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Modrušan M, Glazer L, Otmačić L, Crnolatac I, Cindro N, Vidović N, Piantanida I, Speranza G, Horvat G, Tomišić V. Anion-Binding Properties of Short Linear Homopeptides. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5235. [PMID: 38791275 PMCID: PMC11121566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive thermodynamic and structural study of the complexation affinities of tetra (L1), penta (L2), and hexaphenylalanine (L3) linear peptides towards several inorganic anions in acetonitrile (MeCN) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was carried out. The influence of the chain length on the complexation thermodynamics and structural changes upon anion binding are particularly addressed here. The complexation processes were characterized by means of spectrofluorimetric, 1H NMR, microcalorimetric, and circular dichroism spectroscopy titrations. The results indicate that all three peptides formed complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry with chloride, bromide, hydrogen sulfate, dihydrogen phosphate (DHP), and nitrate anions in acetonitrile and DMF. In the case of hydrogen sulfate and DHP, anion complexes of higher stoichiometries were observed as well, namely those with 1:2 and 2:1 (peptide:anion) complexes. Anion-induced peptide backbone structural changes were studied by molecular dynamic simulations. The anions interacted with backbone amide protons and one of the N-terminal amine protons through hydrogen bonding. Due to the anion binding, the main chain of the studied peptides changed its conformation from elongated to quasi-cyclic in all 1:1 complexes. The accomplishment of such a conformation is especially important for cyclopeptide synthesis in the head-to-tail macrocyclization step, since it is most suitable for ring closure. In addition, the studied peptides can act as versatile ionophores, facilitating transmembrane anion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Modrušan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (L.G.); (L.O.); (N.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Lucija Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (L.G.); (L.O.); (N.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Lucija Otmačić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (L.G.); (L.O.); (N.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Ivo Crnolatac
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.C.); (I.P.)
| | - Nikola Cindro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (L.G.); (L.O.); (N.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Nikolina Vidović
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Drug Development, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Ivo Piantanida
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.C.); (I.P.)
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gordan Horvat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (L.G.); (L.O.); (N.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Vladislav Tomišić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.M.); (L.G.); (L.O.); (N.C.); (V.T.)
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2
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Martín-Fernández C, Montero-Campillo MM, Alkorta I. Hydrogen Bonds Are Never of an "Anti-electrostatic" Nature: A Brief Tour of a Misleading Nomenclature. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4105-4110. [PMID: 38634115 PMCID: PMC11033937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A large amount of scientific works have contributed through the years to rigorously reflect the different forces leading to the formation of hydrogen bonds, the electrostatic and polarization ones being the most important among them. However, we have witnessed lately with the emergence of a new terminology, anti-electrostatic hydrogen bonds (AEHBs), that seems to contradict this reality. This nomenclature is used in the literature to describe hydrogen bonds between equally charged systems to justify the existence of these species, despite numerous proofs showing that AEHBs are, as any other hydrogen bond between neutral species, mostly due to electrostatic forces. In this Viewpoint, we summarize the state of the art regarding this issue, try to explain why this terminology is very misleading, and strongly recommend avoiding its use based on the hydrogen bond physical grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Merced Montero-Campillo
- Departamento
de Química (Módulo 13, Facultad de Ciencias),
Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto
de Química Médica (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Davis AG, Zakharov LN, Pluth MD. Reversible Hydrosulfide (HS -) Binding Using Exclusively C-H Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions in Imidazolium Hosts. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3057-3062. [PMID: 38286007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
H2S is a physiologically important signaling molecule with complex roles in biology and exists primarily as HS- at physiological pH. Despite this anionic character, few investigations have focused on the molecular recognition and reversible binding of this important biological anion. Using a series of imidazole and imidazolium host molecules, we investigate the role of preorganization and charge on HS- binding. Using a macrocyclic bis-imidazolium receptor, we demonstrate the unexpected 2:1 host-guest binding of HS-, which was characterized both in solution and by X-ray crystallography. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of this binding stoichiometry for HS- binding. Moreover, the short C-H···S distances of 2.53, 2.54, 2.76, and 2.79 Å are well within the sum of the van der Waals radii of the interacting atoms, which is consistent with strong C-H···S interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, 1253 University of Oregon. Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, 1253 University of Oregon. Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Michael D Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, 1253 University of Oregon. Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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4
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Chen Y, Kuvayskaya A, Pink M, Sellinger A, Flood AH. A library of vinyl phosphonate anions dimerize with cyanostars, form supramolecular polymers and undergo statistical sorting. Chem Sci 2023; 15:389-398. [PMID: 38131081 PMCID: PMC10732014 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03685e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular dimers are elementary units allowing the build-up of multi-molecule architectures. New among these are cyanostar-stabilized dimers of phosphate and phosphonate anions. While the anion dimerization at the heart of these assemblies is reliable, the covalent synthesis leading to this class of designer anions serves as a bottleneck in the pathway to supramolecular assemblies. Herein, we demonstrate the reliable synthesis of 14 diverse anionic monomers by Heck coupling between vinyl phosphonic acid and aryl bromide compounds. When this synthesis is combined with reliable anion dimerization, we show formation of supramolecular dimers and polymers by co-assembly with cyanostar macrocycles. The removal of the covalent bottleneck opened up a seamless synthetic route to iterate through three monomers affording the solubility needed to characterize the mechanism of supramolecular polymerization. We also test the idea that the small size of these vinyl phosphonates provide identical dimer stabilities across the library by showing how mixtures of anions undergo statistical (social) self-sorting. We exploit this property by preparing soluble copolymers from the mixing of different monomers. This multi-anion assembly shows the utility of a library for programming properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Anastasia Kuvayskaya
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines 1012 14th Street Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Alan Sellinger
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines 1012 14th Street Golden Colorado 80401 USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
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5
