1
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Doud EA, Tilden JAR, Treacy JW, Chao EY, Montgomery HR, Kunkel GE, Olivares EJ, Adhami N, Kerr TA, Chen Y, Rheingold AL, Loo JA, Frost CG, Houk KN, Maynard HD, Spokoyny AM. Ultrafast Au(III)-Mediated Arylation of Cysteine. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12365-12374. [PMID: 38656163 PMCID: PMC11152249 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Through mechanistic work and rational design, we have developed the fastest organometallic abiotic Cys bioconjugation. As a result, the developed organometallic Au(III) bioconjugation reagents enable selective labeling of Cys moieties down to picomolar concentrations and allow for the rapid construction of complex heterostructures from peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides. This work showcases how organometallic chemistry can be interfaced with biomolecules and lead to a range of reactivities that are largely unmatched by classical organic chemistry tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Doud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - James A. R. Tilden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph W. Treacy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Elaine Y. Chao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hayden R. Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Grace E. Kunkel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Eileen J. Olivares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nima Adhami
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tyler A. Kerr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Christopher G. Frost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, United Kingdom
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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2
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Li Y, Wu M, Fu Y, Xue J, Yuan F, Qu T, Rissanou AN, Wang Y, Li X, Hu H. Therapeutic stapled peptides: Efficacy and molecular targets. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107137. [PMID: 38522761 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Peptide stapling, by employing a stable, preformed alpha-helical conformation, results in the production of peptides with improved membrane permeability and enhanced proteolytic stability, compared to the original peptides, and provides an effective solution to accelerate the rapid development of peptide drugs. Various reviews present peptide stapling chemistries, anchoring residues and one- or two-component cyclization, however, therapeutic stapled peptides have not been systematically summarized, especially focusing on various disease-related targets. This review highlights the latest advances in therapeutic peptide drug development facilitated by the application of stapling technology, including different stapling techniques, synthetic accessibility, applicability to biological targets, potential for solving biological problems, as well as the current status of development. Stapled peptides as therapeutic drug candidates have been classified and analysed mainly by receptor- and ligand-based stapled peptide design against various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, inflammation, and diabetes. This review is expected to provide a comprehensive reference for the rational design of stapled peptides for different diseases and targets to facilitate the development of therapeutic peptides with enhanced pharmacokinetic and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China.
| | - Minghao Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yinxue Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Jingwen Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Tianci Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Anastassia N Rissanou
- Theoretical & Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 131 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Honggang Hu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
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3
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Li Y, Han D, Luo Z, Lv X, Liu B. The Chan-Lam-type synthesis of thioimidazolium salts for thiol-(hetero)arene conjugation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4675-4678. [PMID: 38591667 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00704b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The design of stable and variable aryl linkers for conjugating drug moieties to the metabolism-related thiols is of importance in drug discovery. We disclosed that thioimidazolium groups are unique scaffolds for the thiol-(hetero)arene conjugation under mild conditions. The drug bound thioimidazolium salts, which are easily accessible via a copper-mediated Chan-Lam process in gram-scale, could be successfully applied to the late-stage coupling of bioactive thiols to construct a broad array of drug-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Dongchang Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Zhibin Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Xiaomeng Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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4
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Todorovic M, Blanc A, Wang Z, Lozada J, Froelich J, Zeisler J, Zhang C, Merkens H, Benard F, Perrin DM. 5-Hydroxypyrroloindoline Affords Tryptathionine and 2,2'-bis-Indole Peptide Staples: Application to Melanotan-II. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304270. [PMID: 38285527 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
With peptides increasingly favored as drugs, natural product motifs, namely the tryptathionine staple, found in amatoxins and phallotoxins, and the 2,2'-bis-indole found in staurosporine represent unexplored staples for unnatural peptide macrocycles. We disclose the efficient condensation of a 5-hydroxypyrroloindoline with either a cysteine-thiol or a tryptophan-indole to form a tryptathionine or 2-2'-bis-indole staple. Judicious use of protecting groups provides for chemoselective stapling using α-MSH, which provides a basis for investigating both chemoselectivity and affinity. Both classes of stapled peptides show nanomolar Ki's, with one showing a sub-nanomolar Ki value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihajlo Todorovic
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Antoine Blanc
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhou Wang
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jerome Lozada
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Juliette Froelich
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jutta Zeisler
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, V5Z 1 L3, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, V5Z 1 L3, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Helen Merkens
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, V5Z 1 L3, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Francois Benard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, V5Z 1 L3, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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5
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Ding XX, Ren BQ, Li BT, Pang ZJ, Xu YJ, Dong L. Pd(II)-Catalyzed β-C(sp 3)-H Alkynylation of Alanine in Di- and Tripeptides with Asn as an Endogenous Directing Group. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3390-3402. [PMID: 38377557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of alkyne moieties into peptides remains in demand as it represents a promising approach for further structural diversification of peptides. Herein, we describe the Pd(II)-catalyzed C(sp3)-H alkynylation of Ala-Asn-embedded di- and tripeptides using Asn as the endogenous lead group. In addition, a key building block for the glycopeptide Tyc4PG-14 and Tyc4PG-15 was produced by our methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610066, China
| | - Bo-Quan Ren
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610066, China
| | - Bing-Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhao-Jiong Pang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610066, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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6
