1
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Durin G, Berthet JC, Thuéry P, Nicolas E, Cantat T. Metal-Free Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Chlorosilanes into Hydrosilanes with "Inverse" Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302155. [PMID: 37665089 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The challenging metal-free catalytic hydrogenolysis of silyl chlorides to hydrosilanes is unlocked by using an inverse frustrated Lewis pair (FLP), combining a mild Lewis acid (Cy2 BCl) and a strong phosphazene base (BTPP) in mild conditions (10 bar of H2 , r. t.). In the presence of a stoichiometric amount of the base, the hydrosilanes R3 SiH (R=Me, Et, Ph) are generated in moderate to high yields (up to 95 %) from their chlorinated counterparts. A selective formation of the valuable difunctional monohydride Me2 SiHCl is also obtained from Me2 SiCl2 . A mechanism is proposed based on stoichiometric experiments and DFT calculations; it highlights the critical role of borohydride species generated by the heterolytic splitting of H2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Durin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Pierre Thuéry
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emmanuel Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thibault Cantat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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2
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Vashisth K, Dutta S, Akram MO, Martin CD. Examining the reactivity of tris( ortho-carboranyl)borane with Lewis bases and application in frustrated Lewis pair Si-H bond cleavage. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37377440 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of tris(ortho-carboranyl)borane with Lewis bases reveals only small bases bind. The tremendous bulk and Lewis acidity is leveraged in frustrated Lewis pair Si-H cleavage with a wider range of Lewis bases and greater efficacy than B(C6F5)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Vashisth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, USA.
| | - Sanjay Dutta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, USA.
| | - Manjur O Akram
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, USA.
| | - Caleb D Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, USA.
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3
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Duan R, Peng W, Zhang J, Zhang J. Chlorination of trichlorosilane/chlorodimethylsilane using metal chlorides: experimental and mechanistic investigations. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7877-7885. [PMID: 36909759 PMCID: PMC9996689 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00772c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Removal of carbonaceous impurities from trichlorosilane (SiHCl3) reduces the carbon content of solar grade polysilicon produced with the improved Siemens method. The separation of chlorodimethylsilane (CH3)2SiHCl from SiHCl3 by distillation remains challenging due to the small difference in their boiling points. Herein, the chlorination of (CH3)2SiHCl/SiHCl3 with metal chlorides (WCl6, MoCl5) were studied. The aim was to convert (CH3)2SiHCl into (CH3)2SiCl2, increase the relative volatility of (CH3)2SiHCl and SiHCl3 and facilitate the distillation. The optimum reaction conditions were 60 °C, 60 min and n(WCl6 or MoCl5): n(SiHCl3 or (CH3)2SiHCl) = 0.7 at 0.8 MPa. Under these conditions, and when WCl6 and MoCl5 were used as the chlorine sources, the extents of (CH3)2SiHCl conversion were 22.7 and 18.5 times higher than those of SiHCl3, respectively. In addition, a mechanistic study showed that the difference between the reactions of SiHCl3 and (CH3)2SiHCl resulted from the different energy barriers for the reactions of the and (CH3)2SiCl· radicals with WCl x or MoCl x , and the barrier for the reaction was higher than that for the (CH3)2SiCl· reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China +86-993-2057277
| | - Wencai Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China +86-993-2057277
| | - Jianshu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China +86-993-2057277
| | - Jinli Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
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4
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Sturm AG, Karaca US, Heinz M, Felder T, Lewis KM, Auner N, Holthausen MC. Siemens Reloaded: Chloride-Assisted Selective Hydrodechlorination of SiCl 4 to HSiCl 3. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201953. [PMID: 36479804 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Trichlorosilane is the key intermediate for the large-scale production of polycrystalline silicon in the Siemens and Union Carbide processes. Both processes, however, are highly inefficient, and over two thirds of the trichlorosilane employed is converted to unwanted silicon tetrachloride accumulating in millions of tons per year on a global scale. In this combined experimental and theoretical study we report an energetically and environmentally benign synthetic protocol for the highly selective conversion of SiCl4 to HSiCl3 using organohydridosilanes as recyclable hydrogen transfer reagents in combination with onium chlorides as efficient catalysts. We put the same protocol to further use demonstrating the quantitative conversion of higher oligosilane residues, which form as another unwanted and potentially hazardous byproduct of Siemens processes, to HSiCl3 in a low-temperature recycling step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Uhut S Karaca
