1
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Logallo A, Maddock LCH, Mu M, Gravogl L, Jin N, Peñas-Defrutos MN, Meyer K, García-Melchor M, Hevia E. Unlocking the Metalation Applications of TMP-powered Fe and Co(II) bis(amides): Synthesis, Structure and Mechanistic Insights. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402907. [PMID: 38563772 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Typified by LiTMP and TMPMgCl.LiCl, (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide), s-block metal amides have found widespread applications in arene deprotonative metalation. On the contrary, transition metal amides lack sufficient basicity to activate these substrates. Breaking new ground in this field, here we present the synthesis and full characterisation of earth-abundant transition metals M(TMP)2 (M=Fe, Co). Uncovering a new reactivity profile towards fluoroarenes, these amide complexes can promote direct M-H exchange processes regioselectively using one or two of their basic amide arms. Remarkably, even when using a perfluorinated substrate, selective C-H metalation occurs leaving C-F bonds intact. Their kinetic basicity can be boosted by LiCl or NBu4Cl additives which enables formation of kinetically activated ate species. Combining spectroscopic and structural studies with DFT calculations, mechanistic insights have been gained on how these low polarity metalation processes take place. M(TMP)2 can also be used to access ferrocene and cobaltocene by direct deprotonation of cyclopentadiene and undergo efficient CO2 insertion of both amide groups under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Logallo
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lewis C H Maddock
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manting Mu
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lisa Gravogl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Na Jin
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marconi N Peñas-Defrutos
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin College Green, Dublin, Ireland
- IU CINQUIMA, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max García-Melchor
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Lachguar A, Pichugov AV, Neumann T, Dubrawski Z, Camp C. Cooperative activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds by heterobimetallic systems. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1393-1409. [PMID: 38126396 PMCID: PMC10804807 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The direct activation of C-H bonds has been a rich and active field of organometallic chemistry for many years. Recently, incredible progress has been made and important mechanistic insights have accelerated research. In particular, the use of heterobimetallic complexes to heterolytically activate C-H bonds across the two metal centers has seen a recent surge in interest. This perspective article aims to orient the reader in this fast moving field, highlight recent progress, give design considerations for further research and provide an optimistic outlook on the future of catalytic C-H functionalization with heterobimetallic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhak Lachguar
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Andrey V Pichugov
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Till Neumann
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Zachary Dubrawski
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Clément Camp
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes & Materials, CP2M UMR 5128 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France.
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3
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Yue WJ, Martin R. α-Difluoroalkylation of Benzyl Amines with Trifluoromethylarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310304. [PMID: 37596243 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
An α-difluoroalkylation of benzyl amines with trifluoromethylarenes is disclosed herein. This protocol is characterized by its operational simplicity, excellent chemoselectivity and broad scope-even with advanced synthetic intermediates-, thus offering a new entry point to medicinally-relevant α-difluoroalkylated amines from simple, yet readily accessible, precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Yue
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel⋅lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Logallo A, Hevia E. Applying Na/Co(II) bimetallic partnerships to promote multiple Co-H exchanges in polyfluoroarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:5383-5386. [PMID: 37060131 PMCID: PMC10152514 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01216f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterobimetallic base NaCo(HMDS)3 [HMDS = N(SiMe3)2] enables regioselective di-cobaltation of activated polyfluoroarenes under mild reaction conditions. For 1,3,5-C6H2X3 (X= Cl, F), NaCo(HMDS)3 in excess at 80 °C impressively induces the collective cleavage of five bonds (two C-H and three C-X) of the substrates via a cascade activation process that cannot be replicated by LiCo(HMDS)3 or KCo(HMDS)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Logallo
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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5
