1
|
Handjaya JP, Patankar N, Reid JP. The Diversity and Evolution of Chiral Brønsted Acid Structures. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400921. [PMID: 38706381 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The chemical space of chiral Brønsted acid catalysts is defined by quantity and complexity, reflecting the diverse synthetic challenges confronted and the innovative molecular designs introduced. Here, we detail how this successful outcome is a powerful demonstration of the benefits of utilizing both local structure searches and a comprehensive understanding of catalyst performance for effective and efficient exploration of Brønsted acid properties. In this concept article we provide an evolutionary overview of this field by summarizing the approaches to catalyst optimization, the resulting structures, and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasemine P Handjaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Niraja Patankar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jolene P Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Banerjee S, Vanka K. The Role of Aromatic Alcohol Additives on Asymmetric Organocatalysis Reactions: Insights from Theory. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300997. [PMID: 38270228 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The presence of an aromatic additive has been seen to enhance, often significantly, the enantioselectivity and yield in asymmetric organocatalysis. Considering their success across a dizzying range of organocatalysts and organic transformations, it would seem unlikely that a common principle exists for their functioning. However, the current investigations with DFT suggest a general principle: the phenolic additive sandwiches itself, through hydrogen bonding and π⋅⋅⋅π stacking, between the organocatalyst coordinated electrophile and nucleophile. This is seen for a wide range of experimentally reported systems. That such complex formation leads to enhanced stereoselectivity is then demonstrated for two cases: the cinchona alkaloid complex (BzCPD), catalysing thiocyanation (2-naphthol additive employed), as well as for L-pipecolicacid catalysing the asymmetric nitroaldol reaction with a range of nitro-substituted phenol additives. These findings, indicating that dual catalysis takes place when phenolic additives are employed, are likely to have a significant impact on the field of asymmetric organocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhrashis Banerjee
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr.Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr.Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Puigcerver J, Marin-Luna M, Iglesias-Sigüenza J, Alajarin M, Martinez-Cuezva A, Berna J. Mechanically Planar-to-Point Chirality Transmission in [2]Rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2882-2887. [PMID: 38266249 PMCID: PMC10859924 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Herein we describe an effective transmission of chirality, from mechanically planar chirality to point chirality, in hydrogen-bonded [2]rotaxanes. A highly selective mono-N-methylation of one (out of four) amide N atom at the macrocyclic counterpart of starting achiral rotaxanes generates mechanically planar chirality. Followed by chiral resolution, both enantiomers were subjected to a base-promoted intramolecular cyclization, where their interlocked threads were transformed into new lactam moieties. As a matter of fact, the mechanically planar chiral information was effectively transferred to the resulting stereocenters (covalent chirality) of the newly formed heterocycles. Upon removing the entwined macrocycle, the final lactams were obtained with high enantiopurity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Puigcerver
- Departamento
de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Marin-Luna
- Departamento
de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Iglesias-Sigüenza
- Departamento
de Quimica Organica and Centro de Innovacion en Quimica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento
de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento
de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento
de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International
Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin P, Joshi C, McGinnis TM, Mallojjala SC, Sanford AB, Hirschi JS, Jarvo ER. Stereospecific Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling Reaction of Alkyl Mesylates and Allylic Difluorides to Access Enantioenriched Vinyl Fluoride-Substituted Cyclopropanes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:4488-4499. [PMID: 37066042 PMCID: PMC10088041 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling reactions involving direct C-O bond activation of unactivated alkyl sulfonates or C-F bond activation of allylic gem-difluorides remain challenging. Herein, we report a nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling reaction between alkyl mesylates and allylic gem-difluorides to synthesize enantioenriched vinyl fluoride-substituted cyclopropane products. These complex products are interesting building blocks with applications in medicinal chemistry. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that there are two competing pathways for this reaction, both of which initiate by coordination of the electron-deficient olefin to the low-valent nickel catalyst. Subsequently, the reaction can proceed by oxidative addition of the C-F bond of the allylic gem-difluoride moiety or by directed polar oxidative addition of the alkyl mesylate C-O bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia
C. Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Chetan Joshi
- Department
of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Tristan M. McGinnis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | - Amberly B. Sanford
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Hirschi
- Department
of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Adili A, Webster JP, Zhao C, Mallojjala SC, Romero-Reyes MA, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Vetticatt MJ, Seidel D. Mechanism of a Dually Catalyzed Enantioselective Oxa-Pictet-Spengler Reaction and the Development of a Stereodivergent Variant. ACS Catal 2023; 13:2240-2249. [PMID: 37711191 PMCID: PMC10501388 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective oxa-Pictet-Spengler reactions of tryptophol with aldehydes proceed under weakly acidic conditions utilizing a combination of two catalysts, an indoline HCl salt and a bisthiourea compound. Mechanistic investigations revealed the roles of both catalysts and confirmed the involvement of oxocarbenium ion intermediates, ruling out alternative scenarios. A stereochemical model was derived from density functional theory calculations, which provided the basis for the development of a highly enantioselective stereodivergent variant with racemic tryptophol derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alafate Adili
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - John-Paul Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Chenfei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | | | - Moises A Romero-Reyes
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Center for X-ray Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Mathew J Vetticatt
