1
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Lin TE, Darvishi S. A Brief Review of In Situ and Operando Electrochemical Analysis of Bacteria by Scanning Probes. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:695. [PMID: 37504094 PMCID: PMC10377567 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are similar to social organisms that engage in critical interactions with one another, forming spatially structured communities. Despite extensive research on the composition, structure, and communication of bacteria, the mechanisms behind their interactions and biofilm formation are not yet fully understood. To address this issue, scanning probe techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), and scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM) have been utilized to analyze bacteria. This review article focuses on summarizing the use of electrochemical scanning probes for investigating bacteria, including analysis of electroactive metabolites, enzymes, oxygen consumption, ion concentrations, pH values, biofilms, and quorum sensing molecules to provide a better understanding of bacterial interactions and communication. SECM has been combined with other techniques, such as AFM, inverted optical microscopy, SICM, and fluorescence microscopy. This allows a comprehensive study of the surfaces of bacteria while also providing more information on their metabolic activity. In general, the use of scanning probes for the detection of bacteria has shown great promise and has the potential to provide a powerful tool for the study of bacterial physiology and the detection of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Sorour Darvishi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Vyas V, Kotla NG, Rochev Y, Poudel A, Biggs M. Multifrequency dielectric mapping of fixed mice colon tissues in cell culture media via scanning electrochemical microscopy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1063063. [PMID: 36845172 PMCID: PMC9947134 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1063063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternating current scanning electrochemical microscopy (AC-SECM) is a powerful tool for characterizing the electrochemical reactivity of surfaces. Here, perturbation in the sample is induced by the alternating current and altered local potential is measured by the SECM probe. This technique has been used to investigate many exotic a range of biological interfaces including live cells and tissues, as well as the corrosive degradation of various metallic surfaces, etc. In principle, AC-SECM imaging is derived from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) which has been used for a century to describe interfacial and diffusive behaviour of molecules in solution or on a surface. Increasingly bioimpedance centric medical devices have become an important tool to detect evolution of tissue biochemistry. Predictive implications of measuring electrochemical changes within a tissue is one of the core concepts in developing minimally invasive and smart medical devices. In this study, cross sections of mice colon tissue were used for AC-SECM imaging. A 10 micron sized platinum probe was used for two-dimensional (2D) tan δ mapping of histological sections at a frequency of 10 kHz, Thereafter, multifrequency scans were performed at 100 Hz, 10 kHz, 300 kHz, and 900 kHz. Loss tangent (tan δ) mapping of mice colon revealed microscale regions within a tissue possessing a discrete tan δ signature. This tan δ map may be an immediate measure of physiological conditions in biological tissues. Multifrequency scans highlight subtle changes in protein or lipid composition as a function of frequency which was recorded as loss tangent maps. Impedance profile at different frequencies could also be used to identify optimal contrast for imaging and extracting the electrochemical signature specific for a tissue and its electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Vyas
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,CNRS, LIEC, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France,*Correspondence: Varun Vyas, ; Manus Biggs,
| | - Niranjan G. Kotla
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yury Rochev
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Anup Poudel
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Manus Biggs
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland,*Correspondence: Varun Vyas, ; Manus Biggs,
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3
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Lin YH, Tsai CN, Chen PF, Lin YT, Darvishi S, Girault HH, Lin TY, Liao MY, Lin TE. AI-Assisted Fusion of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Images Using Novel Soft Probe. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:576-583. [PMID: 36785775 PMCID: PMC9885998 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is one of the scanning probe techniques that has attracted considerable attention because of its ability to interrogate surface morphology or electrochemical reactivity. However, the quality of SECM images generally depends on the sizes of the electrodes and many uncontrollable factors. Furthermore, manipulating fragile glass ultramicroelectrodes and blurred images sometimes frustrate researchers. To overcome the challenges of modern SECM, we developed novel soft gold probes and then established the AI-assisted methodology for image fusion. A novel gold microelectrode probe with high softness was developed to scan fragile samples. The distribution of EGFR (protein biomarker) in oral cancer was investigated. Then, we fused the optical microscopic and SECM images to enhance the image quality using Matlab software. However, thousands of fused images were generated by changing the parameters for image fusion, which is annoying for researchers. Thus, a deep learning model was built to select the best-fused images according to the contrast and clarity of the fused images. Therefore, the quality of the SECM images was improved using a novel soft probe and combining the image fusion technique. In the future, a new scanning probe with AI-assisted fused SECM image processing may be interpreted more preciously and contribute to the early detection of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Lin