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Bhattacharjee N, Gao X, Nathani A, Dobscha JR, Pink M, Ito T, Flood AH. Solvent Acts as the Referee in a Match-Up Between Charged and Preorganized Receptors. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302339. [PMID: 37615829 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of anion-cation contacts in biomolecular recognition under aqueous conditions suggests that ionic interactions should dominate the binding of anions in solvents across both high and low polarities. Investigations of this idea using titrations in low polarity solvents are impaired by interferences from ion pairing that prevent a clear picture of binding. To address this limitation and test the impact of ion-ion interactions across multiple solvents, we quantified chloride binding to a cationic receptor after accounting for ion pairing. In these studies, we created a chelate receptor using aryl-triazole CH donors and a quinolinium unit that directs its cationic methyl inside the binding pocket. In low-polarity dichloromethane, the 1 : 1 complex (log K1 : 1 ~ 7.3) is more stable than neutral chelates, but fortuitously comparable to a preorganized macrocycle (log K1 : 1 ~ 6.9). Polar acetonitrile and DMSO diminish stabilities of the charged receptor (log K1 : 1 ~ 3.7 and 1.9) but surprisingly 100-fold more than the macrocycle. While both receptors lose stability by dielectric screening of electrostatic stability, the cationic receptor also pays additional costs of organization. Thus even though the charged receptor has stronger binding in apolar solvents, the uncharged receptor has more anion affinity in polar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarupa Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Xinfeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Akash Nathani
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, 1212 Mid-campus Dr North, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - James R Dobscha
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, 1212 Mid-campus Dr North, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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Martín-Fernández C, Ferrer M, Alkorta I, Montero-Campillo MM, Elguero J, Mandado M. Metastable Charged Dimers in Organometallic Species: A Look into Hydrogen Bonding between Metallocene Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16523-16537. [PMID: 37755334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiply charged complexes bound by noncovalent interactions have been previously described in the literature, although they were mostly focused on organic and main group inorganic systems. In this work, we show that similar complexes can also be found for organometallic systems containing transition metals and deepen in the reasons behind the existence of these species. We have studied the structures, binding energies, and dissociation profiles in the gas phase of a series of charged hydrogen-bonded dimers of metallocene (Ru, Co, Rh, and Mn) derivatives isoelectronic with the ferrocene dimer. Our results indicate that the carboxylic acid-containing dimers are more strongly bonded and present larger barriers to dissociation than the amide ones and that the cationic complexes tend to be more stable than the anionic ones. Additionally, we describe for the first time the symmetric proton transfer that can occur while in the metastable phase. Finally, we use a density-based energy decomposition analysis to shine light on the nature of the interaction between the dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxime Ferrer
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- PhD Programme in Theoretical Chemistry and Computational Modelling, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Merced Montero-Campillo
- Departamento de Química (Módulo 13, Facultad de Ciencias), Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Mandado
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Yan M, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhou J. Potential of nonporous adaptive crystals for hydrocarbon separation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6075-6119. [PMID: 37539712 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00856d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocarbon separation is an important process in the field of petrochemical industry, which provides a variety of raw materials for industrial production and a strong support for the development of national economy. However, traditional separation processes involve huge energy consumption. Adsorptive separation based on nonporous adaptive crystal (NAC) materials is considered as an attractive green alternative to traditional energy-intensive separation technologies due to its advantages of low energy consumption, high chemical and thermal stability, excellent selective adsorption and separation performance, and outstanding recyclability. Considering the exceptional potential of NAC materials for hydrocarbon separation, this review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in various supramolecular host-based NACs. Moreover, the current challenges and future directions are illustrated in detail. It is expected that this review will provide useful and timely references for researchers in this area. Based on a large number of state-of-the-art studies, the review will definitely advance the development of NAC materials for hydrocarbon separation and stimulate more interesting studies in related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Jiong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
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Vogel J, Chen Y, Fadler RE, Flood AH, von Delius M. Steric Control over the Threading of Pyrophosphonates with One or Two Cyanostar Macrocycles during Pseudorotaxane Formation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300899. [PMID: 37156722 PMCID: PMC10655069 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The supramolecular recognition of anions is increasingly harnessed to achieve the self-assembly of supramolecular architectures, ranging from cages and polymers to (pseudo)rotaxanes. The cyanostar (CS) macrocycle has previously been shown to form 2 : 1 complexes with organophosphate anions that can be turned into [3]rotaxanes by stoppering. Here we achieved steric control over the assembly of pseudorotaxanes comprising the cyanostar macrocycle and a thread that is based, for the first time, on organo-pyrophosphonates. Subtle differences in steric bulk on the threads allowed formation of either [3]pseudorotaxanes or [2]pseudorotaxanes. We demonstrate that the threading kinetics are governed by the steric demand of the organo-pyrophosphonates and in one case, slows down to the timescale of minutes. Calculations show that the dianions are sterically offset inside the macrocycles. Our findings broaden the scope of cyanostar-anion assemblies and may have relevance for the design of molecular machines whose directionality is a result of relatively slow slipping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Vogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yusheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Rachel E Fadler
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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9
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Edhborg F, Olesund A, Tripathy V, Wang Y, Sadhukhan T, Olsson AH, Bisballe N, Raghavachari K, Laursen BW, Albinsson B, Flood AH. Triplet States of Cyanostar and Its Anion Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37427990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The design of advanced optical materials based on triplet states requires knowledge of the triplet energies of the molecular building blocks. To this end, we report the triplet energy of cyanostar (CS) macrocycles, which are the key structure-directing units of small-molecule ionic isolation lattices (SMILES) that have emerged as programmable optical materials. Cyanostar is a cyclic pentamer of covalently linked cyanostilbene units that form π-stacked dimers when binding anions as 2:1 complexes. The triplet energies, ET, of the parent cyanostar and its 2:1 complex around PF6- are measured to be 1.96 and 2.02 eV, respectively, using phosphorescence quenching studies at room temperature. The similarity of these triplet energies suggests that anion complexation leaves the triplet energy relatively unchanged. Similar energies (2.0 and 1.98 eV, respectively) were also obtained from phosphorescence spectra of the iodinated form, I-CS, and of complexes formed with PF6- and IO4- recorded at 85 K in an organic glass. Thus, measures of the triplet energies likely reflect geometries close to those of the ground state either directly by triplet energy transfer to the ground state or indirectly by using frozen media to inhibit relaxation. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT were undertaken on a cyanostar analogue, CSH, to examine the triplet state. The triplet excitation localizes on a single olefin whether in the single cyanostar or its π-stacked dimer. Restriction of the geometrical changes by forming either a dimer of macrocycles, (CSH)2, or a complex, (CSH)2·PF6-, reduces the relaxation resulting in an adiabatic energy of the triplet state of 2.0 eV. This structural constraint is also expected for solid-state SMILES materials. The obtained T1 energy of 2.0 eV is a key guide line for the design of SMILES materials for the manipulation of triplet excitons by triplet state engineering in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Axel Olesund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Vikrant Tripathy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Andrew H Olsson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Niels Bisballe