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jo T, Taschinski S, Leach IF, Bauer C, Hashmi ASK, Klein JEMN. On the Role of Noncovalent Ligand-Substrate Interactions in Au(I) Catalysis: An Experimental and Computational Study of Protodeauration. ACS Catal 2022; 12:13158-13163. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taegeun Jo
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Svenja Taschinski
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isaac F. Leach
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Bauer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes E. M. N. Klein
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lopez-Leonardo C, Saura-Sanmartin A, Marin-Luna M, Alajarin M, Martinez-Cuezva A, Berna J. Ring-to-Thread Chirality Transfer in [2]Rotaxanes for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched Lactams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209904. [PMID: 35916122 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of chiral mechanically interlocked molecules has attracted a lot of attention in the last few years, with applications in different fields, such as asymmetric catalysis or sensing. Herein we describe the synthesis of orientational mechanostereoisomers, which include a benzylic amide macrocycle with a stereogenic center, and nonsymmetric N-(arylmethyl)fumaramides as the axis. The base-promoted cyclization of the initial fumaramide thread allows enantioenriched value-added compounds, such as lactams of different ring sizes and amino acids, to be obtained. The chiral information is effectively transmitted across the mechanical bond from the encircling ring to the interlocked lactam. High levels of enantioselectivity and full control of the regioselectivity of the final cyclic compounds are attained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lopez-Leonardo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Marin-Luna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lopez-Leonardo C, Saura-Sanmartin A, Marin-Luna M, Alajarin M, Martinez-Cuezva A, Berna J. Ring‐to‐Thread Chirality Transfer in [2]Rotaxanes for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched Lactams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Marin-Luna
- Universidad de Murcia Química Orgánica Campus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia SPAIN
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Universidad de Murcia Química Orgánica Campus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia SPAIN
| | | | - Jose Berna
- Universidad de Murcia Quimica Organica Campus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia SPAIN
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kelty ML, McNeece AJ, Kurutz JW, Filatov AS, Anderson JS. Electrostatic vs. inductive effects in phosphine ligand donor properties and reactivity. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4377-4387. [PMID: 35509471 PMCID: PMC9007067 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04277g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced rates and selectivity in enzymes are enabled in part by precisely tuned electric fields within active sites. Analogously, the use of charged groups to leverage electrostatics in molecular systems is a promising strategy to tune reactivity. However, separation of the through space and through bond effects of charged functional groups is a long standing challenge that limits the rational application of electric fields in molecular systems. To address this challenge we developed a method using the phosphorus selenium coupling value (J P-Se) of anionic phosphine selenides to quantify the electrostatic contribution of the borate moiety to donor strength. In this analysis we report the synthesis of a novel anionic phosphine, PPh2CH2BF3K, the corresponding tetraphenyl phosphonium and tetraethyl ammonium selenides [PPh4][SePPh2CH2BF3] and [TEA][SePPh2CH2BF3], and the Rh carbonyl complex [PPh4][Rh(acac)(CO)(PPh2(CH2BF3))]. Solvent-dependent changes in J P-Se were fit using Coulomb's law and support up to an 80% electrostatic contribution to the increase in donor strength of [PPh4][SePPh2CH2BF3] relative to SePPh2Et, while controls with [TEA][SePPh2CH2BF3] exclude convoluting ion pairing effects. Calculations using explicit solvation or point charges effectively replicate the experimental data. This J P-Se method was extended to [PPh4][SePPh2(2-BF3Ph)] and likewise estimates up to a 70% electrostatic contribution to the increase in donor strength relative to SePPh3. The use of PPh2CH2BF3K also accelerates C-F oxidative addition reactivity with Ni(COD)2 by an order of magnitude in comparison to the comparatively donating neutral phosphines PEt3 and PCy3. This enhanced reactivity prompted the investigation of catalytic fluoroarene C-F borylation, with improved yields observed for less fluorinated arenes. These results demonstrate that covalently bound charged functionalities can exert a significant electrostatic influence under common solution phase reaction conditions and experimentally validate theoretical predictions regarding electrostatic effects in reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Kelty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Andrew J McNeece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Josh W Kurutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Alexander S Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - John S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 929 E 57th St Chicago IL 60637 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Caniparoli U, Escofet I, Echavarren AM. Planar Chiral 1,3-Disubstituted Ferrocenyl Phosphine Gold(I) Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022; 12:3317-3322. [PMID: 35356706 PMCID: PMC8938926 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Planar chiral monodentate
1,3-disubstituted ferrocene phosphines
inspired on JohnPhos-type ligands have been synthesized and applied
to the enantioselective gold(I) catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition of
1,6-arylenynes. Computational studies rationalized the working mode
of the catalyst on the folding of the substrate in the chiral environment
of the ligand involving attractive noncovalent interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulysse Caniparoli
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Imma Escofet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Osminski WEG, Lu Z, Zhao W, Mohammadlou A, Yin X, Matthews EC, Canestraight VM, Staples RJ, Allen CJ, Hirschi JS, Wulff WD. Probing Catalyst Function - Electronic Modulation of Chiral Polyborate Anionic Catalysts. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17762-17773. [PMID: 34852456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Boroxinate complexes of VAPOL and VANOL are a chiral anionic platform that can serve as a versatile staging arena for asymmetric catalysis. The structural underpinning of the platform is a chiral polyborate core that covalently links together alcohols (or phenols) and vaulted biaryl ligands. The polyborate platform is assembled in situ by the substrate of the reaction, and thus a multiplex of chiral catalysts can be rapidly assembled from various alcohols (or phenols) and bis-phenol ligands for screening of catalyst activity. In the present study, variations in the steric and electronic properties of the phenol/alcohol component of the boroxinate catalyst are probed to reveal their effects on the asymmetric induction in the catalytic asymmetric aziridination reaction. A Hammett study is consistent with a mechanism in which the two substrates are hydrogen-bonded to the boroxinate core in the enantiogenic step. The results of the Hammett study are supported by a computational study in which it is found that the H-O distance of the protonated imine hydrogen bonded to the anionic boroxinate core decreases with an increase in the electron releasing ability of the phenol unit incorporated into the boroxinate. The results are not consistent with a mechanism in which the boroxinate catalyst functions as a Lewis acid and activates the imine by a Lewis acid/Lewis base interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wynter E G Osminski