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Gukathasan S, Awuah SG. Metal-Mediated Ligand Affinity Chemistry (MLAC). Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2720:85-97. [PMID: 37775659 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3469-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal-mediated ligand affinity chemistry (MLAC) enables site-specific protein modification and represents a powerful bioorthogonal strategy. Conventional bioorthogonal methods often involve two steps: (i) incorporation of the bioorthogonal handle (e.g., non-canonical amino acid, enzyme domain, peptide sequences) and (ii) the binding of functional molecules such as drugs, affinity tags, and fluorophores. This two-step protocol often involves genetic manipulation, which makes it impossible to chemically modify endogenous proteins in living systems. Thus, we propose the development of a transition metal-based chemical strategy that is ligand-directed to the endogenous protein of interest in a single step, which we refer to as metal-mediated ligand affinity chemistry (MLAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel G Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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7
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Zielke FM, Rutjes FPJT. Recent Advances in Bioorthogonal Ligation and Bioconjugation. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:35. [PMID: 37991570 PMCID: PMC10665463 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The desire to create biomolecules modified with functionalities that go beyond nature's toolbox has resulted in the development of biocompatible and selective methodologies and reagents, each with different scope and limitations. In this overview, we highlight recent advances in the field of bioconjugation from 2016 to 2023. First, (metal-mediated) protein functionalization by exploiting the specific reactivity of amino acids will be discussed, followed by novel bioorthogonal reagents for bioconjugation of modified biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Zielke
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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8
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Li W, Chen Y, Chen Y, Xia S, Chang W, Zhu C, Houk KN, Liang Y, Xie J. Site-Selective Arylation of Carboxamides from Unprotected Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37377433 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The amidated peptides are an important class of biologically active compounds due to their unique biological properties and wide applications as potential peptide drugs and biomarkers. Despite the abundance of free amide motifs (Asn, Gln, and C-terminal amide) in native peptides, late-stage modification of the amide unit in naturally occurring peptides remains very rare because of the intrinsically weak nucleophilicity of amides and the interference of multiple competing nucleophilic residues, which generally lead to undesired side reactions. Herein, chemoselective arylation of amides in unprotected polypeptides has been developed under an air atmosphere to afford the N-aryl amide peptides bearing various functional motifs. Its success relies on the combination of gold catalysis and silver salt to differentiate the relative inert amide among a collection of reactive nucleophilic amino acid residues (e.g., -NH2, -OH, and -COOH), favoring the C-N bond coupling toward amides over other more nucleophilic groups. Experimental and DFT studies reveal a crucial role of the silver cation, which serves as a transient coordination mask of the more reactive reaction sites, overcoming the inherently low reactivity of amides. The excellent biocompatibility of this strategy has been applied to functionalize a wide range of peptide drugs and complex peptides. The application could be further extended to peptide labeling and peptide stapling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yinghan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Siyu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenju Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
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9
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Yang P, Širvinskas MJ, Li B, Heller NW, Rong H, He G, Yudin AK, Chen G. Teraryl Braces in Macrocycles: Synthesis and Conformational Landscape Remodeling of Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37326500 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of medium-sized cyclic peptides accounts for their biological activity and other important physiochemical properties. Despite significant advances in the past few decades, chemists' ability to fine-tune the structure, in particular, the backbone conformation, of short peptides made of canonical amino acids is still quite limited. Nature has shown that cross-linking the aromatic side chains of linear peptide precursors via enzyme catalysis can generate cyclophane-braced products with unusual structures and diverse activities. However, the biosynthetic path to these natural products is challenging to replicate in the synthetic laboratory using practical chemical modifications of peptides. Herein, we report a broadly applicable strategy to remodel the structure of homodetic peptides by cross-linking the aromatic side chains of Trp, His, and Tyr residues with various aryl linkers. The aryl linkers can be easily installed via copper-catalyzed double heteroatom-arylation reactions of peptides with aryl diiodides. These aromatic side chains and aryl linkers can be combined to form a large variety of assemblies of heteroatom-linked multi-aryl units. The assemblies can serve as tension-bearable multijoint braces to modulate the backbone conformation of peptides as an entry to previously inaccessible conformational space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | | | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Nicholas W Heller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - Hua Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gang He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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10
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Jdanova S, Taylor MS. Mechanistic Study of the Copper(II)-Mediated Site-Selective O-Arylation of Glycosides with Arylboronic Acids. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3487-3498. [PMID: 36888595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycosides having multiple free OH groups have been shown to undergo site-selective O-arylations in the presence of arylboronic acids and copper(II) acetate. Herein, a mechanistic analysis of these Chan-Evans-Lam-type couplings is presented based on reaction kinetics, mass spectrometric analysis of reaction mixtures, and substituent effect studies. The results establish that the formation of a substrate-derived boronic ester accelerates the rate-determining transmetalation step. Intramolecular transfer of the aryl group from the boronic ester is ruled out in favor of a pathway in which the key pre-transmetalation assembly is generated from a boronic ester, a copper complex, and a second equivalent of arylboronic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Jdanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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11
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Firsan S, Sivakumar V, Colacot TJ. Emerging Trends in Cross-Coupling: Twelve-Electron-Based L 1Pd(0) Catalysts, Their Mechanism of Action, and Selected Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16983-17027. [PMID: 36190916 PMCID: PMC9756297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Monoligated palladium(0) species, L1Pd(0), have emerged as the most active catalytic species in the cross-coupling cycle. Today, there are methods available to generate the highly active but unstable L1Pd(0) catalysts from stable precatalysts. While the size of the ligand plays an important role in the formation of L1Pd(0) during in situ catalysis, the latter can be precisely generated from the precatalyst by various technologies. Computational, kinetic, and experimental studies indicate that all three steps in the catalytic cycle─oxidative addition, transmetalation, and reductive elimination─contain monoligated Pd. The synthesis of precatalysts, their mode of activation, application studies in model systems, as well as in industry are discussed. Ligand parametrization and AI based data science can potentially help predict the facile formation of L1Pd(0) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharbil
J. Firsan
- Science
and Lab Solutions−Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 North Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin53209, United States
| | - Vilvanathan Sivakumar
- Merck
Life Science Pvt Ltd, No-12, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Industrial Area, Bangalore560100, India
| | - Thomas J. Colacot
- Science
and Lab Solutions−Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 North Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin53209, United States
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12
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Lin X, Haimov E, Redko B, Vigalok A. Selective Stepwise Arylation of Unprotected Peptides by Pt IV Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205368. [PMID: 35536102 PMCID: PMC9400855 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
LPtIV F(Aryl) complexes bearing a bulky bidentate 2-[bis(adamant-1-yl)phosphino]phenoxide ligand (L) demonstrate excellent reactivity and selectivity in the arylation of X-H (X=S, N) bonds of amino acid residues in unprotected peptides under mild, including aqueous, conditions. Stepwise addition of these complexes allowed a convenient one-pot introduction of different aromatic groups in the X-H bonds of Cys and N terminus. PtIV reagents can also be used to further arylate N-H bonds in Lys and Trp providing access to peptides bearing multiple aromatic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Lin
- School of ChemistryThe Sackler Faculty of Exact SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
| | - Elvira Haimov
- Blavatnik Center for Drug DiscoveryTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
| | - Boris Redko
- Blavatnik Center for Drug DiscoveryTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
| | - Arkadi Vigalok
- School of ChemistryThe Sackler Faculty of Exact SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
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13
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Lin X, Haimov E, Redko B, Vigalok A. Selective Stepwise Arylation of Unprotected Peptides by Pt
IV
Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Lin
- School of Chemistry The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Elvira Haimov
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Boris Redko
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Arkadi Vigalok
- School of Chemistry The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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14
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Gazvoda M, Dhanjee HH, Rodriguez J, Brown JS, Farquhar CE, Truex NL, Loas A, Buchwald SL, Pentelute BL. Palladium-Mediated Incorporation of Carboranes into Small Molecules, Peptides, and Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7852-7860. [PMID: 35438502 PMCID: PMC9881053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Carboranes represent a class of compounds with increasing therapeutic potential. However, few general approaches to readily embed carboranes into small molecules, peptides, and proteins are available. We report a strategy based on palladium-mediated C-X (X = C, S, and N) bond formation for the installation of carborane-containing moieties onto small molecules and peptides. We demonstrate the ability of Pd-based reagents with appropriate ligands to overcome the high hydrophobicity of the carborane group and enable chemoselective conjugation of cysteine residues at room temperature in aqueous buffer. Accordingly, carboranes can be efficiently installed on proteins by employing a combination of a bis-sulfonated biarylphosphine-ligated Pd reagent in an aqueous histidine buffer. This method is successfully employed on nanobodies, a fully synthetic affibody, and the antibody therapeutics trastuzumab and cetuximab. The conjugates of the affibody ZHER2 and the trastuzumab antibody retained binding to their target antigens. Conjugated proteins maintain their activity in cell-based functional assays in HER2-positive BT-474 cell lines. This approach enables the rapid incorporation of carborane moieties into small molecules, peptides, and proteins for further exploration in boron neutron capture therapy, which requires the targeted delivery of boron-dense groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacob Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts, Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joseph S. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts, Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Charlotte E. Farquhar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nicholas L. Truex
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts, Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts, Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts, Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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15
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Nwajiobi O, Verma AK, Raj M. Rapid Arene Triazene Chemistry for Macrocyclization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4633-4641. [PMID: 35232021 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a novel rapid arene triazene strategy for the macrocyclization of peptides that generates an inbuilt chromophoric triazene moiety at the site of cyclization within a minute. The rapid arene triazene chemistry is chemoselective for secondary amines and p-amino phenylalanine. Importantly, the resulting triazene cyclic peptide is highly stable at neutral pH and under harsh conditions but rapidly responds to various external stimuli such as UV radiations and acidic conditions, resulting in the ring opening to generate the linear peptides in an unchanged form, which further cyclizes under neutral pH conditions. This method works with completely unprotected peptides and has been applied for the synthesis of 18- to 66-membered monocycles and bicycles with various amino acid compositions in one pot under neutral pH conditions. Due to the high stability of triazene cyclic peptides, the postcyclization modification was carried out with various functional groups. This rapid, macrocyclization strategy featuring a triazene scaffold, amenable to late-stage diversification and responsive to external stimuli, should find application in various fields of chemical biology, selective drug delivery, and identification of cyclic peptide hits after library screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogonna Nwajiobi
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ashish Kumar Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Monika Raj
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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16
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Tilden JAR, Lubben AT, Reeksting SB, Kociok‐Köhn G, Frost CG. Pd(II)-Mediated C-H Activation for Cysteine Bioconjugation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104385. [PMID: 34905636 PMCID: PMC9305290 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Selective bioconjugation remains a significant challenge for the synthetic chemist due to the stringent reaction conditions required by biomolecules coupled with their high degree of functionality. The current trailblazer of transition-metal mediated bioconjugation chemistry involves the use of Pd(II) complexes prepared via an oxidative addition process. Herein, the preparation of Pd(II) complexes for cysteine bioconjugation via a facile C-H activation process is reported. These complexes show bioconjugation efficiency competitive with what is seen in the current literature, with a user-friendly synthesis, common Pd(II) sources, and a more cost-effective ligand. Furthermore, these complexes need not be isolated, and still achieve high conversion efficiency and selectivity of a model peptide. These complexes also demonstrate the ability to selectively arylate a single surface cysteine residue on a model protein substrate, further demonstrating their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. R. Tilden
