1
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Xu Z, Ye Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Jiang S. Design and assembly of porous organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2261-2282. [PMID: 38318641 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05091b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) represent a notable category of porous materials, showing remarkable material properties due to their inherent porosity. Unlike extended frameworks which are constructed by strong covalent or coordination bonds, POCs are composed of discrete molecular units held together by weak intermolecular forces. Their structure and chemical traits can be systematically tailored, making them suitable for a range of applications including gas storage and separation, molecular separation and recognition, catalysis, and proton and ion conduction. This review provides a comprehensive overview of POCs, covering their synthesis methods, structure and properties, computational approaches, and applications, serving as a primer for those who are new to the domain. A special emphasis is placed on the growing role of computational methods, highlighting how advanced data-driven techniques and automation are increasingly aiding the rapid exploration and understanding of POCs. We conclude by addressing the prevailing challenges and future prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhao Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yangzhi Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yilan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Huiyu Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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2
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Ferrando-Soria J, Fernandez A. Integrating Levels of Hierarchical Organization in Porous Organic Molecular Materials. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:88. [PMID: 38214764 PMCID: PMC10786801 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Porous organic molecular materials (POMMs) are an emergent class of molecular-based materials characterized by the formation of extended porous frameworks, mainly held by non-covalent interactions. POMMs represent a variety of chemical families, such as hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks, porous organic salts, porous organic cages, C - H⋅⋅⋅π microporous crystals, supramolecular organic frameworks, π-organic frameworks, halogen-bonded organic framework, and intrinsically porous molecular materials. In some porous materials such as zeolites and metal organic frameworks, the integration of multiscale has been adopted to build materials with multifunctionality and optimized properties. Therefore, considering the significant role of hierarchy in porous materials and the growing importance of POMMs in the realm of synthetic porous materials, we consider it appropriate to dedicate for the first time a critical review covering both topics. Herein, we will provide a summary of literature examples showcasing hierarchical POMMs, with a focus on their main synthetic approaches, applications, and the advantages brought forth by introducing hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Ferrando-Soria
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, 46980, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Antonio Fernandez
- School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
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3
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Ghaffar A, Hassan M, Penkov OV, Yavuz CT, Celebi K. Tunable Molecular Sieving by Hierarchically Assembled Porous Organic Cage Membranes with Solvent-Responsive Switchable Pores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20380-20391. [PMID: 37965815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular separations involving solvents and organic impurities represent great challenges for environmental and water-intensive industries. Novel materials with intrinsic nanoscale pores offer a great choice for improvement in terms of energy efficiency and capital costs. Particularly, in applications where gradient and ordered separation of organic contaminants remain elusive, smart materials with switchable pores can offer efficient solutions. Here, we report a hierarchically networked porous organic cage membrane with dynamic control over pores, elucidating stable solvent permeance and tunable dye rejection over different molecular weights. The engineered cage membrane can spontaneously modulate its geometry and pore size from water to methanol and DMF in a reversible manner. The cage membrane exhibits ≥585.59 g mol-1 molecular weight cutoff preferentially in water and is impeded by methanol (799.8 g mol-1) and DMF (≈1017 g mol-1), reflecting 36 and 73% change in rejection due to self-regulation and the flexible network, respectively. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction illustrates a clear peak downshift, suggesting an intrinsic structural change when the cage membranes were immersed in methanol or DMF. We have observed reversible structural changes that can also be tuned by preparing a methanol/DMF mixture and adjusting their ratio, thereby enabling gradient molecular filtration. We anticipate that such cage membranes with dynamic selectivity could be promising particularly for industrial separations and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ghaffar
- Zhejiang University-University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC), 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China
| | - Muhammad Hassan
- Zhejiang University-University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC), 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China
| | - Oleksiy V Penkov
- Zhejiang University-University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC), 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China
| | - Cafer T Yavuz
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kemal Celebi
- Zhejiang University-University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC), 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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4