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Zhenjie Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Wenjun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Aliakbar Mohammadlou
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Emily C Matthews
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Virginia M Canestraight
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Connor J Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Jennifer S Hirschi
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - William D Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chin YP, Krenske EH. Nazarov Cyclizations Catalyzed by BINOL Phosphoric Acid Derivatives: Quantum Chemistry Struggles To Predict the Enantioselectivity. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1710-1722. [PMID: 34634910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations have successfully predicted the stereoselectivities of many BINOL phosphoric acid catalyzed reactions over the past 10-15 years. Herein we report a contrasting example: a reaction for which standard quantum chemistry techniques have proven unexpectedly ineffective at explaining the stereoselectivity. The Nazarov cyclizations of a divinyl ketone catalyzed by a BINOL phosphoric acid or H8-BINOL dithiophosphoric acid were studied with a conventional contemporary quantum chemical approach, consisting of transition state optimizations with B3LYP-D3(BJ) and single-point calculations with several functionals in implicit solvent. Unexpectedly, different functionals gave widely different predictions of the level of enantioselectivity and were unable even to agree on which enantiomer of the product would predominate. Molecular dynamics simulations with the OPLS-AA force field provided evidence that the transition state geometries optimized with DFT in the gas phase or in implicit solvent are not good representations of the true transition states of these reactions in solution. One possible reason for this, which may also explain the failure of quantum chemical techniques to reliably predict the enantioselectivity, is the fact that the transition states contain ion pairs which are not highly organized and do not contain any strongly directional noncovalent interactions between the substrate and the catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuk Ping Chin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H Krenske
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Léonard NG, Dhaoui R, Chantarojsiri T, Yang JY. Electric Fields in Catalysis: From Enzymes to Molecular Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021; 11:10923-10932. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia G. Léonard
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rakia Dhaoui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Teera Chantarojsiri
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jenny Y. Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Klare HFT, Albers L, Süsse L, Keess S, Müller T, Oestreich M. Silylium Ions: From Elusive Reactive Intermediates to Potent Catalysts. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5889-5985. [PMID: 33861564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The history of silyl cations has all the makings of a drama but with a happy ending. Being considered reactive intermediates impossible to isolate in the condensed phase for decades, their actual characterization in solution and later in solid state did only fuel the discussion about their existence and initially created a lot of controversy. This perception has completely changed today, and silyl cations and their donor-stabilized congeners are now widely accepted compounds with promising use in synthetic chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the fundamental facts and principles of the chemistry of silyl cations, including reliable ways of their preparation as well as their physical and chemical properties. The striking features of silyl cations are their enormous electrophilicity and as such reactivity as super Lewis acids as well as fluorophilicity. Known applications rely on silyl cations as reactants, stoichiometric reagents, and promoters where the reaction success is based on their steady regeneration over the course of the reaction. Silyl cations can even be discrete catalysts, thereby opening the next chapter of their way into the toolbox of synthetic methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lars Süsse
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu Y, Yao H, Ma L, Wang J, Hou J. Efficient charge generation at low energy losses in organic solar cells: a key issues review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:082601. [PMID: 32375132 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab90cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light absorption generates strongly bound excitons in organic solar cells (OSCs). To obtain efficient charge generation, a large driving force is required, which causes a large energy loss (E loss) and severely hinders the improvement in the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of OSCs. Recently, the development of non-fullerene OSCs has seen great success, and the resulting OSCs can yield highly efficient charge generation with a negligible driving force, which raises a fundamental question about how the excitons split into free charges. From a chemical structure perspective, the molecular electrostatic potential differences between donors and acceptors may play a critical role in facilitating charge separation. Although the E loss caused by charge generation has been suppressed, charge recombination, particularly via non-radiative pathways, severely limits further improvements in the PCEs. In OSCs with negligible driving forces, the lowest excited state, a hybrid local exciton-charge transfer state, is believed to have a strong association with the non-radiative E loss. This review discusses the efficient charge generation at low E loss values in highly efficient OSCs and highlights the issues that should be tackled to further improve the PCEs to new levels (∼20%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Feng A, Yang Y, Liu Y, Geng C, Zhu R, Zhang D. Mechanism and Origins of Enantio- and Regioselectivities in Catalytic Asymmetric Minisci-Type Addition to Heteroarenes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7207-7217. [PMID: 32420740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a density functional theory (DFT) study on the mechanism and origins of enantio- and regioselectivities in dual photoredox/chiral Brønsted acid-catalyzed asymmetric Minisci-type