1
|
Kumar Bisai M, Łosiewicz J, Sotorrios L, Nichol GS, Dominey AP, Cowley MJ, Thomas SP, Macgregor SA, Ingleson MJ. Transition Metal-Free Catalytic C-H Zincation and Alumination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404848. [PMID: 38577790 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
C-H metalation is the most efficient method to prepare aryl-zinc and -aluminium complexes that are ubiquitous nucleophiles. Virtually all C-H metalation routes to form Al/Zn organometallics require stoichiometric, strong Brønsted bases with no base-catalyzed reactions reported. Herein we present a catalytic in amine/ammonium salt (Et3N/[(Et3N)H]+) C-H metalation process to form aryl-zinc and aryl-aluminium complexes. Key to this approach is coupling an endergonic C-H metalation step with a sufficiently exergonic dehydrocoupling step between the ammonium salt by-product of C-H metalation ([(Et3N)H]+) and a Zn-H or Al-Me containing complex. This step, forming H2/MeH, makes the overall cycle exergonic while generating more of the reactive metal electrophile. Mechanistic studies supported by DFT calculations revealed metal-specific dehydrocoupling pathways, with the divergent reactivity due to the different metal valency (which impacts the accessibility of amine-free cationic metal complexes) and steric environment. Notably, dehydrocoupling in the zinc system proceeds through a ligand-mediated pathway involving protonation of the β-diketiminate Cγ position. Given this process is applicable to two disparate metals (Zn and Al), other main group metals and ligand sets are expected to be amenable to this transition metal-free, catalytic C-H metalation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Kumar Bisai
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Justyna Łosiewicz
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Lia Sotorrios
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Gary S Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Dominey
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Cowley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Thomas
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Ingleson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
R Judge N, Logallo A, Hevia E. Main group metal-mediated strategies for C-H and C-F bond activation and functionalisation of fluoroarenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11617-11628. [PMID: 37920337 PMCID: PMC10619642 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03548d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With fluoroaromatic compounds increasingly employed as scaffolds in agrochemicals and active pharmaceutical ingredients, the development of methods which facilitate regioselective functionalisation of their C-H and C-F bonds is a frontier of modern synthesis. Along with classical lithiation and nucleophilic aromatic substitution protocols, the vast majority of research efforts have focused on transition metal-mediated transformations enabled by the redox versatilities of these systems. Breaking new ground in this area, recent advances in main group metal chemistry have delineated unique ways in which s-block, Al, Ga and Zn metal complexes can activate this important type of fluorinated molecule. Underpinned by chemical cooperativity, these advances include either the use of heterobimetallic complexes where the combined effect of two metals within a single ligand set enables regioselective low polarity C-H metalation; or the use of novel low valent main group metal complexes supported by special stabilising ligands to induce C-F bond activations. Merging these two different approaches, this Perspective provides an overview of the emerging concept of main-group metal mediated C-H/C-F functionalisation of fluoroarenes. Showcasing the untapped potential that these systems can offer in these processes; focus is placed on how special chemical cooperation is established and how the trapping of key reaction intermediates can inform mechanistic understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Judge
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Logallo
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern Switzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang L, Kaukver S, McMullen J, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Catalytic C–H Alumination of Thiophenes: DFT Predictions and Experimental Verification. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siim Kaukver
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Jacob McMullen
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kanbur U, Paterson AL, Rodriguez J, Kocen AL, Yappert R, Hackler RA, Wang YY, Peters B, Delferro M, LaPointe AM, Coates GW, Perras F, Sadow AD. Zirconium-Catalyzed C-H Alumination of Polyolefins, Paraffins, and Methane. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2901-2910. [PMID: 36696148 PMCID: PMC9912340 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
C-H/Et-Al exchange in zirconium-catalyzed reactions of saturated hydrocarbons and AlEt3 affords versatile organoaluminum compounds and ethane. The grafting of commercially available Zr(OtBu)4 on silica/alumina gives monopodal ≡SiO-Zr(OtBu)3 surface pre-catalyst sites that are activated in situ by ligand exchange with AlEt3. The catalytic C-H alumination of dodecane at 150 °C followed by quenching in air affords n-dodecanol as the major product, revealing selectivity for methyl group activation. Shorter hydrocarbon or alcohol products were not detected under these conditions. Catalytic reactions of cyclooctane and AlEt3, however, afford ring-opened products, indicating that C-C bond cleavage occurs readily in methyl group-free reactants. This selectivity for methyl group alumination enables the C-H alumination of polyethylenes, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly-α-olefin oils without significant chain deconstruction. In addition, the smallest hydrocarbon, methane, undergoes selective mono-alumination under solvent-free catalytic conditions, providing a direct route to Al-Me species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav Kanbur
