity in the Excited Triplet State of Twisted [28]Hexaphyrin. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2685-2690. [PMID: 29739190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Möbius aromatic molecules have attracted great attention as new functional materials because of their π-orbital cyclic conjugations lying along the twisted Möbius topology. To elucidate the electronic character of the lowest excited triplet (T1) state of a Möbius aromatic [28]hexaphyrin, we employed a time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) method with applied magnetophotoselection measurements at 77 K. Analyses of the EPR parameters have revealed that the T1 state possesses intramolecular charge-transfer (CT) character together with local excitation character residing at one side in the Möbius strip ring. We have also demonstrated that the CT character between orthogonal unpaired orbitals triggers quick triplet deactivation by spin-orbit coupling. This deactivation can be an important barometer to represent the "antiaromaticity" because of a connection between the orthogonal CT character and instability by a weakened spin-spin exchange coupling in the T1 state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Ema
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Mana Tanabe
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials , Tohoku University , Katahira 2-1-1 , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577 , Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Kenji Sugisaki
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science , Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University , 3-3-138 Sugimoto , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585 , Japan
| | - Takashi Tachikawa
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center , Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Seiji Akimoto
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Seigo Yamauchi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials , Tohoku University , Katahira 2-1-1 , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577 , Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science , Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University , 3-3-138 Sugimoto , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585 , Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science , Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University , 3-3-138 Sugimoto , Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center , Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
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15
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Adaptive aromaticity in S0 and T1 states of pentalene incorporating 16 valence electron osmium. Commun Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-018-0018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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16
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Jorner K, Jahn BO, Bultinck P, Ottosson H. Triplet state homoaromaticity: concept, computational validation and experimental relevance. Chem Sci 2018; 9:3165-3176. [PMID: 29732099 PMCID: PMC5916107 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugation through space can give rise to aromaticity in the lowest excited triplet state, with impact for photochemistry.
Cyclic conjugation that occurs through-space and leads to aromatic properties is called homoaromaticity. Here we formulate the homoaromaticity concept for the triplet excited state (T1) based on Baird's 4n rule and validate it through extensive quantum-chemical calculations on a range of different species (neutral, cationic and anionic). By comparison to well-known ground state homoaromatic molecules we reveal that five of the investigated compounds show strong T1 homoaromaticity, four show weak homoaromaticity and two are non-aromatic. Two of the compounds have previously been identified as excited state intermediates in photochemical reactions and our calculations indicate that they are also homoaromatic in the first singlet excited state. Homoaromaticity should therefore have broad implications in photochemistry. We further demonstrate this by computational design of a photomechanical “lever” that is powered by relief of homoantiaromatic destabilization in the first singlet excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Jorner
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523 , 751 20 Uppsala , Sweden .
| | - Burkhard O Jahn
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523 , 751 20 Uppsala , Sweden . .,SciClus GmbH & Co. KG , Moritz-von-Rohr-Str. 1a , 07745 Jena , Germany
| | - Patrick Bultinck
- Department of Chemistry , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S3) , 9000 Gent , Belgium .
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523 , 751 20 Uppsala , Sweden .