addition of carbon-centered radicals to N-heteroarenes [Science, 2018, 360, 419-422]. The previously proposed mechanism has been partially revised. First, photoexcited *[IrIII] is reductively quenched by TRIP anion rather than the experimentally proposed neutral radical generated from the chiral Brønsted acid cycle. Second, final product formation involves a hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) from a neutral radical intermediate to the TRIP radical, instead of single-electron transfer (SET) to *[IrIII]. The TRIP catalyst has been shown to play a triple role by reductively quenching *[IrIII] with its anion form, activating the substrate, and inducing asymmetry. The calculated results rationalize the experimentally observed enantio- and regioselectivities and reveal that the enantioselectivity of the reaction originates from the hydrogen-bond interaction between TRIP and the N-H group of the carbon-centered radical, and the regioselectivity arises from the electron-withdrawing inductive effect from the protonated N-atom and the intramolecular hydrogen-bond interaction between the acetylamino group and the protonated pyridine ring. We also provide explanations for the experimentally observed a dramatic decrease in enantioselectivity when changing substrate or radical precursor and rationalize the solvent-controlled switch of regioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aili Feng
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yiying Yang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Cuihuan Geng
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Rongxiu Zhu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pairault N, Zhu H, Jansen D, Huber A, Daniliuc CG, Grimme S, Niemeyer J. Heterobifunctional Rotaxanes for Asymmetric Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5102-5107. [PMID: 31793163 PMCID: PMC7154720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterobifunctional rotaxanes serve as efficient catalysts for the addition of malonates to Michael acceptors. We report a series of four different heterobifunctional rotaxanes, featuring an amine-based thread and a chiral 1,1'-binaphthyl-phosphoric-acid-based macrocycle. High-level DFT calculations provided mechanistic insights and enabled rational catalyst improvements, leading to interlocked catalysts that surpass their non-interlocked counterparts in terms of reaction rates and stereoselectivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noël Pairault
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745141EssenGermany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBeringstrasse 453115BonnGermany
| | - Dennis Jansen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745141EssenGermany
| | - Alexander Huber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745141EssenGermany
| | | | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBeringstrasse 453115BonnGermany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745141EssenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ding PG, Zhou F, Wang X, Zhao QH, Yu JS, Zhou J. H-bond donor-directed switching of diastereoselectivity in the Michael addition of α-azido ketones to nitroolefins. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3852-3861. [PMID: 34122853 PMCID: PMC8152593 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00475h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of catalyst-controlled stereodivergent asymmetric catalysis is important for providing facile access to all stereoisomers of chiral products with multiple stereocenters from the same starting materials. Despite progress, new design strategies for diastereodivergent asymmetric catalysis are still highly desirable. Here we report the potency of H-bond donors as the governing factor to tune diastereoselectivity in a highly diastereoselective switchable enantioselective Michael addition of α-azido ketones to nitroolefins. While a newly developed bifunctional tertiary amine, phosphoramide, preferentially afforded syn-adducts, an analogous squaramide catalyst selectively gave anti-adducts. The resulting multifunctional tertiary azides can be converted to spiro-pyrrolidines with four continuous stereocenters in a one-pot operation. Mechanistic studies cast light on the control of diastereoselectivity by H-bond donors. While the squaramide-catalyzed reaction proceeded with a transition state with both squaramide N–H bonds binding to an enolate intermediate, an unprecedented model was proposed for the phosphoramide-mediated reaction wherein an amide N–H bond and an alkylammonium ion formed in situ interact with nitroolefins, with the enolate stabilized by nonclassical C–H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions. We report the successful reversal of the diastereoselectivity in an unprecedented Michael addition of α-azido ketones to nitroolefins catalyzed by bifunctional tertiary amines, simply by varying the H-bond donor from phosphoramide to squaramide.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Gang Ding
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
| | - Qiu-Hua Zhao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University Haikou 571158 China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kennedy CR, Choi BY, Reeves MGR, Jacobsen EN. Enantioselective Catalysis of an Anionic Oxy-Cope Rearrangement Enabled by Synergistic Ion Binding. Isr J Chem 2020; 60:461-474. [PMID: 33132416 PMCID: PMC7592710 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Charge-accelerated rearrangements present interesting challenges to enantioselective catalysis, due in large part to the competing requirements for maximizing reactivity (ion-pair separation) and stereochemical communication. Herein, we describe application of a synergistic ion-binding strategy to catalyze the anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement of a symmetric bis-styrenyl allyl alcohol in up to 75:25 e.r. Structure-reactivity-selectivity relationship studies, including linear free-energy-relationship analyses, with bifunctional urea catalysts indicate that H-bonding and cation-binding interactions act cooperatively to promote the chemo- and enantioselective [3,3]-rearrangement. Implications for catalyst designs applicable to other transformations involving oxyanionic intermediates are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Rose Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Mary-Grace R Reeves
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Eric N Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yepes D, Neese F, List B, Bistoni G. Unveiling the Delicate Balance of Steric and Dispersion Interactions in Organocatalysis Using High-Level Computational Methods. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3613-3625. [PMID: 31984734 PMCID: PMC7307905 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
High-level quantum electronic structure
calculations are used to
provide a deep insight into the mechanism and stereocontrolling factors
of two recently developed catalytic asymmetric Diels–Alder
(DA) reactions of cinnamate esters with cyclopentadiene. The reactions
employ two structurally and electronically very different in situ
silylated enantiopure Lewis acid organocatalysts: i.e., binaphthyl-allyl-tetrasulfone
(BALT) and imidodiphosphorimidate (IDPi). Each of these catalysts
activates only specific substrates in an enantioselective fashion.