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 30010 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ning Tsai
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 30010 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Po-Feng Chen
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 30010 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tzu Lin
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 30010 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sorour Darvishi
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Tung-Yi Lin
- Institute
of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming
Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Biomedical
Industry Ph.D. Program, National Yang Ming
Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yi Liao
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung
University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-En Lin
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 30010 Hsinchu, Taiwan
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4
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Chen H, Kong X, Wang D, Zhang M. Flexible Disk Ultramicroelectrode for High-Resolution and Substrate-Tolerable Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Imaging. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17320-17327. [PMID: 36448925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A simple and universal strategy for fabricating flexible 25 μm platinum (Pt) disk ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) was proposed, where a pulled borosilicate glass micropipette acted as a mold for shaping the flexible tip with flexible epoxy resin. The whole preparation procedure was highly efficient, enabling 10 or more probes to be manually fabricated within 10 h. Intriguingly, this technique permits an adjustable RG ratio, tip length, and stiffness, which could be tuned according to varying experimental demands. Besides, the electroactive area of the probe could be exposed and made renewable with a thin blade, allowing its reuse in multiple experiments. The flexibility characterization was then employed to optimize the resin/hardener mass ratio of epoxy resin and the tip position during HF etching in the fabrication process, suggesting that more hardener, a larger RG value, or a longer tip length obtained stronger deformation resistance. Subsequently, the as-prepared probe was examined by optical microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and SECM approach curves. The results demonstrated the probe possessed good geometry with a small RG ratio of less than 3 and exceptional electrochemical properties, and its insulating sheath remained undeformed after blade cutting. Owing to the tip's flexibility, it could be operated in contactless mode with an extremely low working distance and even in contact mode scanning to achieve high spatial resolution and high sensitivity while guaranteeing that the tip and samples would suffer minimal damage if the tip crashed. Finally, the flexible probe was successfully employed in three scanning scenarios where tilted and 3D structured PDMS microchips, a latent fingerprint deposited on the stiff copper sheet, and soft egg white were included. In all, the flexible probe encompasses the advantages of traditional disk UMEs and circumvents their principal drawbacks of tip crash and causing sample scratches, which is thus more compatible with large specimens of 3D structured, stiff, or even soft topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Dongrui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
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Micro- and nano-devices for electrochemical sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:459. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractElectrode miniaturization has profoundly revolutionized the field of electrochemical sensing, opening up unprecedented opportunities for probing biological events with a high spatial and temporal resolution, integrating electrochemical systems with microfluidics, and designing arrays for multiplexed sensing. Several technological issues posed by the desire for downsizing have been addressed so far, leading to micrometric and nanometric sensing systems with different degrees of maturity. However, there is still an endless margin for researchers to improve current strategies and cope with demanding sensing fields, such as lab-on-a-chip devices and multi-array sensors, brain chemistry, and cell monitoring. In this review, we present current trends in the design of micro-/nano-electrochemical sensors and cutting-edge applications reported in the last 10 years. Micro- and nanosensors are divided into four categories depending on the transduction mechanism, e.g., amperometric, impedimetric, potentiometric, and transistor-based, to best guide the reader through the different detection strategies and highlight major advancements as well as still unaddressed demands in electrochemical sensing.