- Ames
National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States,Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | | | - Jessica Rodriguez
- Ames
National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Andrew L. Kocen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Ryan Yappert
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ryan A. Hackler
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yi-Yu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Baron Peters
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States,Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Anne M. LaPointe
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Frédéric
A. Perras
- Ames
National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Aaron D. Sadow
- Ames
National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States,Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morris LJ, Rajeshkumar T, Maron L, Okuda J. Reversible Oxidative Addition of Zinc Hydride at a Gallium(I)-Centre: Labile Mono- and Bis(hydridogallyl)zinc Complexes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201480. [PMID: 35819049 PMCID: PMC9804236 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of TMEDA (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine), partially deaggregated zinc dihydride as hydrocarbon suspensions react with the gallium(I) compound [(BDI)Ga] (I, BDI={HC(C(CH3 )N(2,6-iPr2 -C6 H3 ))2 }- ) by formal oxidative addition of a Zn-H bond to the gallium(I) centre. Dissociation of the labile TMEDA ligand in the resulting complex [(BDI)Ga(H)-(H)Zn(tmeda)] (1) facilitates insertion of a second equiv. of I into the remaining Zn-H to form a thermally sensitive trinuclear species [{(BDI)Ga(H)}2 Zn] (2). Compound 1 exchanges with polymeric zinc dideuteride [ZnD2 ]n in the presence of TMEDA, and with compounds I and 2 via sequential and reversible ligand dissociation and gallium(I) insertion. Spectroscopic and computational studies demonstrate the reversibility of oxidative addition of each Zn-H bond to the gallium(I) centres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis J. Morris
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University52062AachenGermany,Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Laurent Maron
- CNRSINSAUPSUMR 5215LPCNOUniversité de Toulouse31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University52062AachenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brown RK, Hooper TN, Rekhroukh F, White AJP, Costa PJ, Crimmin MR. Alumination of aryl methyl ethers: switching between sp 2 and sp 3 C-O bond functionalisation with Pd-catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11673-11676. [PMID: 34672313 PMCID: PMC8567294 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05408b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of [{(ArNCMe)2CH}Al] (Ar = 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl) with aryl methyl ethers proceeded with alumination of the sp3 C-O bond. The selectivity of this reaction could be switched by inclusion of a catalyst. In the presence of [Pd(PCy3)2], chemoselective sp2 C-O bond functionalisation was observed. Kinetic isotope experiments and DFT calculations support a catalytic pathway involving the ligand-assisted oxidative addition of the sp2 C-O bond to a Pd-Al intermetallic complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Thomas N Hooper
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Feriel Rekhroukh
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Paulo J Costa
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wiesinger M, Rösch B, Knüpfer C, Mai J, Langer J, Harder S. Carbon‐Halogen Bond Activation with Powerful Heavy Alkaline Earth Metal Hydrides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wiesinger
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Bastian Rösch
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Knüpfer
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jonathan Mai
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Garçon M, Mun NW, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Palladium-Catalysed C-H Bond Zincation of Arenes: Scope, Mechanism, and the Role of Heterometallic Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6145-6153. [PMID: 33275830 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic methods that transform C-H bonds into C-X bonds are of paramount importance in synthesis. A particular focus has been the generation of organoboranes, organosilanes and organostannanes from simple hydrocarbons (X=B, Si, Sn). Despite the importance of organozinc compounds (X=Zn), their synthesis by the catalytic functionalisation of C-H bonds remains unknown. Herein, we show that a palladium catalyst and zinc hydride reagent can be used to transform C-H bonds into C-Zn bonds. The new catalytic C-H zincation protocol has been applied to a variety of arenes-including fluoroarenes, heteroarenes, and benzene-with high chemo- and regioselectivity. A mechanistic study shows that heterometallic Pd-Zn complexes play a key role in catalysis. The conclusions of this work are twofold; the first is that valuable organozinc compounds are finally accessible by catalytic C-H functionalisation, the second is that heterometallic complexes are intimately involved in bond-making and bond-breaking steps of C-H functionalisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martí Garçon