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Dhara A, Fadler RE, Chen Y, Köttner LA, Van Craen D, Carta V, Flood AH. Orthogonal, modular anion-cation and cation-anion self-assembly using pre-programmed anion binding sites. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2585-2595. [PMID: 36908961 PMCID: PMC9993851 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcomponent self-assembly relies on cation coordination whereas the roles of anions often only emerge during the assembly process. When sites for anions are instead pre-programmed, they have the potential to be used as orthogonal elements to build up structure in a predictable and modular way. We explore this idea by combining cation (M+) and anion (X-) binding sites together and show the orthogonal and modular build up of structure in a multi-ion assembly. Cation binding is based on a ligand (L) made by subcomponent metal-imine chemistry (M+ = Cu+, Au+) while the site for anion binding (X- = BF4 -, ClO4 -) derives from the inner cavity of cyanostar (CS) macrocycles. The two sites are connected by imine condensation between a pyridyl-aldehyde and an aniline-modified cyanostar. The target assembly [LM-CS-X-CS-ML],+ generates two terminal metal complexation sites (LM and ML) with one central anion-bridging site (X) defined by cyanostar dimerization. We showcase modular assembly by isolating intermediates when the primary structure-directing ions are paired with weakly coordinating counter ions. Cation-directed (Cu+) or anion-bridged (BF4 -) intermediates can be isolated along either cation-anion or anion-cation pathways. Different products can also be prepared in a modular way using Au+ and ClO4 -. This is also the first use of gold(i) in subcomponent self-assembly. Pre-programmed cation and anion binding sites combine with judicious selection of spectator ions to provide modular noncovalent syntheses of multi-component architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Rachel E Fadler
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Wayne State University Law School, Wayne State University 471 W Palmer Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Yusheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Laura A Köttner
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - David Van Craen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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11
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Yang Z, Zhang W, Liu X, Zhao S, Yang Z, Jia X. Chloride Salt of Oligourea Ligand: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Thermal Analyses, and Chloride Anion Binding Properties. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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12
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Zhang M, Samanta J, Atterberry BA, Staples R, Rossini AJ, Ke C. A Crosslinked Ionic Organic Framework for Efficient Iodine and Iodide Remediation in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214189. [PMID: 36331335 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Iodine is widely used as an antimicrobial reagent for water disinfection in the wilderness and outer space, but residual iodine and iodide need to be removed for health reasons. Currently, it is challenging to remove low concentrations of iodine and iodide in water (≈5 ppm). Furthermore, the remediation of iodine and iodide across a broad temperature range (up to 90 °C) has not previously been investigated. In this work, we report a nitrate dimer-directed synthesis of a single-crystalline ionic hydrogen-bonded crosslinked organic framework (HC OF-7). HC OF-7 removes iodine and iodide species in water efficiently through halogen bonding and anion exchange, reducing the total iodine concentration to 0.22 ppm at room temperature. Packed HC OF-7 columns were employed for iodine/iodide breakthrough experiments between 23 and 90 °C, and large breakthrough volumes were recorded (≥18.3 L g-1 ). The high iodine/iodide removal benchmarks recorded under practical conditions make HC OF-7 a promising adsorbent for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jayanta Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Benjamin A Atterberry
- United States Department of Energy, Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Richard Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- United States Department of Energy, Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Chenfeng Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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13
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Einkauf JD, Bryantsev VS, Custelcean R. Anti-electrostatic hydrogen-bonded tellurate dimers captured and stabilized by crystallization of a bis-iminoguanidinium salt. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Sheetz EG, Zhang Z, Marogil A, Che M, Pink M, Carta V, Raghavachari K, Flood AH. High‐fidelity Recognition of Organotrifluoroborate Anions (R−BF
3
−
) as Designer Guest Molecules. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201584. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward G. Sheetz
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Alyssa Marogil
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Minwei Che
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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15
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Chen SQ, Zhao W, Wu B. Separation of Sulfate Anion From Aqueous Solution Governed by Recognition Chemistry: A Minireview. Front Chem 2022; 10:905563. [PMID: 35572111 PMCID: PMC9099046 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.905563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sulfate anion (SO42–) is known as an end metabolite of cysteine and methionine, and its proper concentration is associated with the expression of key functions in the physiological system. Thus, maintaining sulfate concentration at a precise level is of great significance for biology, environments, and industrial productions. Fundamental research for sulfate anion chemistry can help understand sulfate-associated physiological processes and related applications, for example, remediation. In this minireview, we summarized recent research progresses in sulfate recognition and separation using crystallization and liquid–liquid extraction. We focused on the studies wherein molecular recognition is the key element and is considered the driving force for selective sulfate separations from aqueous solution.
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16
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Mirzaei S, Espinoza Castro VM, Hernández Sánchez R. Nonspherical anion sequestration by C-H hydrogen bonding. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2026-2032. [PMID: 35308854 PMCID: PMC8849022 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07041j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic arenes laid the foundations of supramolecular chemistry and their study established the fundamentals of noncovalent interactions. Advancing their frontier, here we designed rigidified resorcin[4]arenes that serve as hosts for large nonspherical anions. In one synthetic step, we vary the host's anion affinity properties by more than seven orders of magnitude. This is possible by engineering electropositive aromatic C–H bond donors in an idealized square planar geometry embedded within the host's inner cavity. The hydrogen atom's electropositivity is tuned by introducing fluorine atoms as electron withdrawing groups. These novel macrocycles, termed fluorocages, are engineered to sequester large anions. Indeed, experimental data shows an increase in the anion association constant (Ka) as the number of F atoms increase. The observed trend is rationalized by DFT calculations of Hirshfeld Charges (HCs). Most importantly, fluorocages in solution showed weak-to-medium binding affinity for large anions like [PF6]− (102< Ka <104 M−1), and high affinity for [MeSO3]− (Ka >106). Fluorocages: new class of rigidified host utilizing nontraditional C–H hydrogen bonds to capture the nonspherical anions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Ave. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Victor M Espinoza Castro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Ave. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Raúl Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Ave. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
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17