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Myron Heinz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten Felder
- Momentive Performance Materials, Chempark, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Kenrick M Lewis
- Momentive Performance Materials, 769 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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5
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Lu S, Chen X, Chang X, Zhang S, Zhang D, Zhao Y, Yang L, Ma Y, Sun P. Boron-catalysed transition-metal-free arylation and alkenylation of allylic alcohols with boronic acids. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3329-3332. [PMID: 36756407 PMCID: PMC9869934 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07919d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient catalytic reactions with excellent atom and step economy employing sustainable catalysts is highly sought-after in chemical synthesis to reduce the negative effects on the environment. The most commonly-used strategy to construct allylic compounds relies on the transition-metal-catalysed nucleophilic substitution reaction of allylic alcohol derivatives. These syntheses exhibit good yield and selectivity, albeit at the expense of toxic and expensive catalysts and extra steps. In this paper, we report a transition-metal-free arylation and alkenylation reaction between unprotected allylic alcohols and boronic acids. The reactions were performed with B(C6F5)3 as the catalyst in toluene, and corresponding products were obtained in 23-92% yields. The reaction has mild conditions, scalability, excellent atom and step economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixian Lu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu UniversityChengduSichuan610106China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Shuaichen Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Lan Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yue Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Peng Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
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6
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Beck AD, Haufe S, Waldvogel SR. Boron‐catalyzed electrochemical oxidative Si‐C bond formation. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Beck
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz: Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz Department Chemie GERMANY
| | - Stefan Haufe
- Wacker Group: Wacker Chemie AG Consortium für Elektrochemie GERMANY
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Institut für Organische Chemie Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz GERMANY
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7
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Sturm AG, Santowski T, Felder T, Lewis KM, Holthausen MC, Auner N. Müller–Rochow Reloaded: Single-Step Synthesis of Bifunctional Monosilanes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Sturm
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Santowski
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten Felder
- Momentive Performance Materials, Chempark, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Kenrick M. Lewis
- Momentive Performance Materials, 769 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytic Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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8
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Elser I, Andrews RJ, Stephan DW. 9-BBN and chloride catalyzed reduction of chlorophosphines to phosphines and diphosphines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1740-1743. [PMID: 35029247 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06439h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The commercially available Lewis acid, 9-BBN and Lewis basic [Et4N]Cl are used as catalysts for the reduction of chlorophosphines R2PCl in the presence of phenylsilane. Aryl-chlorophosphines afford primarily diphosphines (P2R4) while secondary phosphines predominate for alkyl-substituted precursors. Use of the combined catalysts leads to reduced reaction time and temperature, providing a rapid, scalable, and facile protocol for the preparation of diphosphines or secondary phosphines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Elser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Ryan J Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada.
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada.