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Nicolette Wee Mun
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garçon M, Mun NW, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Palladium‐Catalysed C−H Bond Zincation of Arenes: Scope, Mechanism, and the Role of Heterometallic Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martí Garçon
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Nicolette Wee Mun
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Batuecas M, Gorgas N, Crimmin MR. Catalytic C-H to C-M (M = Al, Mg) bond transformations with heterometallic complexes. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1993-2000. [PMID: 34163961 PMCID: PMC8179254 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03695a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C-H functionalisation is one of the cornerstones of modern catalysis and remains a topic of contemporary interest due its high efficiency and atom-economy. Among these reactions, C-H borylation, that is the transformation of C-H to C-B bonds, has experienced a fast development because of the wide utility of organoboron reagents as synthetic intermediates. The mechanistic background is now well-understood and the role of transition metal boryl or σ-borane intermediates in this transformation is well documented. This mini-review focuses on efforts made by our group, and others, to establish palladium- and calcium-catalysed methods for C-H metalation employing heavier main group elements (M = Al, Mg). These are new catalytic reactions first accomplished in our group that we have termed C-H alumination and magnesiation respectively. Unusual heterometallic complexes have been identified as key on-cycle intermediates and their unique reactivity is discussed in the context of new catalytic pathways for C-H functionalisation. Hence, this mini-review summarises the recent progress in the area of C-H metalation reactions as well as the new opportunities that may arise from this concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Batuecas
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Nikolaus Gorgas
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rekhroukh F, Chen W, Brown RK, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Palladium-catalysed C-F alumination of fluorobenzenes: mechanistic diversity and origin of selectivity. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7842-7849. [PMID: 34094156 PMCID: PMC8163258 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01915a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A palladium pre-catalyst, [Pd(PCy3)2] is reported for the efficient and selective C–F alumination of fluorobenzenes with the aluminium(i) reagent [{(ArNCMe)2CH}Al] (1, Ar = 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl). The catalytic protocol results in the transformation of sp2 C–F bonds to sp2 C–Al bonds and provides a route to reactive organoaluminium complexes (2a–h) from fluorocarbons. The catalyst is highly active. Reactions proceed within 5 minutes at 25 °C (and at appreciable rates at even −50 °C) and the scope includes low-fluorine-content substrates such as fluorobenzene, difluorobenzenes and trifluorobenzenes. The reaction proceeds with complete chemoselectivity (C–F vs. C–H) and high regioselectivities (>90% for C–F bonds adjacent to the most acidic C–H sites). The heterometallic complex [Pd(PCy3)(1)2] was shown to be catalytically competent. Catalytic C–F alumination proceeds with a KIE of 1.1–1.3. DFT calculations have been used to model potential mechanisms for C–F bond activation. These calculations suggest that two competing mechanisms may be in operation. Pathway 1 involves a ligand-assisted oxidative addition to [Pd(1)2] and leads directly to the product. Pathway 2 involves a stepwise C–H → C–F functionalisation mechanism in which the C–H bond is broken and reformed along the reaction coordinate, guiding the catalyst to an adjacent C–F site. This second mechanism explains the experimentally observed regioselectivity. Experimental support for this C–H activation playing a key role in C–F alumination was obtained by employing [{(MesNCMe)2CH}AlH2] (3, Mes = 2,4,6-tri-methylphenyl) as a reagent in place of 1. In this instance, the kinetic C–H alumination intermediate could be isolated. Under catalytic conditions this intermediate converts to the thermodynamic C–F alumination product. A palladium pre-catalyst, [Pd(PCy3)2] is reported for the efficient and selective C–F alumination of fluorobenzenes with the aluminium(i) reagent [{(ArNCMe)2CH}Al] (Ar = 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl).![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feriel Rekhroukh
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Wenyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Ryan K Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hooper TN, Brown RK, Rekhroukh F, Garçon M, White AJP, Costa PJ, Crimmin MR. Catalyst control of selectivity in the C-O bond alumination of biomass derived furans. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7850-7857. [PMID: 34094157 PMCID: PMC8163288 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01918f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-catalysed and catalysed reactions of aluminium reagents with furans, dihydrofurans and dihydropyrans were investigated and lead to ring-expanded products due to the insertion of the aluminium reagent into a C–O bond of the heterocycle. Specifically, the reaction of [{(ArNCMe)2CH}Al] (Ar = 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl, 1) with furans proceeded between 25 and 80 °C leading to dearomatised products due to the net transformation of a sp2 C–O bond into a sp2 C–Al bond. The kinetics of the reaction of 1 with furan were found to be 1st order with respect to 1 with activation parameters ΔH‡ = +19.7 (±2.7) kcal mol−1, ΔS‡ = −18.8 (±7.8) cal K−1 mol−1 and ΔG‡298 K = +25.3 (±0.5) kcal mol−1 and a KIE of 1.0 ± 0.1. DFT calculations support a stepwise mechanism involving an initial (4 + 1) cycloaddition of 1 with furan to form a bicyclic intermediate that rearranges by an α-migration. The selectivity of ring-expansion is influenced by factors that weaken the sp2 C–O bond through population of the σ*-orbital. Inclusion of [Pd(PCy3)2] as a catalyst in these reactions results in expansion of the substrate scope to include 2,3-dihydrofurans and 3,4-dihydropyrans and improves selectivity. Under catalysed conditions, the C–O bond that breaks is that adjacent to the sp2C–H bond. The aluminium(iii) dihydride reagent [{(MesNCMe)2CH}AlH2] (Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2) can also be used under catalytic conditions to effect a dehydrogenative ring-expansion of furans. Further mechanistic analysis shows that C–O bond functionalisation occurs via an initial C–H bond alumination. Kinetic products can be isolated that are derived from installation of the aluminium reagent at the 2-position of the heterocycle. C–H alumination occurs with a KIE of 4.8 ± 0.3 consistent with a turnover limiting step involving oxidative addition of the C–H bond to the palladium catalyst. Isomerisation of the kinetic C–H aluminated product to the thermodynamic C–O ring expansion product is an intramolecular process that is again catalysed by [Pd(PCy3)2]. DFT calculations suggest that the key C–O bond breaking step involves attack of an aluminium based metalloligand on the 2-palladated heterocycle. The new methodology has been applied to important platform chemicals from biomass. Non-catalysed and catalysed reactions of aluminium reagents with furans, dihydrofurans and dihydropyrans were investigated and lead to ring-expanded products due to the insertion of the aluminium reagent into a C–O bond of the heterocycle.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Hooper
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Ryan K Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Feriel Rekhroukh
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK .,BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa 1749-016 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Martí Garçon
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Paulo J Costa
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa 1749-016 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kanbur U, Sadow AD. Rare-Earth Catalyzed C-H Bond Alumination of Terminal Alkynes. Chemistry 2020; 26:5479-5493. [PMID: 32034950 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Organoaluminum reagents' application in catalytic C-H bond functionalization is limited by competitive side reactions, such as carboalumination and hydroalumination. Herein, rare-earth tetramethylaluminate complexes are shown to catalyze the exclusive C-H bond metalation of terminal alkynes with the commodity reagents trimethyl-, triethyl-, and triisobutylaluminum. Kinetic experiments probing alkyl-group exchange between rare-earth aluminates and trialkylaluminum, C-H bond metalation of alkynes, and catalytic conversions reveal distinct pathways of catalytic aluminations with triethylaluminum versus trimethylaluminum. Most significantly, kinetic data point to reversible formation of a unique [Ln](AlR4 )2 ⋅AlR3 adduct, followed by turnover-limiting alkyne metalation. That is, C-H bond activation occurs from a more associated organometallic species, rather than the expected coordinatively unsaturated species. These mechanistic conclusions allude to a new general strategy for catalytic C-H bond alumination that make use of highly electrophilic metal catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav Kanbur
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Dr, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Aaron D Sadow
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Dr, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bakewell C, Garçon M, Kong RY, O’Hare L, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Reactions of an Aluminum(I) Reagent with 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,5-Dienes: Dearomatization, Reversibility, and a Pericyclic Mechanism. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:4608-4616. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Bakewell
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Kings Cross, WC1H 0AJ London, U.K
| | - Martí Garçon
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Richard Y. Kong
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Louisa O’Hare
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Saito H, Yorimitsu H. Ring-expanding and Ring-opening Transformations of Benzofurans and Indoles with Introducing Heteroatoms. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayate Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hooper TN, Lau S, Chen W, Brown RK, Garçon M, Luong K, Barrow NS, Tatton AS, Sackman GA, Richardson C, White AJP, Cooper RI, Edwards AJ, Casely IJ, Crimmin MR. The partial dehydrogenation of aluminium dihydrides. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8083-8093. [PMID: 31762968 PMCID: PMC6855256 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02750e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactions of a series of β-diketiminate stabilised aluminium dihydrides with ruthenium bis(phosphine), palladium bis(phosphine) and palladium cyclopentadienyl complexes is reported.
