1
|
Martins-Costa MTC, Ruiz-López MF. The Structure of Carbon Dioxide at the Air-Water Interface and its Chemical Implications. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400825. [PMID: 38838064 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The efficient reduction of CO2 into valuable products is a challenging task in an international context marked by the climate change crisis and the need to move away from fossil fuels. Recently, the use of water microdroplets has emerged as an interesting reaction media where many redox processes which do not occur in conventional solutions take place spontaneously. Indeed, several experimental studies in microdroplets have already been devoted to study the reduction of CO2 with promising results. The increased reactivity in microdroplets is thought to be linked to unique electrostatic solvation effects at the air-water interface. In the present work, we report a theoretical investigation on this issue for CO2 using first-principles molecular dynamics simulations. We show that CO2 is stabilized at the interface, where it can accumulate, and that compared to bulk water solution, its electron capture ability is larger. Our results suggest that reduction of CO2 might be easier in interface-rich systems such as water microdroplets, which is in line with early experimental data and indicate directions for future laboratory studies. The effect of other relevant factors which could play a role in CO2 reduction potential is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilia T C Martins-Costa
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Manuel F Ruiz-López
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bain RM, Stutzman JR, Pannuto J, Kane M. Characterization of 2-Butanone Peroxide Oligomeric Profiles and Their Associated Gas-Phase and Solution-Phase Rearrangement Products by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Applications. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1470-1479. [PMID: 38669013 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
2-Butanone peroxide (also known as methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, MEKP) has applications as a cross-linker in the chemical industry and is also encountered as a homemade primary high explosive; therefore, it is of interest to both process chemists and forensic examiners. Specifically for forensic applications, we demonstrate that when traditional synthetic procedures, available to any hobbyist, are utilized to generate MEKP, oligomeric peroxide units (n ≤ 12), along with several other oligomeric byproduct distributions, are readily observed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). These oligomeric byproducts correspond to the formation of methyl/ethyl ketone end group(s) at the oligomer end group (i.e., loss of ethanol(s) and/or methanol(s) from the oligomer termini). Based on the interpretation of the MS and MS/MS behavior along with the characterization of newly generated terminal alkyl ketone products, we propose that these byproducts are consistent with a Hock-like rearrangement of the primary MEKP distribution in the acidified reaction medium. Following a procedure for homemade preparation, triplicate lots were synthesized. Unique oligomeric and byproduct distributions provided discriminatory power between the synthetic lots. Furthermore, the distributions of MEKP oligomers and the various byproducts in the initiated MEKP match the intensity distributions observed in the intact material with remarkable accuracy. This observation suggests that the postinitiation residue of MEKP could be associated or dissociated from a separately collected intact material obtained during an investigation by examining these oligomeric and byproduct profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Bain
- The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Ammendale, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - John R Stutzman
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Julie Pannuto
- The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Ammendale, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Meghan Kane
- The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Ammendale, Maryland 20705, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de la Puente M, Laage D. Impact of interfacial curvature on molecular properties of aqueous interfaces. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:234504. [PMID: 38888129 DOI: 10.1063/5.0210884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The curvature of soft interfaces plays a crucial role in determining their mechanical and thermodynamic properties, both at macroscopic and microscopic scales. In the case of air/water interfaces, particular attention has recently focused on water microdroplets, due to their distinctive chemical reactivity. However, the specific impact of curvature on the molecular properties of interfacial water and interfacial reactivity has so far remained elusive. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to determine the effect of curvature on a broad range of structural, dynamical, and thermodynamical properties of the interface. For a droplet, a flat interface, and a cavity, we successively examine the structure of the hydrogen-bond network and its relation to vibrational spectroscopy, the dynamics of water translation, rotation, and hydrogen-bond exchanges, and the thermodynamics of ion solvation and ion-pair dissociation. Our simulations show that curvature predominantly impacts the hydrogen-bond structure through the fraction of dangling OH groups and the dynamics of interfacial water molecules. In contrast, curvature has a limited effect on solvation and ion-pair dissociation thermodynamics. For water microdroplets, this suggests that the curvature alone cannot fully account for the distinctive reactivity measured in these systems, which are of great importance for catalysis and atmospheric chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M de la Puente
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - D Laage
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodriguez HM, Martyniuk M, Iyer KS, Ciampi S. Insulator-on-Conductor Fouling Amplifies Aqueous Electrolysis Rates. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10299-10311. [PMID: 38591156 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The chemical industry is a major consumer of fossil fuels. Several chemical reactions of practical value proceed with the gain or loss of electrons, opening a path to integrate renewable electricity into chemical manufacturing. However, most organic molecules have low aqueous solubility, causing green and cheap electricity-driven reactions to suffer from intrinsically low reaction rates in industry's solvent of choice: water. Here, we show that a strategic, partial electrode fouling with hydrophobic insulators (oils and plastics) offsets kinetic limitations caused by poor reactant solubility, opening a new path for the direct integration of renewable electricity into the production of commodity chemicals. Through electrochemiluminescence microscopy, we reveal for the oxidation of organic reactants up to 6-fold reaction rate increase at the "fouled" oil-electrolyte-electrode interface relative to clean electrolyte-electrode areas. Analogously, electrodes partially masked (fouled) with plastic patterns, deposited either photolithographically (photoresists) or manually (inexpensive household glues and sealants), outperform clean electrodes. The effect is not limited to reactants of limited water solubility, and, for example, net gold electrodeposition rates are up to 22% larger at fouled than clean electrodes. In a system involving a surface-active reactant, rate augmentation is driven by the synergy between insulator-confined reactant enrichment and insulator-induced current crowding, whereas only the latter and possibly localized decrease in iR drop near the insulator are relevant in a system composed of non-surface-active species. Our counterintuitive electrode design enhances electrolysis rates despite the diminished area of intimate electrolyte-electrode contact and introduces a new path for upscaling aqueous electrochemical processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry Morris Rodriguez
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Mariusz Martyniuk
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Killugudi Swaminathan Iyer
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song Z, Zhu C, Gong K, Wang R, Zhang J, Zhao S, Li Z, Zhang X, Xie J. Deciphering the Microdroplet Acceleration Factors of Aza-Michael Addition Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10963-10972. [PMID: 38567839 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Microdroplet chemistry is emerging as a great tool for accelerating reactions by several orders of magnitude. Several unique properties such as extreme pHs, interfacial electric fields (IEFs), and partial solvation have been reported to be responsible for the acceleration; however, which factor plays the key role remains elusive. Here, we performed quantum chemical calculations to explore the underlying mechanisms of an aza-Michael addition reaction between methylamine and acrylamide. We showed that the acceleration in methanol microdroplets results from the cumulative effects of several factors. The acidic surface of the microdroplet plays a dominating role, leading to a decrease of ∼9 kcal/mol in the activation barrier. We speculated that the dissociation of both methanol and trace water contributes to the surface acidity. An IEF of 0.1 V/Å can further decrease the barrier by ∼2 kcal/mol. Partial solvation has a negligible effect on lowering the activation barrier in microdroplets but can increase the collision frequency between reactants. With acidity revealed to be the major accelerating factor for methanol droplets, reactions on water microdroplets should have even higher rates because water is more acidic. Both theoretically and experimentally, we confirmed that water microdroplets significantly accelerate the aza-Michael reaction, achieving an acceleration factor that exceeds 107. This work elucidates the multifactorial influences on the microdroplet acceleration mechanism, and with such detailed mechanistic investigations, we anticipate that microdroplet chemistry will be an avenue rich in opportunities in the realm of green synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhexuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenghui Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruijing Wang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianze Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Supin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zesheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song X, Yan H, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Li S, Zhang J, Ciampi S, Zhang L. Hydroxylation of the indium tin oxide electrode promoted by surface bubbles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4186-4189. [PMID: 38530669 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00307a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Adherent bubbles at electrodes are generally treated as reaction penalties. Herein, in situ hydroxylation of indium tin oxide surfaces can be easily achieved by applying a constant potential of +1.0 V in the presence of bubbles. Its successful hydroxylation is further demonstrated by preparing a ferrocene-terminated film, which is confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Song