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Parks FC, Sheetz EG, Stutsman SR, Lutolli A, Debnath S, Raghavachari K, Flood AH. Revealing the Hidden Costs of Organization in Host-Guest Chemistry Using Chloride-Binding Foldamers and Their Solvent Dependence. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1274-1287. [PMID: 35015538 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Preorganization is a key concept in supramolecular chemistry. Preorganized receptors enhance binding by minimizing the organization costs associated with adopting the conformation needed to orient the binding sites toward the guest. Conversely, poorly organized receptors show affinities below what is possible based on the potential of their specific binding interactions. Despite the fact that the organization energy is paid each time like a tax, its value has never been measured directly, though many compounds have been developed to measure its effects. We present a method to quantify the hidden costs of receptor organization by independently measuring the contribution it makes to chloride complexation by a flexible foldameric receptor. This method uses folding energy to approximate organization energy and relies on measurement of the coil-helix equilibrium as a function of solvent. We also rely on the finding, established with rigid receptors, that affinity is inversely related to the solvent dielectric and expect the same for the foldamer's helically organized state. Increasing solvent polarity across nine dichloromethane-acetonitrile mixtures we see an unusual V-shape in affinity (decrease then increase). Quantitatively, this shape arises from weakened hydrogen-bonding interactions with solvent polarity followed by solvent-driven folding into an organized helix. We confirm that dielectric screening impacts the stability of host-guest complexes of flexible foldamers just like rigid receptors. These results experimentally verify the canonical model of binding (affinity depends on the sum of organization and noncovalent interactions). The picture of how solvent impacts complex stability and conformational organization thereby helps lay the groundwork for de novo receptor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred C Parks
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Edward G Sheetz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sydney R Stutsman
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Alketa Lutolli
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sibali Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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18
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Weinhold F. Anti-Electrostatic Pi-Hole Bonding: How Covalency Conquers Coulombics. Molecules 2022; 27:377. [PMID: 35056689 PMCID: PMC8780338 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermolecular bonding attraction at π-bonded centers is often described as "electrostatically driven" and given quasi-classical rationalization in terms of a "pi hole" depletion region in the electrostatic potential. However, we demonstrate here that such bonding attraction also occurs between closed-shell ions of like charge, thereby yielding locally stable complexes that sharply violate classical electrostatic expectations. Standard DFT and MP2 computational methods are employed to investigate complexation of simple pi-bonded diatomic anions (BO-, CN-) with simple atomic anions (H-, F-) or with one another. Such "anti-electrostatic" anion-anion attractions are shown to lead to robust metastable binding wells (ranging up to 20-30 kcal/mol at DFT level, or still deeper at dynamically correlated MP2 level) that are shielded by broad predissociation barriers (ranging up to 1.5 Å width) from long-range ionic dissociation. Like-charge attraction at pi-centers thereby provides additional evidence for the dominance of 3-center/4-electron (3c/4e) nD-π*AX interactions that are fully analogous to the nD-σ*AH interactions of H-bonding. Using standard keyword options of natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, we demonstrate that both n-σ* (sigma hole) and n-π* (pi hole) interactions represent simple variants of the essential resonance-type donor-acceptor (Bürgi-Dunitz-type) attraction that apparently underlies all intermolecular association phenomena of chemical interest. We further demonstrate that "deletion" of such π*-based donor-acceptor interaction obliterates the characteristic Bürgi-Dunitz signatures of pi-hole interactions, thereby establishing the unique cause/effect relationship to short-range covalency ("charge transfer") rather than envisioned Coulombic properties of unperturbed monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Weinhold
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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19
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Al-Sheakh L, Fritsch S, Appelhagen A, Villinger A, Ludwig R. Thermodynamically Stable Cationic Dimers in Carboxyl-Functionalized Ionic Liquids: The Paradoxical Case of "Anti-Electrostatic" Hydrogen Bonding. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27020366. [PMID: 35056680 PMCID: PMC8778807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that carboxyl-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) form doubly hydrogen-bonded cationic dimers (c+=c+) despite the repulsive forces between ions of like charge and competing hydrogen bonds between cation and anion (c+–a−). This structural motif as known for formic acid, the archetype of double hydrogen bridges, is present in the solid state of the IL 1−(carboxymethyl)pyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [HOOC−CH2−py][NTf2]. By means of quantum chemical calculations, we explored different hydrogen-bonded isomers of neutral (HOOC–(CH2)n–py+)2(NTf2−)2, single-charged (HOOC–(CH2)n–py+)2(NTf2−), and double-charged (HOOC– (CH2)n−py+)2 complexes for demonstrating the paradoxical case of “anti-electrostatic” hydrogen bonding (AEHB) between ions of like charge. For the pure doubly hydrogen-bonded cationic dimers (HOOC– (CH2)n−py+)2, we report robust kinetic stability for n = 1–4. At n = 5, hydrogen bonding and dispersion fully compensate for the repulsive Coulomb forces between the cations, allowing for the quantification of the two equivalent hydrogen bonds and dispersion interaction in the order of 58.5 and 11 kJmol−1, respectively. For n = 6–8, we calculated negative free energies for temperatures below 47, 80, and 114 K, respectively. Quantum cluster equilibrium (QCE) theory predicts the equilibria between cationic monomers and dimers by considering the intermolecular interaction between the species, leading to thermodynamic stability at even higher temperatures. We rationalize the H-bond characteristics of the cationic dimers by the natural bond orbital (NBO) approach, emphasizing the strong correlation between NBO-based and spectroscopic descriptors, such as NMR chemical shifts and vibrational frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loai Al-Sheakh
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (L.A.-S.); (S.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Sebastian Fritsch
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (L.A.-S.); (S.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Andreas Appelhagen
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (L.A.-S.); (S.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany; (L.A.-S.); (S.F.); (A.A.)
- Department LL&M, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein−Str. 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Leibniz−Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e.V., Albert-Einstein−Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence:
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20
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Abstract
A halogen-bonded complex containing a pair of anions can be made more stable than the isolated anions if the Lewis acid is a long carbon chain, fully substituted by CN groups, with an I atom on one end and a COO− group on the other, with Cl− as base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA
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21
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Samanta J, Dorn RW, Zhang W, Jiang X, Zhang M, Staples RJ, Rossini AJ, Ke C. An ultra-dynamic anion-cluster-based organic framework. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Fan D, Chen L, Wang C, Yin S, Mo Y. Inter-anion chalcogen bonds: Are they anti-electrostatic in nature? J Chem Phys 2021; 155:234302. [PMID: 34937369 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-anion hydrogen and halogen bonds have emerged as counterintuitive linkers and inspired us to expand the range of this unconventional bonding pattern. Here, the inter-anion chalcogen bond (IAChB) was proposed and theoretically analyzed in a series of complexes formed by negatively charged bidentate chalcogen bond donors with chloride anions. The kinetic stability of IAChB was evidenced by the minima on binding energy profiles and further supported by ab initio molecular dynamic simulations. The block-localized wave function (BLW) method and its subsequent energy decomposition (BLW-ED) approach were employed to elucidate the physical origin of IAChB. While all other energy components vary monotonically as anions get together, the electrostatic interaction behaves exceptionally as it experiences a Coulombic repulsion barrier. Before reaching the barrier, the electrostatic repulsion increases with the shortening Ch⋯Cl- distance as expected from classical electrostatics. However, after passing the barrier, the electrostatic repulsion decreases with the Ch⋯Cl- distance shortening and subsequently turns into the most favorable trend among all energy terms at short ranges, representing a dominating force for the kinetic stability of inter-anions. For comparison, all energy components exhibit the same trends and vary monotonically in the conventional counterparts where donors are neutral. By comparing inter-anions and their conventional counterparts, we found that only the electrostatic energy term is affected by the extra negative charge. Remarkably, the distinctive (nonmonotonic) electrostatic energy profiles were reproduced using quantum mechanical-based atomic multipoles, suggesting that the crucial electrostatic interaction in IAChB can be rationalized within the classical electrostatic theory just like conventional non-covalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Fan