The reactions of a series of β-diketiminate stabilised aluminium dihydrides with ruthenium bis(phosphine), palladium bis(phosphine) and palladium cyclopentadienyl complexes is reported. In the case of ruthenium, alane coordination occurs with no evidence for hydrogen loss resulting in the formation of ruthenium complexes with a pseudo–octahedral geometry and cis-relation of phosphine ligands. These new ruthenium complexes have been characterised by multinuclear and variable temperature NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. In the case of palladium, a series of structural snapshots of alane dehydrogenation have been isolated and crystallographically characterised. Variation of the palladium precursor and ligand on aluminium allows kinetic control over reactivity and isolation of intermetallic complexes that contain new Pd–Al and Pd–Pd interactions. These complexes differ by the ratio of H : Al (2 : 1, 1.5 : 1 and 1 : 1) with lower hydride content species forming with dihydrogen loss. A combination of X-ray and neutron diffraction studies have been used to interrogate the structures and provide confidence in the assignment of the number and position of hydride ligands. 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy and calculations (DFT, QTAIM) have been used to gain an understanding of the dehydrogenation processes. The latter provide evidence for dehydrogenation being accompanied by metal–metal bond formation and an increased negative charge on Al due to the covalency of the new metal–metal bonds. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first structural information for intermediate species in alane dehydrogenation including a rare neutron diffraction study of a palladium–aluminium hydride complex. Furthermore, as part of these studies we have obtained the first SS 27Al NMR data on an aluminium(i) complex. Our findings are relevant to hydrogen storage, materials chemistry and catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Hooper
- Department of Chemistry , Molecular Sciences Research Hub , Imperial College London , 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush , London , W12 0BZ , UK .
| | - Samantha Lau
- Department of Chemistry , Molecular Sciences Research Hub , Imperial College London , 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush , London , W12 0BZ , UK .
| | - Wenyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Molecular Sciences Research Hub , Imperial College London , 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush , London , W12 0BZ , UK .
| | - Ryan K Brown
- Department of Chemistry , Molecular Sciences Research Hub , Imperial College London , 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush , London , W12 0BZ , UK .
| | - Martí Garçon
- Department of Chemistry , Molecular Sciences Research Hub , Imperial College London , 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush , London , W12 0BZ , UK .
| | - Karen Luong
- Department of Chemistry , Molecular Sciences Research Hub , Imperial College London , 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush , London , W12 0BZ , UK .
| | - Nathan S Barrow
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre , Blounts Court, Sonning Common , Reading , RG4 9NH , UK
| | - Andrew S Tatton
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , OX1 3PH , UK
| | - George A Sackman
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering , Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation , Australia.,Chemical Crystallography , Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK
| | | | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry , Molecular Sciences Research Hub , Imperial College London , 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush , London , W12 0BZ , UK .
| | - Richard I Cooper
- Chemical Crystallography , Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford , OX1 3TA , UK
| | - Alison J Edwards
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering , Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation , Australia
| | - Ian J Casely
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre , Blounts Court, Sonning Common , Reading , RG4 9NH , UK
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry , Molecular Sciences Research Hub , Imperial College London , 80 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush , London , W12 0BZ , UK .