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yuqiao Zhang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Long Zhang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fan L, He M, Liu X, He F, Wu L, Yang G, Pan Z, Shi L, Wang C, Xu C. Direct access to carbamates via acylation of arylamines with dialkyl azodicarboxylates under metal-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9037-9048. [PMID: 37933527 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel C-N coupling of various arylamines with dialkyl azodicarboxylates under metal-free conditions for the rapid assembly of carbamates has been achieved. This established protocol features mild reaction conditions, simple operation, broad substrate scope, moderate to excellent yields and good tolerance of functional groups. Moreover, the potential synthetic utility of products was exemplified by a series of intriguing chemical operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangxin Fan
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Mengyang He
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Fangyu He
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Lulu Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Guoyu Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Zhenliang Pan
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Lijun Shi
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Caixia Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Cuilian Xu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Karre AV, Valsaraj KT, Vasagar V. Review of air-water interface adsorption and reactions between trace gaseous organic and oxidant compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162367. [PMID: 36822420 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface chemistry of the atmospheric aerosol through homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic reactions in the bulk water and the air-water surface is reviewed. Water plays a critical role as a substrate or an actual reactant in atmospheric reactions. The atmospheric aerosol differs in shape and surface area. Many gaseous reactive species and oxidants react at the air-water surface. Different thermodynamic methods to estimate partitioning coefficients are explored. The Gibbs free energy is reduced when reactant gaseous species react with oxidant at the air-water surface; this phenomenon is explained using examples. Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction mechanism to quantify the heterogeneous reaction rate at the air-water interface is discussed. Critical comparisons of various sampling techniques used to analyze adsorption and reaction at the water surface are presented. The heterogeneous reaction rate at the air-water surface is significantly higher than in the bulk water phase due to a cage effect, higher rate of reactions, and lower Gibbs free energy of adsorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kalliat T Valsaraj
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, LA 70803, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qu L, Li Y, Wang Y, Wu D, Ning F, Nie Z, Luo L. Rapid Characterization of Maillard Reaction Products in Heat-Treated Honey by Nanoelectrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Food Chem 2023; 419:136010. [PMID: 37015165 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Amadori rearrangement products (ARPs) and α-dicarbonyl compounds (α-DCs) are critical intermediates in the Maillard chemistry. The screening of artificially heated honey (AH) is currently based on chromatography-mass spectrometry, which is commonly accompanied with the longer pretreatment and detection time. Here, low-abundance ARPs were detected directly in high-sugar environment by nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS) coupled with borosilicate glass capillaries (O-tips). When O-tips were replaced by borosilicate theta capillaries (θ-tips), the microdroplets allowed the derivatization of α-DCs to be accomplished on the millisecond timescale, rather than hours in conventional protocols. The results indicated that two ARPs and α-DCs of m/z 235 were significantly up-regulated in AH. Meanwhile, the straightforward differentiation between naturally matured honey (NH) and AH was achieved by nanoESI-MS fingerprints combined with multivariate analysis. The method may provide a rapid characterization of Maillard reaction products (MRPs), which exhibits the great application potential in other complex food matrix.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang S, Zhang C, Fu Y, Li L, Huang C, Lin Y, Zhu C, Francisco JS, He Z, Zhou X, Wang J. Role of an Ice Surface in the Photoreaction of Coumarins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11346-11353. [PMID: 36066243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ice affects many chemical reactions in nature, which greatly influences the atmosphere, climate, and life. However, the exact mechanism of ice in these chemical reactions remains elusive. For example, it is still an open question as to whether ice can act as a catalyst to greatly enhance the reactivity and selectivity, which is essential for the production of some natural compounds in our planet. Here, we discover that ice can lead to high efficiency and stereoselectivity of the [2 + 2] photodimerization of coumarin and its derivatives. The conversion of the [2 + 2] photodimerization of coumarins enhanced by ice is dozens of times higher than that in the unfrozen saturated solution, and the reaction displays a high syn-head-head stereoselectivity (>95%) in comparison with those in the absence of the ice. Note that almost no reaction occurs in the crystal powder and melt of the coumarins, indicating that the role of ice in the photodimerization reaction is not simply due to the usual mechanisms found in the freezing concentration. We further reveal that the reaction rate is found to be proportional to the total area of the ice surface and follows Michaelis-Menten-like kinetics, indicating that the ice surface catalyzes the reaction. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that ice surfaces can induce reactants to form a two-dimensional liquid-crystal-ordered layer with a suitable intermolecular distance and unique side-by-side packing, facilitating stereoselective photodimerization for syn-head-head dimers. These findings give evidence that ice-surface-induced molecular assembly may play an important role in atmospheric heterogeneous photoreaction processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbiao Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, P. R. China
| | - Yang Fu
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Linhai Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yang Lin
- Key Laboratory for Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chongqin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical & Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan He
- Key Laboratory for Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | | | - Jianjun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Qian Y, Brown JB, Zhang T, Huang-Fu ZC, Rao Y. In Situ Detection of Chemical Compositions at Nanodroplet Surfaces and In-Nanodroplet Phases. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3758-3764. [PMID: 35667005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small-volume nanodroplets play an increasingly common role in chemistry and biology. Such nanodroplets are believed to have unique chemical and physical properties at the interface between a droplet and its surrounding medium, however, they are underexamined. In this study, we present the novel technique of vibrational sum frequency scattering (VSFS) spectroscopy as an interface-specific, high-performance method for the in situ investigation of nanodroplets with sub-micron radii; as well as the droplet bulk through simultaneous hyper-Raman scattering (HRS) spectroscopy. We use laboratory-generated nanodroplets from aqueous alcohol solutions to demonstrate this technique's ability to separate the vibrational phenomena which take place at droplet surfaces from the underlying bulk phase. In addition, we systemically examine interfacial spectra of nanodroplets containing methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol through VSFS. Furthermore, we demonstrate interfacial differences between such nanodroplets and their analogous planar surfaces. The sensitivity of this technique to probe droplet surfaces with few-particle density at standard conditions validates VSFS as an analytical technique for the in situ investigation of small nanodroplets, providing breakthrough information about these species of ever-increasing relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Jesse B Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Zhi-Chao Huang-Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Yi Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sun J, Yin Y, Li W, Jin O, Na N. CHEMICAL REACTION MONITORING BY AMBIENT MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:70-99. [PMID: 33259644 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions conducted in different media (liquid phase, gas phase, or surface) drive developments of versatile techniques for the detection of intermediates and prediction of reasonable reaction pathways. Without sample pretreatment, ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has been applied to obtain structural information of reactive molecules that differ in polarity and molecular weight. Commercial ion sources (e.g., electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and direct analysis in real-time) have been reported to monitor substrates and products by offline reaction examination. While the interception or characterization of reactive intermediates with short lifetime are still limited by the offline modes. Notably, online ionization technologies, with high tolerance to salt, buffer, and pH, can achieve direct sampling and ionization of on-going reactions conducted in different media (e.g., liquid phase, gas phase, or surface). Therefore, short-lived intermediates could be captured at unprecedented timescales, and the reaction dynamics could be studied for mechanism examinations without sample pretreatments. In this review, via various AMS methods, chemical reaction monitoring and mechanism elucidation for different classifications of reactions have been reviewed. The developments and advances of common ionization methods for offline reaction monitoring will also be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ouyang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Heiss DR, Badu-Tawiah AK. In-Source Microdroplet Derivatization Using Coaxial Contained-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry for Enhanced Sensitivity in Saccharide Analysis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16779-16786. [PMID: 34874718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Online, droplet-based in-source chemical derivatization is accomplished using a coaxial-flow contained-electrospray ionization (contained-ESI) source to enhance sensitivity for the mass spectrometric analysis of saccharides. Derivatization is completed in microseconds by exploiting the reaction rate acceleration afforded by electrospray microdroplets. Significant improvements in method sensitivity are realized with minimal sample preparation and few resources when compared to traditional benchtop derivatizations. For this work, the formation of easily ionizable phenylboronate ester derivatives of several mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides is achieved. Various reaction parameters including concentration and pH were evaluated, and a Design of Experiments approach was used to optimize ion source parameters. Signal enhancements of greater than two orders of magnitude were observed for many mono- and disaccharides using in-source phenylboronic acid derivatization, resulting in parts-per-trillion (picomolar) limits of detection. In addition, amino sugars such as glucosamine, which do not ionize in negative mode, were detected at low parts-per-billion concentrations, and isobaric sugars such as lactose and sucrose were easily distinguished. The new in-source derivatization approach can be employed to expand the utility of ESI-MS analysis for compounds that historically experience limited sensitivity and detectability, while avoiding resource-intensive, bulk-phase derivatization procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derik R Heiss