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Wei YM, Ma XD, Wang MF, Duan XF. Fe-Catalyzed Difunctionalization of Aryl Titanates Enabled by Fe/Ti Synergism. Org Lett 2023; 25:2745-2749. [PMID: 37036175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Fe-catalyzed difunctionalization of aryl titanates via double C-H activation has been developed, where aryl titanates were arylated via ortho C-H activation, followed by ipso electrophilic trapping of the C-Ti bond. The ortho C-H arylation should be promoted by a 1,2-Fe/Ti synergistic heterobimetallic arylene intermediate and represents an ortho C-H ferration directed by a readily transformable C-Ti group. Common benzamides, esters, and nitriles function as arylating reagents, which involves another ortho C-H activation directed by these functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Wei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Di Ma
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Fei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Fang Duan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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6
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Huo LQ, Wang XH, Zhang Z, Jia Z, Peng XS, Wong HNC. Sustainable and practical formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds employing organo-alkali metal reagents. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1342-1362. [PMID: 36794178 PMCID: PMC9906645 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05475b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-catalysed cross-coupling reactions are amongst the most widely used methods to directly construct new bonds. In this connection, sustainable and practical protocols, especially transition metal-catalysed cross-coupling reactions, have become the focus in many aspects of synthetic chemistry due to their high efficiency and atom economy. This review summarises recent advances from 2012 to 2022 in the formation of carbon-carbon bonds and carbon-heteroatom bonds by employing organo-alkali metal reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Qiong Huo
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Synthesis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen) Longgang District Shenzhen China
| | - Xin-Hao Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Synthesis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen) Longgang District Shenzhen China
| | - Zhenguo Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Xiao-Shui Peng
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Synthesis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen) Longgang District Shenzhen China .,Department of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Henry N. C. Wong
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Synthesis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen)Longgang DistrictShenzhenChina,Department of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, New TerritoriesHong Kong SARChina
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7
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Wei YM, Ma XD, Wang MF, Duan XF. Synergism of Fe/Ti Enabled Regioselective Arene Difunctionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1542-1547. [PMID: 36622693 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Regioselective difunctionalization of arenes remains a long-standing challenge in organic chemistry. We report a novel and general Fe/Ti synergistic methodology for regioselective synthesis of various polysubstituted arenes through either E/E' or Nu/E ortho difunctionalizations of arenes. Preliminary results showed that an unprecedented 1,2-Fe/Ti heterobimetallic arylene intermediate bearing two distinct C-M bonds is essential to the regioselective difunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Wei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiao-Di Ma
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Meng-Fei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xin-Fang Duan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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8
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Mastropierro P, Kennedy AR, Hevia E. Metallation of sensitive fluoroarenes using a potassium TMP-zincate supported by a silyl(bis)amido ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5292-5295. [PMID: 35403647 PMCID: PMC9040423 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00979j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Combining a bulky bis(amide) and a reactive one-coordinate TMP (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide) ligand, a new mixed K/Zn heteroleptic base has been developed for regioselective zincation of fluoroarenes. This special ligand set allows for trapping and structural authentication of the first intermediates of direct Zn–H exchange of fluoroarenes obtained via deprotonative metallation, providing mechanistic insights of the processes involved. Providing unique structural insights, regioselective zincation of a range of fluoroarenes has been accomplished using a novel heterobimetallic K/Zn amide base.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Weller R, Müller I, Werncke CG. Catalytic 1,3‐H Atom Shift of a Terminal Benzylic Alkyne by Iron and Alkali Metal Silylamides – Switching between Allene and Internal Alkyne. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Weller
- Department of Chemistry Philipps-University Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 D-35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Igor Müller
- Department of Chemistry Philipps-University Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 D-35032 Marburg Germany
| | - C. Gunnar Werncke
- Department of Chemistry Philipps-University Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 D-35032 Marburg Germany
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10
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Maddock LCH, Kennedy AR, Hevia E. Structural and Synthetic Insights into Sodium‐Mediated‐Ferration of Fluoroarenes. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. H. Maddock