Emphasis is placed on identifying and quantifying the key noncovalent
interactions responsible for the selectivity of these transformations,
with the final aim of aiding in the development of designing principles
for catalysts with a broader scope. Our results shed light into the
mechanism through which the catalyst architecture determines the selectivity
of these transformations via a delicate balance of dispersion and
steric interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Yepes
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pairault N, Zhu H, Jansen D, Huber A, Daniliuc CG, Grimme S, Niemeyer J. Heterobifunctional Rotaxanes for Asymmetric Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noël Pairault
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Dennis Jansen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Alexander Huber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | | | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kang K, Fuller J, Reath AH, Ziller JW, Alexandrova AN, Yang JY. Installation of internal electric fields by non-redox active cations in transition metal complexes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10135-10142. [PMID: 32015820 PMCID: PMC6968733 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Local electric fields contribute to the high selectivity and catalytic activity in enzyme active sites and confined reaction centers in zeolites by modifying the relative energy of transition states, intermediates and/or products. Proximal charged functionalities can generate equivalent internal electric fields in molecular systems but the magnitude of their effect and impact on electronic structure has been minimally explored. To generate quantitative insight into installing internal fields in synthetic systems, we report an experimental and computational study using transition metal (M1) Schiff base complexes functionalized with a crown ether unit containing a mono- or dicationic alkali or alkaline earth metal ion (M2). The synthesis and characterization of the complexes M1 = Ni(ii) and M2 = Na+ or Ba2+ are reported. The electronic absorption spectra and density functional theory (DFT) calculations establish that the cations generate a robust electric field at the metal, which stabilizes the Ni-based molecular orbitals without significantly changing their relative energies. The stabilization is also reflected in the experimental Ni(ii/i) reduction potentials, which are shifted 0.12 V and 0.34 V positive for M2 = Na+ and Ba2+, respectively, compared to a complex lacking a proximal cation. To compare with the cationic Ni complexes, we also synthesized a series of Ni(salen) complexes modified in the 5' position with electron-donating and -withdrawing functionalities (-CF3, -Cl, -H, -tBu, and -OCH3). Data from this series of compounds provides further evidence that the reduction potential shifts observed in the cationic complexes are not due to inductive ligand effects. DFT studies were also performed on the previously reported monocationic and dicatonic Fe(ii)(CH3CN) and Fe(iii)Cl analogues of this system to analyze the impact of an anionic chloride on the electrostatic potential and electronic structure of the Fe site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine 92697 , USA .
| | - Jack Fuller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USA .
| | - Alexander H Reath
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine 92697 , USA .
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine 92697 , USA .
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USA .
- California NanoSystems Institute , Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USA
| | - Jenny Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine 92697 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rothermel K, Melikian M, Hioe J, Greindl J, Gramüller J, Žabka M, Sorgenfrei N, Hausler T, Morana F, Gschwind RM. Internal acidity scale and reactivity evaluation of chiral phosphoric acids with different 3,3'-substituents in Brønsted acid catalysis. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10025-10034. [PMID: 32015815 PMCID: PMC6977555 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02342a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NMR H-bond analysis reveals an offset of internal and external acidities of catalysts and allows for a detailed reactivity analysis.
The concept of hydrogen bonding for enhancing substrate binding and controlling selectivity and reactivity is central in catalysis. However, the properties of these key hydrogen bonds and their catalyst-dependent variations are extremely difficult to determine directly by experiments. Here, for the first time the hydrogen bond properties of a whole series of BINOL-derived chiral phosphoric acid (CPA) catalysts in their substrate complexes with various imines were investigated to derive the influence of different 3,3′-substituents on the acidity and reactivity. NMR 1H and 15N chemical shifts and 1JNH coupling constants of these hydrogen bonds were used to establish an internal acidity scale corroborated by calculations. Deviations from calculated external acidities reveal the importance of intermolecular interactions for this key feature of CPAs. For CPAs with similarly sized binding pockets, a correlation of reactivity and hydrogen bond strengths of the catalyst was found. A catalyst with a very small binding pocket showed significantly reduced reactivities. Therefore, NMR isomerization kinetics, population and chemical shift analyses of binary and ternary complexes as well as reaction kinetics were performed to address the steps of the transfer hydrogenation influencing the overall reaction rate. The results of CPAs with different 3,3′-substituents show a delicate balance between the isomerization and the ternary complex formation to be rate-determining. For CPAs with an identical acidic motif and similar sterics, reactivity and internal acidity correlated inversely. In cases where higher sterical demand within the binary complex hinders the binding of the second substrate, the correlation between acidity and reactivity breaks down.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Rothermel
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Maxime Melikian
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Johnny Hioe
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Julian Greindl
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Johannes Gramüller
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Matej Žabka
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Nils Sorgenfrei
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Thomas Hausler
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Fabio Morana
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Predicting the strength of stacking interactions involving heterocycles is vital for several fields, including structure-based drug design. While quantum chemical computations can provide accurate stacking interaction energies, these come at a steep computational cost. To address this challenge, we recently developed quantitative predictive models of stacking interactions between druglike heterocycles and the aromatic amino acids Phe, Tyr, and Trp (DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00936 ). These models depend on heterocycle descriptors derived from electrostatic potentials (ESPs) computed using density functional theory and provide accurate stacking interactions without the need for expensive computations on stacked dimers. Herein, we show that these ESP-based descriptors can be reliably evaluated directly from the atom connectivity of the heterocycle, providing a means of predicting both the descriptors and the potential for a given heterocycle to engage in stacking interactions without resorting to any quantum chemical computations. This enables the rapid conversion of simple molecular representations (e.g., SMILES) directly into accurate stacking interaction energies using a freely available online tool, thereby providing a way to rank the stacking abilities of large sets of heterocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Bootsma