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBA2 7AYBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Anneke T. Lubben
- Materials and Chemical Characterization (MC2)University of BathClaverton DownBA2 7AYBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Shaun B. Reeksting
- Materials and Chemical Characterization (MC2)University of BathClaverton DownBA2 7AYBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Kociok‐Köhn
- Materials and Chemical Characterization (MC2)University of BathClaverton DownBA2 7AYBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher G. Frost
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBA2 7AYBathUnited Kingdom
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17
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Yi S, Wei S, Wu Q, Wang H, Yao Z. Azaphilones as Activation‐Free Primary‐Amine‐Specific Bioconjugation Reagents for Peptides, Proteins and Lipids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shandong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Siyuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Qingsong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Zhu‐Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
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18
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Gruß H, Feiner RC, Mseya R, Schröder DC, Jewgiński M, Müller KM, Latajka R, Marion A, Sewald N. Peptide stapling by late-stage Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1-12. [PMID: 35047078 PMCID: PMC8744458 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of peptide stapling techniques to stabilise α-helical secondary structure motifs of peptides led to the design of modulators of protein–protein interactions, which had been considered undruggable for a long time. We disclose a novel approach towards peptide stapling utilising macrocyclisation by late-stage Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of bromotryptophan-containing peptides of the catenin-binding domain of axin. Optimisation of the linker length in order to find a compromise between both sufficient linker rigidity and flexibility resulted in a peptide with an increased α-helicity and enhanced binding affinity to its native binding partner β-catenin. An increased proteolytic stability against proteinase K has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Gruß
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rebecca C Feiner
- Department of Technology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ridhiwan Mseya
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - David C Schröder
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michał Jewgiński
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kristian M Müller
- Department of Technology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rafał Latajka
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Antoine Marion
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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19
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Jiang Z, Zhao DD, Hu YT, Rao Y, Guo SY, Xu YH, Li Q, Huang ZS. Palladium oxidative addition complex-enabled synthesis of amino-substituted indolyl-4(3 H)-quinazolinones and their antitumor activity evaluation. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:553-557. [PMID: 34932056 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02307a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The indolyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone core is an important structural motif in functional molecules. However, few methods exist for its direct modification, which limits its potential application. Reported herein is a palladium-mediated amination of halogen-containing indolyl-4(3H)-quinazolinones with a variety of primary and secondary amines via the corresponding palladium oxidative addition complexes. The protocol allows the facile synthesis of indolyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives with amino groups at all the positions of the benzene ring in moderate to good yields with mild reaction conditions and good functional group tolerance. Furthermore, the antitumor activity of these products was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yu-Tao Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yong Rao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Shi-Yao Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yao-Hao Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Qingjiang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhi-Shu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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20
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Yi S, Wei S, Wu Q, Wang H, Yao ZJ. Azaphilones as Activation-Free Primary-Amine-Specific Bioconjugation Reagents for Peptides, Proteins and Lipids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111783. [PMID: 34825445 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Residue-selective bioconjugation methods for biomolecules are highly sought to expand the scope of their biological and medical applications. Inspired by the mechanism of the generation of natural vinylogous γ-pyridones (vPDNs), we have developed a novel unique azaphilone-based, activation-free primary-amine-selective bioconjugation method for biomolecules. Our strategy allows facile functionalization of primary amine groups in peptides and proteins, including the clinically used therapeutic antibody trastuzumab, by generating a highly stable vPDN linkage. Excellent chemoselectivity toward primary amines also enables the azaphilone derivatives to specifically modify the lipid components of Gram-positive bacteria while bypassing Gram-negative bacteria and mammalian cells. The new method shows significant advantages including chemoselectivity, efficiency, flexibility and biocompatibility, and therefore provides a valuable addition to the current toolbox for biomolecule conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Siyuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Qingsong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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21
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Chu X, Shen L, Li B, Yang P, Du C, Wang X, He G, Messaoudi S, Chen G. Construction of Peptide Macrocycles via Palladium-Catalyzed Multiple S-Arylation: An Effective Strategy to Expand the Structural Diversity of Cross-Linkers. Org Lett 2021; 23:8001-8006. [PMID: 34582221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A simple and versatile method for macrocyclizing unprotected native peptides with a wide range of easily accessible diiodo and triiodoarene reagents via the palladium-catalyzed multiple S-arylation of cysteine residues is developed. Iodoarenes with different arene and heteroarene cores can be incorporated into peptide macrocycles of varied ring sizes and amino acid compositions with high efficiency and selectivity under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Linhua Shen
- University Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 92296 Chat̂enay-Malabry, France
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chengzhuo Du
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gang He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Samir Messaoudi
- University Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 92296 Chat̂enay-Malabry, France
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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22