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17
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Stuyver T, Perrin M, Geerlings P, De Proft F, Alonso M. Conductance Switching in Expanded Porphyrins through Aromaticity and Topology Changes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1313-1326. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Stuyver
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mickael Perrin
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg
1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department
of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Hada M, Saito S, Tanaka S, Sato R, Yoshimura M, Mouri K, Matsuo K, Yamaguchi S, Hara M, Hayashi Y, Röhricht F, Herges R, Shigeta Y, Onda K, Miller RJD. Structural Monitoring of the Onset of Excited-State Aromaticity in a Liquid Crystal Phase. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15792-15800. [PMID: 29037042 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aromaticity of photoexcited molecules is an important concept in organic chemistry. Its theory, Baird's rule for triplet aromaticity since 1972 gives the rationale of photoinduced conformational changes and photochemical reactivities of cyclic π-conjugated systems. However, it is still challenging to monitor the dynamic structural change induced by the excited-state aromaticity, particularly in condensed materials. Here we report direct structural observation of a molecular motion and a subsequent packing deformation accompanied by the excited-state aromaticity. Photoactive liquid crystal (LC) molecules featuring a π-expanded cyclooctatetraene core unit are orientationally ordered but loosely packed in a columnar LC phase, and therefore a photoinduced conformational planarization by the excited-state aromaticity has been successfully observed by time-resolved electron diffractometry and vibrational spectroscopy. The structural change took place in the vicinity of excited molecules, producing a twisted stacking structure. A nanoscale torque driven by the excited-state aromaticity can be used as the working mechanism of new photoresponsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hada
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.,JST-PRESTO , Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Sei'ichi Tanaka
- School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Ryuma Sato
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Mouri
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kyohei Matsuo
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuo Hara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Fynn Röhricht
- Otto Diels-Institute for Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel , Kiel 24119, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels-Institute for Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel , Kiel 24119, Germany
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ken Onda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University , Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - R J Dwayne Miller
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg , Hamburg 22761, Germany.,Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Toronto , Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
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19
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Ueda M, Jorner K, Sung YM, Mori T, Xiao Q, Kim D, Ottosson H, Aida T, Itoh Y. Energetics of Baird aromaticity supported by inversion of photoexcited chiral [4n]annulene derivatives. Nat Commun 2017; 8:346. [PMID: 28839142 PMCID: PMC5570949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
For the concept of aromaticity, energetic quantification is crucial. However, this has been elusive for excited-state (Baird) aromaticity. Here we report our serendipitous discovery of two nonplanar thiophene-fused chiral [4n]annulenes Th4 COT Saddle and Th6 CDH Screw , which by computational analysis turned out to be a pair of molecules suitable for energetic quantification of Baird aromaticity. Their enantiomers were separable chromatographically but racemized thermally, enabling investigation of the ring inversion kinetics. In contrast to Th6 CDH Screw , which inverts through a nonplanar transition state, the inversion of Th4 COT Saddle , progressing through a planar transition state, was remarkably accelerated upon photoexcitation. As predicted by Baird's theory, the planar conformation of Th4 COT Saddle is stabilized in the photoexcited state, thereby enabling lower activation enthalpy than that in the ground state. The lowering of the activation enthalpy, i.e., the energetic impact of excited-state aromaticity, was quantified experimentally to be as high as 21-22 kcal mol-1.Baird's rule applies to cyclic π-conjugated molecules in their excited state, yet a quantification of the involved energetics is elusive. Here, the authors show the ring inversion kinetics of two nonplanar and chiral [4n]annulenes to support Baird's rule from an energetic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihisa Ueda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala, 751 20 Sweden
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 Korea
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Qi Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 Korea
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala, 751 20 Sweden
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Itoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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20
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Cha WY, Kim T, Ghosh A, Zhang Z, Ke XS, Ali R, Lynch VM, Jung J, Kim W, Lee S, Fukuzumi S, Park JS, Sessler JL, Chandrashekar TK, Kim D. Bicyclic Baird-type aromaticity. Nat Chem 2017; 9:1243-1248. [PMID: 29168483 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Classic formulations of aromaticity have long been associated with topologically planar conjugated macrocyclic systems. The theoretical possibility of so-called bicycloaromaticity was noted early on. However, it has yet to be demonstrated by experiment in a simple synthetic organic molecule. Conjugated organic systems are attractive for studying the effect of structure on electronic features. This is because, in principle, they can be modified readily through dedicated synthesis. As such, they can provide useful frameworks for testing by experiment with fundamental insights provided by theory. Here we detail the synthesis and characterization of two purely organic non-planar dithienothiophene-bridged [34]octaphyrins that permit access to two different aromatic forms as a function of the oxidation state. In their neutral forms, these congeneric systems contain competing 26 and 34 π-electronic circuits. When subject to two-electron oxidation, electronically mixed [4n+1]/[4n+1] triplet biradical species in the ground state are obtained that display global aromaticity in accord with Baird's rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon-dong 134, Seodaemoongu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon-dong 134, Seodaemoongu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Arindam Ghosh
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 751 005, Odisha, India