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Steven E Wheeler
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhu L, Mohamed H, Yuan H, Zhang J. The control effects of different scaffolds in chiral phosphoric acids: a case study of enantioselective asymmetric arylation. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01420a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations disclosed that the sign of enantioselectivity in chiral-phosphoric-acid catalyzed reactions can be tuned by BINOL- or SPINOL-derived backbones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Zhu
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Hend Mohamed
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ramos LM, Rodrigues MO, Neto BAD. Mechanistic knowledge and noncovalent interactions as the key features for enantioselective catalysed multicomponent reactions: a critical review. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7260-7269. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01088b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This critical short review focuses on some key features which determine successful enantioselective catalysed multicomponent reactions (MCRs) and are typically underappreciated in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M. Ramos
- Unidade Universitária de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas
- Universidade Estadual de Goiás
- Anápolis
- Brazil
| | | | - Brenno A. D. Neto
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry
- University of Brasília
- Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB)
- Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro
- Brasília
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ascough DMH, Duarte F, Paton RS. Stereospecific 1,3-H Transfer of Indenols Proceeds via Persistent Ion-Pairs Anchored by NH···π Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16740-16748. [PMID: 30338998 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The base-catalyzed rearrangement of arylindenols is a rare example of a suprafacial [1,3]-hydrogen atom transfer. The mechanism has been proposed to proceed via sequential [1,5]-sigmatropic shifts, which occur in a selective sense and avoid an achiral intermediate. A computational analysis using quantum chemistry casts serious doubt on these suggestions: These pathways have enormous activation barriers, and in constrast to what is observed experimentally, they overwhelmingly favor a racemic product. Instead we propose that a suprafacial [1,3]-prototopic shift occurs in a two-step deprotonation/reprotonation sequence. This mechanism is favored by 15 kcal mol-1 over that previously proposed. Most importantly, this is also consistent with stereospecificity since reprotonation occurs rapidly on the same π-face. We have used explicitly solvated molecular dynamics studies to study the persistence and condensed-phase dynamics of the intermediate ion-pair formed in this reaction. Chirality transfer is the result of a particularly resilient contact ion-pair, held together by electrostatic attraction and a critical NH···π interaction which ensures that this species has an appreciable lifetime even in polar solvents such as DMSO and MeOH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M H Ascough
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States.,Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gatzenmeier T, Turberg M, Yepes D, Xie Y, Neese F, Bistoni G, List B. Scalable and Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Catalytic Diels–Alder Reaction of α,β-Unsaturated Methyl Esters. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12671-12676. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gatzenmeier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Mathias Turberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Diana Yepes
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Youwei Xie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gholipour A, Abolhassanzadeh Parizi M, Sadat Neyband R. The effect of π-π stacking interaction on hydrogen bonding in a molecular seesaw balance: A NMR study. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
30
|
Alvim HGO, Pinheiro DLJ, Carvalho-Silva VH, Fioramonte M, Gozzo FC, da Silva WA, Amarante GW, Neto BAD. Combined Role of the Asymmetric Counteranion-Directed Catalysis (ACDC) and Ionic Liquid Effect for the Enantioselective Biginelli Multicomponent Reaction. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12143-12153. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haline G. O. Alvim
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, P.O. Box 4478, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-970, Brazil
| | - Danielle L. J. Pinheiro
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Valter H. Carvalho-Silva
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Unidade Universitária de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, P.O. Box 459, Anápolis, Goiás 75001-970, Brazil
| | - Mariana Fioramonte
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-861, Brazil
| | - Fabio C. Gozzo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-861, Brazil
| | - Wender A. da Silva
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, P.O. Box 4478, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-970, Brazil
| | - Giovanni W. Amarante
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Brenno A. D. Neto
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, P.O. Box 4478, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Guan Y, Ingman VM, Rooks BJ, Wheeler SE. AARON: An Automated Reaction Optimizer for New Catalysts. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:5249-5261. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Victoria M. Ingman
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Rooks
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Steven E. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tribedi S, Hadad CM, Sunoj RB. Origin of stereoselectivity in the amination of alcohols using cooperative asymmetric dual catalysis involving chiral counter-ions. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6126-6133. [PMID: 30090300 PMCID: PMC6053974 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01433g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis using two chiral catalysts in combination using one-pot reaction conditions is in its initial stages of development and understanding. We employ density functional theory (SMD(toluene)/M06/6-31G**,SDD(Ir)) computations to shed light on the action of chiral phosphoric acid and a chiral Cp*Ir(diamine) in stereoinduction in an asymmetric amination reaction of an alcohol. First, the protonation of the Ir-diamine complex by the phosphoric acid forms an ion-pair of the active catalytic dyad. Both chiral catalysts are involved throughout the catalytic cycle, thus constituting an important example of true cooperative catalysis. A borrowing hydrogen mechanism operates, wherein the phosphate abstracts the hydroxyl proton of the alcohol while the electrophilic Ir(iii) simultaneously extracts the α-hydrogen to form a [Ir]-H species. The ketone thus derived from the alcohol through dehydrogenation condenses with aniline to form an imine. In the diastereocontrolling transition state, the hydride adds to the activated iminium, held in position in the chiral pocket of the catalytic dyad through a network of noncovalent interactions (C-H···π, N-H···O and C-H···O). The enantioselectivity in this DYKAT process is identified as taking place at an earlier stage of the catalytic cycle prior to the diastereo-determining transition state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Tribedi
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India .
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , USA
| | - Raghavan B Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India .
