1
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Chang X, Arnold ME, Blinder R, Zolg J, Wischnat J, van Slageren J, Jelezko F, Kuehne AJC, von Delius M. A Stable Chichibabin Diradicaloid with Near-Infrared Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404853. [PMID: 38695271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated molecules with multiple radical centers such as the iconic Chichibabin diradicaloid hold promise as building blocks in materials for quantum sensing and quantum information processing. However, it is a considerable challenge to design simple analogues of the Chichibabin hydrocarbon that are chemically inert, exhibit high diradical character and emit light at a distinct wavelength that may offer an optical readout of the spin state in functional ensembles. Here we describe the serendipitous discovery of the stable TTM-TTM diradicaloid, which exhibits high diradical character, a striking sky-blue color and near-infrared (NIR) emission (in solution). This combination of properties is unique among related diradicaloids and is due to the presence of hydrogen and chlorine atoms in "just the right positions", allowing a perfectly planar, yet predominantly benzenoid bridge to connect the two sterically stabilized radical centers. In-depth studies of the optical and magnetic properties suggest that this structural motif could become a mainstay building block of organic spin materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmao Chang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mona E Arnold
- Institute of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rémi Blinder
- Institute of Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Zolg
- Institute of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jonathan Wischnat
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute of Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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2
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Shi Y, Li C, Di J, Xue Y, Jia Y, Duan J, Hu X, Tian Y, Li Y, Sun C, Zhang N, Xiong Y, Jin T, Chen P. Polycationic Open-Shell Cyclophanes: Synthesis of Electron-Rich Chiral Macrocycles, and Redox-Dependent Electronic States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402800. [PMID: 38411404 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
π-Conjugated chiral nanorings with intriguing electronic structures and chiroptical properties have attracted considerable interests in synthetic chemistry and materials science. We present the design principles to access new chiral macrocycles (1 and 2) that are essentially built on the key components of main-group electron-donating carbazolyl moieties or the π-expanded aza[7]helicenes. Both macrocycles show the unique molecular conformations with a (quasi) figure-of-eight topology as a result of the conjugation patterns of 2,2',7,7'-spirobifluorenyl in 1 and triarylamine-coupled aza[7]helicene-based building blocks in 2. This electronic nature of redox-active, carbazole-rich backbones enabled these macrocycles to be readily oxidized chemically and electrochemically, leading to the sequential production of a series of positively charged polycationic open-shell cyclophanes. Their redox-dependent electronic states of the resulting multispin polyradicals have been characterized by VT-ESR, UV/Vis-NIR absorption and spectroelectrochemical measurements. The singlet (ΔES-T=-1.29 kcal mol-1) and a nearly degenerate singlet-triplet ground state (ΔES-T(calcd)=-0.15 kcal mol-1 and ΔES-T(exp)=0.01 kcal mol-1) were proved for diradical dications 12+2⋅ and 22+2⋅, respectively. Our work provides an experimental proof for the construction of electron-donating new chiral nanorings, and more importantly for highly charged polyradicals with potential applications in chirospintronics and organic conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jiaqi Di
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yuting Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yawei Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jiaxian Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yanqiu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Cuiping Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Niu Zhang
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Beijing Institute of Technology, 102488, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Beijing Institute of Technology, 102488, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyun Jin
- Center of Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Pangkuan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science, Pharmaceutical Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
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3
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Xu Z, Ye Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Jiang S. Design and assembly of porous organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2261-2282. [PMID: 38318641 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05091b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) represent a notable category of porous materials, showing remarkable material properties due to their inherent porosity. Unlike extended frameworks which are constructed by strong covalent or coordination bonds, POCs are composed of discrete molecular units held together by weak intermolecular forces. Their structure and chemical traits can be systematically tailored, making them suitable for a range of applications including gas storage and separation, molecular separation and recognition, catalysis, and proton and ion conduction. This review provides a comprehensive overview of POCs, covering their synthesis methods, structure and properties, computational approaches, and applications, serving as a primer for those who are new to the domain. A special emphasis is placed on the growing role of computational methods, highlighting how advanced data-driven techniques and automation are increasingly aiding the rapid exploration and understanding of POCs. We conclude by addressing the prevailing challenges and future prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhao Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yangzhi Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yilan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Huiyu Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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4