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Zhu F, Powell WC, Jing R, Walczak MA. Organometallic Ala M Reagents for Umpolung Peptide Diversification. CHEM CATALYSIS 2021; 1:870-884. [PMID: 34738092 PMCID: PMC8562471 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Selective modifications of peptides and proteins have emerged as a promising strategy to develop novel mechanistic probes and prepare compounds with translational potentials. Here, we report alanine carbastannatranes AlaSn as a universal synthon in various C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. These reagents are compatible with peptide manipulation techniques and can undergo chemoselective conjugation in minutes when promoted by Pd(0). Despite their increased nucleophilicity and propensity to transfer the alkyl group, C(sp3)-C(sp2) coupling with AlaSn can be accomplished at room temperature under buffered conditions (pH 6.5-8.5). We also show that AlaSn can be easily transformed into several canonical L- and D-amino acids in arylation, acylation, and etherification reactions. Furthermore, AlaSn can partake in macrocyclizations exemplified by the synthesis of medium size cyclic peptides with various topologies. Taken together, metalated alanine AlaSn demonstrates unparalleled scope and represents a new type of umpolung reagents suitable for structure-activity relationship studies and peptide diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. C
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Wyatt C. Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ruiheng Jing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Maciej A. Walczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
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23
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Son J. Sustainable manganese catalysis for late-stage C-H functionalization of bioactive structural motifs. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1733-1751. [PMID: 34386100 PMCID: PMC8329386 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The late-stage C–H functionalization of bioactive structural motifs is a powerful synthetic strategy for accessing advanced agrochemicals, bioimaging materials, and drug candidates, among other complex molecules. While traditional late-stage diversification relies on the use of precious transition metals, the utilization of 3d transition metals is an emerging approach in organic synthesis. Among the 3d metals, manganese catalysts have gained increasing attention for late-stage diversification due to the sustainability, cost-effectiveness, ease of operation, and reduced toxicity. Herein, we summarize recent manganese-catalyzed late-stage C–H functionalization reactions of biologically active small molecules and complex peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwoo Son
- Department of Chemistry, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, South Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Graduate Program), Dong-A University, Busan 49315, South Korea
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24
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Miller MK, Ball ZT. Boronic Acid Reagents for Transition‐Metal‐Mediated Cross‐Coupling with Proteins and Peptides. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. Miller
- Department of Chemistry Rice University 6100 Main Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Zachary T. Ball
- Department of Chemistry Rice University 6100 Main Houston TX 77005 USA
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25
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Mallek AJ, Pentelute BL, Buchwald SL. Selective N‐Arylation of
p
‐Aminophenylalanine in Unprotected Peptides with Organometallic Palladium Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Mallek
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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26
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Mallek AJ, Pentelute BL, Buchwald SL. Selective N-Arylation of p-Aminophenylalanine in Unprotected Peptides with Organometallic Palladium Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16928-16931. [PMID: 34015170 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The selective N-arylation of p-aminophenylalanine in polypeptides with pre-formed palladium oxidative addition complexes is described. The depressed pKa of the aniline NH2 group enables chemoselective C-N bond formation on peptides containing multiple other aliphatic amino groups at lysines or the N-terminus via Curtin-Hammett control under mild conditions. Using palladium complexes derived from electron-poor aryl halides, p-aminophenylalanine is fully arylated in aqueous buffer in as little as one hour at micromolar concentrations. A complementary protocol using the non-nucleophilic, organic base 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene (DBN), expands the substrate scope to tolerate electron-rich functional groups provides up to 97 % conversion. These procedures enable the chemoselective conjugation of functionally diverse small molecule pharmaceuticals to p-aminophenylalanine containing derivatives of cell-penetrating peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Mallek
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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27
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Waddington MA, Zheng X, Stauber JM, Hakim Moully E, Montgomery HR, Saleh LMA, Král P, Spokoyny AM. An Organometallic Strategy for Cysteine Borylation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8661-8668. [PMID: 34060827 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic bioconjugation at cysteine (Cys) residues in peptides and proteins has emerged as a powerful tool in chemistry. Soft nucleophilicity of the sulfur in Cys renders an exquisite chemoselectivity with which various functional groups can be placed onto this residue under benign conditions. While a variety of reactions have been successful at producing Cys-based bioconjugates, the majority of these feature sulfur-carbon bonds. We report Cys-borylation, wherein a benchtop stable Pt(II)-based organometallic reagent can be used to transfer a boron-rich cluster onto a sulfur moiety in unprotected peptides forging a boron-sulfur bond. Cys-borylation proceeds at room temperature and tolerates a variety of functional groups present in complex polypeptides. Further, the bioconjugation strategy can be applied to a model protein modification of Cys-containing DARPin (designed ankyrin repeat protein). The resultant bioconjugates show no additional toxicity compared to their Cys alkyl-based congeners. Finally, we demonstrate how the developed Cys-borylation can enhance the proteolytic stability of the resultant peptide bioconjugates while maintaining the binding affinity to a protein target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Waddington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Julia M Stauber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Elamar Hakim Moully
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hayden R Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Liban M A Saleh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Alexander M Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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28
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Chen Z, Zhu M, Cai M, Xu L, Weng Y. Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp 3)–H Arylation and Alkynylation of Peptides Directed by Aspartic Acid (Asp). ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Meijie Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mengwei Cai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yiyi Weng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, P. R. China
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29
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Trofimova A, Holownia A, Tien CH, Širvinskas MJ, Yudin AK. Acylboronates in Polarity-Reversed Generation of Acyl Palladium(II) Intermediates. Org Lett 2021; 23:3294-3299. [PMID: 33848176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a catalytic cross-coupling process between aryl (pseudo)halides and boron-based acyl anion equivalents. This mode of acylboronate reactivity represents polarity reversal, which is supported by the observation of tetracoordinated boronate and acyl palladium(II) species by 11B, 31P NMR, and mass spectrometry. A broad scope of aliphatic and aromatic acylboronates has been examined, as well as a variety of aryl (pseudo)halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Trofimova
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Holownia
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Chieh-Hung Tien
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Martynas J Širvinskas