Graphical Abstract
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6
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Sun CL, Lai SY, Tsai KJ, Wang J, Zhou J, Chen HY. Application of nanoporous core–shell structured multi-walled carbon nanotube–graphene oxide nanoribbons in electrochemical biosensors. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Ben Trad F, Wieczny V, Delacotte J, Morel M, Guille-Collignon M, Arbault S, Lemaître F, Sojic N, Labbé E, Buriez O. Dynamic Electrochemiluminescence Imaging of Single Giant Liposome Opening at Polarized Electrodes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1686-1696. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ben Trad
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Wieczny
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Delacotte
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Morel
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Manon Guille-Collignon
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248 CNRS, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Eric Labbé
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Buriez
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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8
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Sun CL, Lin CH, Kuo CH, Huang CW, Nguyen DD, Chou TC, Chen CY, Lu YJ. Visible-Light-Assisted Photoelectrochemical Biosensing of Uric Acid Using Metal-Free Graphene Oxide Nanoribbons. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102693. [PMID: 34685134 PMCID: PMC8538689 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the visible-light-assisted photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensing of uric acid (UA) by using graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs) as PEC electrode materials. Specifically, GONRs with controlled properties were synthesized by the microwave-assisted exfoliation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. For the detection of UA, GONRs were adopted to modify either a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) or a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Cyclic voltammetry analyses indicated that all Faradaic currents of UA oxidation on GONRs with different unzipping/exfoliating levels on SPCE increased by more than 20.0% under AM 1.5 irradiation. Among these, the GONRs synthesized under a microwave power of 200 W, namely GONR(200 W), exhibited the highest increase in Faradaic current. Notably, the GONR(200 W)/GCE electrodes revealed a remarkable elevation (~40.0%) of the Faradaic current when irradiated by light-emitting diode (LED) light sources under an intensity of illumination of 80 mW/cm2. Therefore, it is believed that our GONRs hold great potential for developing a novel platform for PEC biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Sun
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333323, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.K.); (C.-W.H.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 333423, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or (C.-L.S.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Cheng-Hsuan Lin
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333323, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.K.); (C.-W.H.)
| | - Chia-Heng Kuo
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333323, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.K.); (C.-W.H.)
| | - Chia-Wei Huang
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333323, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (C.-H.K.); (C.-W.H.)
| | - Duc Dung Nguyen
- Center for High Technology Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Tsu-Chin Chou
- Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Ying Chen
- Center for Plasma and Thin Film Technologies (CPTFT), Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Jen Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 333423, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or (C.-L.S.); (Y.-J.L.)
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9
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Shi M, Wang L, Xie Z, Zhao L, Zhang X, Zhang M. High-Content Label-Free Single-Cell Analysis with a Microfluidic Device Using Programmable Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12417-12425. [PMID: 34464090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cellular heterogeneity and plasticity are often overlooked due to the averaged bulk assay in conventional methods. Optical imaging-based single-cell analysis usually requires specific labeling of target molecules inside or on the surface of the cell membrane, interfering with the physiological homeostasis of the cell. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), as an alternative approach, enables label-free imaging of single cells, which still confronts the challenge that the long-time scanning process is not feasible for large-scale analysis at the single-cell level. Herein, we developed a methodology combining a programmable SECM (P-SECM) with an addressable microwell array, which dramatically shortened the time consumption for the topography detection of the micropits array occupied by the polystyrene beads as well as the evaluation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of the 82 single cells compared with the traditional SECM imaging. This new arithmetic was based on the line scanning approach, enabling analysis of over 900 microwells within 1.2 h, which is 10 times faster than conventional SECM imaging. By implementing this configuration with the dual-mediator-based voltage-switching (VSM) mode, we investigated the activity of ALP, a promising marker for cancer stem cells, in hundreds of tumor and stromal cells on a single microwell device. The results discovered that not only a higher ALP activity is presented in cancer cells but also the heterogeneous distribution of kinetic constant (kf value) of ALP activity can be obtained at the single-cell level. By directly relating large numbers of addressed cells on the scalable microfluidic device to the deterministic routing of the above SECM tip, our platform holds potential as a high-content screening tool for label-free single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenda Xie
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.,Centre of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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10
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Hiramoto K, Ino K, Komatsu K, Nashimoto Y, Shiku H. Electrochemiluminescence imaging of respiratory activity of cellular spheroids using sequential potential steps. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 181:113123. [PMID: 33714859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory activity of cultured cells can be electrochemically monitored using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) with high spatial resolution. However, in SECM, the electrode takes a long time to scan, limiting simultaneous measurements with large biological samples such as cell spheroids. Therefore, for rapid electrochemical imaging, a novel strategy is needed. Herein, we report electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging of spheroid respiratory activity for the first time using sequential potential steps. L-012, a luminol analog, was used as an ECL luminophore, and H2O2, a sensitizer for ECL of L-012, was generated by the electrochemical reduction of dissolved O2. The ECL imaging visualized spheroid respiratory activity-evidenced by ECL suppression-corresponding to O2 distribution around the spheroids. This method enabled the time-lapse imaging of respiratory activity in multiple spheroids with good spatial resolution comparable to that of SECM. Our work provides a promising high-throughput imaging strategy for elucidating spheroid cellular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Hiramoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan.
| | - Keika Komatsu
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan; Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan.