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Ju CW, Shen Y, French EJ, Yi J, Bi H, Tian A, Lin Z. Accurate Electronic and Optical Properties of Organic Doublet Radicals Using Machine Learned Range-Separated Functionals. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 38382058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Luminescent organic semiconducting doublet-spin radicals are unique and emergent optical materials because their fluorescent quantum yields (Φfl) are not compromised by the spin-flipping intersystem crossing (ISC) into a dark high-spin state. The multiconfigurational nature of these radicals challenges their electronic structure calculations in the framework of single-reference density functional theory (DFT) and introduces room for method improvement. In the present study, we extended our earlier development of ML-ωPBE [J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2021, 12, 9516-9524], a range-separated hybrid (RSH) exchange-correlation (XC) functional constructed using the stacked ensemble machine learning (SEML) algorithm, from closed-shell organic semiconducting molecules to doublet-spin organic semiconducting radicals. We assessed its performance for a new test set of 64 doublet-spin radicals from five categories while placing all previously compiled 3926 closed-shell molecules in the new training set. Interestingly, ML-ωPBE agrees with the nonempirical OT-ωPBE functional regarding the prediction of the molecule-dependent range-separation parameter (ω), with a small mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0197 a0-1, but saves the computational cost by 2.46 orders of magnitude. This result demonstrates an outstanding domain adaptation capacity of ML-ωPBE for diverse organic semiconducting species. To further assess the predictive power of ML-ωPBE in experimental observables, we also applied it to evaluate absorption and fluorescence energies (Eabs and Efl) using linear-response time-dependent DFT (TDDFT), and we compared its behavior with nine popular XC functionals. For most radicals, ML-ωPBE reproduces experimental measurements of Eabs and Efl with small MAEs of 0.299 and 0.254 eV, only marginally different from those of OT-ωPBE. Our work illustrates a successful extension of the SEML framework from closed-shell molecules to doublet-spin radicals and will open the venue for calculating optical properties for organic semiconductors using single-reference TDDFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Ju
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yili Shen
- Manning College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Ethan J French
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Jun Yi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Hongshan Bi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Aaron Tian
- Manning College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Zhou Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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5
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Chen L, Li C, Liu ZF, Kuboi Y, Fu E, Vargas LS, Adachi C, Mathevet F, Zhang S. A donor-acceptor cage for circularly polarized TADF emission. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1758-1761. [PMID: 38251830 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05136f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first example of chiral donor-acceptor cage DA-2 displaying efficient circularly polarized thermally activated delayed fluorescence (CP-TADF) with |glum| values up to 2.1 × 10-3 and PLQY of 32%. A small ΔEST of 0.051 eV and quasi-parallel (θ = 6°) transition electric and magnetic dipole moments were realized from the through-space charge transfer interaction between the parallelly aligned donor and acceptor in DA-2. This D-A cage configuration has provided a novel design strategy for discovering potential efficient CP-TADF emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Chenfei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zheng-Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yoshiaki Kuboi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Enguang Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lydia Sosa Vargas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75005, France
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Fabrice Mathevet
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75005, France
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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6
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Sun YL, Wang Z, Ma H, Zhang QP, Yang BB, Meng X, Zhang Y, Zhang C. Chiral emissive porous organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:302-305. [PMID: 36507910 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05283k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A pair of chiral, emissive and porous tubular multi-functional organic molecular cages were synthesized easily by imine chemistry of 4,4',4'',4'''-(ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrayl)-tetrabenzaldehyde (ETTBA) with (R,R)- or (S,S)-diaminocyclohexane (CHDA). It was found that the chirality of CHDA was transferred and amplified to tetraphenylethylene (TPE) in the process of formation of cages, which further endowed the cages with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) characteristics. As a result of the synergy of the chirality and porous structure in the solid state, both cages exhibited a good chiral adsorption enantioselectivity to a series of aromatic racemates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China. .,Technology Institute, National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Yarn and Fabric Formation and Clean Production, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430200, China
| | - Hui Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Qing-Pu Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Bin-Bin Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xianggao Meng
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Yaohua Zhang
- Technology R&D Center, Hubei Tobacco (Group) Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Chun Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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7
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Wu S, Ni Y, Han Y, Xin S, Hou X, Zhu J, Li Z, Wu J. Aromaticity in Fully π-Conjugated Open-Cage Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23158-23167. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Shan Xin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhengtao Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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8