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bakr BW, Sherrill CD. Analysis of transition state stabilization by non-covalent interactions in organocatalysis: application of atomic and functional-group partitioned symmetry-adapted perturbation theory to the addition of organoboron reagents to fluoroketones. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18241-18251. [PMID: 29947381 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02029a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This work seeks to apply symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) to the recent study of Hoveyda and co-workers [K. A. Lee et al., Nat. Chem. 2016, 8, 768] where an allyl addition to a ketone became enantioselective when the ketone was fluorinated. Through the application of atomic SAPT (A-SAPT) and functional-group SAPT (F-SAPT), the non-covalent interactions between specific atoms and functional groups in the transition states associated with the fluoroketone reactions can be quantified. Our A-SAPT analysis confirms that a HF contact thought to enhance stereoselectivity shows a strong preference for one of the transition states leading to the experimentally observed product enantiomer. Other key atom-atom contacts invoked to rationalize relative transition state energies are also found to behave as expected based on chemical intuition and contact distances. On the other hand, hypothesized steric clashes between substrate phenyl or ortho-methyl phenyl groups and the catalyst are not supported by F-SAPT computations, and indeed, these are actually favorable π-π interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W Bakr
- Center for Computational Molecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yao H, Qian D, Zhang H, Qin Y, Xu B, Cui Y, Yu R, Gao F, Hou J. Critical Role of Molecular Electrostatic Potential on Charge Generation in Organic Solar Cells. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Deping Qian
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM); Linköping University; Linköping 58183 Sweden
| | - Hao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yunpeng Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Bowei Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yong Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Runnan Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM); Linköping University; Linköping 58183 Sweden
| | - Jianhui Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chantarojsiri T, Ziller JW, Yang JY. Incorporation of redox-inactive cations promotes iron catalyzed aerobic C-H oxidation at mild potentials. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2567-2574. [PMID: 29732136 PMCID: PMC5911827 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04486k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of the Schiff base complexes Fe(ii) (2M) and Fe(iii)Cl (3M), where M is a K+ or Ba2+ ion incorporated into the ligand, are reported. The Fe(iii/ii) redox potentials are positively shifted by 440 mV (2K) and 640 mV (2Ba) compared to Fe(salen) (salen = N,N'-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine), and by 70 mV (3K) and 230 mV (3Ba) compared to Fe(Cl)(salen), which is likely due to an electrostatic effect (electric field) from the cation. The catalytic activity of 3M towards the aerobic oxidation of allylic C-H bonds was explored. Prior studies on iron salen complexes modified through conventional electron-donating or withdrawing substituents found that only the most oxidizing derivatives were competent catalysts. In contrast, the 3M complexes, which are significantly less oxidizing, are both active. Mechanistic studies comparing 3M to Fe(salen) derivatives indicate that the proximal cation contributes to the overall reactivity in the rate determining step. The cationic charge also inhibits oxidative deactivation through formation of the corresponding Fe2-μ-oxo complexes, which were isolated and characterized. This study demonstrates how non-redox active Lewis acidic cations in the secondary coordination sphere can be used to modify redox catalysts in order to operate at milder potentials with a minimal impact on the reactivity, an effect that was unattainable by tuning the catalyst through traditional substituent effects on the ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , 92697 , USA .
| | - Jenny Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , 92697 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gatzenmeier T, Kaib PSJ, Lingnau JB, Goddard R, List B. Die katalytische, asymmetrische Mukaiyama-Michael-Reaktion von Silylketenacetalen mit α,β-ungesättigten Methylestern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gatzenmeier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Philip S. J. Kaib
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Julia B. Lingnau
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gatzenmeier T, Kaib PSJ, Lingnau JB, Goddard R, List B. The Catalytic Asymmetric Mukaiyama-Michael Reaction of Silyl Ketene Acetals with α,β-Unsaturated Methyl Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2464-2468. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gatzenmeier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Philip S. J. Kaib
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Julia B. Lingnau
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Emenike BU, Spinelle RA, Rosario A, Shinn DW, Yoo B. Solvent Modulation of Aromatic Substituent Effects in Molecular Balances Controlled by CH−π Interactions. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:909-915. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bright U. Emenike
- Department of Chemistry, State of University of New York, Old Westbury, New York 11568, United States
| | - Ronald A. Spinelle
- Department of Chemistry, State of University of New York, Old Westbury, New York 11568, United States
| | - Ambar Rosario
- Department of Chemistry, State of University of New York, Old Westbury, New York 11568, United States
| | - David W. Shinn
- Department of Math and Science, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Kings
Point, New York 11024, United States
| | - Barney Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Biswas S, Kubota K, Orlandi M, Turberg M, Miles DH, Sigman MS, Toste FD. Enantioselective Synthesis of N
,S
-Acetals by an Oxidative Pummerer-Type Transformation using Phase-Transfer Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Souvagya Biswas
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Koji Kubota
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Manuel Orlandi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Mathias Turberg
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Dillon H. Miles
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Biswas S, Kubota K, Orlandi M, Turberg M, Miles DH, Sigman MS, Toste FD. Enantioselective Synthesis of N,S-Acetals by an Oxidative Pummerer-Type Transformation using Phase-Transfer Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:589-593. [PMID: 29171138 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reported is the first enantioselective oxidative Pummerer-type transformation using phase-transfer catalysis to deliver enantioenriched sulfur-bearing heterocycles. This reaction includes the direct oxidation of sulfides to a thionium intermediate, followed by an asymmetric intramolecular nucleophilic addition to form chiral cyclic N,S-acetals with moderate to high enantioselectivites. Deuterium-labelling experiments were performed to identify the stereodiscrimination step of this process. Further analysis of the reaction transition states, by means of multidimensional correlations and DFT calculations, highlight the existence of a set of weak noncovalent interactions between the catalyst and substrate that govern the enantioselectivity of the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souvagya Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Koji Kubota
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Manuel Orlandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Mathias Turberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Dillon H Miles