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang N, Lv H, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Hu Y, Majima T, Tang H. Complete Defluorination and Mineralization of Perfluorooctanoic Acid by a Mechanochemical Method Using Alumina and Persulfate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8302-8313. [PMID: 31149813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent organic pollutant that has received concerns worldwide due to its extreme resistance to conventional degradation. A mechanochemical (MC) method was developed for complete degradation of PFOA by using alumina (Al2O3) and potassium persulfate (PS) as comilling agents. After ball milling for 2 h, the MC treatment using Al2O3 or PS caused conversion of PFOA to either 1-H-1-perfluoroheptene or dimers with a defluorination efficiency lower than 20%, but that using both Al2O3 and PS caused degradation of PFOA with a defluorination of 100% and a mineralization of 98%. This method also caused complete defluorination of other C3∼C6 homologues of PFOA. The complete defluorination of PFOA attributes to Al2O3 and PS led to the weakening of the C-F bond in PFOA and the generation of hydroxyl radical (•OH), respectively. During the MC degradation, Al2O3 strongly anchors PFOA through COO--Al coordination and in situ formed from Lewis-base interaction and PS through hydrogen bond. Meanwhile, mechanical effects induce the homolytic cleavage of PS to produce SO4•-, which reacts with OH group of Al2O3 to generate •OH. The degradation of PFOA is initiated by decarboxylation as a result of weakened C-COO- due to Al3+ coordination. The subsequent addition of •OH, elimination of HF, and reaction with water induce the stepwise removal of all carboxyl groups and F atoms as CO2 and F-, respectively. Thus, complete defluorination and mineralization are achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Hanqing Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Yue Hu
- College of Resourcesand Environmental , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Tetsuro Majima
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Heqing Tang
- College of Resourcesand Environmental , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lim S, Song D, Jeon S, Kim Y, Kim H, Lee S, Cho H, Lee BC, Kim SE, Kim K, Lee E. Cobalt-Catalyzed C-F Bond Borylation of Aryl Fluorides. Org Lett 2018; 20:7249-7252. [PMID: 30388011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mild and practical cobalt-catalyzed defluoroborylation of fluoroarenes is presented for the first time. The method permits straightforward functionalization of fluoroarenes, with high selectivity for borylation of C-F over C-H bonds, and a tolerance for aerobic conditions. Furthermore, two-step 18F-fluorination was achieved for expanding the scope of 18F-positron emission tomography probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soobin Lim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dalnim Song
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Jeon
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sanghee Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seongnam 13620 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology , Seoul National University , Suwon 16229 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seongnam 13620 , Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development , Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology , Suwon 16229 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seongnam 13620 , Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development , Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology , Suwon 16229 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology , Seoul National University , Suwon 16229 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Garçon M, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Palladium-catalysed magnesiation of benzene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12326-12328. [PMID: 30320315 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06392c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of a catalytic quantity of [Pd(PCy3)2], a reagent containing a Mg-Mg bond effects the C-H functionalisation of benzene resulting in a 100% atom efficient transformation to generate an unprecedented aryl magnesium hydride.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martí Garçon
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hooper TN, Garçon M, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Room temperature catalytic carbon-hydrogen bond alumination of unactivated arenes: mechanism and selectivity. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5435-5440. [PMID: 30155233 PMCID: PMC6011207 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02072h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first catalytic methods for the transformation of C-H bonds of unactivated arenes into C-Al bonds. The catalytic reactions occur at 25 °C (benzene, toluene and xylenes) with palladium loadings as low as 0.1 mol%. Remarkably, the C-H activation of toluene and xylenes proceeds with ortho- and meta-selectivity. This selectivity is highly unusual and complementary to both Friedel-Crafts and the majority of C-H borylation methods. Through a detailed mechanistic analysis (Eyring analysis, KIE, DFT, QTAIM) we show that unusual Pd-Al intermetallic complexes are on the catalytic cycle and that the selectivity is determined by weak attractive dispersion forces in the transition state for C-H bond breaking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Hooper
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Martí Garçon
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shi X, Mao S, Soulé JF, Doucet H. Reactivity of 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzenes in Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Arylation. J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Shi
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Shuxin Mao
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Henri Doucet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|