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9
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Jaiswal K, Chulsky K, Gandelman M, Dobrovetsky R. O-Carboranylene versus Phenylene Backbones in Cyclization Reactions of 1,2 Diketones with Hydrosilanes. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Jaiswal
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Karina Chulsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Mark Gandelman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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10
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Weinberger GP, Sommer F, Torvisco A, Fischer RC, Flock M. Exploration of Novel α,ω‐Substituted Diphosphatrisilanes by Combining Experimental Methods and DFT Calculations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot P. Weinberger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Florian Sommer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Roland C. Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Michaela Flock
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
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11
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Li M, Wang T, An Z, Yan R. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed cyclization of alkynes: direct synthesis of 3-silyl heterocyclic compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11953-11956. [PMID: 33033821 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04314a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot strategy for easy access to 3-silyl heterocyclic compounds was developed via a B(C6F5)3-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction of o-(1-alkynyl)(thio)anisoles or o-(1-alkynyl)-N-methylaniline. In this reaction, benzenethiophene, benzofuran or indole skeletons could be constructed by an intermolecular cyclization with diphenylsilane. This protocol elicited moderate-to-good yields with metal-free reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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12
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Zhai G, Liu X, Ma W, Wang G, Yang L, Li S, Wu Y, Hu X. B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 -Catalyzed Tandem Friedel-Crafts and C-H/C-O Coupling Reactions of Dialkylanilines. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3082-3086. [PMID: 32770729 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tandem Friedel-Crafts (FC) and C-H/C-O coupling reactions catalyzed by tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane (B(C6 F5 )3 ) were achieved without using any other additive in the absence of solvent. This process can be used for the reactions between a series of dialkylanilines and vinyl ethers with good isolated yields of bis(4-dialkylaminophenyl) compounds. Based on combined theoretical and experimental studies, the possible reaction mechanism was proposed. B(C6 F5 )3 can activate the C=C and C-O bond for FC and C-H/C-O coupling reactions respectively. The FC reaction is slow, which is followed by a fast C-H/C-O coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowen Zhai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xueting Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Shuhua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Youting Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xingbang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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13
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Facile preparation of hydrochlorosilane by alkali metal halide catalyzed Si-H/Si-Cl redistribution reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Zwettler N, Dupé A, Klokić S, Milinković A, Rodić D, Walg S, Neshchadin D, Belaj F, Mösch‐Zanetti NC. Hydroalkylation of Aryl Alkenes with Organohalides Catalyzed by Molybdenum Oxido Based Lewis Pairs. Adv Synth Catal 2020; 362:3170-3182. [PMID: 32982624 PMCID: PMC7497237 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three molybdenum(VI) dioxido complexes [MoO2(L)2] bearing Schiff base ligands were reacted with B(C6F5)3 to afford the corresponding adducts [MoO{OB(C6F5)3}(L)2], which were fully characterized. They exhibit Frustrated Lewis-Pairs reactivity when reacting with silanes. Especially, the [MoO{OB(C6F5)3}(L)2] complex with L=2,4-dimethyl-6-((phenylimino)methyl)phenol proved to be active as catalyst for the hydroalkylation of aryl alkenes with organohalides and for the Atom-Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA) of organohalides to aliphatic alkenes. A series of gem-dichloride and gem-dibromide compounds with potential for further derivatization were synthesized from simple alkenes and organohalides, like chloroform or bromoform, using low catalyst loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Zwettler
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazSchubertstrasse 18010GrazAustria
| | - Antoine Dupé
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazSchubertstrasse 18010GrazAustria
| | - Sumea Klokić
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazSchubertstrasse 18010GrazAustria
| | - Angela Milinković
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazSchubertstrasse 18010GrazAustria
| | - Dado Rodić
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazSchubertstrasse 18010GrazAustria
| | - Simon Walg
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazSchubertstrasse 18010GrazAustria
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryGraz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 98010GrazAustria
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazSchubertstrasse 18010GrazAustria
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15
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Satoh Y, Fuchise K, Nozawa T, Sato K, Igarashi M. A catalyst- and additive-free synthesis of alkoxyhydrosiloxanes from silanols and alkoxyhydrosilanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8218-8221. [PMID: 32555824 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03379k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A convenient method for the selective synthesis of alkoxyhydrosiloxanes that bear SiH and SiOR2 groups on the same silicon atom, R13Si-O-SiR32-n(OR2)nH (n = 0, 1, or 2), via a simple catalyst- and additive-free dealcoholization reaction between silanols and alkoxyhydrosilanes has been developed. These alkoxyhydrosiloxanes can be easily converted into Si(OR2)3-containing siloxanes by zinc catalyzed alkoxylation and alkoxy-containing silphenylene polymers by platinum catalyzed hydrosilylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Satoh