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Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) are a relatively new class of low-density crystalline materials that have emerged as a versatile platform for investigating molecular recognition, gas storage and separation, and proton conduction, with potential applications in the fields of porous liquids, highly permeable membranes, heterogeneous catalysis, and microreactors. In common with highly extended porous structures, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs), POCs possess all of the advantages of highly specific surface areas, porosities, open pore channels, and tunable structures. In addition, they have discrete molecular structures and exhibit good to excellent solubilities in common solvents, enabling their solution dispersibility and processability─properties that are not readily available in the case of the well-established, insoluble, extended porous frameworks. Here, we present a critical review summarizing in detail recent progress and breakthroughs─especially during the past five years─of all the POCs while taking a close look at their strategic design, precise synthesis, including both irreversible bond-forming chemistry and dynamic covalent chemistry, advanced characterization, and diverse applications. We highlight representative POC examples in an attempt to gain some understanding of their structure-function relationships. We also discuss future challenges and opportunities in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of POCs. We anticipate that this review will be useful to researchers working in this field when it comes to designing and developing new POCs with desired functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Cafer T Yavuz
- Oxide & Organic Nanomaterials for Energy & Environment Laboratory, Physical Science & Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Montà-González G, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R, Martí-Centelles V. Purely Covalent Molecular Cages and Containers for Guest Encapsulation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13636-13708. [PMID: 35867555 PMCID: PMC9413269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cage compounds offer unique binding pockets similar to enzyme-binding sites, which can be customized in terms of size, shape, and functional groups to point toward the cavity and many other parameters. Different synthetic strategies have been developed to create a toolkit of methods that allow preparing tailor-made organic cages for a number of distinct applications, such as gas separation, molecular recognition, molecular encapsulation, hosts for catalysis, etc. These examples show the versatility and high selectivity that can be achieved using cages, which is impossible by employing other molecular systems. This review explores the progress made in the field of fully organic molecular cages and containers by focusing on the properties of the cavity and their application to encapsulate guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Montà-González
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain,R.M.-M.: email,
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,V.M.-C.:
email,
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6
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Li H, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhao L, Bao W, Cai X, Zhang K, Zhao H, Yi B, Su L, Cheetham AK, Jiang S, Xie J. An Ultrathin Functional Layer Based on Porous Organic Cages for Selective Ion Sieving and Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2030-2037. [PMID: 35156832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thin films with effective ion sieving ability are highly desired in energy storage and conversion devices, including batteries and fuel cells. However, it remains challenging to design and fabricate cost-effective and easy-to-process ultrathin films for this purpose. Here, we report a 300 nm-thick functional layer based on porous organic cages (POCs), a new class of porous molecular materials, for fast and selective ion transport. This solution processable material allows for the design of thin films with controllable thickness and tunable porosity by tailoring cage chemistry for selective ion separation. In the prototype, the functional layer assembled by CC3 can selectively sieve Li+ ions and efficiently suppress undesired polysulfides with minimal sacrifice for the system's total energy density. Separators modified with POC thin films enable batteries with good cycle performance and rate capability and offer an attractive path toward the development of future high-energy-density energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yanlin Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lianqi Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenda Bao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xincan Cai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Haojie Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Beili Yi
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Longxing Su
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Anthony K Cheetham
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 United States
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jin Xie
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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7