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Kasemthaveechok S, Abella L, Crassous J, Autschbach J, Favereau L. Organic radicals with inversion of SOMO and HOMO energies and potential applications in optoelectronics. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9833-9847. [PMID: 36128246 PMCID: PMC9430691 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02480b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic radicals possessing an electronic configuration in which the energy of the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) is below the highest doubly occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level have recently attracted significant interest, both theoretically and experimentally. The peculiar orbital energetics of these SOMO-HOMO inversion (SHI) organic radicals set their electronic properties apart from the more common situation where the SOMO is the highest occupied orbital of the system. This review gives a general perspective on SHI, with key fundamental aspects regarding the electronic and structural factors that govern this particular electronic configuration in organic radicals. Selected examples of reported compounds with SHI are highlighted to establish molecular guidelines for designing this type of radical, and to showcase the potential of SHI radicals in organic spintronics as well as for the development of more stable luminescent radicals for OLED applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Abella
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York Buffalo New York 14260 USA
| | | | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York Buffalo New York 14260 USA
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9
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Montà-González G, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R, Martí-Centelles V. Purely Covalent Molecular Cages and Containers for Guest Encapsulation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13636-13708. [PMID: 35867555 PMCID: PMC9413269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cage compounds offer unique binding pockets similar to enzyme-binding sites, which can be customized in terms of size, shape, and functional groups to point toward the cavity and many other parameters. Different synthetic strategies have been developed to create a toolkit of methods that allow preparing tailor-made organic cages for a number of distinct applications, such as gas separation, molecular recognition, molecular encapsulation, hosts for catalysis, etc. These examples show the versatility and high selectivity that can be achieved using cages, which is impossible by employing other molecular systems. This review explores the progress made in the field of fully organic molecular cages and containers by focusing on the properties of the cavity and their application to encapsulate guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Montà-González
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain,R.M.-M.: email,
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,V.M.-C.:
email,
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10
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Kasemthaveechok S, Abella L, Jean M, Cordier M, Vanthuyne N, Guizouarn T, Cador O, Autschbach J, Crassous J, Favereau L. Carbazole Isomerism in Helical Radical Cations: Spin Delocalization and SOMO-HOMO Level Inversion in the Diradical State. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7253-7263. [PMID: 35413200 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a new molecular design to afford persistent chiral organic open-shell systems with configurational stability and an inversion in energy of the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) and the highest doubly occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) for both mono- and diradical states. The unpaired electron delocalization within the designed extended helical π-conjugated systems is a crucial factor to reach chemical stabilities, which is not obtained using the classical steric protection approach. The unique features of the obtained helical monoradicals allow an exploration of the chiral intramolecular electron transfer (IET) process in solvents of different polarity by means of optical and chiroptical spectroscopies, resulting in an unprecedented electronic circular dichroism (ECD) sign inversion for the radical transitions. We also characterized the corresponding helical diradicals, which show near-infrared electronic circular dichroism at wavelengths up to 1100 nm and an antiferromagnetic coupling between the spins, with an estimated singlet-triplet gap (ΔEST) of about -1.2 kcal mol-1. The study also revealed an intriguing double SOMO-HOMO inversion (SHI) electronic configuration for these diradicals, providing new insight regarding the peculiar energetic ordering of radical orbitals and the impact on the corresponding (chiral) optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Abella
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Marion Jean
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13284 Marseille, France
| | - Marie Cordier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13284 Marseille, France
| | | | - Olivier Cador
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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11
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Feng L, Yuan Y, Yan B, Feng T, Jian Y, Zhang J, Sun W, Lin K, Luo G, Wang N. Halogen hydrogen-bonded organic framework (XHOF) constructed by singlet open-shell diradical for efficient photoreduction of U(VI). Nat Commun 2022; 13:1389. [PMID: 35296676 PMCID: PMC8927584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of framework materials possessing specific spatial structures or containing functional ligands has attracted tremendous attention. Herein, a halogen hydrogen-bonded organic framework (XHOF) is fabricated by using Cl- ions as central connection nodes to connect organic ligands, 7,7,8,8-tetraaminoquinodimethane (TAQ), by forming a Cl-···H3 hydrogen bond structure. Unlike metallic node-linked MOFs, covalent bond-linked COFs, and intermolecular hydrogen bond-linked HOFs, XHOFs represent a different kind of crystalline framework. The electron-withdrawing effect of Cl- combined with the electron-rich property of the organic ligand TAQ strengthens the hydrogen bonds and endows XHOF-TAQ with high stability. Due to the production of excited electrons by TAQ under light irradiation, XHOF-TAQ can efficiently catalyze the reduction of soluble U(VI) to insoluble U(IV) with a capacity of 1708 mg-U g-1-material. This study fabricates a material for uranium immobilization for the sustainability of the environment and opens up a new direction for synthesizing crystalline framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Yihui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China.
| | - Bingjie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Ke Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China.