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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16
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Chen Y, Ai L, Li Y, Xu C. Borohydride catalyzed redistribution reaction of hydrosilane and chlorosilane: a potential system for facile preparation of hydrochlorosilanes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:17404-17407. [PMID: 35515620 PMCID: PMC9053603 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03536j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various borohydrides were found to catalyze the redistribution reaction of hydrosilane and chlorosilane in different solvents to produce hydrochlorosilanes efficiently and facilely. The redistribution reaction was affected by solvent and catalyst. The substrate scope was investigated in HMPA with LiBH4 as catalyst. A possible mechanism was proposed to explain the redistribution process. A borohydride catalyzed Si–H/Si–Cl redistribution system was established to prepare hydrochlorosilanes facilely and efficiently.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Liqing Ai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yongming Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Caihong Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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17
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Santowski T, Sturm AG, Lewis KM, Felder T, Holthausen MC, Auner N. Disilane Cleavage with Selected Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Salts. Chemistry 2019; 25:13202-13207. [PMID: 31355503 PMCID: PMC6856802 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The industry-scale production of methylchloromonosilanes in the Müller-Rochow Direct Process is accompanied by the formation of a residue, the direct process residue (DPR), comprised of disilanes Men Si2 Cl6-n (n=1-6). Great research efforts have been devoted to the recycling of these disilanes into monosilanes to allow reintroduction into the siloxane production chain. In this work, disilane cleavage by using alkali and alkaline earth metal salts is reported. The reaction with metal hydrides, in particular lithium hydride (LiH), leads to efficient reduction of chlorine containing disilanes but also induces disproportionation into mono- and oligosilanes. Alkali and alkaline earth chlorides, formed in the course of the reduction, specifically induce disproportionation of highly chlorinated disilanes, whereas highly methylated disilanes (n>3) remain unreacted. Nearly quantitative DPR conversion into monosilanes was achieved by using concentrated HCl/ether solutions in the presence of lithium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Santowski
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Alexander G. Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Kenrick M. Lewis
- Momentive Performance Materials Inc.769 Old Saw Mill River RdTarrytownNY10591USA
| | - Thorsten Felder
- Momentive Performance Materials GmbH, Chempark51368LeverkusenGermany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt/MainGermany
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18
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Jaiswal K, Volodarsky S, Kampel V, Dobrovetsky R. A self-catalyzed reaction of 1,2-dibenzoyl-o-carborane with hydrosilanes - formation of new hydrofuranes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10448-10451. [PMID: 31410423 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04780h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation of Si-H bonds is a very important transformation both in organic and inorganic chemistry. Herein we report that 1,2-dibenzoyl-o-carborane (1) reacts with Si-H bonds, yielding new hydrofurane-type products. The mechanism of this Si-H bond activation was studied both experimentally and by DFT calculations, and supposedly proceeds in an FLP-type manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Jaiswal
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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19
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Fan X, Xiao P, Jiao Z, Yang T, Dai X, Xu W, Tan JD, Cui G, Su H, Fang W, Wu J. Neutral-Eosin-Y-Photocatalyzed Silane Chlorination Using Dichloromethane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12580-12584. [PMID: 31310447 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosilanes are versatile reagents in organic synthesis and material science. A mild pathway is now reported for the quantitative conversion of hydrosilanes to silyl chlorides under visible-light irradiation using neutral eosin Y as a hydrogen-atom-transfer photocatalyst and dichloromethane as a chlorinating agent. Stepwise chlorination of di- and trihydrosilanes was achieved in a highly selective fashion assisted by continuous-flow micro-tubing reactors. The ability to access silyl radicals using photocatalytic Si-H activation promoted by eosin Y offers new perspectives for the synthesis of valuable silicon reagents in a convenient and green manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzi Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Pin Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zeqing Jiao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Republic of Singapore.,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Xiaojuan Dai
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wengang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jin Da Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ganglong Cui
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hongmei Su
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Weihai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Republic of Singapore
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20
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Fan X, Xiao P, Jiao Z, Yang T, Dai X, Xu W, Tan JD, Cui G, Su H, Fang W, Wu J. Neutral‐Eosin‐Y‐Photocatalyzed Silane Chlorination Using Dichloromethane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzi Fan
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Pin Xiao
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Zeqing Jiao
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Republic of Singapore
- College of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAnhui Normal University Wuhu 241002 China
| | - Xiaojuan Dai
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Wengang Xu
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jin Da Tan
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Ganglong Cui
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Hongmei Su
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Weihai Fang