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States.,Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brown HM, Doppalapudi KR, Fedick PW. Accelerated synthesis of energetic precursor cage compounds using confined volume systems. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24093. [PMID: 34916525 PMCID: PMC8677777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Confined volume systems, such as microdroplets, Leidenfrost droplets, or thin films, can accelerate chemical reactions. Acceleration occurs due to the evaporation of solvent, the increase in reactant concentration, and the higher surface-to-volume ratios amongst other phenomena. Performing reactions in confined volume systems derived from mass spectrometry ionization sources or Leidenfrost droplets allows for reaction conditions to be changed quickly for rapid screening in a time efficient and cost-saving manner. Compared to solution phase reactions, confined volume systems also reduce waste by screening reaction conditions in smaller volumes prior to scaling. Herein, the condensation of glyoxal with benzylamine (BA) to form hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane (HBIW), an intermediate to the highly desired energetic compound 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), was explored. Five confined volume systems were compared to evaluate which technique was ideal for forming this complex cage structure. Substituted amines were also explored as BA replacements to screen alternative cage structure intermediates and evaluate how these accelerated techniques could apply to novel reactions, discover alternative reagents to form the cage compound, and improve synthetic routes for the preparation of CL-20. Ultimately, reaction acceleration is ideal for predicting the success of novel reactions prior to scaling up and determining if the expected products form, all while saving time and reducing costs. Acceleration factors and conversion ratios for each reaction were assessed by comparing the amount of product formed to the traditional bulk solution phase synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, CA, 93555, USA
| | - Karan R Doppalapudi
- Chemistry Division, Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, CA, 93555, USA
| | - Patrick W Fedick
- Chemistry Division, Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, CA, 93555, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Eremin DB, Fokin VV. On-Water Selectivity Switch in Microdroplets in the 1,2,3-Triazole Synthesis from Bromoethenesulfonyl Fluoride. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18374-18379. [PMID: 34606269 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Water profoundly affects many organic reactions by accelerating them or changing their selectivity. Performing reactions "on-water" offers an intriguing opportunity to influence chemical reactivity. A nebulizer plume is an efficient way of generating microdroplets─the uniquely complex reaction environment which opens alternative possibilities that are not readily accessible in bulk emulsions. We describe the on-water switch of chemoselectivity in the formation of triazoles controlled by the on-water environment in dual spray. These conditions facilitate elimination of H-SO2F from the triazoline intermediate, whereas the reaction in organic solvents results in the exclusive HBr elimination. The influence of two-phase conditions was investigated to obtain the best reaction efficiency, and the crucial importance of the water/organic interface interactions was verified by pH variation and D2O use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry B Eremin
- The Bridge@USC, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089-3502, United States
| | - Valery V Fokin
- The Bridge@USC, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089-3502, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sheven DG, Pervukhin VV. Acceleration of the thermal degradation of PETN in the microdroplets flow reactor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126670. [PMID: 34329107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thermal degradation of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) was investigated in microdroplets within a heated capillary used as a flow reactor. The thermal degradation was monitored by aerodynamic thermal breakup droplet ionization mass spectrometry. It was shown that the PETN degradation in microdroplets occurs much faster than the bulk reaction (by 4-5 orders of magnitude). The effect of the capillary material [stainless steel (Fe, Cr), copper (Cu), or fused quartz (SiO2)] on the thermal PETN degradation in microdroplets of water or acetonitrile was studied next. The capillary material affected the rate of thermal PETN degradation much more weakly than did the use of microdroplets (pure Cu was most conducive to the degradation). Kinetic parameters (activation energy and the frequency factor) of the PETN degradation for all the studied materials of the flow-through reactor and the solvents were estimated under the assumption that the thermal degradation is a first-order reaction. Implications of the acceleration of PETN degradation in microdroplets are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy G Sheven
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of SB RAS, Acad. Lavrentieva Ave., 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Viktor V Pervukhin
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of SB RAS, Acad. Lavrentieva Ave., 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Seki T, Yu X, Zhang P, Yu CC, Liu K, Gunkel L, Dong R, Nagata Y, Feng X, Bonn M. Real-time study of on-water chemistry: Surfactant monolayer-assisted growth of a crystalline quasi-2D polymer. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
18
|
Kitanosono T, Kobayashi S. Synthetic Organic "Aquachemistry" that Relies on Neither Cosolvents nor Surfactants. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:739-747. [PMID: 34079894 PMCID: PMC8161484 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness of the underlying power of catalytic reactions in water that is not limited to innate sustainability alone. Some Type III reactions are catalytically accelerated without dissolution of reactants and are occasionally highly selective, as shown by comparison with the corresponding reactions run in organic solvents or under solvent-free conditions. Such catalysts are highly diversified, including hydrophilic, lipophilic, and even solid catalysts. In this Outlook, we highlight the impressive characteristics of illustrative catalysis that is exerted despite the immiscibility of the substrates and reveal the intrinsic benefits of these enigmatic reactions for synthetic organic chemistry, albeit with many details remaining unclear. We hope that this brief introduction to the expanding field of synthetic organic "aquachemistry" will inspire organic chemists to use the platform to invent new transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kitanosono
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zeng HJ, Johnson MA. Demystifying the Diffuse Vibrational Spectrum of Aqueous Protons Through Cold Cluster Spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:667-691. [PMID: 33646816 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-061020-053456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ease with which the pH is routinely determined for aqueous solutions masks the fact that the cationic product of Arrhenius acid dissolution, the hydrated proton, or H+(aq), is a remarkably complex species. Here, we review how results obtained over the past 30 years in the study of H+⋅(H2O)n cluster ions isolated in the gas phase shed light on the chemical nature of H+(aq). This effort has also revealed molecular-level aspects of the Grotthuss relay mechanism for positive-charge translocation in water. Recently developed methods involving cryogenic cooling in radiofrequency ion traps and the application of two-color, infrared-infrared (IR-IR) double-resonance spectroscopy have established a clear picture of how local hydrogen-bond topology drives the diverse spectral signatures of the excess proton. This information now enables a new generation of cluster studies designed to unravel the microscopic mechanics underlying the ultrafast relaxation dynamics displayed by H+(aq).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Zeng
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nguyen D, Casillas S, Vang H, Garcia A, Mizuno H, Riffe EJ, Saykally RJ, Nguyen SC. Catalytic Mechanism of Interfacial Water in the Cycloaddition of Quadricyclane and Diethyl Azodicarboxylate. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3026-3030. [PMID: 33734703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
"On-water" catalysis, the unusual activity of water molecules at the organic solvent-water interface, has been demonstrated in many organic reactions. However, the catalytic mechanism has remained unclear, largely because of the irreproducibility of the organic-water interface under the common stirring condition. Here, the interfacial area was controlled by employing adsorbed water on mesoporous silica nanoparticles as the catalyst. Reliable kinetics of the cycloaddition reaction of quadricyclane and diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) at the toluene-water interface within the nanoparticle pores were measured. Data reveal an Eley-Rideal mechanism, wherein DEAD adsorbs at the toluene-water interface via hydrogen bonds formed with interfacial water, which lower the activation energy of the cycloaddition reaction. The mechanistic insights gained and preparation of surface water in silica pores described herein may facilitate the future design of improved "on-water" catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duy Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Sarah Casillas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Hnubci Vang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Anthony Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Hikaru Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erika J Riffe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richard J Saykally