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
| | - Xian-Sheng Ke
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
| | - Rashid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
| | - Jieun Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon-dong 134, Seodaemoongu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Sangsu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon-dong 134, Seodaemoongu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
| | - Jung Su Park
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
| | | | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Shinchon-dong 134, Seodaemoongu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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21
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Izawa M, Kim T, Ishida SI, Tanaka T, Mori T, Kim D, Osuka A. Möbius Aromatic [28]Hexaphyrin Germanium(IV) and Tin(IV) Complexes: Efficient Formation of Triplet Excited States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mondo Izawa
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic; Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Shin-ichiro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic; Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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22
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Izawa M, Kim T, Ishida SI, Tanaka T, Mori T, Kim D, Osuka A. Möbius Aromatic [28]Hexaphyrin Germanium(IV) and Tin(IV) Complexes: Efficient Formation of Triplet Excited States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3982-3986. [PMID: 28244634 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
[28]Hexaphyrin GeIV and SnIV complexes were synthesized in high yields by reactions of [28]hexaphyrin with GeCl4 or SnCl4 in the presence of triethylamine. Both complexes display distinct 28π Möbius aromatic character and possess a trigonal bipyramidal geometry at the central GeIV or SnIV atom. The equatorial hydroxy group of the GeIV complex was smoothly exchanged with neutral nucleophiles, such as phenol derivatives and thiophenol, with retention of configuration. In the SnIV complex, intersystem crossing to the T1 state is remarkably enhanced owing to the effective heavy-atom effect, thus allowing the formation of the T1 state in high yield. The T1 states of the GeIV and SnVI complexes were found to be antiaromatic on the basis of the transient absorption features in line with the Baird rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mondo Izawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic, Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Shin-Ichiro Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic, Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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23
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Hong Y, Oh J, Sung YM, Tanaka Y, Osuka A, Kim D. The Extension of Baird's Rule to Twisted Heteroannulenes: Aromaticity Reversal of Singly and Doubly Twisted Molecular Systems in the Lowest Triplet State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2932-2936. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Hong
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Yasuo Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduated School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduated School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
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24
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Hong Y, Oh J, Sung YM, Tanaka Y, Osuka A, Kim D. The Extension of Baird's Rule to Twisted Heteroannulenes: Aromaticity Reversal of Singly and Doubly Twisted Molecular Systems in the Lowest Triplet State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Hong
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Yasuo Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduated School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduated School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
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25
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Mauksch M, Tsogoeva SB. A new architecture for high spin organics based on Baird's rule of 4n electron triplet aromatics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:4688-4694. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08563f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work reports triplet aromatic high spin ground states of cyclopentadienyl cation polyads as alternative to high spin polyradicals or polycarbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mauksch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- 91052 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
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26
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Sung YM, Sprutta N, Kim JO, Koo YH, Latos-Grażyński L, Kim D. Retrieving aromaticity of dithiadiazuliporphyrin by oxidation: illustration by experimental and theoretical investigation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02458d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The photophysical properties of neutral, monocation radical, and dication of dithiadiazuliporphyrin have been examined with a particular focus on their aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mo Sung
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 120-749
- Korea
| | | | - Jun Oh Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 120-749
- Korea
| | - Yun Hee Koo
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 120-749
- Korea
| | | | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 120-749
- Korea
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27
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Mallick A, Oh J, Majewski MA, Stępień M, Kim D, Rath H. Protonation Dependent Topological Dichotomy of Core Modified Hexaphyrins: Synthesis, Characterization, and Excited State Dynamics. J Org Chem 2016; 82:556-566. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Mallick
- Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A/2B Raja
S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Marcin A. Majewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Harapriya Rath
- Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A/2B Raja
S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Sung YM, Oh J, Cha WY, Kim W, Lim JM, Yoon MC, Kim D. Control and Switching of Aromaticity in Various All-Aza-Expanded Porphyrins: Spectroscopic and Theoretical Analyses. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2257-2312. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Mo Sung
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Won-Young Cha
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Jong Min Lim
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Min-Chul Yoon
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
- Manufacturing
Engineering Team, Memory Manufacturing Operation Center, Samsung Electronics, Samsungjeonja-ro 1, Hwasung-si, Gyeonggi-do 18448, South Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy
Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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