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12
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Wu S, Ni Y, Han Y, Hou X, Wang C, Hu W, Wu J. Hückel‐ and Baird‐Type Global Aromaticity in a 3D Fully Conjugated Molecular Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Congyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
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13
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Wu S, Ni Y, Han Y, Hou X, Wang C, Hu W, Wu J. Hückel- and Baird-type 3D Global Aromaticity in a Fully Conjugated Molecular Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115571. [PMID: 34958520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Global aromaticity in 3D π-conjugated molecular cages remains largely unexplored. Herein, we report the facile synthesis of a fully conjugated molecular cage ( 1 ) containing two bridged triphenylamine units and three quinoidal bithiophene arms. X-ray crystallographic analysis, NMR/ESR measurements and theoretical calculations reveal that: ( 1 ) its dication ( 1 2+ ) has an open-shell singlet ground state and is 3D globally aromatic, with individual macrocycles being 2D Hückel aromatic; (2) its tetracation ( 1 4+ ) has a triplet ground state and is also 3D globally aromatic, with individual macrocycles being 2D Baird aromatic; and (3) its hexacation ( 1 6+ ) has a closed-shell nature and shows local aromaticity. The study revealed a close relationship between 2D Hückel/Baird aromaticity and 3D global π-aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Wu
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Yong Ni
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Yi Han
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Xudong Hou
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Congyong Wang
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, SINGAPORE
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin University, College of Science, CHINA
| | - Jishan Wu
- National University of Singapore, Chemistry, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, SINGAPORE
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14
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Huang B, Mao L, Shi X, Yang HB. Recent advances and perspectives on supramolecular radical cages. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13648-13663. [PMID: 34760150 PMCID: PMC8549795 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01618k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular radical chemistry has been emerging as a cutting-edge interdisciplinary field of traditional supramolecular chemistry and radical chemistry in recent years. The purpose of such a fundamental research field is to combine traditional supramolecular chemistry and radical chemistry together, and take the benefit of both to eventually create new molecules and materials. Recently, supramolecular radical cages have been becoming one of the most frontier and challenging research focuses in the field of supramolecular chemistry. In this Perspective, we give a brief introduction to organic radical chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, and the emerging supramolecular radical chemistry along with their history and application. Subsequently, we turn to the main part of this topic: supramolecular radical cages. The design and synthesis of supramolecular cages consisting of redox-active building blocks and radical centres are summarized. The host-guest interactions between supramolecular (radical) cages and organic radicals are also surveyed. Some interesting properties and applications of supramolecular radical cages such as their unique spin-spin interactions and intriguing confinement effects in radical-mediated/catalyzed reactions are comprehensively discussed and highlighted in the main text. The purpose of this Perspective is to help students and researchers understand the development of supramolecular radical cages, and potentially to stimulate innovation and creativity and infuse new energy into the fields of traditional supramolecular chemistry and radical chemistry as well as supramolecular radical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 3663 N. Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Lijun Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 3663 N. Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Xueliang Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 3663 N. Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University 3663 N. Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
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15
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Prajapati B, Dang D, Chmielewski PJ, Majewski MA, Lis T, Gómez‐García CJ, Zimmerman PM, Stępień M. An Open‐Shell Coronoid with Hybrid Chichibabin–Schlenk Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Prajapati
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Duy‐Khoi Dang
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Marcin A. Majewski
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Carlos J. Gómez‐García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad de Valencia 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii Uniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
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16
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Wang S, Li XX, Da L, Wang Y, Xiang Z, Wang W, Zhang YB, Cao D. A Three-Dimensional sp 2 Carbon-Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15562-15566. [PMID: 34533316 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A first example of an sp2 carbon-conjugated three-dimensional (3D) covalent organic framework (COF) (BUCT-COF-4) is synthesized via the Knoevenagel condensation of the saddle-shaped aldehyde-substituted cyclooctatetrathiophene and 1,4-phenylenediacetonitrile. Ascribed to the extended π-conjugation and long-range ordered structures, BUCT-COF-4 displays high Hall electron mobility of 1.97 cm2 V-1 s-1 at room temperature. After it is doped with iodine, the material not only exhibits an enhanced electron mobility up to 2.62 cm2 V-1 s-1 in ambient air but also presents an unexpected metal-free ferromagnetic phase transition arising from the formation of aligned spins unidirectional across the whole sp2 carbon-conjugated 3D framework. This is the first report of a ferromagnetic phenomenon in 3D COF materials, which would broaden promising applications and open a new frontier in COF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ling Da
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhehao Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.,Department of Physics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yue-Biao Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dapeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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17