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Orlandi M, Toste FD, Sigman MS. Multidimensional Correlations in Asymmetric Catalysis through Parameterization of Uncatalyzed Transition States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14080-14084. [PMID: 28902441 PMCID: PMC5658244 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of the oxidative amination of tetrahydroisoquinolines under chiral-anion phase-transfer (CAPT) catalysis by multidimensional correlation analysis (MCA) is revisited. The parameterization of the transition states (TSs) for the uncatalyzed reaction, the introduction of conformational descriptors, and the use of computed interaction energies and distances as parameters allowed access to a considerably simplified mathematical correlation of substrate and catalyst structure to enantioselectivity. The equation obtained is suggestive of key interactions occurring at the TS. Specifically, the CAPT catalyst is proposed to coordinate the intermediate iminium cation by P=O⋅⋅⋅H-O hydrogen-bonding and N⋅⋅⋅H-C electrostatic interactions. The conformational freedom of the benzyl substituent of the substrate was also found to be important in providing an efficient mode of molecular recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Orlandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li M, Xue XS, Cheng JP. Mechanism and Origins of Stereoinduction in Natural Cinchona Alkaloid Catalyzed Asymmetric Electrophilic Trifluoromethylthiolation of β-Keto Esters with N-Trifluoromethylthiophthalimide as Electrophilic SCF3 Source. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Center
of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Orlandi M, Toste FD, Sigman MS. Multidimensional Correlations in Asymmetric Catalysis through Parameterization of Uncatalyzed Transition States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Orlandi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Utah; 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City USA
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry; University of Utah; 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Maji R, Champagne PA, Houk KN, Wheeler SE. Activation Mode and Origin of Selectivity in Chiral Phosphoric Acid-Catalyzed Oxacycle Formation by Intramolecular Oxetane Desymmetrizations. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven E. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
- Center
for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Orlandi M, Hilton MJ, Yamamoto E, Toste FD, Sigman MS. Mechanistic Investigations of the Pd(0)-Catalyzed Enantioselective 1,1-Diarylation of Benzyl Acrylates. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12688-12695. [PMID: 28800230 PMCID: PMC5649438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A mechanistic study of the Pd-catalyzed enantioselective 1,1-diarylation of benzyl acrylates that is facilitated by a chiral anion phase transfer (CAPT) process is presented. Kinetic analysis, labeling, competition, and nonlinear effect experiments confirm the hypothesized general mechanism and reveal the role of the phosphate counterion in the CAPT catalysis. The phosphate was found to be involved in the phase transfer step and in the stereoinduction process, as expected, but also in the unproductive reaction that provides the traditional Heck byproduct. Multivariate correlations revealed the CAPT catalyst's structural features, affecting the production of this undesired byproduct, as well as weak interactions responsible for enantioselectivity. Such putative interactions include π-stacking and a CH···O electrostatic attraction between the substrate benzyl moiety and the phosphate. Analysis of the computed density functional theory transition structures for the stereodetermining step of the reaction supports the multivariate model obtained. The presented work provides the first comprehensive study of the combined use of CAPT and transition metal catalysis, setting the foundation for future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Orlandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Margaret J. Hilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Eiji Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Klausen RS, Kennedy CR, Hyde AM, Jacobsen EN. Chiral Thioureas Promote Enantioselective Pictet-Spengler Cyclization by Stabilizing Every Intermediate and Transition State in the Carboxylic Acid-Catalyzed Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12299-12309. [PMID: 28787140 PMCID: PMC5674793 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An investigation of the mechanism of benzoic acid/thiourea co-catalysis in the asymmetric Pictet-Spengler reaction is reported. Kinetic, computational, and structure-activity relationship studies provide evidence that rearomatization via deprotonation of the pentahydro-β-carbolinium ion intermediate by a chiral thiourea·carboxylate complex is both rate- and enantioselectivity-determining. The thiourea catalyst induces rate acceleration over the background reaction mediated by benzoic acid alone by stabilizing every intermediate and transition state leading up to and including the final selectivity-determining step. Distortion-interaction analyses of the transition structures for deprotonation predicted using density functional theory indicate that differential π-π and C-H···π interactions within a scaffold organized by multiple hydrogen bonds dictate stereoselectivity. The principles underlying rate acceleration and enantiocontrol described herein are expected to have general implications for the design of selective transformations involving deprotonation of high-energy intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Rose Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | | | - Eric N. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Maji R, Wheeler SE. Importance of Electrostatic Effects in the Stereoselectivity of NHC-Catalyzed Kinetic Resolutions. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12441-12449. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Steven E. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Center
for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Duarte F, Paton RS. Molecular Recognition in Asymmetric Counteranion Catalysis: Understanding Chiral Phosphate-Mediated Desymmetrization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8886-8896. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Duarte
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Orlandi M, Coelho JAS, Hilton MJ, Toste FD, Sigman MS. Parametrization of Non-covalent Interactions for Transition State Interrogation Applied to Asymmetric Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6803-6806. [PMID: 28475315 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of computed interaction energies and distances as parameters in multivariate correlations is introduced for postulating non-covalent interactions. This new class of descriptors affords multivariate correlations for two diverse catalytic systems with unique non-covalent interactions at the heart of each process. The presented methodology is validated by directly connecting the non-covalent interactions defined through empirical data set analyses to the computationally derived transition states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Orlandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jaime A S Coelho
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Margaret J Hilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Herlé B, Holstein PM, Echavarren AM. Stereoselective cis-Vinylcyclopropanation via a Gold(I)-Catalyzed Retro-Buchner Reaction under Mild Conditions. ACS Catal 2017; 7:3668-3675. [PMID: 28503355 PMCID: PMC5424441 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A highly
stereoselective gold(I)-catalyzed cis-vinylcyclopropanation
of alkenes has been developed. Allylic gold
carbenes, generated via a retro-Buchner reaction of 7-alkenyl-1,3,5-cycloheptatrienes,
react with alkenes to form vinylcyclopropanes. The gold(I)-catalyzed
retro-Buchner reaction of these substrates proceeds by simple heating
at a temperature much lower than that required for the reaction of
7-aryl-1,3,5-cycloheptatrienes (75 °C vs 120 °C). A newly
developed Julia–Kocienski reagent enables the synthesis of
the required cycloheptatriene derivatives in one step from readily
available aldehydes or ketones. On the basis of mechanistic investigations,
a stereochemical model for the cis selectivity was
proposed. An unprecedented gold-catalyzed isomerization of cis- to trans-cyclopropanes has also been
discovered and studied by DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Herlé
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Philipp M. Holstein
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|