- Department für Chemie Biochemie und Pharmazie Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde UK-Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie Biochemie und Pharmazie Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
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11
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Weller R, Völlinger L, Werncke CG. On the Synthesis and Reduction of Trigonal Halido Bis(silylamido) Metalates of Chromium to Cobalt. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Weller
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Lena Völlinger
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - C. Gunnar Werncke
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35032 Marburg Germany
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12
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Dos Santos T, Orenha HP, Murie VE, Vessecchi R, Clososki GC. Selective Metalation and Functionalization of Fluorinated Nitriles Using 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidyl Bases. Org Lett 2021; 23:7396-7400. [PMID: 34499518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have accomplished regioselective deprotometalation of aromatic and heteroaromatic nitriles via (TMP)2Zn·2MgCl2·2LiCl and TMPMgCl·LiCl (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) with the exploration of new and scarcely investigated metalation positions. Regioselectivity was rationalized by DFT calculations. The quenching of the generated organozinc and organomagnesium intermediates with various electrophiles gave access to 47 highly functionalized nitriles with yields up to 95%. Additionally, we report a difunctionalization strategy and the use of functionalized nitriles as building blocks to construct relevant heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Henrique P Orenha
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Valter E Murie
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vessecchi
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Giuliano C Clososki
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
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13
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Maddock L, Morton R, Kennedy A, Hevia E. Lateral Metallation and Redistribution Reactions of Sodium Ferrates Containing Bulky 2,6-Diisopropyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)anilide Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:15180-15186. [PMID: 34324749 PMCID: PMC8596604 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Alkali‐metal ferrates containing amide groups have emerged as regioselective bases capable of promoting Fe−H exchanges of aromatic substrates. Advancing this area of heterobimetallic chemistry, a new series of sodium ferrates is introduced incorporating the bulky arylsilyl amido ligand N(SiMe3)(Dipp) (Dipp=2,6‐iPr2‐C6H3). Influenced by the large steric demands imposed by this amide, transamination of [NaFe(HMDS)3] (HMDS=N(SiMe3)2) with an excess of HN(SiMe3)(Dipp) led to the isolation of heteroleptic [Na(HMDS)2Fe{N(SiMe3)Dipp}]∞ (1) resulting from the exchange of just one HMDS group. An alternative co‐complexation approach, combining the homometallic metal amides [NaN(SiMe3)Dipp] and [Fe{N(SiMe3)Dipp}2] induces lateral metallation of one Me arm from the SiMe3 group in the iron amide furnishing tetrameric [NaFe{N(SiCH2Me2)Dipp}{N(SiMe3)Dipp}]4 (2). Reactivity studies support that this deprotonation is driven by the steric incompatibility of the single metal amides rather than the basic capability of the sodium reagent. Displaying synergistic reactivity, heteroleptic sodium ferrate 1 can selectively promote ferration of pentafluorobenzene using one of its HMDS arms to give heterotrileptic [Na{N(SiMe3)Dipp}(HMDS)Fe(C6F5)]∞ (4). Attempts to deprotonate less activated pyridine led to the isolation of NaHMDS and heteroleptic Fe(II) amide [(py)Fe{N(SiMe3)Dipp}(HMDS)] (5), resulting from an alternative redistribution process which is favoured by the Lewis donor ability of this substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Maddock
- University of Bern: Universitat Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | - Rebekka Morton
- University of Strathclyde Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pure and Applied Chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Alan Kennedy
- University of Strathclyde Faculty of Science, Pure and applied chemistry, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Eva Hevia
- Universitat Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, SWITZERLAND
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14
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Tinnermann H, Sung S, Csókás D, Toh ZH, Fraser C, Young RD. Alkali Metal Adducts of an Iron(0) Complex and Their Synergistic FLP-Type Activation of Aliphatic C-X Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10700-10708. [PMID: 34251818 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the formation and full characterization of weak adducts between Li+ and Na+ cations and a neutral iron(0) complex, [Fe(CO)3(PMe3)2] (1), supported by weakly coordinating [BArF20] anions, [1·M][BArF20] (M = Li, Na). The adducts are found to synergistically activate aliphatic C-X bonds (X = F, Cl, Br, I, OMs, OTf), leading to the formation of iron(II) organyl compounds of the type [FeR(CO)3(PMe3)2][BArF20], of which several were isolated and fully characterized. Stoichiometric reactions with the resulting iron(II) organyl compounds show that this system can be utilized for homocoupling and cross-coupling reactions and the formation of new C-E bonds (E = C, H, O, N, S). Further, we utilize [1·M][BArF20] as a catalyst in a simple hydrodehalogenation reaction under mild conditions to showcase its potential use in catalytic reactions. Finally, the mechanism of activation is probed using DFT and kinetic experiments that reveal that the alkali metal and iron(0) center cooperate to cleave C-X via a mechanism closely related to intramolecular FLP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Tinnermann