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Son C Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao P, Gunawardena HP, Zhong X, Zare RN, Chen H. Microdroplet Ultrafast Reactions Speed Antibody Characterization. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3997-4005. [PMID: 33590747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, microdroplet reactions have aroused much interest because the microdroplet provides a unique medium where organic reactions could be accelerated by a factor of 103 or more. However, microdroplet reactions of proteins have been rarely studied. We report the occurrence of multiple-step reactions of a large protein, specifically, the digestion, reduction, and deglycosylation of an intact antibody, which can take place in microseconds with high reaction yields in aqueous microdroplets at room temperature. As a result, fast structural characterization of a monoclonal antibody, essential for assessing its quality as a therapeutic drug, can be enabled. We found that the IgG1 antibody can be digested completely by the IdeS protease in aqueous microdroplets in 250 microseconds, a 7.5 million-fold improvement in speed in comparison to traditional digestion in bulk solution (>30 min). Strikingly, inclusion of the reductant tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine in the spray solution caused simultaneous antibody digestion and disulfide bond reduction. Digested and reduced antibody fragments were either collected or analyzed online by mass spectrometry. Further addition of PNGase F glycosylase into the spray solution led to antibody deglycosylation, thereby producing reduced and deglycosylated fragments of analytical importance. In addition, glycated fragments of IgG1 derived from glucose modification were identified rapidly with this ultrafast digestion/reduction technique. We suggest that microdroplets can serve as powerful microreactors for both exploring large-molecule reactions and speeding their structural analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Harsha P Gunawardena
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Xiaoqin Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang Y, Apsokardu MJ, Kerecman DE, Achtenhagen M, Johnston MV. Reaction Kinetics of Organic Aerosol Studied by Droplet Assisted Ionization: Enhanced Reactivity in Droplets Relative to Bulk Solution. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:46-54. [PMID: 32469218 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Droplet Assisted Ionization (DAI) is a relatively new method for online analysis of aerosol droplets that enables measurement of the rate of an aerosol reaction. Here, we used DAI to study the reaction of carbonyl functionalities in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) with Girard's T (GT) reagent, a reaction that can potentially be used to enhance the detection of SOA in online measurements. SOA was produced by α-pinene ozonolysis. Particulate matter was collected on a filter, extracted, and mixed with GT reagent in water. While the reaction hardly proceeded at all in bulk solution, products were readily observed with DAI when the solution was atomized to produce micron-size droplets. Varying the droplet transit time between the atomizer and mass spectrometer allowed the reaction rate constant to be determined, which was found to be 4 orders of magnitude faster than what would be expected from bulk solution kinetics. Decreasing the water content of the droplets, either by heating the capillary inlet to the mass spectrometer or by decreasing the relative humidity of the air surrounding the droplets in the transit line from the atomizer to the mass spectrometer, enhanced product formation. The results suggest that reaction enhancement occurs at the droplet surface, which is consistent with previous reports of reaction acceleration during mass spectrometric analysis, where a bulk solution is analyzed with an ionization method that produces aerosol droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Michael J Apsokardu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Devan E Kerecman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Marcel Achtenhagen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Murray V Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Quesadas-Rojas M, Mena-Rejon GJ, Castro-Segura CS, Cáceres-Castillo DR, Quijano-Quiñones RF. Theoretical insight into the on-water catalytic effect in the biogenesis of triterpene dimers: from one-step to two-step hetero Diels–Alder reactions. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An alternative pathway to the hetero Diels–Alder reaction for the biogenic origin of triterpene dimers is presented here. In this new pathway, the explicit water molecules take a fundamental role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Quesadas-Rojas
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Educación Superior, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo J. Mena-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - David R. Cáceres-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ramiro F. Quijano-Quiñones
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rovelli G, Jacobs MI, Willis MD, Rapf RJ, Prophet AM, Wilson KR. A critical analysis of electrospray techniques for the determination of accelerated rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions in droplets. Chem Sci 2020; 11:13026-13043. [PMID: 34094487 PMCID: PMC8163298 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04611f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospray and Electrosonic Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS and ESSI-MS) have been widely used to report evidence that many chemical reactions in micro- and nano-droplets are dramatically accelerated by factors of ∼102 to 106 relative to macroscale bulk solutions. Despite electrospray's relative simplicity to both generate and detect reaction products in charged droplets using mass spectrometry, substantial complexity exists in how the electrospray process itself impacts the interpretation of the mechanism of these observed accelerated rates. ESI and ESSI are both coupled multi-phase processes, in which analytes in small charged droplets are transferred and detected as gas-phase ions with a mass spectrometer. As such, quantitative examination is needed to evaluate the impact of multiple experimental factors on the magnitude and mechanisms of reaction acceleration. These include: (1) evaporative concentration of reactants as a function of droplet size and initial concentration, (2) competition from gas-phase chemistry and reactions on experimental surfaces, (3) differences in ionization efficiency and ion transmission and (4) droplet charge. We examine (1-4) using numerical models, new ESI/ESSI-MS experimental data, and prior literature to assess the limitations of these approaches and the experimental best practices required to robustly interpret acceleration factors in micro- and nano-droplets produced by ESI and ESSI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Rovelli
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley 94720 CA USA
| | - Michael I Jacobs
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley 94720 CA USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley 94720 CA USA
| | - Megan D Willis
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley 94720 CA USA
| | - Rebecca J Rapf
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley 94720 CA USA
| | - Alexander M Prophet
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley 94720 CA USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley 94720 CA USA
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley 94720 CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Accelerating Electrochemical Reactions in a Voltage‐Controlled Interfacial Microreactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
26
|
Cheng H, Tang S, Yang T, Xu S, Yan X. Accelerating Electrochemical Reactions in a Voltage-Controlled Interfacial Microreactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19862-19867. [PMID: 32725670 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microdroplet chemistry is attracting increasing attention for accelerated reactions at the solution-air interface. We report herein a voltage-controlled interfacial microreactor that enables acceleration of electrochemical reactions which are not observed in bulk or conventional electrochemical cells. The microreactor is formed at the interface of the Taylor cone in an electrospray emitter with a large orifice, thus allowing continuous contact of the electrode and the reactants at/near the interface. As a proof-of-concept, electrooxidative C-H/N-H coupling and electrooxidation of benzyl alcohol were shown to be accelerated by more than an order of magnitude as compared to the corresponding bulk reactions. The new electrochemical microreactor has unique features that allow i) voltage-controlled acceleration of electrochemical reactions by voltage-dependent formation of the interfacial microreactor; ii) "reversible" electrochemical derivatization; and iii) in situ mechanistic study and capture of key radical intermediates when coupled with mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heyong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.,College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Shuli Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Tingyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ruiz-Lopez MF, Francisco JS, Martins-Costa MTC, Anglada JM. Molecular reactions at aqueous interfaces. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:459-475. [PMID: 37127962 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This Review aims to critically analyse the emerging field of chemical reactivity at aqueous interfaces. The subject has evolved rapidly since the discovery of the so-called 'on-water catalysis', alluding to the dramatic acceleration of reactions at the surface of water or at its interface with hydrophobic media. We review critical experimental studies in the fields of atmospheric and synthetic organic chemistry, as well as related research exploring the origins of life, to showcase the importance of this phenomenon. The physico-chemical aspects of these processes, such as the structure, dynamics and thermodynamics of adsorption and solvation processes at aqueous interfaces, are also discussed. We also present the basic theories intended to explain interface catalysis, followed by the results of advanced ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations. Although some topics addressed here have already been the focus of previous reviews, we aim at highlighting their interconnection across diverse disciplines, providing a common perspective that would help us to identify the most fundamental issues still incompletely understood in this fast-moving field.