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11
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A Review: Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) for Visualizing the Real-Time Local Catalytic Activity. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful scanning probe technique for measuring the in situ electrochemical reactions occurring at various sample interfaces, such as the liquid-liquid, solid-liquid, and liquid-gas. The tip/probe of SECM is usually an ultramicroelectrode (UME) or a nanoelectrode that can move towards or over the sample of interest controlled by a precise motor positioning system. Remarkably, electrocatalysts play a crucial role in addressing the surge in global energy consumption by providing sustainable alternative energy sources. Therefore, the precise measurement of catalytic reactions offers profound insights for designing novel catalysts as well as for enhancing their performance. SECM proves to be an excellent tool for characterization and screening catalysts as the probe can rapidly scan along one direction over the sample array containing a large number of different compositions. These features make SECM more appealing than other conventional methodologies for assessing bulk solutions. SECM can be employed for investigating numerous catalytic reactions including the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), water oxidation, glucose oxidation reaction (GOR), and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) with high spatial resolution. Moreover, for improving the catalyst design, several SECM modes can be applied based on the catalytic reactions under evaluation. This review aims to present a brief overview of the recent applications of electrocatalysts and their kinetics as well as catalytic sites in electrochemical reactions, such as oxygen reduction, water oxidation, and methanol oxidation.
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12
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Abstract
Oral cancer poses a serious threat worldwide owing to its soaring case-fatality rate and its metastatic characteristics of spreading to the other parts of the body. Despite the recent breakthroughs in biomedical sciences, the detection of oral cancer at an early stage is still challenging. Conventional diagnosis in clinics and optical techniques to detect oral cancer in the initial stages are quite complicated as well as not completely accurate. To enhance the survival rate of oral cancer patients, it is important to investigate the novel methodologies that can provide faster, simpler, non-invasive, and yet ultraprecise detection of the onset of oral cancer. In this review, we demonstrate the promising aspects of an electrochemical biosensor as an ideal tool for oral cancer detection. We discuss the cutting-edge methodologies utilizing various electrochemical biosensors targeting the different kinds of biomarkers. In particular, we emphasize on electrochemical biosensors working at the molecular levels, which can be classified into mainly three types: DNA biosensors, RNA biosensors and protein biosensors according to the types of the analytes. Furthermore, we focus on the significant electrochemical methods including cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to analyze the oral cancer biomarkers (such as IL-6, IL-8, CYFRA 21-1, CD 59 and CIP2A) present in body fluids including saliva and serum, using non-invasive manner. Hence, this review provides essential insights into the development of pioneering electrochemical biosensors for the detection of oral cancer at an early stage.
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13
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Electrochemical measurement of respiratory activity for evaluation of fibroblast spheroids containing endothelial cell networks. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Chou HY, Wang HMD, Kuo CH, Lu PH, Wang L, Kang W, Sun CL. Antioxidant Graphene Oxide Nanoribbon as a Novel Whitening Agent Inhibits Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor-Related Melanogenesis Mechanism. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6588-6597. [PMID: 32258894 PMCID: PMC7114877 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the melanin synthesis process, oxidative reactions play an essential role, and it is a good strategy to inhibit melanin production by reducing oxidative stress. Fullerene and its derivatives, or the complexes, were considered as strong free-radical scavengers, and we further applied multilayered sp2 nanocarbons to discover melanin synthesis inhibitory mechanisms. In the present study, we used novel nanomaterials, such as multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), short-type MWCNTs, graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs), and short-type GONRs, as anti-oxidative agents to regulate melanin production. The results showed that GONRs had better anti-oxidative capabilities in intracellular and extracellular oxidative stress analysis platforms than others. We proposed that GONRs have oxygen-containing functional groups. In the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay, we found out GONR could chelate metal ions to scavenge reactive oxygen species. In the molecular insight view, we observed that these nanomaterials downregulated the melanin synthesis by decreasing microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-related gene expressions, and there were similar consequences in protein expressions. To sum up, GONRs is a potential agent as a novel antioxidant and skin-whitening cosmetology material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Chou
- Ph.D.
Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Ph.D.
Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
- Graduate
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National
Chung Hsing University, Taichung
City 402, Taiwan
- Graduate
Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department
of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung
City 404, Taiwan
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Chia-Heng Kuo
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang
Gung University, Taoyuan
City 333, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Dermatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Taipei
Arts Plastic Clinic, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Lin Wang
- College
of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F
University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR
China
| | - Wenyi Kang
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource
Function, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Chia-Liang Sun
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang
Gung University, Taoyuan
City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Dermatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
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15
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Jin ZH, Liu YL, Fan WT, Huang WH. Integrating Flexible Electrochemical Sensor into Microfluidic Chip for Simulating and Monitoring Vascular Mechanotransduction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903204. [PMID: 31402582 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As an interface between the blood flow and vessel wall, endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to hemodynamic forces, and the biochemical molecules released from ECs-blood flow interaction are important determinants of vascular homeostasis. Versatile microfluidic chips have been designed to simulate the biological and physiological parameters of the human vascular system, but in situ and real-time monitoring of the mechanical force-triggered signals during vascular mechanotransduction still remains a significant challenge. Here, such challenge is fulfilled for the first time, by preparation of a flexible and stretchable electrochemical sensor and its incorporation into a microfluidic vascular chip. This allows simulating of in vivo physiological and biomechanical parameters of blood vessels, and simultaneously monitoring the mechanically induced biochemical signals in real time. Specifically, the cyclic circumferential stretch that is actually exerted on endothelium but is hard to reproduce in vitro is successfully recapitulated, and nitric oxide signals under normal blood pressure, as well as reactive oxygen species signals under hypertensive states, are well documented. Here, the first integration of a flexible electrochemical sensor into a microfluidic chip is reported, therefore paving a way to evaluate in vitro organs by built-in flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-He Jin
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wen-Ting Fan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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16
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Ino K, Ozawa F, Dang N, Hiramoto K, Hino S, Akasaka R, Nashimoto Y, Shiku H. Biofabrication Using Electrochemical Devices and Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900234. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6‐6‐11 Aramaki‐aza Aoba Aoba‐ku Sendai 980–8579 Japan
| | - Fumisato Ozawa
- Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo 4‐6‐1 Komaba Meguro‐ku Tokyo 153–8505 Japan
| | - Ning Dang
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement CNRS‐Université de Lorraine Villers‐lès‐Nancy 54600 France
| | - Kaoru Hiramoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6‐6‐11 Aramaki‐aza Aoba Aoba‐ku Sendai 980–8579 Japan
| | - Shodai Hino
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6‐6‐11 Aramaki‐aza Aoba Aoba‐ku Sendai 980–8579 Japan
| | - Rise Akasaka
- School of Engineering Tohoku University 6‐6‐11 Aramaki‐aza Aoba Aoba‐ku Sendai 980–8579 Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6‐6‐11 Aramaki‐aza Aoba Aoba‐ku Sendai 980–8579 Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences Tohoku University 6‐3 Aramaki‐aza Aoba Aoba‐ku Sendai 980–8578 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University 6‐6‐11 Aramaki‐aza Aoba Aoba‐ku Sendai 980–8579 Japan
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17
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Darvishi S, Pick H, Lin TE, Zhu Y, Li X, Ho PC, Girault HH, Lesch A. Tape-Stripping Electrochemical Detection of Melanoma. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12900-12908. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sorour Darvishi
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tzu-En Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yingdi Zhu
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1015 Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1015 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1015 Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1015 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, IT-40136 Bologna, Italy
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18
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Zhao L, Shi M, Liu Y, Zheng X, Xiu J, Liu Y, Tian L, Wang H, Zhang M, Zhang X. Systematic Analysis of Different Cell Spheroids with a Microfluidic Device Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Gene Expression Profiling. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4307-4311. [PMID: 30869520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The 3D cell spheroid is an emerging tool that allows better recapitulating of in vivo scenarios with multiple factors such as tissue-like morphology and membrane protein expression that intimately coordinates with enzyme activity, thus providing a psychological environment for tumorigenesis study. For analyzing different spheroids, conventional optical imaging may be hampered by the need for fluorescent labeling, which could cause toxicity side effects. As an alternative approach, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) enables label-free imaging. However, SECM for cell spheroid imaging is currently suffering from incapability of systematically analyzing the cell aggregates from spheroid generation, electrochemical signal gaining, and the gene expression on different individual cell spheroids. Herein, we developed a top-removable microfluidic device for cell aggregate yielding and SECM imaging methodology to analyze heterotypic 3D cell spheroids on a single device. This technique allows not only on-chip culturing of cell aggregates but also SECM imaging of the spheroids after opening the chip and subsequent qPCR assay of corresponding clusters. Through employment of the micropit arrays (85 × 4) with a top withdrawable microfluidic layer, uniformly sized breast tumor cell and fibroblast spheroids can be simultaneously produced on a single device. By leveraging voltage-switching mode SECM at different potentials of dual mediators, we evaluated alkaline phosphatase without disturbance of substrate morphology for distinguishing the tumor aggregates from stroma. Moreover, this method also enables gene expression profiling on individual tumor or stromal spheroids. Therefore, this new strategy can seamlessly bridge SECM measurements and molecular biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Mi Shi
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Xiaonan Zheng
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Jidong Xiu
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Lu Tian
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
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19
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Voci S, Goudeau B, Valenti G, Lesch A, Jović M, Rapino S, Paolucci F, Arbault S, Sojic N. Surface-Confined Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy of Cell Membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14753-14760. [PMID: 30336008 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein is reported a surface-confined microscopy based on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) that allows to image the plasma membrane of single cells at the interface with an electrode. By analyzing photoluminescence (PL), ECL and AFM images of mammalian CHO cells, we demonstrate that, in contrast to the wide-field fluorescence, ECL emission is confined to the immediate vicinity of the electrode surface and only the basal membrane of the cell becomes luminescent. The resulting ECL microscopy reveals details that are not resolved by classic fluorescence microscopy, without any light irradiation and specific setup. The thickness of the ECL-emitting regions is ∼500 nm due to the unique ECL mechanism that involves short-lifetime electrogenerated radicals. In addition, the reported ECL microscopy is a dynamic technique that reflects the transport properties through the cell membranes and not only the specific labeling of the membranes. Finally, disposable transparent carbon nanotube (CNT)-based electrodes inkjet-printed on classic microscope glass coverslips were used to image cells in both reflection and transmission configurations. Therefore, our approach opens new avenues for ECL as a surface-confined microscopy to develop single cell assays and to image the dynamics of biological entities in cells or in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Voci
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 , 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 , 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry , EPFL Valais Wallis , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CP 440 , CH-1951 Sion , Switzerland
| | - Milica Jović
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry , EPFL Valais Wallis , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CP 440 , CH-1951 Sion , Switzerland
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 , 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 , 33607 Pessac , France
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20
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O’Neil GD, Kuo HW, Lomax DN, Wright J, Esposito DV. Scanning Line Probe Microscopy: Beyond the Point Probe. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11531-11537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glen D. O’Neil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Han-wen Kuo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Data Science Institute, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Duncan N. Lomax
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - John Wright
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Data Science Institute, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniel V. Esposito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York 10027, United States
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21
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Advances and Perspectives in Chemical Imaging in Cellular Environments Using Electrochemical Methods. CHEMOSENSORS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Lin TE, Rapino S, Girault HH, Lesch A. Electrochemical imaging of cells and tissues. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4546-4554. [PMID: 29899947 PMCID: PMC5969511 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This minireview summarizes the recent achievements of electrochemical imaging platforms to map cellular functions in biological specimens using electrochemical scanning nano/micro-probe microscopy and 2D chips containing microelectrode arrays.
The technological and experimental progress in electrochemical imaging of biological specimens is discussed with a view on potential applications for skin cancer diagnostics, reproductive medicine and microbial testing. The electrochemical analysis of single cell activity inside cell cultures, 3D cellular aggregates and microtissues is based on the selective detection of electroactive species involved in biological functions. Electrochemical imaging strategies, based on nano/micrometric probes scanning over the sample and sensor array chips, respectively, can be made sensitive and selective without being affected by optical interference as many other microscopy techniques. The recent developments in microfabrication, electronics and cell culturing/tissue engineering have evolved in affordable and fast-sampling electrochemical imaging platforms. We believe that the topics discussed herein demonstrate the applicability of electrochemical imaging devices in many areas related to cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Chemistry Department "Giacomo Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Hubert H Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
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