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Simon Sung
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Dániel Csókás
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhi Hao Toh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Craig Fraser
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Rowan D Young
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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15
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Maddock LCH, Mu M, Kennedy AR, García‐Melchor M, Hevia E. Facilitating the Ferration of Aromatic Substrates through Intramolecular Sodium Mediation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. H. Maddock
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Manting Mu
- School of Chemistry CRANN and AMBER Research Centres Trinity College Dublin College Green Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral St Glasgow G11XL UK
| | - Max García‐Melchor
- School of Chemistry CRANN and AMBER Research Centres Trinity College Dublin College Green Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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16
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Maddock LCH, Mu M, Kennedy AR, García‐Melchor M, Hevia E. Facilitating the Ferration of Aromatic Substrates through Intramolecular Sodium Mediation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15296-15301. [PMID: 33950575 PMCID: PMC8362017 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting cooperative effects between Na and FeII centres present in tris(amide) ferrate complexes has led to the chemoselective ferration of pentafluorobenzene, benzene, toluene, anisole, and pyridine being realised at room temperature. The importance of this bimetallic partnership is demonstrated by neither the relevant sodium amide (NaHMDS or NaTMP) nor the FeII amide Fe(HMDS)2 efficiently metallating these substrates under the conditions of this study. By combining NMR studies with the isolation of key intermediates and DFT calculations, we offer a possible mechanism for how these reactions take place, uncovering a surprising reaction pathway in which the metals cooperate in a synchronised manner. Although the isolated products are formally the result of Fe-H exchange, theoretical calculations indicate that the aromatic substrates undergo Na-H exchange followed by fast intramolecular transmetallation to Fe, thus stabilizing the newly generated aryl fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. H. Maddock
- Department für Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| | - Manting Mu
- School of ChemistryCRANN and AMBER Research CentresTrinity College DublinCollege GreenDublin2Ireland
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde295 Cathedral StGlasgowG11XLUK
| | - Max García‐Melchor
- School of ChemistryCRANN and AMBER Research CentresTrinity College DublinCollege GreenDublin2Ireland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
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Weller R, Müller I, Duhayon C, Sabo-Etienne S, Bontemps S, Werncke CG. Quasilinear 3d-metal(i) complexes [KM(N(Dipp)SiR 3) 2] (M = Cr-Co) - structural diversity, solution state behaviour and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:4890-4903. [PMID: 33877186 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00121c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of neutral quasilinear 3d-metal(i) complexes of chromium to cobalt of the type [KM(N(Dipp)SiMe3)2] (Dipp = 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl) are reported. In solid state these metal(i) complexes either occur as isolated molecules (Co) or are part of a potassium ion linked 1D-coordination polymer (Cr-Fe). In solution the potassium cation is either ligated within the ligand sphere of the metal silylamide or is separated from the complex depending on the solvent. For iron, we showcase that it is possible to use sodium or lithium metal for the reduction of the metal(ii) precursor. However, in these cases the resulting iron(i) complexes can only be isolated upon cation separation using an appropriate crown-ether. Further, the neutral metal(i) complexes are used to introduce NBu4+ as an organic cation in the case of cobalt and iron. The impact of the intramolecular cation complexation was further demonstrated upon reaction with diphenyl acetylene which leads to bond formation processes and redox disproportionation instead of η2-alkyne complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Weller
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
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18
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Borys AM, Hevia E. Beyond Ni{N(SiMe3)2}2: Synthesis of a Stable Solvated Sodium Tris-Amido Nickelate. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andryj M. Borys
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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19