Collapse
|
28
|
Basuri P, Gonzalez LE, Morato NM, Pradeep T, Cooks RG. Accelerated microdroplet synthesis of benzimidazoles by nucleophilic addition to protonated carboxylic acids. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12686-12694. [PMID: 34094463 PMCID: PMC8163001 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02467h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a metal-free novel route for the accelerated synthesis of benzimidazole and its derivatives in the ambient atmosphere. The synthetic procedure involves 1,2-aromatic diamines and alkyl or aryl carboxylic acids reacting in electrostatically charged microdroplets generated using a nano-electrospray (nESI) ion source. The reactions are accelerated by orders of magnitude in comparison to the bulk. No other acid, base or catalyst is used. Online analysis of the microdroplet accelerated reaction products is performed by mass spectrometry. We provide evidence for an acid catalyzed reaction mechanism based on identification of the intermediate arylamides. Their dehydration to give benzimidazoles occurs in a subsequent thermally enhanced step. It is suggested that the extraordinary acidity at the droplet surface allows the carboxylic acid to function as a C-centered electrophile. Comparisons of this methodology with data from thin film and bulk synthesis lead to the proposal of three key steps in the reaction: (i) formation of an unusual reagent (protonated carboxylic acid) because of the extraordinary conditions at the droplet interface, (ii) accelerated bimolecular reaction because of limited solvation at the interface and (iii) thermally assisted elimination of water. Eleven examples are shown as evidence of the scope of this chemistry. The accelerated synthesis has been scaled-up to establish the substituent-dependence and to isolate products for NMR characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Basuri
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS), Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - L Edwin Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Nicolás M Morato
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS), Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cao J, Wang Q, An S, Lu S, Jia Q. Facile and efficient preparation of organoimido derivatives of [Mo 6O 19] 2- using accelerated reactions in Leidenfrost droplets. Analyst 2020; 145:4844-4851. [PMID: 32538384 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction acceleration is a hot topic in recent years since it is very useful for rapid reaction screening and small-scale synthesis on a short timescale. It is known that the rates of chemical reactions are often accelerated in confined volumes (small droplets or thin films) where the unique chemical reactivities of molecules at the air-droplet/thin film interface, usually different from that in the bulk and gas phases, play a dominant role in acceleration. The Leidenfrost effect was employed to create small levitated droplets with no net charge. These droplets can accelerate many kinds of organic reactions. Our first accelerated synthesis of a series of organoimido-functionalized polyoxometalate (POM) clusters using Leidenfrost droplets with product analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) demonstrated that this method can be successfully extended to the synthesis of inorganic/organic hybrids, a very promising area for developing POM-based functional materials. Comparable amounts of synthetic products [Mo6O18(NC6H4R)]2- (R = H (6), m/z 477; p-i-C3H7 (7), m/z 498; p-OCH3 (8), m/z 492; p-NO2 (9), m/z 500) were prepared within minutes in Leidenfrost droplets versus in hours in the corresponding bulk reactions under the same reaction conditions in the presence of the DCC catalyst, suggesting that both concentration and interfacial effects are pivotal in causing reaction acceleration in the Leidenfrost droplet. Compared to the conventional bulk reactions, the acceleration factors (AFs) were 92, 136, 126, and 89 for the four model reactions (1)-(4), respectively. We also found out that substitution affects the rate of reactions occurring in droplets, and hence the magnitude of AF. The rates increase in the order of R = NO2 < H < i-C3H7 < OCH3, in which the electron-donating groups (i.e., R = OCH3, i-C3H7) on the benzene ring are more favorable to the reaction than the electron-withdrawing group (i.e., R = NO2). This experimental result is in good agreement with the DFT calculation which indicates that the free-energy barriers for the direct imidoylization of POM with RNH2 are linearly correlated with the basicity constants (pKb) of amines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials; School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kitanosono T, Kobayashi S. Reactions in Water Involving the “On‐Water” Mechanism. Chemistry 2020; 26:9408-9429. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kitanosono
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceThe University of Tokyo Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceThe University of Tokyo Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Water plays a crucial role: Small molecule catalyzed C–C/C–X bond forming reactions using organosilicon reagents under “wet” conditions. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
32
|
De Haan DO, Jansen K, Rynaski AD, Sueme WRP, Torkelson AK, Czer ET, Kim AK, Rafla MA, De Haan AC, Tolbert MA. Brown Carbon Production by Aqueous-Phase Interactions of Glyoxal and SO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4781-4789. [PMID: 32227881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxalic acid and sulfate salts are major components of aerosol particles. Here, we explore the potential for their respective precursor species, glyoxal and SO2, to form atmospheric brown carbon via aqueous-phase reactions in a series of bulk aqueous and flow chamber aerosol experiments. In bulk aqueous solutions, UV- and visible-light-absorbing products are observed at pH 3-4 and 5-6, respectively, with small but detectable yields of hydroxyquinone and polyketone products formed, especially at pH 6. Hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS), C2, and C3 sulfonates are major products detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) at pH 5. Past studies have assumed that the reaction of formaldehyde and sulfite was the only atmospheric source of HMS. In flow chamber experiments involving sulfite aerosol and gas-phase glyoxal with only 1 min residence times, significant aerosol growth is observed. Rapid brown carbon formation is seen with aqueous aerosol particles at >80% relative humidity (RH). Brown carbon formation slows at 50-60% RH and when the aerosol particles are acidified with sulfuric acid but stops entirely only under dry conditions. This chemistry may therefore contribute to brown carbon production in cloud-processed pollution plumes as oxidizing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) interact with SO2 and water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David O De Haan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92110, United States
| | - Kevin Jansen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alec D Rynaski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92110, United States
| | - W Ryan P Sueme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92110, United States
| | - Ashley K Torkelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92110, United States
| | - Eric T Czer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92110, United States
| | - Alexander K Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92110, United States
| | - Michael A Rafla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92110, United States
| | - Audrey C De Haan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92110, United States
| | - Margaret A Tolbert
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Duranty ER, McCardle H, Reichert WM, Davis JH. Acoustic levitation and infrared thermography: a sound approach to studying droplet evaporation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4224-4227. [PMID: 32181777 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a new technique combining acoustic levitation and infrared thermography to directly monitor droplet surface temperatures. Using it, temperature profiles were recorded during the evaporation of deionized water, methanol, n-propanol, and isopropanol. Results support the viability of this inexpensive and easily-accessed technique for studying chemical and physical changes in droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Duranty
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, 6040 USA South Drive, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ultrafast enzymatic digestion of proteins by microdroplet mass spectrometry. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1049. [PMID: 32103000 PMCID: PMC7044307 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic digestion for protein sequencing usually requires much time, and does not always result in high sequence coverage. Here we report the use of aqueous microdroplets to accelerate enzymatic reactions and, in particular, to improve protein sequencing. When a room temperature aqueous solution containing 10 µM myoglobin and 5 µg mL−1 trypsin is electrosonically sprayed (−3 kV) from a homemade setup to produce tiny (∼9 µm) microdroplets, we obtain 100% sequence coverage in less than 1 ms of digestion time, in sharp contrast to 60% coverage achieved by incubating the same solution at 37 °C for 14 h followed by analysis with a commercial electrospray ionization source that produces larger (∼60 µm) droplets. We also confirm the sequence of the therapeutic antibody trastuzumab (∼148 kDa), with a sequence coverage of 100% for light chains and 85% for heavy chains, demonstrating the practical utility of microdroplets in drug development. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based protein sequencing usually relies on in-solution proteolytic digestion, which is time-consuming and inefficient for certain proteins. Here, the authors achieve full protein sequence coverage in less than 1 ms by subjecting protein-protease mixtures to electrosonic spray ionization-MS.