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McKee NA, McKee ML. Evaluation of packing single and multiple atoms and molecules in the porous organic cage CC3- R. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19255-19268. [PMID: 34524296 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01934a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The absorption of multiple atoms and molecules, including Kr, Xe, CH4, CO2, C2H2, H2O, and SF6, within CC3-R, a Porous Organic Cage (POC), was calculated and analyzed. The CC3-R molecule has one central cavity and four window sites. Most adsorbents were modeled with either one unit in the central cavity, four units in the window sites, or with five units in both sites. For Xe, the most favorable site was the central one. The CO2 molecule binds about 3 kcal mol-1 in free energy more strongly than CH4 in the central cavity of CC3-R at 300 K which may be enough to allow useful discrimination. Four C2H2 units and four CO2 units are calculated to bind similarly inside CC3-R (ΔH(298 K) = -8.6 and -7.7 kcal mol-1 per unit, respectively). Since H2O is smaller, more waters can easily fit inside. For twelve water molecules, the binding enthalpy per water is ΔH(298 K) = -16.4 kcal mol-1. For comparison, the binding enthalpy of (H2O)12 at the same level of theory (B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)-D3BJ//M06-2X/6-31G(d)) is predicted to be -12.3 kcal mol-1 per water. Finally, the dimerization of CC3-R and the association of CC3-R with CC3-S was studied as well as 3 to 9 iodine atoms enclosed in CC3-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida A McKee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Michael L McKee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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8
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Hua M, Wang S, Gong Y, Wei J, Yang Z, Sun J. Hierarchically Porous Organic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Hua
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Shuping Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Ke Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing P. R. China
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9
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Hua M, Wang S, Gong Y, Wei J, Yang Z, Sun JK. Hierarchically Porous Organic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12490-12497. [PMID: 33694301 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Imparting mesopores to organic cages of an intrinsic microporous nature to build up hierarchically porous cage soft materials is a grand challenge and will reshape the property and application scope of traditional organic cage molecules. Herein, we discovered how to engineer mesopores into microporous organic cages via their host-guest interactions with long chain ionic surfactants. Equally important, the ionic head of surfactants equips the supramolecularly assembled porous structures with charge-selective uptake and release function in solution. Interestingly, such hierarchically porous organic cage can serve as a nanoreactor once trapping enzymes within the cavity, which show 5-fold enhanced activity of enzymatic catalysis when compared with the free enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Hua
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Shuping Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ke Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
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10
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Alexandre P, Zhang W, Rominger F, Elbert SM, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. A Robust Porous Quinoline Cage: Transformation of a [4+6] Salicylimine Cage by Povarov Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19675-19679. [PMID: 32521080 PMCID: PMC7689861 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porous shape-persistent organic cages have become the object of interest in recent years because they are soluble and thus processable from solution. A variety of cages can be achieved by applying dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC), but they are less chemically stable. Here the transformation of a salicylimine cage into a quinoline cage by a twelve-fold Povarov reaction as the key step is described. Besides the chemical stability of the cage over a broad pH regime, it shows a unique absorption and emission depending on acid concentration. Furthermore, thin films for the vapor detection of acids were investigated, showing color switches from pale-yellow to red, and characteristic emission profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre‐Emmanuel Alexandre
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
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11
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Zhao D, Wang Y, Su Q, Li L, Zhou J. Lysozyme Adsorption on Porous Organic Cages: A Molecular Simulation Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12299-12308. [PMID: 32988201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, porous organic cages (POCs) have emerged as a novel porous material with many merits and are widely utilized in many application fields. In this work, for the first time, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the mechanism of lysozyme adsorption onto the CC3 crystal, a kind of widely studied POC material. The simulation results show that lysozyme adsorbs onto the surface of CC3 with "top end-on," "back-on," or "side-on" orientations. It is found that the van der Waals interaction is the primary contribution to the binding; the conformation of the lysozyme is well preserved during the adsorption process. This provides some evidence for its biocompatibility and feasibility in biorelated applications. Arginine plays an important role in mediating the adsorption through nonpolar aliphatic chains. More importantly, the distribution and structure of the water layer on the POC surface has a significant impact on adsorption. This study provides insights into the development of POC materials with defined morphologies for the adsorption of biomolecules and may help the rational design of biorelated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohui Zhao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Qianwen Su
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Libo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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12
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Wen Q, Tenenholtz S, Shimon LJW, Bar-Elli O, Beck LM, Houben L, Cohen SR, Feldman Y, Oron D, Lahav M, van der Boom ME. Chiral and SHG-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks Formed in Solution and on Surfaces: Uniformity, Morphology Control, Oriented Growth, and Postassembly Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14210-14221. [PMID: 32650634 PMCID: PMC7497644 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
demonstrate the formation of uniform and oriented metal–organic
frameworks using a combination of anion effects and surface chemistry.