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Zhu J, Han Y, Ni Y, Wu S, Zhang Q, Jiao T, Li Z, Wu J. Facile Synthesis of a Fully Fused, Three-Dimensional π-Conjugated Archimedean Cage with Magnetically Shielded Cavity. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14314-14321. [PMID: 34455792 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of molecular cages consisting of fully fused, π-conjugated rings is rare due to synthetic challenges including preorganization, large strain, and poor solubility. Herein, we report such an example in which a tris-2-aminobenzophenone precursor undergoes acid-mediated self-condensation to form a truncated tetrahedron, one of the 13 Archimedean solids. Formation of eight-membered [1,5]diazocine rings provides preorganization and releases the strain while still maintains weak π-conjugation of the backbone. Thorough characterizations were performed by X-ray, NMR, and UV-vis analysis, assisted by theoretical calculations. The cage exhibits a rigid backbone structure with a well-defined cavity that confines a magnetically shielded environment. The solvent molecule, o-dichlorobenzene, is precisely encapsulated in the cavity at a 1:1 ratio with multiple π···π, C-H···π, and halogen···π interactions with the cage skeleton, implying its template effect for the cage closing reaction. Our synthetic strategy opens the opportunity to access more complex, fully fused, three-dimensional π-conjugated cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Zhengtao Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
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18
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Stępień M, Prajapati B, Dang DK, Chmielewski PJ, Majewski MA, Lis T, Gómez-García CJ, Zimmerman PM. An Open-Shell Coronoid with Hybrid Chichibabin-Schlenk Conjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22496-22504. [PMID: 34382721 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A hexaradicaloid molecule with alternating Kekulé and non-Kekulé connectivities between adjacent spin centers was obtained by fusing two classic conjugation motifs, found respectively in the Chichibabin and Schlenk hydrocarbons, into a coronoid structure. 1 H NMR, ESR and SQUID experiments, combined with computational analyses reveal that the system has a singlet ground state, characterized by a significant hexaradicaloid character ( γ 0 = 0.826, γ 1 = γ 2 = 0.773). It possesses multiple thermally accessible high-spin states (up to the septet), with uniform energy gaps of ca 1.0 kcal/mol between consecutive multiplicities. In line with its open-shell character, the coronoid has a small electronic bandgap of ca. 0.8 eV and undergoes two consecutive one-electron oxidations at low potentials, yielding cationic forms with extended near-infrared absorption. The hexaradicaloid, which combines open-shell and macrocyclic contributions to its π conjugation, provides an example of a design strategy for multistate spin switches and redox-amphoteric NIR dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Stępień
- University of Wroclaw, Department of Chemistry, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wroclaw, POLAND
| | | | - Duy-Khoi Dang
- University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Department of Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Tadeusz Lis
- Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wydział Chemii, POLAND
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Universidad de Valencia, Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, SPAIN
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Department of Chemistry, UNITED STATES
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19
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Liu Z, Zhang Z, Li T, Zhao W. Three-Dimensional Diradical Metallacage with an Open-Shell Ground State. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Wanxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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20
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Jiao T, Qu H, Tong L, Cao X, Li H. A Self‐Assembled Homochiral Radical Cage with Paramagnetic Behaviors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Hang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Lu Tong
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China
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21
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Jiao T, Qu H, Tong L, Cao X, Li H. A Self-Assembled Homochiral Radical Cage with Paramagnetic Behaviors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9852-9858. [PMID: 33651476 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Condensation of an inherently C3 -symmetric polychlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) radical trisaldehyde with tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN) yields a [4+4] tetrahedral radical cage as a racemic pair of homochiral enantiomers in 75 % isolated yield. The structure was characterized by X-ray crystallography, confirming the homochirality of each cage framework. The homochirality results from intramolecular [CH⋅⋅⋅π] and hydrogen-bonding interactions within the cage framework. The four PTM radicals in a cage undergo weak through-space coupling. Magnetic measurements demonstrated that each cage bears 3.58 spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lu Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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22
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Huang HH, Song KS, Prescimone A, Aster A, Cohen G, Mannancherry R, Vauthey E, Coskun A, Šolomek T. Porous shape-persistent rylene imine cages with tunable optoelectronic properties and delayed fluorescence. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5275-5285. [PMID: 34163762 PMCID: PMC8179562 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simultaneous combination of porosity and tunable optoelectronic properties, common in covalent organic frameworks, is rare in shape-persistent organic cages. Yet, organic cages offer important molecular advantages such as solubility and modularity. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of chiral imine organic cages with three built-in rylene units by means of dynamic imine chemistry and we investigate their textural and optoelectronic properties. Thereby we demonstrate that the synthesized rylene cages can be reversibly reduced at accessible potentials, absorb from UV up to green light, are porous, and preferentially adsorb CO2 over N2 and CH4 with a good selectivity. In addition, we discovered that the cage incorporating three perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) units displays an efficient delayed fluorescence. Time-correlated single photon counting and transient absorption spectroscopy measurements suggest that the delayed fluorescence is likely a consequence of a reversible intracage charge-separation event. Rylene cages thus offer a promising platform that allows combining the porosity of processable materials and photochemical phenomena useful in diverse applications such as photocatalysis or energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Kyung Seob Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin Du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Alexander Aster
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Cohen
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Rajesh Mannancherry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Ali Coskun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin Du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Šolomek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