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Shiwei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, USA
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23
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Masai H, Oka Y, Terao J. Precision synthesis of linear oligorotaxanes and polyrotaxanes achieving well-defined positions and numbers of cyclic components on the axle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:1644-1660. [PMID: 34927653 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03507j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interest in macromolecules has increased because of their functional properties, which can be tuned using precise organic synthetic methods. For example, desired functions have been imparted by controlling the nanoscale structures of such macromolecules. In particular, compounds with interlocked structures, including rotaxanes, have attracted attention because of their unique supramolecular structures. In such supramolecular structures, the mobility and freedom of the macrocycles are restricted by an axle and dependent on those of other macrocycles, which imparts unique functions to these threaded structures. Recently, methods for the ultrafine engineering and synthesis, as well as functions, of "defined" rotaxane structures that are not statistically dispersed on the axle (i.e., control over the number and position of cyclic molecules) have been reported. Various synthetic strategies allow access to such well-defined linear oligo- and polyrotaxanes, including [1]rotaxanes and [n]rotaxanes (mostly n > 3). These state-of-the-art synthetic methods have resulted in unique functions of these oligo-and polyrotaxane materials. Herein, we review the effective synthetic protocols and functions of precisely constructed one-dimensional oligomers and polymers bearing defined threaded structures, and discuss the latest reports and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Masai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuki Oka
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jun Terao
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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24
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Mondal D, Ahmad M, Panwaria P, Upadhyay A, Talukdar P. Anion Recognition through Multivalent C-H Hydrogen Bonds: Anion-Induced Foldamer Formation and Transport across Phospholipid Membranes. J Org Chem 2021; 87:10-17. [PMID: 34908424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of triazole-cyanostilbene receptors were designed and synthesized. The receptor binds with the anions through various CH···anion hydrogen bonding interactions, where strong binding was observed for SO42- anions followed by Cl-, Br-, NO3-, and I-, calculated from the 1H NMR titration experiment. The NOESY NMR experiment of the receptor confirmed the formation of anion-induced folded conformation. The CH···anion hydrogen bonding interaction-mediated anion recognition and foldamer formation were further confirmed from geometry optimization studies of the anion-bound complex. The receptor transports Cl- anions efficiently compared to SO42- anions across the lipid bilayer membrane via a mobile carrier mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manzoor Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prakash Panwaria
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Avisikta Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pinaki Talukdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
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25
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Chen L, Feng Q, Wang C, Yin S, Mo Y. Classical Electrostatics Remains the Driving Force for Interanion Hydrogen and Halogen Bonding. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10428-10438. [PMID: 34818021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interanion hydrogen bonding (IAHB) and halogen bonding (IAXB) have emerged as a counterintuitive linker in a range of fascinating applications. Despite the overall repulsive (positive) binding energy, anions are trapped in a local minimum with its corresponding transition state (TS) preventing dissociation. In other words, the adduct of anions is metastable. Seemingly, the electrostatic paradigm and force field description of hydrogen/halogen bonding (HB/XB) are challenged, because of the preconceived Coulombic repulsion. Aiming at an insightful understanding of these interanion phenomena, we employed the energy decomposition approach based on the block-localized wavefunction method (BLW-ED) to investigate a series of exemplary interanion complexes. As expected, the key distinction from the conventional HB/XB lies in the electrostatic interaction, which is not increasingly repulsive as anions gradually approach to each other. Rather, there is a Coulombic barrier at a certain point. After this point, the electrostatic repulsion diminishes with the decreasing distance between anions. Differently, other energy components vary monotonically just like in conventional cases. The nonmonotonic characteristic of the electrostatic interaction in interanion complexes was reproduced using the multipole expansion in AMOEBA polarizable force field in which the state-specified atomic multipoles were adopted. This suggests that the nonmonotonicity can be well interpreted by classical electrostatic theory and there is no conceptual difference between conventional HB/XB and IAHB/IAXB. The stability of IAHB/IAXB depends on the competition between the local attractive HB/XB and the global Coulombic repulsion of net charges, though there is cooperativity between these two contrasting forces. This concise model was supported by the attractive IAHB/IAXB in modified molecular capsules, which exhibit strong quadruple HB/XBs and a considerable distance between charged substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Qiuyan Feng
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Shiwei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
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26
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Holthoff JM, Weiss R, Rosokha SV, Huber SM. "Anti-electrostatic" Halogen Bonding between Ions of Like Charge. Chemistry 2021; 27:16530-16542. [PMID: 34409662 PMCID: PMC9293363 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Halogen bonding occurs between molecules featuring Lewis acidic halogen substituents and Lewis bases. It is often rationalized as a predominantly electrostatic interaction and thus interactions between ions of like charge (e. g., of anionic halogen bond donors with halides) seem counter-intuitive. Herein, we provide an overview on such complexes. First, theoretical studies are described and their findings are compared. Next, experimental evidences are presented in the form of crystal structure database analyses, recent examples of strong "anti-electrostatic" halogen bonding in crystals, and the observation of such interactions also in solution. We then compare these complexes to select examples of "counter-intuitive" adducts formed by other interactions, like hydrogen bonding. Finally, we comment on key differences between charge-transfer and electrostatic polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M. Holthoff
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Robert Weiss
- Institut für Organische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergHenkestraße 4291054ErlangenGermany
| | | | - Stefan M. Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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27
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Michalczyk M, Zierkiewicz W, Wysokiński R, Scheiner S. Triel bonds within anion ···anion complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25097-25106. [PMID: 34751289 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04296c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of two anions to interact with one another is tested in the context of pairs of TrX4- homodimers, where Tr represents any of the triel atoms B, Al, Ga, In, or Tl, and X refers to a halogen substituent F, Cl, or Br. None of these pairs engage in a stable complex in the gas phase, but the situation reverses in water where the two monomers are held together by Tr⋯X triel bonds, complemented by stabilizing interactions between X atoms. Some of these bonds are quite strong, notably those involving TrF4-, with interaction energies surpassing 30 kcal mol-1. Others are very much weaker, with scarcely exothermic binding energies. The highly repulsive electrostatic interactions are counteracted by large polarization energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Rafał Wysokiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA.