Subtle but significant morphological changes result from the nature
of the coordinative counteranion of the following metal salts: NiX2 with X = Br–, Cl–, NO3–, and OAc–. Crystals
could be obtained in solution or by template surface growth. The latter
results in truncated crystals that resemble a half structure of the
solution-grown ones. The oriented surface-bound metal–organic
frameworks (sMOFs) are obtained via a one-step solvothermal approach
rather than in a layer-by-layer approach. The MOFs are grown on Si/SiOx
substrates modified with an organic monolayer or on glass substrates
covered with a transparent conductive oxide (TCO). Regardless of the
different morphologies, the crystallographic packing is nearly identical
and is not affected by the type of anion or by solution versus the
surface chemistry. A propeller-type arrangement of the nonchiral ligands
around the metal center affords a chiral structure with two geometrically
different helical channels in a 2:1 ratio with the same handedness.
To demonstrate the accessibility and porosity of the macroscopically
oriented channels, a chromophore (resorufin sodium salt) was successfully
embedded into the channels of the crystals by diffusion from solution,
resulting in fluorescent crystals. These “colored” crystals displayed polarized emission (red) with a high
polarization ratio because of the alignment of these dyes imposed
by the crystallographic structure. A second-harmonic generation (SHG)
study revealed Kleinman symmetry-forbidden nonlinear optical properties.
These surface-bound and oriented SHG-active MOFs have the potential
for use as single nonlinear optical (NLO) devices.
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13
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Alexandre P, Zhang W, Rominger F, Elbert SM, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. A Robust Porous Quinoline Cage: Transformation of a [4+6] Salicylimine Cage by Povarov Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre‐Emmanuel Alexandre
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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14
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15
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Escobar-Picos R, Vasquez-Ríos MG, Sotelo-Mundo RR, Jancik V, Martínez-Otero D, Calvillo-Páez V, Höpfl H, Ochoa Lara K. A Chiral Bis-Naphthylated Tetrandrine Dibromide: Synthesis, Self-Assembly into an Organic Framework Based On Nanosized Spherical Cages, and Inclusion Studies. Chempluschem 2020; 84:1140-1144. [PMID: 31943950 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline framework materials have gained interest because of their many potential applications. A novel chiral tetrandrine salt (DNT) has been synthesized and characterized by conventional analytical techniques and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and its self-assembly behavior studied. In the solid state, 48 molecules of the compound self-assemble into an organic framework based on nanospherical aggregates formed exclusively through weak noncovalent interactions. Additionally, it was demonstrated by UV-vis spectroscopy and TGA that assembled DNT can include the Nile Red dye, giving a fluorescent material. To the best of our knowledge, these spherical assemblies are the largest among the purely synthetic organic self-assembled molecular crystals reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymundo Escobar-Picos
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - María G Vasquez-Ríos
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Rogerio R Sotelo-Mundo
- Laboratorio de Estructura Biomolecular Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Vojtech Jancik
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.,Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, km. 14.5, 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Diego Martínez-Otero
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.,Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, km. 14.5, 50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Viviana Calvillo-Páez
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Herbert Höpfl
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Karen Ochoa Lara
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
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16
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Jiang S, Cox HJ, Papaioannou EI, Tang C, Liu H, Murdoch BJ, Gibson EK, Metcalfe IS, Evans JSO, Beaumont SK. Shape-persistent porous organic cage supported palladium nanoparticles as heterogeneous catalytic materials. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14929-14936. [PMID: 31361283 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04553h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Porous Organic Cages (POCs) are an emerging class of self-assembling, porous materials with novel properties. They offer a key advantage over other porous materials in permitting facile solution processing and re-assembly. The combination of POCs with metal nanoparticles (NPs) unlocks applications in the area of catalysis. In this context, POCs can function as both the template of ultra-small NPs and a porous, but reprocessable, heterogeneous catalyst support. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of ultra-small Pd NPs with an imine linked POC known as 'CC3', and show that hydrogen gas can be used to form metallic NPs at ∼200 °C without the reduction of the organic cage (and the accompanying, unwanted loss of crystallinity). The resulting materials are characterized using a range of techniques (including powder diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy) and shown to be recrystallizable following dissolution in organic solvent. Their catalytic efficacy is demonstrated using the widely studied carbon monoxide oxidation reaction. This demonstration paves the way for using ultra-small NPs synthesized with POCs as solution-processable, self-assembling porous catalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Science Site, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Harrison J Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Science Site, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | | | - Chenyang Tang