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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30
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Kubota K, Ito H. Development of Selective Reactions Using Ball Milling. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Hajime Ito
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University
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31
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Wei W, Yu H, Zangarelli A, Ackermann L. Deaminative meta-C-H alkylation by ruthenium(ii) catalysis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8073-8078. [PMID: 34194696 PMCID: PMC8208126 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00986a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise structural modifications of amino acids are of importance to tune biological properties or modify therapeutical capabilities relevant to drug discovery. Herein, we report a ruthenium-catalyzed meta-C–H deaminative alkylation with easily accessible amino acid-derived Katritzky pyridinium salts. Likewise, remote C–H benzylations were accomplished with high levels of chemoselectivity and remarkable functional group tolerance. The meta-C–H activation approach combined with our deaminative strategy represents a rare example of selectively converting C(sp3)–N bonds into C(sp3)–C(sp2) bonds. Precise structural modifications of amino acids are of importance to tune biological properties or modify therapeutical capabilities relevant to drug discovery.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wei
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Hao Yu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Agnese Zangarelli
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Goettingen Germany .,Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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32
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Ofori S, Gukathasan S, Awuah SG. Gold-Based Pharmacophore Inhibits Intracellular MYC Protein. Chemistry 2021; 27:4168-4175. [PMID: 33275307 PMCID: PMC8605874 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Direct targeting of intrinsically disordered proteins, including MYC, by small molecules for biomedical applications would resolve a longstanding issue in chemical biology and medicine. Thus, we developed gold-based small-molecule MYC reagents that engage MYC inside cells and modulate MYC transcriptional activity. Lead compounds comprise an affinity ligand and a gold(I) or gold(III) warhead capable of protein chemical modification. Cell-based MYC target engagement studies via CETSA and co-immunoprecipitation reveal specific interaction of compounds with MYC in cells. The lead gold(I) reagent, 1, demonstrates superior cell-killing potential (up to 35-fold) in a MYC-dependent manner when compared to 10058-F4 in cells including the TNBC, MDA-MB-231. Subsequently, 1 suppresses MYC transcription factor activity via functional colorimetric assays, and gene-profiling using whole-cell transcriptomics reveals significant modulation of MYC target genes by 1. These findings point to metal-mediated ligand affinity chemistry (MLAC) based on gold as a promising strategy to develop chemical probes and anticancer therapeutics targeting MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ofori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington Kentucky, 40506
| | - Sailajah Gukathasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington Kentucky, 40506
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington Kentucky, 40506
- Center for Pharmaceutical and Research Innovation, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky, 40536
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33
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Rodriguez J, Dhanjee HH, Buchwald SL. Amphiphilic Biaryl Monophosphine Ligands by Regioselective Sulfonation. Org Lett 2021; 23:777-780. [PMID: 33475382 PMCID: PMC8057820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic ligands are valued for their ability to facilitate organometallic reactions in the presence of water. The regioselective sulfonation of a series of commercially available biaryl monophosphines to generate amphiphilic ligands is presented. In this one-step protocol, the temperature and addition of fuming sulfuric acid were carefully controlled to arrive at sulfonated biaryl monophosphine ligands in high yields with >95% regioselectivity without the need for chromatographic purification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
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34
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Tang KC, Raj M. One‐Step Azolation Strategy for Site‐ and Chemo‐Selective Labeling of Proteins with Mass‐Sensitive Probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuei C. Tang
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Monika Raj
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
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35
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Destito P, Vidal C, López F, Mascareñas JL. Transition Metal‐Promoted Reactions in Aqueous Media and Biological Settings. Chemistry 2021; 27:4789-4816. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Destito
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Cristian Vidal
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Fernando López
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC) Juan de la Cierva 3 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - José L. Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais, Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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36
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Rivera DG, Ojeda-Carralero GM, Reguera L, Van der Eycken EV. Peptide macrocyclization by transition metal catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2039-2059. [PMID: 32142086 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00366e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptide macrocyclization has traditionally relied on lactam, lactone and disulfide bond-forming reactions that aim at introducing conformational constraints into small peptide sequences. With the advent of ruthenium-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis and copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition, peptide chemists embraced transition metal catalysis as a powerful macrocyclization tool with relevant applications in chemical biological and peptide drug discovery. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the reactivity and methodological diversification of metal-catalyzed peptide macrocyclization as a special class of late-stage peptide derivatization method. We report the evolution from classic palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling approaches to more modern oxidative versions based on C-H activation, heteroatom alkylation/arylation and annulation processes, in which aspects such as chemoselectivity and diversity generation at the ring-closing moiety became dominant over the last years. The transit from early cycloadditions and alkyne couplings as ring-closing steps to very recent 3d metal-catalyzed macrocyclization methods is highlighted. Similarly, the new trends in decarboxylative radical macrocyclizations and the interplay between photoredox and transition metal catalysis are included. This review charts future perspectives in the field hoping to encourage further progress and applications, while bringing attention to the countless possibilities available by diversifying not only the metal, but also the reactivity modes and tactics to bring peptide functional groups together and produce structurally diverse macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Rivera
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Center for Natural Product Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, Havana 10400, Cuba.
| | - Gerardo M Ojeda-Carralero
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Center for Natural Product Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, Havana 10400, Cuba.
| | - Leslie Reguera
- Center for Natural Product Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata y G, Havana 10400, Cuba.