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23
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Ohishi Y, Masuda K, Kudo K, Abe H, Inouye M. Saccharide Recognition by a Three‐Arm‐Shaped Host Having Preorganized Three‐Dimensional Hydrogen‐Bonding Sites. Chemistry 2020; 27:785-793. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ohishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toyama Sugitani 2630 Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Kentaro Masuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toyama Sugitani 2630 Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Kazuki Kudo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toyama Sugitani 2630 Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Hajime Abe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Himeji Dokkyo University Kami-ohno 7-2-1 Himeji Hyogo 670-8524 Japan
| | - Masahiko Inouye
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toyama Sugitani 2630 Toyama 930-0194 Japan
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24
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Kasemthaveechok S, Abella L, Jean M, Cordier M, Roisnel T, Vanthuyne N, Guizouarn T, Cador O, Autschbach J, Crassous J, Favereau L. Axially and Helically Chiral Cationic Radical Bicarbazoles: SOMO-HOMO Level Inversion and Chirality Impact on the Stability of Mono- and Diradical Cations. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20409-20418. [PMID: 33201694 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report persistent chiral organic mono- and diradical cations based on bicarbazole molecular design with an unprecedented stability dependence on the type of chirality, namely, axial versus helical. An unusual chemical stability was observed for sterically unprotected axial bicarbazole radical in comparison with monocarbazole and helical bicarbazole ones. Such results were experimentally and theoretically investigated, revealing an inversion in energy of the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) and the highest (doubly) occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) in both axial and helical bicarbazole monoradicals along with a subtle difference of electronic coupling between the two carbazole units, which is modulated by their relative dihedral angle and related to the type of chirality. Such findings allowed us to explore in depth the SOMO-HOMO inversion (SHI) in chiral radical molecular systems and provide new insights regarding its impact on the stability of organic radicals. Finally, these specific electronic properties allowed us to prepare a persistent, intrinsically chiral, diradical which notably displayed near-infrared electronic circular dichroism responses up to 1100 nm and almost degenerate singlet-triplet ground states with weak antiferromagnetic interactions evaluated by magnetometry experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Abella
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Marion Jean
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille 13284, France
| | - Marie Cordier
- Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille 13284, France
| | | | - Olivier Cador
- Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France
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Ni Y, Gordillo-Gámez F, Peña Alvarez M, Nan Z, Li Z, Wu S, Han Y, Casado J, Wu J. A Chichibabin's Hydrocarbon-Based Molecular Cage: The Impact of Structural Rigidity on Dynamics, Stability, and Electronic Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12730-12742. [PMID: 32589415 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional π-conjugated polyradicaloid molecular cage c-Ph14, consisting of three Chichibabin's hydrocarbon motifs connected by two benzene-1,3,5-triyl bridgeheads, was synthesized. Compared with its linear model compound l-Ph4, the prism-like c-Ph14 has a more rigid structure, which shows significant impact on the molecular dynamics, stability, and electronic properties. A higher rotation energy barrier for the quinoidal biphenyl units was determined in c-Ph14 (15.64 kcal/mol) than that of l-Ph4 (11.40 kcal/mol) according to variable-temperature NMR measurements, leading to improved stability, a smaller diradical character, and an increased singlet-triplet energy gap. The pressure-dependent Raman spectroscopic studies on the rigid cage c-Ph14 revealed a quinoidal-to-aromatic transformation along the biphenyl bridges. In addition, the ellipsoidal cavity in the cage allowed selective encapsulation of fullerene C70 over C60, with an associate constant of about 1.43 × 104 M-1. Moreover, c-Ph14 and l-Ph4 exhibited similar redox behavior and their cationic species (c-Ph146+ and l-Ph42+) were obtained by chemical oxidation, and the structures were identified by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The biphenyl unit showed a twisted conformation in l-Ph42+ and remained coplanarity in c-Ph146+. Notably, molecules of c-Ph146+ form a one-dimensional columnar structure via close π-π stacking between the bridgeheads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Fernando Gordillo-Gámez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, CEI Andalucía Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Miriam Peña Alvarez
- Center for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zhihan Nan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Zhengtao Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, CEI Andalucía Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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Yang X, Zhang D, Liao Y, Zhao D. Toward an Air-Stable Triradical with Strong Spin Coupling: Synthesis of Substituted Truxene-5,10,15-triyl. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5761-5770. [PMID: 32216268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With the aim to achieve air-stable polyradical species manifesting strong spin coupling, synthetic endeavors are made toward triradical molecules featuring a truxene-triyl skeleton. Commonly used steric-hindering side groups such as 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl and 9-anthracenyl are both found to be incompetent at stabilizing the targeted truxene triradical, which appears to be elusive from isolation and characterization. Nonetheless, single-crystal structures of adducts formed by relevant radicals are obtained, which strongly suggests the transient existence of the designed triradicals. Finally, a truxene triradical comprising 1-anthracenyl along with two 9-anthracenyl substituents is successfully isolated and found to exhibit decent stability in air. We propose that because of the smaller dihedral angle assumed by 1-anthracenyl with respect to the plane of truxene-triyl, more effective π-conjugation allows the spin density to be more widely delocalized and distributed to the anthracenyl side groups. Thus, higher stability is gained by the triradical molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yinhui Liao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Duan H, Li Y, Li Q, Wang P, Liu X, Cheng L, Yu Y, Cao L. Host–Guest Recognition and Fluorescence of a Tetraphenylethene‐Based Octacationic Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Yawen Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Qingfang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Pinpin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Xueru Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Liping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of EducationNational Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry EducationCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