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Republic of Singapore
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21
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Sturm AG, Santowski T, Schweizer JI, Meyer L, Lewis KM, Felder T, Auner N, Holthausen MC. Making Use of the Direct Process Residue: Synthesis of Bifunctional Monosilanes. Chemistry 2019; 25:8499-8502. [PMID: 31026105 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The industrial production of monosilanes Men SiCl4-n (n=1-3) through the Müller-Rochow Direct Process generates disilanes Men Si2 Cl6-n (n=2-6) as unwanted byproducts ("Direct Process Residue", DPR) by the thousands of tons annually, large quantities of which are usually disposed of by incineration. Herein we report a surprisingly facile and highly effective protocol for conversion of the DPR: hydrogenation with complex metal hydrides followed by Si-Si bond cleavage with HCl/ether solutions gives (mostly bifunctional) monosilanes in excellent yields. Competing side reactions are efficiently suppressed by the appropriate choice of reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Santowski
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Julia I Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Lioba Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Kenrick M Lewis
- Momentive Performance Materials, 769 Old Saw Mill River Rd., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Thorsten Felder
- Momentive Performance Materials, Chempark, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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22
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23
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Hackel T, McGrath NA. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane-Catalyzed Reactions Using Silanes. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030432. [PMID: 30691072 PMCID: PMC6384582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The utility of an electron-deficient, air stable, and commercially available Lewis acid tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane has recently been comprehensively explored. While being as reactive as its distant cousin boron trichloride, it has been shown to be much more stable and capable of catalyzing a variety of powerful transformations, even in the presence of water. The focus of this review will be to highlight those catalytic reactions that utilize a silane as a stoichiometric reductant in conjunction with tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane in the reduction of alcohols, carbonyls, or carbonyl-like derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Hackel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin⁻La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA.
| | - Nicholas A McGrath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin⁻La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA.
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24
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Sturm AG, Schweizer JI, Meyer L, Santowski T, Auner N, Holthausen MC. Lewis Base Catalyzed Selective Chlorination of Monosilanes. Chemistry 2018; 24:17796-17801. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Julia I. Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Lioba Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Tobias Santowski
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
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25
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Abstract
In contrast to the well-known reductive cleavage of the alkyl-O bond, the cleavage of the alkenyl-O bond is much more challenging especially using metal-free approaches. Unexpectedly, alkenyl-O bonds were reductively cleaved when enol ethers were reacted with Et3SiH and a catalytic amount of B(C6F5)3. Supposedly, this reaction is the result of a B(C6F5)3-catalyzed tandem hydrosilylation reaction and a silicon-assisted β-elimination. A mechanism for this cleavage reaction is proposed based on experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Chulsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978 , Israel
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26
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Glüer A, Schweizer JI, Karaca US, Würtele C, Diefenbach M, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Hydrosilane Synthesis by Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Chlorosilanes and Silyl Triflates. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:13822-13828. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Glüer
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia I. Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Uhut S. Karaca
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Würtele
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Diefenbach
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Šimarek A, Lamač M, Horáček M, Pinkas J. B(C 6
F 5
) 3
catalysis accelerates the hydrosilane chlorination by Ph 3
CCl. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Šimarek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lamač
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Horáček
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pinkas
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
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28
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Ma Y, Zhang L, Luo Y, Nishiura M, Hou Z. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed C-Si/Si-H Cross-Metathesis of Hydrosilanes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12434-12437. [PMID: 28836780 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The substituent redistribution of hydrosilanes on silicon through C-Si and Si-H bond cleavage and reformation is of great interest and importance, but this transformation is usually difficult to achieve in a selective fashion. By using electron-rich aromatic hydrosilanes, we have achieved for the first time the selective C-Si/Si-H bond homo- and cross-metathesis of a series of hydrosilanes in the presence of a boron catalyst B(C6F5)3. This protocol features simple reaction conditions, high chemoselectivity, wide substrate scope, and high functionality tolerance, offering a new pathway for the synthesis of multisubstituted functional silanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Ma
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Liang Zhang
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yong Luo
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiura
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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