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28
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Ludwig R. Towards thermodynamically stable anionic dimers with “anti-electrostatic” hydrogen bonds overcoming like-charge repulsion. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Tarannam N, Shukla R, Kozuch S. Yet another perspective on hole interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19948-19963. [PMID: 34514473 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hole interactions are known by different names depending on the key atom of the bond (halogen bond, chalcogen bond, hydrogen bond, etc.), and the geometry of the interaction (σ if in line, π if perpendicular to the Lewis acid plane). However, its origin starts with the creation of a Lewis acid by an underlying covalent bond, which forms an electrostatic depletion and a virtual antibonding orbital, which can create non-covalent interactions with Lewis bases. In this (maybe subjective) perspective, we will claim that hole interactions must be defined via the molecular orbital origin of the molecule. Under this premise we can better explore the richness of such bonding patterns. For that, we will study old, recent and new systems, trying to pinpoint some misinterpretations that are often associated with them. We will use as exemplars the triel bonds, a couple of metal complexes, a discussion on convergent σ-holes, and many cases of anti-electrostatic hole interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naziha Tarannam
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel.
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel.
| | - Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel.
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30
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Anion-Anion Interactions in Aerogen-Bonded Complexes. Influence of Solvent Environment. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082116. [PMID: 33917030 PMCID: PMC8067769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ab initio calculations are applied to the question as to whether a AeX5- anion (Ae = Kr, Xe) can engage in a stable complex with another anion: F-, Cl-, or CN-. The latter approaches the central Ae atom from above the molecular plane, along its C5 axis. While the electrostatic repulsion between the two anions prevents their association in the gas phase, immersion of the system in a polar medium allows dimerization to proceed. The aerogen bond is a weak one, with binding energies less than 2 kcal/mol, even in highly polar aqueous solvent. The complexes are metastable in the less polar solvents THF and DMF, with dissociation opposed by a small energy barrier.
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31
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Zeynaloo E, Zahran EM, Fatila EM, Flood AH, Bachas LG. Anion-Selective Electrodes Based On a CH-Hydrogen Bonding Bis-macrocyclic Ionophore with a Clamshell Architecture. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5412-5419. [PMID: 33769044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CH-hydrogen bonding provides access to new building blocks for making macrocyclic ionophores with high degrees of preorganization and selective anion recognition. In this study, an anion-binding ionophore in the shape of a clamshell (ClS) was employed that is composed of two cyanostar (CNstar) macrocycles with preorganized cavities linked with a 12-carbon chain. This ionophore allows for anion complexation by CH-hydrogen bonding. The potentiometric performance of membrane-based ion-selective electrodes incorporating this ionophore was evaluated. Different membrane compositions were prepared to determine the optimum concentrations of the ionophore and lipophilic additive in the membrane. The optimized electrode had a slope of -58.2 mV/decade and demonstrated an anti-Hofmeister selectivity pattern toward iodide with a nanomolar detection limit. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was employed to study the relative association strengths of ClS with various anions. The observed mass peaks of the ion-ionophore complexes were found to be consistent with the potentiometric selectivity pattern of the corresponding electrodes. Overall, the selectivity of the electrode could be altered by using an ionophore in which the two CNstar macrocycles are linked together with a flexible 12-carbon chain to control the molecularity of the binding event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Zeynaloo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Elsayed M Zahran
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, United States
| | - Elisabeth M Fatila
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United States
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Leonidas G Bachas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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32
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Li Y, Meng L, Zeng Y. Comparison of Anion‐Anion Halogen Bonds with Neutral‐Anion Halogen Bonds in the Gas Phase and Polar Solvents. Chempluschem 2021; 86:232-240. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050024 P. R. China
| | - Lingpeng Meng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050024 P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050024 P. R. China
- National Experimental Chemistry Teaching Center Hebei Normal University) Shijiazhuang 050024 P. R. China
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33
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McTernan CT, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Selective Anion Binding Drives the Formation of Ag I8L 6 and Ag I12L 6 Six-Stranded Helicates. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:664-670. [PMID: 33382246 PMCID: PMC7879535 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the formation of an unexpected and unique family of hollow six-stranded helicates. The formation of these structures depends on the coordinative flexibility of silver and the 2-formyl-1,8-napthyridine subcomponent. Crystal structures show that these assemblies are held together by Ag4I, Ag4Br, or Ag6(SO4)2 clusters, where the templating anion plays an integral structure-defining role. Prior to the addition of the anionic template, no six-stranded helicate was observed to form, with the system instead consisting of a dynamic mixture of triple helicate and tetrahedron. Six-stranded helicate formation was highly sensitive to the structure of the ligand, with minor modifications inhibiting its formation. This work provides an unusual example of mutual stabilization between metal clusters and a self-assembled metal-organic cage. The selective preparation of this anisotropic host demonstrates new modes of guiding selective self-assembly using silver(I), whose many stable coordination geometries render design difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie T. McTernan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge,
Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge,
Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge,
Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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34
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Wysokiński R, Zierkiewicz W, Michalczyk M, Scheiner S. Anionanion (MX 3-) 2 dimers (M = Zn, Cd, Hg; X = Cl, Br, I) in different environments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13853-13861. [PMID: 34156052 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01502h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that MX3- anions can interact with one another is assessed via ab initio calculations in gas phase as well as in aqueous and ethanol solution. A pair of such anions can engage in two different dimer types. In the bridged configuration, two X atoms engage with two M atoms in a rhomboid structure with four equal M-X bond lengths. The two monomers retain their identity in the stacked geometry which contains a pair of noncovalent MX interactions. The relative stabilities of these two structures depend on the nature of the central M atom, the halogen substituent, and the presence of solvent. The interaction and binding energies are fairly small, generally no more than 10 kcal mol-1. The large electrostatic repulsion is balanced by a strong attractive polarization energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Wysokiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA.
