1
|
Hawkins BC, Chalker JM, Coote ML, Bissember AC. Electrochemically Generated Carbocations in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407207. [PMID: 39075778 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
This Minireview examines a selection of case studies that showcase distinctive and enabling electrochemical approaches that have allowed for the generation and reaction of carbocation intermediates under mild conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on the progress that has been made in this area of organic synthesis and polymer chemistry over the past decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bill C Hawkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, 9054, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, 5042, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, 5042, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex C Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, 7001, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prenzel T, Schwarz N, Hammes J, Krähe F, Pschierer S, Winter J, Gálvez-Vázquez MDJ, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Highly Selective Electrosynthesis of 1 H-1-Hydroxyquinol-4-ones-Synthetic Access to Versatile Natural Antibiotics. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:3922-3928. [PMID: 39444427 PMCID: PMC11494660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
1H-1-Hydroxyquinolin-4-ones represent a broad class of biologically active heterocycles having an exocyclic N,O motif. Electrosynthesis offers direct, highly selective, and sustainable access to 1-hydroxyquinol-4-ones by nitro reduction. A versatile synthetic route starting from easily accessible 2-nitrobenzoic acids was established. The broad applicability of this protocol was demonstrated on 26 examples with up to 93% yield, highlighted by the naturally occurring antibiotics Aurachin C and HQNO. The practicability and technical relevance were underlined by multigram scale electrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Prenzel
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils Schwarz
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jasmin Hammes
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Franziska Krähe
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Pschierer
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Winter
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10−14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34−36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems−Functional Molecular Systems
(IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), Kaiserstraße
12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu J, Li H, Guo W, Cai Z, Li M, Zhang LB. Electrochemical Decarboxylation Coupling Reactions. Chemistry 2024:e202402621. [PMID: 39413120 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are attractive synthetic feedstocks with stable, non-toxic, and inexpensive properties that can be easily obtained from natural sources or through synthesis. Carboxylic acids have long been considered environmentally friendly coupling agents in various organic transformations. In recent years, electrochemically mediated decarboxylation reactions of decarboxylic acids and their derivatives (NHPI) have emerged as effective new methods for constructing carbon-carbon or carbon-heterocarbon chemical bonds. Compared with transition metal and photochemistry-mediated catalytic reactions, which do not require the addition of oxidants and strong bases, electrochemically-mediated decarboxylative transformations are considered a sustainable strategy. In addition, various functional groups tolerate the electrochemical decarboxylation conversion strategy well. Here, we summarize the recent electrochemical decarboxylation reactions to better elucidate the advantages of electrochemical decarboxylation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Haoran Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Weisi Guo
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Zhihua Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Lin-Bao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Narobe R, Perner MN, Gálvez-Vázquez MDJ, Kuhwald C, Klein M, Broekmann P, Rösler S, Cezanne B, Waldvogel SR. Practical electrochemical hydrogenation of nitriles at the nickel foam cathode. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2024; 26:10567-10574. [PMID: 39309016 PMCID: PMC11413620 DOI: 10.1039/d4gc03446e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
We report a scalable hydrogenation method for nitriles based on cost-effective materials in a very simple two-electrode setup under galvanostatic conditions. All components are commercially and readily available. The method is very easy to conduct and applicable to a variety of nitrile substrates, leading exclusively to primary amine products in yields of up to 89% using an easy work-up protocol. Importantly, this method is readily transferable from the milligram scale in batch-type screening cells to the multi-gram scale in a flow-type electrolyser. The transfer to flow electrolysis enabled us to achieve a notable 20 g day-1 productivity of phenylethylamine at a geometric current density of 50 mA cm-2 in a flow-type electrolyser with 48 cm2 electrodes. It is noteworthy that this method is sustainable in terms of process safety and reusability of components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rok Narobe
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 55128 Mainz Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstraße 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany +49 208/306-3131
| | - Marcel Nicolas Perner
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 55128 Mainz Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstraße 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany +49 208/306-3131
| | | | | | | | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Sina Rösler
- Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH 9470 Buchs Switzerland
| | | | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 55128 Mainz Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstraße 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany +49 208/306-3131
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Naulin E, Brion A, Biatuma D, Roulland E, Genta-Jouve G, Neuville L, Masson G. Stereoselective synthesis of fissoldhimine alkaloid analogues via sequential electrooxidation and heterodimerization of ureas. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:11560-11563. [PMID: 39314193 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02616k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
This study develops a biogenetic synthesis strategy using electrooxidation and heterodimerization of N-substituted pyrrolidine-1-carboxamides to create diverse analogues of the fissoldhimine alkaloid core. Under acidic conditions, 2-alkoxypyrrolidine-1-carboxamides from Shono oxidation formed endo-heterodimers with high yields and diastereoselectivity. Enantioselective heterodimerization using chiral phosphoric acid catalysis produced exo-heterodimers with high enantioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Naulin
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
| | - Aurélien Brion
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
| | - Didine Biatuma
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
| | - Emmanuel Roulland
- UMR 8038, CitCom, CNRS-Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie 4, avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Grégory Genta-Jouve
- UAR3456 CNRS LEEISA, Centre de Recherche de Montabo, IRD, 275 Route de Montabo, CEDEX BP 70620, 97334 Cayenne, France
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS Joint Laboratory, Seqens'Lab, 78440 Porcheville, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS Joint Laboratory, Seqens'Lab, 78440 Porcheville, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chillal AS, Bhawale RT, Sharma S, Kshirsagar UA. Electrochemical Regioselective C(sp 2)-H Bond Chalcogenation of Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidines via Radical Cross-Coupling at Room Temperature. J Org Chem 2024; 89:14496-14504. [PMID: 39283698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose an electrochemical approach for the C(sp2)-H chalcogenation of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. This technique offers an oxidant and catalyst-free protocol for achieving regioselective chalcogenation of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. The procedure uses only 0.5 equiv. of diaryl chalcogenides which underscores the atom economy of the protocol. Key attributes of this methodology include mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, utilization of cheap electrode materials, and eco-friendly reaction conditions. Cyclic voltammetry studies and radical quenching experiments revealed a radical cross-coupling pathway for the reaction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinay S Chillal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India
| | - Rajesh T Bhawale
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Umesh A Kshirsagar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ghosh S, Mallick S, Karolly D, De Sarkar S. Easy Access to Fused Tricyclic Quinoline Derivatives through Metal-Free Electrocatalytic [4 + 2] Annulation. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:492-497. [PMID: 39371322 PMCID: PMC11450728 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.4c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
An efficient electrocatalytic cycloaddition approach for the construction of a lactone- or lactam-fused quinoline framework is documented. Diverse arrays of functionalities are well-compatible under this metal-free, mild, and scalable electro-redox protocol. Mechanistic studies indicate an iodide-mediated electro-oxidation of secondary amines to their corresponding imines and consequent [4 + 2] cycloaddition, fabricating C-C bonds followed by rapid aromatization leading to the six-membered core structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Devika Karolly
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saha SK, Mallick S, Nath A, De Sarkar S. Electrosynthesis of Highly Functionalized Quinolines through Radical Annulation-Polar Addition Cascade. Org Lett 2024; 26:7330-7335. [PMID: 39172934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of diversely functionalized quinoline-2-carboxylates is illustrated through electrochemical cross-dehydrogenative coupling between N-aryl glycinates and methylenecyclopropanes. An extensive range of distinct functionalities is well-compatible under these transition-metal- and oxidant-free mild electrochemical conditions, contributing to a broad substrate scope and practical applicability. Cyclic voltammetric measurements and control experiments suggested a formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition involving radical intermediates, followed by a cyclopropyl ring opening through nucleophilic polar addition, consecutively fabricating C-C and C-N bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kumar Saha
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Samrat Mallick
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Aritra Nath
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baidya M, De Sarkar S. Electrosynthesis of 1,2,3-Benzotriazines through an Iodide-Catalyzed Skeletal Editing of 3-Aminoindazoles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401900. [PMID: 38932565 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This report describes an environmentally benign synthesis of 1,2,3-benzotriazines through an iodide-catalyzed electro-oxidative N-centered [1,2]-rearrangement of 3-aminoindazoles. The developed method demonstrates the activation of heteroatoms via electrochemically generated reactive iodide species without using any metal catalysts and peroxides. The protocol features practical and mild reaction conditions and displays a wide substrate scope. Various mechanistic experiments and cyclic voltammetric studies have been instrumental in elucidating the reaction mechanism, operating via a skeletal rearrangement of 3-aminoindazoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Baidya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng S, Wang K. Influence of Complex Multiphasic Flow on the Thiuram Electrosynthesis in a Microchannel Reactor. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202401368. [PMID: 39115974 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