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
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37
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Tang KC, Raj M. One‐Step Azolation Strategy for Site‐ and Chemo‐Selective Labeling of Proteins with Mass‐Sensitive Probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1797-1805. [PMID: 33047860 PMCID: PMC10111340 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The chemical modification of proteins in a site-selective manner leads to many advances in various scientific fields. The major challenges with conventional N-terminal bioconjugation techniques are the lack of universal sequence compatibility and poor mass-detection sensitivity of the resulting bioconjugates. This approach efficiently analyzes proteolytic fragments and native proteins in a complex mixture. Multiple chemical steps are usually required for the site-selective synthesis of bioconjugates with enhanced mass-detection sensitivity. We present a single-step, versatile strategy for the selective modification of protein N-termini with mass boosters. The chemical tag enhances the peptide detection by multiple orders thus leading to the unambiguous analysis of the resulting bioconjugates. We demonstrate that tagging proteolytic fragments with mass sensitivity probes in a complex mixture improves the detection of resulting bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei C. Tang
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Monika Raj
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
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38
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Lin X, Vigalok A, Vedernikov AN. Aryl C(sp 2)-X Coupling (X = C, N, O, Cl) and Facile Control of N-Mono- and N,N-Diarylation of Primary Alkylamines at a Pt(IV) Center. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20725-20734. [PMID: 33226792 PMCID: PMC7884019 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
present the first example of an unprecedented and fast aryl
C(sp2)–X reductive elimination from a series of
isolated Pt(IV) aryl complexes (Ar = p-FC6H4) LPtIVF(py)(Ar)X (X = CN, Cl, 4-OC6H4NO2) and LPtIVF2(Ar)(HX)
(X = NHAlk; Alk = n-Bu, PhCH2, cyclo-C6H11, t-Bu, cyclopropylmethyl)
bearing a bulky bidentate 2-[bis(adamant-1-yl)phosphino]phenoxide
ligand (L). The C(sp2)–X reductive elimination reactions
of all isolated Pt(IV) complexes follow first-order kinetics and were
modeled using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. When a
difluoro complex LPtIVF2(Ar)(py) is treated
with TMS–X (TMS = trimethylsilyl; X= NMe2, SPh,
OPh, CCPh) it also gives the corresponding products of the Ar–X
coupling but without observable LPtIVF(py)(Ar)X intermediates.
Remarkably, the LPtIVF2(Ar)(HX) complexes with
alkylamine ligands (HX = NH2Alk) form selectively either
mono- (ArNHAlk) or diarylated (Ar2NAlk) products in the
presence or absence of an added Et3N, respectively. This
method allows for a one-pot preparation of diarylalkylamine bearing
different aryl groups. These findings were also applied in unprecedented
mono- and di-N-arylation of amino acid derivatives (lysine and tryptophan)
under very mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Lin
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Arkadi Vigalok
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Andrei N Vedernikov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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39
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Miller MK, Wang H, Hanaya K, Zhang O, Berlaga A, Ball ZT. Copper-mediated peptide arylation selective for the N-terminus. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10501-10505. [PMID: 34094308 PMCID: PMC8162437 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02933e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypeptides present remarkable selectivity challenges for chemical methods. Amino groups are ubiquitous in polypeptide structure, yet few paradigms exist for reactivity and selectivity in arylation of amine groups. This communication describes the utilization of boronic acid reagents bearing certain o-electron withdrawing groups for copper-mediated amine arylation of the N-terminus under mild conditions and primarily aqueous solvent. The method adds to the toolkit of boronic acid reagents for polypeptide modification under mild conditions in water that shows complete selectivity for the N-terminus in the presence of lysine side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Haopei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Kengo Hanaya
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Olivia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Alex Berlaga
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Zachary T Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston TX 77005 USA
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40
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Li X, Chen S, Zhang WD, Hu HG. Stapled Helical Peptides Bearing Different Anchoring Residues. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10079-10144. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Insititute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Gang Hu
- Insititute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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41
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Weng Y, Ding X, Oliveira JCA, Xu X, Kaplaneris N, Zhu M, Chen H, Chen Z, Ackermann L. Peptide late-stage C(sp 3)-H arylation by native asparagine assistance without exogenous directing groups. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9290-9295. [PMID: 34094199 PMCID: PMC8161531 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03830j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong demand for novel native peptide motifs for post-synthetic modifications of peptides without pre-installation and subsequent removal of directing groups. Herein, we report an efficient method for peptide late-stage C(sp3)-H arylations assisted by the unmodified side chain of asparagine (Asn) without any exogenous directing group. Thereby, site-selective arylations of C(sp3)-H bonds at the N-terminus of di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides have been achieved. Likewise, we have constructed a key building block for accessing agouti-related protein (AGRP) active loop analogues in a concise manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Weng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen Tammannstrasse 2 Goettingen 37077 Germany
| | - Xingxing Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen Tammannstrasse 2 Goettingen 37077 Germany
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen Tammannstrasse 2 Goettingen 37077 Germany
| | - Meijie Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Hantao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen Tammannstrasse 2 Goettingen 37077 Germany
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42
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Rodríguez J, Martínez-Calvo M. Transition-Metal-Mediated Modification of Biomolecules. Chemistry 2020; 26:9792-9813. [PMID: 32602145 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The site-selective modification of biomolecules has grown spectacularly in recent years. The presence of a large number of functional groups in a biomolecule makes its chemo- and regioselective modification a challenging goal. In this context, transition-metal-mediated reactions are emerging as a powerful tool owing to their unique reactivity and good functional group compatibility, allowing highly efficient and selective bioconjugation reactions that operate under mild conditions. This Minireview focuses on the current state of organometallic chemistry for bioconjugation, highlighting the potential of transition metals for the development of chemoselective and site-specific methods for functionalization of peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. The importance of the selection of ligands attached to the transition metal for conferring the desired chemoselectivity will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rodríguez
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS UMR 5069, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| | - Miguel Martínez-Calvo
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), AE CICA-INIBIC, Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de Elviña, 15071 A, Coruña, Galicia, Spain
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43
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44
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Chinn AJ, Hwang J, Kim B, Parish CA, Krska SW, Miller SJ. Application of High-Throughput Competition Experiments in the Development of Aspartate-Directed Site-Selective Modification of Tyrosine Residues in Peptides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9424-9433. [PMID: 32614587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a Cu-catalyzed, site-selective functionalization of peptides that employs an aspartic acid (Asp) as a native directing motif, which directs the site of O-arylation at a proximal tyrosine (Tyr) residue. Through a series of competition studies conducted in high-throughput reaction arrays, effective conditions were identified that gave high selectivity for the proximal Tyr in Asp-directed Tyr modification. Good levels of site-selectivity were achieved in the O-arylation at a proximal Tyr residue in a number of cases, including a peptide-small molecule hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Chinn
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Jaeyeon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Byoungmoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Craig A Parish
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shane W Krska
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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45
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Ortho-Phthalaldehyde (OPA)-based chemoselective protein bioconjugation and peptide cyclization. Methods Enzymol 2020; 639:237-261. [PMID: 32475404 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ortho-Phthalaldehyde (OPA)-amine reaction and OPA-amine-thiol reaction have been developed to effectively modify native peptides and proteins under the physiological conditions. First, OPA and its derivatives can rapidly and smoothly react with primary amine moieties in peptides and proteins to achieve native protein biconjugations. Furthermore, OPA-alkyne bifunctional linkers can be used for proteome profiling. Second, OPA-amine-thiol three-component reaction has been developed for chemoselective peptide cyclization, directly on unprotected peptides in the aqueous buffer. Moreover, this OPA-guided cyclic peptide can be further modified with the N-maleimide moiety in one pot to introduce additional functionalities. The development of this OPA based chemoselective bioconjugation and peptide cyclization extends the toolbox for protein chemical modification and construction of cyclic peptides.