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Duan H, Li Y, Li Q, Wang P, Liu X, Cheng L, Yu Y, Cao L. Host-Guest Recognition and Fluorescence of a Tetraphenylethene-Based Octacationic Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10101-10110. [PMID: 31692185 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of a three-dimensional tetraphenylethene-based octacationic cage that shows host-guest recognition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. coronene) in organic media and water-soluble dyes (e.g. sulforhodamine 101) in aqueous media through CH⋅⋅⋅π, π-π, and/or electrostatic interactions. The cage⊃coronene exhibits a cuboid internal cavity with a size of approximately 17.2×11.0×6.96 Å3 and a "hamburger"-type host-guest complex, which is hierarchically stacked into 1D nanotubes and a 3D supramolecular framework. The free cage possesses a similar cavity in the crystalline state. Furthermore, a host-guest complex formed between the octacationic cage and sulforhodamine 101 had a higher absolute quantum yield (ΦF =28.5 %), larger excitation-emission gap (Δλex-em =211 nm), and longer emission lifetime (τ=7.0 ns) as compared to the guest (ΦF =10.5 %; Δλex-em =11 nm; τ=4.9 ns), and purer emission (ΔλFWHM =38 nm) as compared to the host (ΔλFWHM =111 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Qingfang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Pinpin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Xueru Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Liping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
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Liu C, Ni Y, Lu X, Li G, Wu J. Global Aromaticity in Macrocyclic Polyradicaloids: Hückel's Rule or Baird's Rule? Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2309-2321. [PMID: 31314487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aromaticity is one of the most important concepts in organic chemistry to understand the electronic properties of cyclic π-conjugated molecules. Over a century, different aromaticity rules have been developed and validated. For planar monocyclic conjugated polyenes (also known as [n]annulenes), they will be aromatic if they contain [4N + 2] π electrons according to Hückel's rule, or antiaromatic if they have [4N] π electrons. Topological change from a planar to a half-twisted Möbius strip will lead to [4N] ([4N + 2]) aromaticity (antiaromaticity), which is just inverse to Hückel's rule. When the molecules are excited into the first triplet excited state, the Hückel (anti)aromaticity observed in the ground state will become reversed according to Baird's rule. Strictly speaking, these basic rules are only applicable for monocyclic conjugated systems, but some polycyclic systems such as porphyrinoids may also follow these rules if there is a dominant [n]annulene-like conjugation pathway. On the other hand, all-benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons usually display local aromaticity with π electrons predominantly localized at certain benzene rings according to Clar's aromatic sextet rule. In recent years, some proaromatic and antiaromatic molecules with even number of paired electrons have been found to exhibit open-shell diradical character and unique optical, electronic, and magnetic activities. One of the major driving forces is their intrinsic tendency to become aromatic in the open-shell diradical/polyradical forms. A number of stable diradicaloids and linear polyradicaloids have been successfully synthesized by using thermodynamic and kinetic stabilizing strategies. Herein, our particular interest is a type of macrocyclic polyradicaloid in which multiple frontier π-electrons are antiferromagnetically coupled with each other in a cyclic mode. Formally, these free electrons may behave like normal π-electrons in the [n]annulenes, and thus, it raises questions about their possible global aromaticity and which rule they will follow. In the past 5 years, our group has synthesized a series of macrocyclic polyradicaloids and systematically investigated their global aromaticity and electronic properties. Some important findings include: (1) global (anti)aromaticity is generally observed, but there is a balance between local aromaticity and global aromaticity; (2) most of these molecules follow Hückel's rule in the singlet state and display respective (anti)aromatic characteristics; (3) in some special cases, both Hückel's rule and Baird's rule can be applicable, and a unique annulene-within-an-annulene super-ring structure was demonstrated for the first time; (4) global antiaromaticity in the transition state is also important and a slow valence tautomerization process was observed in a supercyclobutadiene tetraradicaloid. These studies demonstrate how these open-shell macrocyclic polyradicaloids adapt their geometry and spin state to reach the lowest-energy state (aromatic). In this Account, we will mainly discuss their synthesis, global aromaticity, and the fundamental structure-radical character-aromaticity-properties relationships. Various experimental methods (e.g., NMR, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and electronic absorption spectroscopy) and theoretical calculations (e.g., anisotropy of the induced current density, nucleus independent chemical shift, and isochemical shielding surface) have been used to elaborate their (anti)aromatic character. At the end, a perspective on the possible three-dimensional global aromaticity in fully conjugated cagelike diradicaloids or polyradicaloids will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Guangwu Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
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Wei Y, Luo M, Zhang G, Lei J, Xie LH, Huang W. A convenient one-pot nanosynthesis of a C(sp 2)-C(sp 3)-linked 3D grid via an 'A 2 + B 3' approach. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6574-6579. [PMID: 31237308 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00754g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Fluorene-based 3D-grid-FTPA was synthesised with a total yield of 55% via the one-pot formation of six C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds through a BF3·Et2O-mediated Friedel-Crafts reaction of A2-type bifluorene tertiary alcohol (BIOH) and two B3-type triphenylamines. At the same time, Un-grid-FTPA (2.7%) and 2D-grid-FTPA (5.6%) were obtained as by-products from this synthesis method. In addition, the effect of stereoisomers of BIOH was evaluated to demonstrate that Rac-BIOH is a better A2-type building block to prepare 3D-grid-FTPA in a relatively high yield. Furthermore, 3D-grid-FTPA showed excellent chemical, thermal, and photo-stabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wei
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China.