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35
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Liu P, Wang H, Zeng H, Hong X, Huang F. A [1 5]paracyclophenone and its fluorenone-containing derivatives: syntheses and binding to nerve agent mimics via aryl-CH hydrogen bonding interactions. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A [15]paracyclophenone and its fluorenone-containing derivatives were synthesized. The novel macrocyclic host I binds nerve agent mimics through the ‘non-traditional’ aryl-CH hydrogen bonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiren Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Center for Chemistry of High- Performance & Novel Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Center for Chemistry of High- Performance & Novel Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Center for Chemistry of High- Performance & Novel Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
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36
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MacDonald TC, Feringa BL, Price WS, Wezenberg SJ, Beves JE. Controlled Diffusion of Photoswitchable Receptors by Binding Anti-electrostatic Hydrogen-Bonded Phosphate Oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20014-20020. [PMID: 33180496 PMCID: PMC7735709 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrogen phosphate anions are found to spontaneously associate into anti-electrostatic oligomers via hydrogen bonding interactions at millimolar concentrations in DMSO. Diffusion NMR measurements supported formation of these oligomers, which can be bound by photoswitchable anion receptors to form large bridged assemblies of approximately three times the volume of the unbound receptor. Photoisomerization of the oligomer-bound receptor causes a decrease in diffusion coefficient of up to 16%, corresponding to a 70% increase in effective volume. This new approach to external control of diffusion opens prospects in controlling molecular transport using light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - William S. Price
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Sander J. Wezenberg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathon E. Beves
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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37
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Wang H, Fang S, Wu G, Lei Y, Chen Q, Wang H, Wu Y, Lin C, Hong X, Kim SK, Sessler JL, Li H. Constraining Homo- and Heteroanion Dimers in Ultraclose Proximity within a Self-Assembled Hexacationic Cage. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20182-20190. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shuai Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yating Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chuhao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Sung Kuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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38
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Abstract
The fundamental underpinnings of noncovalent bonds are presented, focusing on the σ-hole interactions that are closely related to the H-bond. Different means of assessing their strength and the factors that control it are discussed. The establishment of a noncovalent bond is monitored as the two subunits are brought together, allowing the electrostatic, charge redistribution, and other effects to slowly take hold. Methods are discussed that permit prediction as to which site an approaching nucleophile will be drawn, and the maximum number of bonds around a central atom in its normal or hypervalent states is assessed. The manner in which a pair of anions can be held together despite an overall Coulombic repulsion is explained. The possibility that first-row atoms can participate in such bonds is discussed, along with the introduction of a tetrel analog of the dihydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA
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39
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Hydrogen-bonded host-guest systems are stable in ionic liquids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15414. [PMID: 32963260 PMCID: PMC7508985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that H-bonded host–guest systems associate in ionic liquids (ILs), pure salts with melting point below room temperature, in which dipole–dipole electrostatic interactions should be negligible in comparison with dipole-charge interactions. Binding constants (Ka) obtained from titrations of four H-bonded host–guest systems in two organic solvents and two ionic liquids yield smaller yet comparable Ka values in ionic liquids than in organic solvents. We also detect the association event using force spectroscopy, which confirms that the binding is not solely due to (de)solvation processes. Our results indicate that classic H-bonded host–guest supramolecular chemistry takes place in ILs. This implies that strong H-bonds are only moderately affected by surroundings composed entirely of charges, which can be interpreted as an indication that the balance of Coulombic to covalent forces in strong H-bonds is not tipped towards the former.
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40
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Etkind SI, Vander Griend DA, Swager TM. Electroactive Anion Receptor with High Affinity for Arsenate. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10050-10061. [PMID: 32790360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of a macrocyclic polyamide cage that incorporates redox-active 1,4-dithiin units. UV/vis titration experiments with eight anions in acetonitrile revealed high affinity for H2AsO4- (log β2 = 10.4-0.4+0.4) and HCO3- (log β2 = 8.3-0.4+0.3) over other common anionic guests, such as Cl- (log K1:1 = 3.20-0.02+0.03), HSO4- (log K1:1 = 3.57-0.03+0.02), and H2PO4- (log K1:1 = 4.24-0.04+0.05), by the selective formation of HG2 complexes. The recognition of arsenate over phosphate is rare among both proteins and synthetic receptors, and though the origin of selectivity is not known, exploiting the difference in the binding stoichiometry represents an underexplored avenue toward developing receptors that can differentiate between the two anions. Additional analysis by 1H NMR in 1:3 CD2Cl2/MeCN-d3 found a strong dependence of anion binding stoichiometry with the solvent employed. Finally, titration experiments with cyclic voltammetry provided varying and complex responses for each anion tested, though reaction between the anion and receptors was observed in most cases. These results implicate 1,4-dithiins as interesting recognition moieties in the construction of supramolecular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel I Etkind
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Douglas A Vander Griend
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, United States
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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41
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Zhao W, Flood AH, White NG. Recognition and applications of anion-anion dimers based on anti-electrostatic hydrogen bonds (AEHBs). Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7893-7906. [PMID: 32677649 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00486c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on Coulomb's Law alone, electrostatic repulsion between two anions is expected to prevent their dimerization. Contrary to that idea, this Tutorial Review will present evidence showing that anion-anion dimers of protic hydroxyanions can form readily, and describe conditions that facilitate their formation. From X-ray crystal structures, we learn that hydroxyanions dimerize and oligomerize by overcoming long-range electrostatic opposition. Common examples are hydroxyanions of phosphate, sulfate, and carbonate, often in partnership with charged and neutral receptors. Short-range hydrogen bonds between anionic donors and acceptors are defined as anti-electrostatic hydrogen bonds (AEHBs) with insight from theoretical studies. While anion dimers are difficult to identify unequivocally in solution, these solution dimers have recently been definitively identified. The development of the supramolecular chemistry of anion-anion dimers has led to applications in hierarchical assemblies, such as supramolecular polymers and hydrogen bonded organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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42
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Dhara A, Sadhukhan T, Sheetz EG, Olsson AH, Raghavachari K, Flood AH. Zero-Overlap Fluorophores for Fluorescent Studies at Any Concentration. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12167-12180. [PMID: 32539380 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluorophores are powerful tools for the study of chemistry, biology, and physics. However, fluorescence is severely impaired when concentrations climb above 5 μM as a result of effects like self-absorption and chromatic shifts in the emitted light. Herein, we report the creation of a charge-transfer (CT) fluorophore and the discovery that its emission color seen at low concentrations is unchanged even at 5 mM, some 3 orders of magnitude beyond typical limits. The fluorophore is composed of a triphenylamine-substituted cyanostar macrocycle, and it exhibits a remarkable Stokes shift of 15 000 cm-1 to generate emission at 633 nm. Crucial to the performance of this fluorophore is the observation that its emission spectrum shows near-zero overlap with the absorption band at 325 nm. We propose that reducing the spectral overlap to zero is a key to achieving full fluorescence across all concentrations. The triphenylamine donor and five cyanostilbene acceptor units of the macrocycle generate an emissive CT state. Unlike closely related donor-acceptor control compounds showing dual emission, the cyanostar framework inhibited emission from the second state to create a zero-overlap fluorophore. We demonstrated the use of emission spectroscopy for characterization of host-guest complexation at millimolar concentrations, which are typically the exclusive domain of NMR spectroscopy. The binding of the PF6- anion generates a 2:1 sandwich complex with blue-shifted emission. Distinct from twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) states, experiment-supported density functional theory shows a 67° twist inside an acceptor unit in the CT state instead of displaying a twist between the donor and acceptor; it is TICT-like. Inspired by the findings, we uncovered similar concentration-independent behavior from a control compound, strongly suggesting this behavior may be latent to other large Stokes-shift fluorophores. We discuss strategies capable of generating zero-overlap fluorophores to enable accurate fluorescence characterization of processes across all practical concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Edward G Sheetz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Andrew H Olsson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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43