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang H, Qiao L, Wang W, He J, Yu K, Yang M, You H, Jiang J. Nebulization prior to ionization for mechanistic studies of chemical reactions. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1107:107-112. [PMID: 32200884 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many important chemical transformations proceed by way of ionic and/or neutral intermediates. Great effort has been expended to understand the mechanism, with only minimum attention given to separate associated ionic and neutral intermediates. Herein, we present a nebulization method followed by on-line ionization to isolate and characterize the ionic and neutral intermediates. The separation of nebulization and ionization and electrical deflection of ionic species guarantee that only neutrals undergo the subsequent on-line ionization. We present data that show the formation of neutral intermediates and iminium ions with short lifetime in Eschweiler-Clarke methylation of di-n-butylamine, as well as data that provide evidence for the formation of carbocation and its isomer lactone products resulting from copper-mediated oxidative cyclization of 4-phenylbutyric acid. Experiments in which dissociation behavior of these two isomers varied at the same collision energy confirmed the carbocation during the cyclization. The nature of this process, which online isolates the ionic and neutral intermediates prior to ionization, greatly advances in mechanistic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Lina Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jing He
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Miao Yang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hong You
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pestana LR, Hao H, Head-Gordon T. Diels-Alder Reactions in Water Are Determined by Microsolvation. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:606-611. [PMID: 31771330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoconfined aqueous environments and the recent advent of accelerated chemistry in microdroplets are increasingly being investigated for catalysis. The mechanisms underlying the enhanced reactivity in alternate solvent environments and whether the enhanced reactivity due to nanoconfinement is a universal phenomenon are not fully understood. Here, we use ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the free energy of a retro-Diels-Alder reaction in bulk water at very different densities and in water nanoconfined by parallel graphene sheets. We find that the broadly different global solvation environments accelerate the reactions to a similar degree with respect to the gas-phase reaction, with activation free energies that do not differ by more than kbT from each other. The reason for the same acceleration factor in the extremely different solvation environments is that it is the microsolvation of the dienophile's carbonyl group that governs the transition-state stabilization and mechanism, which is not significantly disrupted by either the lower density in bulk water or the strong nanoconfinement conditions used here. Our results also suggest that significant acceleration of Diels-Alder reactions in microdroplets or on-water conditions cannot arise from local microsolvation when water is present but instead must come from highly altered reaction environments that drastically change the reaction mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ruiz Pestana
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Hongxia Hao
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ishizuka S, Matsugi A, Hama T, Enami S. Interfacial Water Mediates Oligomerization Pathways of Monoterpene Carbocations. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:67-74. [PMID: 31808704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The air-water interface plays central roles in "on-droplet" synthesis, living systems, and the atmosphere; however, what makes reactions at the interface specific is largely unknown. Here, we examined carbocationic reactions of monoterpene (C10H16 isomer) on an acidic water microjet by using spray ionization mass spectrometry. Gaseous monoterpenes are trapped in the uppermost layers of a water surface via proton transfer and then undergo a chain-propagation reaction. The oligomerization pathway of β-pinene (β-P), which showed prompt chain-propagation, is examined by simultaneous exposure to camphene (CMP). (CMP)H+ is the most stable isomer formed via rearrangement of (β-P)H+ in the gas phase; however, no co-oligomerization was observed. This indicates that the oligomerization of (β-P)H+ proceeded via ring-opening isomerization. Quantum chemical calculations for [carbocation-(H2O)n=1,2] complexes revealed that the ring-opened isomer is stabilized by hydrogen-π bonds. We propose that partial hydration is a key factor that makes the interfacial reaction unique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Ishizuka
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , 16-2 Onogawa , Tsukuba 305-8506 , Japan
| | - Akira Matsugi
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 16-1 Onogawa , Tsukuba 305-8569 , Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hama
- Institute of Low Temperature Science , Hokkaido University , Kita-19 Nishi-8 , Sapporo 060-0819 , Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , 16-2 Onogawa , Tsukuba 305-8506 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sahraeian T, Kulyk DS, Badu-Tawiah AK. Droplet Imbibition Enables Nonequilibrium Interfacial Reactions in Charged Microdroplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14451-14457. [PMID: 31622104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A droplet imbibition experiment is proposed to study interfacial effects, which appears to be the main factor influencing reaction acceleration in charged microdroplets produced by electrospray ionization (ESI). One reagent is deposited onto the surface of rapidly moving microdroplets containing the second reagent to be reacted. In this manner, reactions are hindered from reaching equilibrium and monitored in real time by mass spectrometry. We demonstrated this phenomenon using Katritzky chemistry, which is known to proceed either by the solvent-stabilized 2H-pyran intermediate or via the surface-active pseudobase intermediate. Comparisons with reactions performed using ESI show obvious surface effects in favor of the droplet imbibition experiment. By keeping reactant mole ratio constant, it was demonstrated that similar interfacial effects observed in the droplet imbibition experiment can be reached by allowing ESI microdroplets containing premixed reagents to traverse a distance >16 mm. At such spray distance, molecular diffusion and droplet lifetime become comparable allowing reactants to be enriched at droplet surface. Reactions were also conducted in rapid mixing, theta capillary-based droplets, which showed markedly reduced yields compared with the interfacial droplet imbibition experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taghi Sahraeian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Dmytro S Kulyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nilsson SME, Henschel H, Scotti G, Haapala M, Kiriazis A, Boije Af Gennäs G, Kotiaho T, Yli-Kauhaluoma J. Mechanism of the Oxidation of Heptafulvenes to Tropones Studied by Online Mass Spectrometry and Density Functional Theory Calculations. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13975-13982. [PMID: 31560537 PMCID: PMC7076690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
have identified the most likely reaction mechanism for oxidizing
heptafulvenes to the corresponding tropones by experimental and theoretical
investigations. The experimental studies were done by coupling a three-dimensional
printed miniaturized reactor with an integrated electrospray ionization
needle to a mass spectrometer. Using the experimentally observed ions
as a basis, nine alternative reaction pathways were investigated with
density functional theory calculations. The lowest energy reaction
pathway starts with the formation of an epoxide that is opened upon
the addition of a second equivalent of the oxidizing species meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The adduct formed then undergoes
a Criegee-like rearrangement to yield a positively charged hemiketal,
which on deprotonation dissociates into acetone and tropone. Overall,
the reaction mechanism resembles a Hock-like rearrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M E Nilsson
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Henning Henschel
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology , University of Oulu , P.O. Box 5000 (Aapistie 5 A), FI-90220 Oulu , Finland.,Medical Research Center , University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital , P.O. Box 5000 (Aapistie 5 A), FI-90220 Oulu , Finland
| | - Gianmario Scotti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Markus Haapala
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Alexandros Kiriazis
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Gustav Boije Af Gennäs
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hanopolskyi AI, De S, Białek MJ, Diskin-Posner Y, Avram L, Feller M, Klajn R. Reversible switching of arylazopyrazole within a metal-organic cage. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2398-2407. [PMID: 31666874 PMCID: PMC6808206 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylazopyrazoles represent a new family of molecular photoswitches characterized by a near-quantitative conversion between two states and long thermal half-lives of the metastable state. Here, we investigated the behavior of a model arylazopyrazole in the presence of a self-assembled cage based on Pd–imidazole coordination. Owing to its high water solubility, the cage can solubilize the E isomer of arylazopyrazole, which, by itself, is not soluble in water. NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography have independently demonstrated that each cage can encapsulate two molecules of E-arylazopyrazole. UV-induced switching to the Z isomer was accompanied by the release of one of the two guests from the cage and the formation of a 1:1 cage/Z-arylazopyrazole inclusion complex. DFT calculations suggest that this process involves a dramatic change in the conformation of the cage. Back-isomerization was induced with green light and resulted in the initial 1:2 cage/E-arylazopyrazole complex. This back-isomerization reaction also proceeded in the dark, with a rate significantly higher than in the absence of the cage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton I Hanopolskyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Soumen De