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Huiyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Science Site, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Billy J Murdoch
- National EPSRC XPS Users' Service (NEXUS), School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Emma K Gibson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK and UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Ian S Metcalfe
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - John S O Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Science Site, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Simon K Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry, Science Site, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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17
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Zheng H, Ye H, Yu X, You L. Interplay between n→π* Interactions and Dynamic Covalent Bonds: Quantification and Modulation by Solvent Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8825-8833. [PMID: 31075197 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Orbital donor-acceptor interactions play critical roles throughout chemistry, and hence, their regulation and functionalization are of great significance. Herein we demonstrate for the first time the investigation of n→π* interactions through the strategy of dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC), and we further showcase its use in the stabilization of imine. The n→π* interaction between donor X and acceptor aldehyde/imine within 2-X-2'-formylbiphenyl derivatives was found to significantly influence the thermodynamics of imine exchange. The orbital interaction was then quantified through imine exchange, the equilibrium of which was successfully correlated with the difference in natural bond orbital stabilization energy of n→π* interactions of aldehyde and its imine. Moreover, the examination of solvent effects provided insights into the distinct feature of the modulation of n→π* interaction with aprotic and protic solvents. The n→π* interaction involving imine was enhanced in protic solvents due to hydrogen bonding with the solvent. This finding further enabled the stabilization of imine in purely aqueous solution. The strategies and results reported should find application in many fields, including molecular recognition, biological labeling, and asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , China.,College of Chemistry and Material Science , Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Hebo Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , China.,University of Chinese of Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiaoxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , China.,College of Chemistry and Material Science , Fujian Normal University , Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Lei You
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002 , China.,University of Chinese of Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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18
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Lucero J, Crawford JM, Osuna C, Carreon MA. Solvothermal synthesis of porous organic cage CC3 in the presence of dimethylformamide as solvent. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00662a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Morphology, and crystal product of porous organic cage CC3, was modified by the use of a novel and non-traditional high dielectric constant solvent dimethyl formamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolie Lucero
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Colorado School of Mines
- Golden
- USA
| | - James M. Crawford
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Colorado School of Mines
- Golden
- USA
| | - Carla Osuna
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Colorado School of Mines
- Golden
- USA
| | - Moises A. Carreon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Colorado School of Mines
- Golden
- USA
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19
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Wang Z, Ma H, Zhai T, Cheng G, Xu Q, Liu J, Yang J, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Zheng Y, Tan B, Zhang C. Networked Cages for Enhanced CO 2 Capture and Sensing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800141. [PMID: 30027046 PMCID: PMC6051374 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
It remains a great challenge to design and synthesize a porous material for CO2 capture and sensing simultaneously. Herein, strategy of "cage to frameworks" is demonstrated to synthesize fluorescent porous organic polymer (pTOC) by using tetraphenylethylene-based oxacalixarene cage (TOC) as the monomer. The networked cages (pTOC) have improved porous properties, including Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and CO2 capture compared with its monomer TOC, because the polymerization overcomes the window-to-arene packing modes of cages and turns on their pores. Moreover, pTOC displays prominent reversible fluorescence enhancement in the presence of CO2 in different dispersion systems and fluorescence recovery for CO2 release in the presence of NH3·H2O, and is thus very effective to detect and quantify the fractions of CO2 in a gaseous mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- College of Life Science and TechnologyNational Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Hui Ma
- College of Life Science and TechnologyNational Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Tian‐Long Zhai
- College of Life Science and TechnologyNational Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Guang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Qian Xu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyNational Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Jun‐Min Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Qing‐Mei Zhang