| | - Mengcheng Luo
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China.
| | - Guangwei Zhang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China.
| | - Jiaqi Lei
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China.
| | - Ling-Hai Xie
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China. and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi, China
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31
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Schick THG, Lauer JC, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Transformation of Imine Cages into Hydrocarbon Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1768-1773. [PMID: 30557460 PMCID: PMC6470955 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to organic cages which are formed by exploiting dynamic covalent chemistry, such as boronic ester cages, imine cages, or disulfide cages, those with a fully carbonaceous backbone are rarer. With the exception of alkyne metathesis based approaches, the vast majority of hydrocarbon cages need to be synthesized by kinetically controlled bond formation. This strategy implies a multiple step synthesis and no correction mechanism in the final macrocyclization step, both of which are responsible for low overall yields. Whereas for smaller cages the intrinsic drawbacks are not always obvious, larger cages are seldom synthesized in yields beyond a few tenths of a percent. Presented herein is a three‐step method to convert imine cages into hydrocarbon cages. The method has been successfully applied to even larger structures such as derivatives of C72H72 , an unknown cage suggested by Fritz Vögtle more than 20 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias H G Schick
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen C Lauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wu S, Li M, Phan H, Wang D, Herng TS, Ding J, Lu Z, Wu J. Toward Two‐Dimensional π‐Conjugated Covalent Organic Radical Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8007-8011. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Wu
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Minchan Li
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology 518055 Shenzhen China
| | - Hoa Phan
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Dingguan Wang
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Tun Seng Herng
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of Singapore 119260 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of Singapore 119260 Singapore Singapore
| | - Zhouguang Lu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology 518055 Shenzhen China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
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36
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Wu S, Li M, Phan H, Wang D, Herng TS, Ding J, Lu Z, Wu J. Toward Two‐Dimensional π‐Conjugated Covalent Organic Radical Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Wu
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Minchan Li
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology 518055 Shenzhen China
| | - Hoa Phan
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Dingguan Wang
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Tun Seng Herng
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of Singapore 119260 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of Singapore 119260 Singapore Singapore
| | - Zhouguang Lu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology 518055 Shenzhen China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
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Desroches M, Morin JF. Wurster-Type Anthanthrene Polyradicaloid Cations. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800214. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maude Desroches
- Département de Chimie et Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (CERMA); Université Laval; Pavillon A.-Vachon, 1045 Ave de la Médecine Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Jean-François Morin
- Département de Chimie et Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés (CERMA); Université Laval; Pavillon A.-Vachon, 1045 Ave de la Médecine Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
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Y Gopalakrishna T, Zeng W, Lu X, Wu J. From open-shell singlet diradicaloids to polyradicaloids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2186-2199. [PMID: 29423462 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09949e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this Feature Article, we highlight our recent efforts toward stable open-shell singlet diradicaloids and polyradicaloids. A brief review on the historical works in the area is introduced first, followed by discussion on the fundamental electronic and physical properties of open-shell singlet diradicaloids. Then, the structure-diradical character relationships based on our recently developed diradicaloids are presented. Next, the challenges and solutions toward stable polyradicaloids and 3D π-conjugated diradicaloids are discussed. Finally, their preliminary material applications are introduced and a perspective view of the area is given.
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Matsushima T, Kikkawa S, Azumaya I, Watanabe S. Triple Helicene Cage: Three-Dimensional π-Conjugated Chiral Cage with Six [5]Helicene Units. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:278-281. [PMID: 29657913 PMCID: PMC5891663 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A three-dimensional π-conjugated chiral cage with six [5]helicene units (a triple helicene cage) was synthesized for the first time. Taking advantage of the Yamamoto coupling reaction, the triflate-substituted triple [5]helicene, a strained and preorganized precursor, was dimerized to afford the target compound. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the unique structural features of the triple helicene cage: a cage-shaped rigid structure with outer helical grooves and an inner chiral cavity. All-P and all-M enantiomers were separated successfully by HPLC over a chiral column and their chiroptical properties were characterized by circular dichroism spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Matsushima
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science and Research Center for, Materials with Integrated Properties Toho University Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Shoko Kikkawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Toho University Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Isao Azumaya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Toho University Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Soichiro Watanabe
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science and Research Center for, Materials with Integrated Properties Toho University Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
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Qiu S, Wang C, Xie S, Huang X, Chen L, Zhao Y, Zeng Z. Toward helical-shaped diradicaloids: cyclobutenyl o-quinodimethane-bridged indeno[1,2-b]fluorenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11383-11386. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05929b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new class of helical-shaped singlet biradicals disclosed featured properties and unusual half-field ΔMs = 2 transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| | - Chaoqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| | - Sheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- P. R. China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Linyi University
- P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University of Science and Technology
- Xiangtan 411201
- P. R. China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- P. R. China
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