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michał J Białek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Liat Avram
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moran Feller
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fedick PW, Iyer K, Wei Z, Avramova L, Capek GO, Cooks RG. Screening of the Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reaction Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization in High-Throughput and in Leidenfrost Droplet Experiments. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2144-2151. [PMID: 31392703 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Suzuki cross-coupling is a widely performed reaction, typically using metal catalysts under heated conditions. Acceleration of the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction has been previously explored in microdroplets using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS). Building upon previous work, presented here is the use of a high-throughput DESI-MS screening system to identify optimal reaction conditions. Multiple reagents, bases, and stoichiometries were screened using the automated system at rates that approach 10,000 reaction mixture systems per hour. The DESI-MS system utilizes reaction acceleration in microdroplets to allow rapid screening. The results of screening of an array of reaction mixtures using this technique are presented as product ion images via standard MS imaging software, facilitating quick readout. Instructive comparisons are provided with another method of generating droplets for reaction acceleration-the Leidenfrost technique. Acceleration factors greater than 200 were measured for brominated substrates, paralleling the DESI-MS results. Acceleration factors dropped to near unity with highly substituted pyridines, attributable to a steric effect. The reaction proceeded in the absence of a base in Leidenfrost droplets although no product formation was seen without base in the bulk or in the DESI-MS screening experiments. These differences between Leidenfrost chemistry and the bulk and in droplets formed in high-throughput DESI are tentatively attributed to extremes of pH associated with the surfaces of Leidenfrost droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Fedick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Research Department, Chemistry Division, United States Navy-Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), China Lake, CA, 93555, USA
| | - Kiran Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zhenwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Larisa Avramova
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Grace O Capek
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Marsh BM, Iyer K, Cooks RG. Reaction Acceleration in Electrospray Droplets: Size, Distance, and Surfactant Effects. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2022-2030. [PMID: 31410654 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02264-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phenylhydrazone formation from isatin is used to examine the effects on the reaction rate of (i) electrospray emitter distance from the mass spectrometer (MS) inlet, (ii) emitter tip diameter, and (iii) presence of surfactant. Reaction rates are characterized through measurement of conversion ratios. It is found that there is an increase in the conversion ratio as (i) the electrospray source is moved further from the inlet of the mass spectrometer, (ii) smaller sprayer diameters are used, and (iii) when surfactants are present. Each of these experimental operations is associated with an increase in reaction rate and with a decrease in average droplet sizes. The size measurements are made using super resolution microscopy from the "splash" on a collector surface produced by a fluorescent marker sprayed using conditions similar to those used for the reaction mixture. This measurement showed that droplets undergo significant evaporation as a function of distance of flight, thereby increasing their surface to volume ratios. Similarly, the effect of nanoelectrospray emitter size on conversion ratio is also found to be associated with changes in droplet size for which a 4 to 10 times increase in reaction rate is seen using tip diameters ranging from 20 μm down to 1 μm. Finally, the effects of surfactants in producing smaller droplets with corresponding large increases in reaction rate are demonstrated by splash microscopy. These findings point to reaction acceleration being strongly associated with reactions at the surfaces of microdroplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kiran Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Banerjee S, Zare RN. Influence of Inlet Capillary Temperature on the Microdroplet Chemistry Studied by Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7704-7709. [PMID: 31433185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Often, studies of microdroplet chemistry using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) either find a negligible effect of the heated inlet capillary of the mass spectrometer on the reaction rate or do not consider its effect. In this context, we studied two reactions in microdroplets, the Pomeranz-Fritsch synthesis of isoquinoline and the Combes quinoline synthesis. The reagents were electrosprayed with methanol and aqueous solutions forming small and large microdroplets at flow rates of 1 and 20 μL/min, respectively. We also varied the inlet capillary temperature from 100 to 350 °C. Contrary to the view that the inlet temperature has little to no influence on the reaction rate, we found that the Pomeranz-Fritsch reaction was markedly accelerated for both solvents and for both droplet sizes on increasing the temperature, whereas the Combes synthesis showed the opposite behavior. We propose that these strikingly different behaviors result from a competition of two effects, the evaporative cooling versus the heating of ejected bare ions from the droplet, both taking place inside the heated inlet. This finding suggests that these phenomena must be taken into account while interpreting the microdroplet reactions studied by electrospray or a similar kind of ambient ionization MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shibdas Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati , Tirupati 517507 , India.,Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5080 , United States
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-5080 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jayaraj S, Badu-Tawiah AK. N-Substituted Auxiliaries for Aerobic Dehydrogenation of Tetrahydro-isoquinoline: A Theory-Guided Photo-Catalytic Design. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11280. [PMID: 31375731 PMCID: PMC6677888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible-light mediated aerobic dehydrogenation of N-heterocyclic compounds is a reaction with enormous potential for application. Herein, we report the first complete aerobic dehydrogenation pathway to large-scale production of isoquinolines. The discovery of this visible light photoredox reaction was enabled through the combination of mathematical simulations and real-time quantitative mass spectrometry screening. The theoretical calculations showed that hyper-conjugation, the main underlying factor hindering the aerobic oxidation of tetrahydroisoquinolines, is relieved both by π- and σ-donating substituents. This mechanistic insight provided a novel photocatalytic route based on N-substituted auxiliaries that facilitated the conversion of tetrahydroisoquinolines into the corresponding isoquinolines in just three simple steps (yield 71.7% in bulk-solution phase), using unmodified Ru(bpy)3Cl2 photocatalyst, sun energy, atmospheric O2, and at ambient temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savithra Jayaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sahota N, AbuSalim DI, Wang ML, Brown CJ, Zhang Z, El-Baba TJ, Cook SP, Clemmer DE. A microdroplet-accelerated Biginelli reaction: mechanisms and separation of isomers using IMS-MS. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4822-4827. [PMID: 31160956 PMCID: PMC6509997 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00704k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) combined with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques is used to examine the Biginelli reaction in an ensemble of ions generated from droplets. We find evidence for rapid dihydropyrimidinone formation from condensation of ethyl acetoacetate, benzaldehyde, and urea on the very short timescales associated with the electrospray process (∼10 μs to ∼1.0 ms). Control bulk-solution reactions show no product formation even after several days. This implies that the in-droplet reaction rate is enhanced by an astonishing factor. Examination of the reaction conditions and characterization of the intermediates en route to product shows evidence for variations in the reaction mechanism. IMS separation shows that the Knoevenagel condensation intermediate from benzaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate exists as both the cis- and trans-isomer, in a ∼5 to 1 ratio. We suggest that the dramatic acceleration arises because of increased reagent confinement as electrosprayed droplets shrink. The ability of IMS-MS to resolve intermediates (including isomers) provides a new means of understanding reaction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Sahota
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| | - Deyaa I AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| | - Melinda L Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| | - Christopher J Brown
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| | - Zhicaho Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| | - Silas P Cook
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| | - David E Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , IN 47405-7102 , USA . ;