- College of Life Science and TechnologyNational Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Qing‐Pu Zhang
- College of Life Science and TechnologyNational Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Yan‐Song Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Bien Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Chun Zhang
- College of Life Science and TechnologyNational Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
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20
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Abstract
Empty spaces are abhorred by nature, which immediately rushes in to fill the void. Humans have learnt pretty well how to make ordered empty nanocontainers, and to get useful products out of them. When such an order is imparted to molecules, new properties may appear, often yielding advanced applications. This review illustrates how the organized void space inherently present in various materials: zeolites, clathrates, mesoporous silica/organosilica, and metal organic frameworks (MOF), for example, can be exploited to create confined, organized, and self-assembled supramolecular structures of low dimensionality. Features of the confining matrices relevant to organization are presented with special focus on molecular-level aspects. Selected examples of confined supramolecular assemblies - from small molecules to quantum dots or luminescent species - are aimed to show the complexity and potential of this approach. Natural confinement (minerals) and hyperconfinement (high pressure) provide further opportunities to understand and master the atomistic-level interactions governing supramolecular organization under nanospace restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Tabacchi
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio, 9 I-22100, Como, Italy
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21
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Beuerle F, Gole B. Covalent Organic Frameworks and Cage Compounds: Design and Applications of Polymeric and Discrete Organic Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4850-4878. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Beuerle
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) &; Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Bappaditya Gole
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) &; Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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22
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Beuerle F, Gole B. Kovalente organische Netzwerke und Käfigverbindungen: Design und Anwendungen von polymeren und diskreten organischen Gerüsten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Beuerle
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Zentrum für Nanosystemchemie (CNC) &; Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Bappaditya Gole
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Zentrum für Nanosystemchemie (CNC) &; Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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23
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Liu X, Li H, Kim Y, Lee M. Assembly–disassembly switching of self-sorted nanotubules forming dynamic 2-D porous heterostructure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3102-3105. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01177j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-sorted tubules and sheets are reversibly merged into 2-D porous heterostructure in response to a pH change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Huichang Li
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Yongju Kim
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Myongsoo Lee
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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24
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Jiang S, Song Q, Massey A, Chong SY, Chen L, Sun S, Hasell T, Raval R, Sivaniah E, Cheetham AK, Cooper AI. Oriented Two-Dimensional Porous Organic Cage Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9391-9395. [PMID: 28580700 PMCID: PMC5577517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of two-dimensional (2D) oriented porous organic cage crystals (consisting of imine-based tetrahedral molecules) on various substrates (such as silicon wafers and glass) by solution-processing is reported. Insight into the crystallinity, preferred orientation, and cage crystal growth was obtained by experimental and computational techniques. For the first time, structural defects in porous molecular materials were observed directly and the defect concentration could be correlated with crystal growth rate. These oriented crystals suggest potential for future applications, such as solution-processable molecular crystalline 2D membranes for molecular separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of ChemistryMaterials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Qilei Song
- Barrer CentreDepartment of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Alan Massey
- Surface Science Research CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolL69 3BXLiverpoolUK
| | - Samantha Y. Chong
- Department of ChemistryMaterials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of ChemistryMaterials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Shijing Sun
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of ChemistryMaterials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Rasmita Raval
- Surface Science Research CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolL69 3BXLiverpoolUK
| | - Easan Sivaniah
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS)Kyoto UniversityKyoto606-8501Japan
| | - Anthony K. Cheetham
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0FSUK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of ChemistryMaterials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
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