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Holthoff JM, Engelage E, Weiss R, Huber SM. "Anti-Electrostatic" Halogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11150-11157. [PMID: 32227661 PMCID: PMC7317790 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Halogen bonding is often described as being driven predominantly by electrostatics, and thus adducts between anionic halogen bond (XB) donors (halogen-based Lewis acids) and anions seem counterintuitive. Such "anti-electrostatic" XBs have been predicted theoretically but for organic XB donors, there are currently no experimental examples except for a few cases of self-association. Reported herein is the synthesis of two negatively charged organoiodine derivatives that form anti-electrostatic XBs with anions. Even though the electrostatic potential is universally negative across the surface of both compounds, DFT calculations indicate kinetic stabilization of their halide complexes in the gas phase and particularly in solution. Experimentally, self-association of the anionic XB donors was observed in solid-state structures, resulting in dimers, trimers, and infinite chains. In addition, co-crystals with halides were obtained, representing the first cases of halogen bonding between an organic anionic XB donor and a different anion. The bond lengths of all observed interactions are 14-21 % shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M. Holthoff
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Elric Engelage
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Robert Weiss
- Institut für Organische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergHenkestraße 4291054ErlangenGermany
| | - Stefan M. Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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44
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Quiñonero D, Alkorta I, Elguero J. Metastable Dianions and Dications. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1597-1607. [PMID: 32314864 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical study of metastable dianions and dications has been carried out at the CCSD(T)//MP2 level. MX3 2- and LX4 2- (M=Li and Na, L=Be and Mg, X=F and Cl) have been considered as dianions, M3 X2+ (M=Li and Na, X=F and Cl), YH3 2+ and ZH4 2+ (Y=F and Cl and Z=O, S) as dications. Minima structures are found in all cases, but they are less stable than the corresponding dissociated pair of mono-ions. The dissociation profile of the molecules in two mono-ions has been explored showing in all cases a maximum that prevent their spontaneous dissociation. The strength and nature of the chemical bond in the dianions and dications have been analyzed with the QTAIM, NBO and LMOEDA method and compared to the corresponding monoanions and monocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Quiñonero
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3. 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3. 28006, Madrid, Spain
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45
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Zapata F, González L, Bastida A, Bautista D, Caballero A. Formation of self-assembled supramolecular polymers by anti-electrostatic anion-anion and halogen bonding interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7084-7087. [PMID: 32490458 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02831b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here the formation of self-assembled supramolecular polymers in which the cooperative action of anti-electrostatic anion-anion and halogen-bonding interactions serve as a powerful driving force for the formation of large supramolecular polymers. DOSY-NMR, DLS, TEM, SEM and X-ray experiments provide evidence of the formation of supramolecular structures in solution and solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Zapata
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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46
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Scheiner S, Wysokiński R, Michalczyk M, Zierkiewicz W. Pnicogen Bonds Pairing Anionic Lewis Acid with Neutral and Anionic Bases. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4998-5006. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Rafał Wysokiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Michalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wiktor Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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47
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Azofra LM, Elguero J, Alkorta I. Stabilisation of dianion dimers trapped inside cyanostar macrocycles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11348-11353. [PMID: 32373849 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01321h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interanionic H-bonds (IAHBs) are unfavourable interactions in the gas phase becoming favoured when anions are in solution. Dianion dimers are also susceptible to being trapped inside the cavities of cyanostar (CS) macrocycles, and thus, the formation of 2 : 2 anion : cyanostar aggregates is mainly supported by three kinds of interactions: IAHBs between the dianions, π-π stacking between the confronted cyanostars, and the presence of an intricate network of multiple C(sp2)HO H-bonds between cyanostar ligands and the anionic moieties. An analysis of the interaction energies supported by NBO reveals a slight cooperative effect of the CSs on the IAHB stabilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Azofra
- CIDIA-FEAM (Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, avalada por el Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla), Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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Holthoff JM, Engelage E, Weiss R, Huber SM. “Anti‐elektrostatische” Halogenbrücken. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana M. Holthoff
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Elric Engelage
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Robert Weiss
- Institut für Organische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Stefan M. Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
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Azofra LM, Elguero J, Alkorta I. A Conceptual DFT Study of Phosphonate Dimers: Dianions Supported by H-Bonds. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2207-2214. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Azofra
- CIDIA-FEAM (Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, avalada por el Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla), Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Zhao W, Tropp J, Qiao B, Pink M, Azoulay JD, Flood AH. Tunable Adhesion from Stoichiometry-Controlled and Sequence-Defined Supramolecular Polymers Emerges Hierarchically from Cyanostar-Stabilized Anion-Anion Linkages. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2579-2591. [PMID: 31931561 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sequence-controlled supramolecular polymers offer new design paradigms for generating stimuli-responsive macromolecules with enhanced functionalities. The dynamic character of supramolecular links present challenges to sequence definition in extended supramolecular macromolecules, and design principles remain nascent. Here, we demonstrate the first example of using stoichiometry-control to specify the monomer sequence in a linear supramolecular polymer by synthesizing both a homopolymer and an alternating copolymer from the same glycol-substituted cyanostar macrocycle and phenylene-linked diphosphate monomers. A 2:1 stoichiometry between macrocycle and diphosphate produces a supramolecular homopolymer of general formula (A)n comprised of repeating units of cyanostar-stabilized phosphate-phosphate dimers. Using a 1:1 stoichiometry, an alternating (AB)n structure is produced with half the phosphate dimers now stabilized by the additional counter cations that emerge hierarchically after forming the stronger cyanostar-stabilized phosphate dimers. These new polymer materials and binding motifs are sufficient to bear normal and shear stress to promote significant and tunable adhesive properties. The homopolymer (A)n, consisting of cyanostar-stabilized anti-electrostatic linkages, shows adhesion strength comparable to commercial superglue formulations based on polycyanoacrylate but is thermally reversible. Unexpectedly, and despite including traditional ionic linkages, the alternating copolymer (AB)n shows weaker adhesion strength more similar to commercial white glue based on poly(vinyl acetate). Thus, the adhesion properties can be tuned over a wide range by simply controlling the stoichiometric ratio of monomers. This study offers new insight into supramolecular polymers composed of custom-designed anion and receptor monomers and demonstrates the utility of emerging functional materials based on anion-anion linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Joshua Tropp
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering , The University of Southern Mississippi , 118 College Drive , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
| | - Bo Qiao
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Jason D Azoulay
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering , The University of Southern Mississippi , 118 College Drive , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
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