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Clegg W. Distortions, deviations and alternative facts: reliability in crystallography. IUCRJ 2021; 8:4-11. [PMID: 33520238 PMCID: PMC7793003 DOI: 10.1107/s205225252001458x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This feature article is derived from the author's presentation of the Lonsdale lecture at the BCA Spring Meeting in 2018. One of the research results for which Kathleen Lonsdale is best known was her 1929 demonstration that the benzene ring in crystalline hexa-methyl-benzene is planar and has essentially hexagonal symmetry, resolving decades of dispute among organic chemists. More recent crystallographic studies of hexa-methyl-benzene have shown that there are actually small deviations from planarity. Such deviations for aromatic compounds may be due to electronic, steric, and/or intermolecular factors. Some substituted benzene molecules display remarkably large deviations, both from a planar ring structure and from regular hexagonal angular geometry around the ring. Starting from this specific connection with Kathleen Lonsdale's research, a number of stories are recounted of structural distortions and deviations from expected results and explanations that have been suggested for them, across a wide range of chemical topics including macrocycles, metal clusters, unusual coordination geometry and isomerism. On the way we find genuine surprises and results that have led to new understanding, but also examples of poor experiments, misinterpretation of data, scientific bias and preconceived ideas, incompetence and even deliberate fraud. Some aspects of structure validation are discussed. While showcasing some interesting research in its own right, this account also serves an educational purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Clegg
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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20
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Haiduc I. Inverse coordination chemistry: oxocarbons, other polyoxo carbocyclic molecules and oxygen heterocycles as coordination centers. Topology and systematization. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1825697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ionel Haiduc
- Facultatea de Chimie, Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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21
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Salamanca V, Albéniz AC. Deuterium Exchange between Arenes and Deuterated Solvents in the Absence of a Transition Metal: Synthesis of D-Labeled Fluoroarenes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Salamanca
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica; Universidad de Valladolid; 47071 Valladolid Spain
| | - Ana C. Albéniz
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica; Universidad de Valladolid; 47071 Valladolid Spain
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22
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He J, Yang K, Zhao J, Cao S. LiHMDS-Promoted Palladium-Catalyzed Sonogashira Cross-Coupling of Aryl Fluorides with Terminal Alkynes. Org Lett 2019; 21:9714-9718. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing He
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jianhong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Song Cao
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
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23
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Peel AJ, Tezuka N, D'Rozario JM, Uchiyama M, Wheatley AEH. A new route for the efficient metalation of unfunctionalized aromatics. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3385-3400. [PMID: 30996927 PMCID: PMC6429619 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04325f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and isolation of a novel bimetallic species formed by reacting two equivalents of TMPLi with CuCl in the presence of Et2O are reported. X-ray crystallography reveals the Et2O-free tetranuclear aggregate (TMPCu)2(TMPLi)2 1, which formally results from the catenation of dimers of TMPLi and TMPCu. NMR spectroscopy confirms that, upon dissolution in hydrocarbon media, the crystals fail to form a conventional Gilman cuprate dimer. Instead they exhibit a spectrum which is consistent with that recently proposed for an isomer of dimeric Gilman cuprate. Moreover, while pre-isolated Gilman cuprate is inert to benzene solvent, this new isomer smoothly affects aromatic deprotonation to give mainly Ph(TMP)3Cu2Li2 3, which is formally a heterodimer of Gilman cuprate TMPCu(μ-TMP)Li 2 and PhCu(μ-TMP)Li 4. Attempts to synthesise 3 through explicit combination of pre-isolated 2 and 4 were successful; additionally, this permitted the preparation of Ph(TMP)3Cu3Li 5 and Ph(TMP)3CuLi3 7 when 4 was combined in 1 : 2 ratios with TMPCu or TMPLi, respectively. 5 was characterised as metallacyclic in the solid-state, its structural features resembling those in 3 but with reduced Li-π interactions. It also proved possible to perform Cu/Li exchange on 5 (using t BuOCu) to give a novel mixed organo(amido)copper species Ph(TMP)3Cu4 6. Remarkably, the unprecedented reactivity of 1 towards benzene is reproduced by heating a 1 : 1 mixture of TMPLi and TMPCu in the same solvent; this gives predominantly 3. On the other hand, mixtures which are rich in either Cu or Li can lead to the selective in situ formation of 5 or 7. Though crystallographic data on 7 could not be obtained, DFT calculations accurately corroborated the observed structures of 3 and 5 and could be used to support 7 having the same structure type, albeit with enhanced Li-π interactions. This was consistent with NMR spectroscopic data. However, in contrast to 3 and 5, for which 2D NMR spectroscopy indicated only conformational changes, 7 was additionally found to exhibit fluxionality in a manner consistent with a dissociative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Peel
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Noriyuki Tezuka
- Cluster of Pioneering Research (CPR) , Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan .
| | - James M D'Rozario
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Cluster of Pioneering Research (CPR) , Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan .
| | - Andrew E H Wheatley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
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García-Valle FM, Tabernero V, Cuenca T, Mosquera MEG, Cano J. Intramolecular C–F Activation in Schiff-Base Alkali Metal Complexes. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M. García-Valle
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación en Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Vanessa Tabernero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación en Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Tomás Cuenca
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación en Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Marta E. G. Mosquera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación en Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jesús Cano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación en Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28871-Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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25
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Liu XW, Zarate C, Martin R. Base-Mediated Defluorosilylation of C(sp2
)−F and C(sp3
)−F Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2064-2068. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Wei Liu
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Cayetana Zarate
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- ICREA; Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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26
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Liu XW, Zarate C, Martin R. Base-Mediated Defluorosilylation of C(sp2
)−F and C(sp3
)−F Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Wei Liu
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Cayetana Zarate
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- ICREA; Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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27
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Gu Y, Shen Y, Zarate C, Martin R. A Mild and Direct Site-Selective sp2 C–H Silylation of (Poly)Azines. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:127-132. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Gu
- Institute of Chemical
Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yangyang Shen
- Institute of Chemical
Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cayetana Zarate
- Institute of Chemical
Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical
Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Aluminates with Fluorinated Schiff Bases: Influence of the Alkali Metal⁻Fluorine Interactions in Structure Stabilization. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 23:molecules23123108. [PMID: 30486480 PMCID: PMC6321257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New heterometallic aluminium-alkali metal compounds have been prepared using Schiff bases with electron withdrawing substituents as ligands. The synthesis of these new species was achieved via the reaction of AlMe₃ with the freshly prepared alkali-metallated ligand. The derivatives formed were characterized by NMR in solution and by single crystal X-ray diffraction in the solid state. Aluminate derivatives with lithium and sodium were prepared and a clear influence of the alkali metal in the final outcome is observed. The presence of a Na···F interaction in the solid state has a stabilization effect and the species [NaAlMe₃L]₂ can de isolated for the first time, which was not possible when using Schiff bases without electron withdrawing substituents as ligands.
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29
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Remote Access Revolution: Chemical Crystallographers Enter a New Era at Diamond Light Source Beamline I19. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7120360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the inception of the use of synchrotron radiation in the structural characterisation of crystalline materials by single-crystal diffraction in the late 20th century, the field has undergone an explosion of technological developments. These cover all aspects of the experiments performed, from the construction of the storage rings and insertion devices, to the end user functionalities in the experimental hutches. Developments in automation have most frequently been driven by the macromolecular crystallography community. The drive towards greater access to ever-brighter X-ray sources has benefited the entire field. Herein, we detail the revolution that is now occurring within the chemical crystallography community, utilising many of the tools developed by their more biologically oriented colleagues, along with specialised functionalities that are tailored to the small-molecule world. We discuss the benefits of utilising the advanced features of Diamond Light Source beamline I19 in the newly developed remote access mode and the step-change in productivity that can be established as a result.
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