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gridnev ID, Zherebker A, Kostyukevich Y, Nikolaev E. Methylene Group Transfer in Carbonyl Compounds Discovered in silico and Detected Experimentally. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:361-365. [PMID: 30523648 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A previously unknown transformation of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acid derivatives leads to the formation of substituted oxiranes, aziridines, and azirines as shown by DFT and MP2 computations. Formations of 2,2-dimethyloxirane-d8 from acetone-d6 , phenylazirine-d2 from benzonitrile and 2-methyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-oxirane from 4-hydroxyacetophenone were detected experimentally by electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry with a heated desolvating capillary. This reaction is a truly concerted process characterized by high activation barriers (activation enthalpies 320-480 kJ mol-1 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya D Gridnev
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 9808578, Japan
| | - Alexander Zherebker
- Center of Life Science, Skolkovo institute of Science and technology, 3 Nobelya str., Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Yury Kostyukevich
- Center of Life Science, Skolkovo institute of Science and technology, 3 Nobelya str., Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Eugene Nikolaev
- Center of Life Science, Skolkovo institute of Science and technology, 3 Nobelya str., Moscow, 121205, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jacobs MI, Davis RD, Rapf RJ, Wilson KR. Studying Chemistry in Micro-compartments by Separating Droplet Generation from Ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:339-343. [PMID: 30374662 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that reactions inside micron-sized compartments (e.g., droplets, emulsions) can proceed at significantly accelerated rates and with different mechanisms compared to the same reactions in a macroscopic container. Many of these studies use electrospray ionization (ESI) to both generate droplets and to quantify, via mass spectrometry (MS), droplet reaction kinetics. The highly charged and rapidly evaporating droplets produced in ESI make it difficult to examine precisely the underlying cause for droplet-induced rate enhancements. Additionally, interpretation of the spectra from ESI-MS can be complicated by gas-phase ion-molecule and clustering reactions. Here, we use an approach where droplet generation is separated from ionization, in order to decouple the multiple possible sources of acceleration and to examine more closely the potential role of gas-phase chemistry. The production of sugar phosphates from the reaction of phosphoric acid with simple sugars (a reaction that does not occur in bulk solution but has recently been reported to occur in droplets) is measured using this approach to compare reactivity in droplets (i.e., with compartments) with that in the gas phase (i.e., without compartments). The same product ions that have been previously assigned to in droplet reactions are observed with and without compartmentalization. These results suggest that in some cases, gas-phase processes in the ionization region can potentially complicate the quantification and interpretation of accelerated reactions in droplets using ESI-MS (or one of its variants). In such cases, contributions from in-droplet chemistry cannot be ruled out, but we demonstrate that gas-phase processes can be a significant (and possibly dominant) reaction pathway. We suggest that future studies of rate acceleration in droplets be modified to better assess the potential for non-droplet-related processes. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ryan D Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, 78212, USA
| | - Rebecca J Rapf
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Detecting Intermediates and Products of Fast Heterogeneous Reactions on Liquid Surfaces via Online Mass Spectrometry. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the research priorities in atmospheric chemistry is to advance our understanding of heterogeneous reactions and their effect on the composition of the troposphere. Chemistry on aqueous surfaces is particularly important because of their ubiquity and expanse. They range from the surfaces of oceans (360 million km2), cloud and aerosol drops (estimated at ~10 trillion km2) to the fluid lining the human lung (~150 m2). Typically, ambient air contains reactive gases that may affect human health, influence climate and participate in biogeochemical cycles. Despite their importance, atmospheric reactions between gases and solutes on aqueous surfaces are not well understood and, as a result, generally overlooked. New, surface-specific techniques are required that detect and identify the intermediates and products of such reactions as they happen on liquids. This is a tall order because genuine interfacial reactions are faster than mass diffusion into bulk liquids, and may produce novel species in low concentrations. Herein, we review evidence that validates online pneumatic ionization mass spectrometry of liquid microjets exposed to reactive gases as a technique that meets such requirements. Next, we call attention to results obtained by this approach on reactions of gas-phase ozone, nitrogen dioxide and hydroxyl radicals with various solutes on aqueous surfaces. The overarching conclusion is that the outermost layers of aqueous solutions are unique media, where most equilibria shift and reactions usually proceed along new pathways, and generally faster than in bulk water. That the rates and mechanisms of reactions at air-aqueous interfaces may be different from those in bulk water opens new conceptual frameworks and lines of research, and adds a missing dimension to atmospheric chemistry.
Collapse
|
49
|
Chen X, Cooks RG. Accelerated reactions in field desorption mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:942-946. [PMID: 29935122 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Field desorption mass spectrometry under ambient conditions is used to study solution-phase organic reactions in micro-volumes. Reagent solution is transferred onto the microdendrites of the field emitter, and reaction products are examined online by mass spectrometry. Three reactions, hydrazone formation by phenyl hydrazine and indoline-2,3-dione, the Katritzky reaction between a pyrylium salt and anisidine, and the Hantzsch synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine, were investigated, and reaction acceleration was observed to different extents. The increase in rate relative to the corresponding bulk reactions is attributed to solvent evaporation (simple concentration effect) and to the increase of surface-to-volume ratio (enhanced interfacial reactions). A distinguishing feature of this method of reaction acceleration, relative to that based on nano electrospray ionization, is the observation of radical cations and the formation of radical cation products. The study also breaks new ground in using field emitters at atmospheric pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingshuo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wei Z, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhang S, Zhang X, Cooks RG. High yield accelerated reactions in nonvolatile microthin films: chemical derivatization for analysis of single-cell intracellular fluid. Chem Sci 2018; 9:7779-7786. [PMID: 30429986 PMCID: PMC6195031 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03382j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of trace components from an individual cell can require derivatization under mild conditions for successful analysis by mass spectrometry (MS).
The identification of trace components from biological media can require derivatization under mild conditions for successful analysis by mass spectrometry (MS). When aqueous droplets (ca. 500 nL) containing a sugar and an amine as reagents are allowed to evaporate they may form long-lasting microthin films in which derivatization reactions can occur fast relative to reaction rates in bulk solution. Evidence is presented that these reactions are heterogeneous in nature and comparisons are made with reactions in pastes and in neat reagent mixtures. Moreover, these thin film reactors can be made stable for the long periods of time that may be necessary to give high product yields. The situation is typified by imine formation from reducing sugars which have reaction times of much more than 1 hour provided that small concentrations (e.g. 20 ppm) of nonvolatile solvents are included. After evaporation of almost all the water, the reaction occurs at an approximately constant rate for the first hour. The rate is two orders of magnitude faster than the reaction in the corresponding homogeneous saturated bulk solution. Conversion of the reagent to the Schiff base product is 67% to 96% efficient in these long-lasting thin films, in sharp contrast to the corresponding derivatization efficiencies in the bulk of less than 1%. This method was used to chemically derivatize and thus to identify, using tandem mass spectrometry, 29 reducing sugars in ca. 1 nL of intracellular fluid from a single onion epidermis cell. A formal description of the kinetics of reversible and irreversible second order reactions in thin films is provided. The effects of thermodynamic and kinetic factors are separated and the measured apparent acceleration factor is shown to represent the ratio of intrinsic rate constants for the microthin film reactor relative to the bulk reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Xiaochao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing Key Lab Microanalytical Methods and Instruments , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China .
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing Key Lab Microanalytical Methods and Instruments , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China .
| | - Sichun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing Key Lab Microanalytical Methods and Instruments , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China .
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing Key Lab Microanalytical Methods and Instruments , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China .
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|