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46
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Richardson MB, Gabriel KN, Garcia JA, Ashby SN, Dyer RP, Kim JK, Lau CJ, Hong J, Le Tourneau RJ, Sen S, Narel DL, Katz BB, Ziller JW, Majumdar S, Collins PG, Weiss GA. Pyrocinchonimides Conjugate to Amine Groups on Proteins via Imide Transfer. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1449-1462. [PMID: 32302483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in bioconjugation, the ability to link biomolecules to each other, small molecules, surfaces, and more, can spur the development of advanced materials and therapeutics. We have discovered that pyrocinchonimide, the dimethylated analogue of maleimide, undergoes a surprising transformation with biomolecules. The reaction targets amines and involves an imide transfer, which has not been previously reported for bioconjugation purposes. Despite their similarity to maleimides, pyrocinchonimides do not react with free thiols. Though both lysine residues and the N-termini of proteins can receive the transferred imide, the reaction also exhibits a marked preference for certain amines that cannot solely be ascribed to solvent accessibility. This property is peculiar among amine-targeting reactions and can reduce combinatorial diversity when many available reactive amines are available, such as in the formation of antibody-drug conjugates. Unlike amides, the modification undergoes very slow reversion under high pH conditions. The reaction offers a thermodynamically controlled route to single or multiple modifications of proteins for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Richardson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kristin N Gabriel
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph A Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shareen N Ashby
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rebekah P Dyer
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joshua K Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Calvin J Lau
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - John Hong
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ryan J Le Tourneau
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sanjana Sen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - David L Narel
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Benjamin B Katz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sudipta Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Philip G Collins
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Gregory A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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47
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Li H, Hu Y, Pu Q, He T, Zhang Q, Wu W, Xia X, Zhang J. Novel Stapling by Lysine Tethering Provides Stable and Low Hemolytic Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4081-4089. [PMID: 32216308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) are potent therapeutics for drug-resistant bacterial infections. However, the clinical application of CAMPs is hampered by its poor proteolytic stability and hemolytic activity toward eukaryotic cells. Great efforts have been made to design and generate derivatives of CAMPs with improved pharmacological properties. Here, we report a novel stapling protocol, which tethers two ε-amino groups of the lysine residue by the N-alkylation reaction on the hydrophilic face of amphiphilic antimicrobial peptides. A series of lysine-tethered stapled CAMPs were synthesized, employing the antimicrobial peptide OH-CM6 as a model. Biological screening of the stapled CAMPs provided an analogue with strong antimicrobial activity, high proteolytic stability, and low hemolytic activity. This novel stapling approach offers an important chemical tool for developing CAMP-based antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Hu
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Qi Pu
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Tong He
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Qianyu Zhang
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Wen Wu
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Innovative Drug Research Centre (IDRC), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
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48
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Selective modification of alkyne-linked peptides and proteins by cyclometalated gold(III) (C^N) complex-mediated alkynylation. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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49
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Dolui P, Das J, Chandrashekar HB, Anjana SS, Maiti D. Ligand‐Enabled Pd
II
‐Catalyzed Iterative γ‐C(sp3)−H Arylation of Free Aliphatic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13773-13777. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pravas Dolui
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Jayabrata Das
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | | | - S. S. Anjana
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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50
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Schlatzer T, Kriegesmann J, Schröder H, Trobe M, Lembacher-Fadum C, Santner S, Kravchuk AV, Becker CFW, Breinbauer R. Labeling and Natural Post-Translational Modification of Peptides and Proteins via Chemoselective Pd-Catalyzed Prenylation of Cysteine. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14931-14937. [PMID: 31469558 PMCID: PMC6776382 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prenylation of peptides and proteins is an important post-translational modification observed in vivo. We report that the Pd-catalyzed Tsuji-Trost allylation with a Pd/BIPHEPHOS catalyst system allows the allylation of Cys-containing peptides and proteins with complete chemoselectivity and high n/i regioselectivity. In contrast to recently established methods, which use non-native connections, the Pd-catalyzed prenylation produces the natural n-prenylthioether bond. In addition, a variety of biophysical probes such as affinity handles and fluorescent tags can be introduced into Cys-containing peptides and proteins. Furthermore, peptides containing two cysteine residues can be stapled or cyclized using homobifunctional allylic carbonate reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schlatzer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Kriegesmann
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hilmar Schröder
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Trobe
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Lembacher-Fadum
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Simone Santner
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander V. Kravchuk
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F. W. Becker
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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