As an important sustainable method for chemical synthesis, organic electrosynthesis experienced a renaissance in recent years for its excellent atom economy. Although microchannel reactors have been proposed to advanced electrosynthesis devices to obtain low energy cost and high reaction performance, the complex multiphasic flow in the electrochemical microchannels are very less reported and the effects of flow condition on the electrosynthesis reaction are less reported. Taking the electrosynthesis of tetraethyl thiuram disulfide (TETD) as a typical case, we developed a visualized electrochemical microchannel reactor equipped with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) loaded glass electrode to investigate the gas-liquid-liquid triple phase flow pattern and the main factors influenced the response current at certain applied cell voltage. The gas-liquid-liquid hybrid flow with low gas hold-up and high liquid flow rate was found crucial for preventing coverage of TETD on the electrode, which provided 23.1 % low current attenuation ratio at 3.0 V cell voltage. The research not only exhibited the complex evolution mechanism of the response current, but also showed the importance of flow condition control for balancing the work efficiency and energy consumption of electrosynthesis process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 801 Gongwu Building, Tsinghua, Haidian, Beijing, 100084, China
- National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy, Future Science City, Changping, Beijing, 102211, China
| | - Kai Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 801 Gongwu Building, Tsinghua, Haidian, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Armbruster C, Sellin M, Seiler M, Würz T, Oesten F, Schmucker M, Sterbak T, Fischer J, Radtke V, Hunger J, Krossing I. Pushing redox potentials to highly positive values using inert fluorobenzenes and weakly coordinating anions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6721. [PMID: 39112470 PMCID: PMC11306567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
While the development of weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) received much attention, the progress on weakly coordinating and inert solvents almost stagnated. Here we study the effect of strategic F-substitution on the solvent properties of fluorobenzenes C6FxH6-x (xFB, x = 1-5). Asymmetric fluorination leads to dielectric constants as high as 22.1 for 3FB that exceeds acetone (20.7). Combined with the WCAs [Al(ORF)4]- or [(FRO)3Al-F-Al(ORF)3]- (RF = C(CF3)3), the xFB solvents push the potentials of Ag+ and NO+ ions to +1.50/+1.52 V vs. Fc+/Fc. The xFB/WCA-system has electrochemical xFB stability windows that exceed 5 V for all xFBs with positive upper limits between +1.82 V (1FB) and +2.67 V (5FB) vs. Fc+/Fc. High-level ab initio calculations with inclusion of solvation energies show that these high potentials result from weak interactions of the ions with solvent and counterion. To access the available positive xFB potential range with stable reagents, the innocent deelectronator salts [anthraceneF]+∙[WCA]- and [phenanthreneF]+∙[WCA]- with potentials of +1.47 and +1.89 V vs. Fc+/Fc are introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Armbruster
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Malte Sellin
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthis Seiler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Würz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Oesten
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmucker
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tabea Sterbak
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max-Planck-Institut for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Adachi S, Okada Y. Electrochemical radical cation aza-Wacker cyclizations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1900-1905. [PMID: 39135656 PMCID: PMC11318630 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical or photochemical single-electron oxidation of bench-stable substrates can generate radical cations that offer unique reactivities as intermediates in various bond-formation processes. Such intermediates can potentially take part in both radical and ionic bond formation; however, the mechanisms involved are complicated and not fully understood. Herein, we report electrochemical radical cation aza-Wacker cyclizations under acidic conditions, which are expected to proceed via radical cations generated by single-electron oxidation of alkenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sota Adachi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rücker T, Pettersen T, Graute H, Wittgens B, Graßl T, Waldvogel SR. Pilot Scale Electrolysis of Peroxodicarbonate as an Oxidizer for Lignin Valorization. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:11283-11296. [PMID: 39091926 PMCID: PMC11289759 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c02898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
A pilot scale plant at Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6 comprising an electrochemical ex-cell continuous production of sodium peroxodicarbonate and a thermal depolymerization plug flow reactor for kraft lignin conversion is established. Due to the labile nature of the "green" oxidizer peroxodicarbonate, special attention must be paid to the production parameters in order to optimize its use. A simplified design model describing steady-state and transient operations is formulated and finally validated against experimental data from the electrolysis setup. Design trade-offs are visualized, and their impact on specific energy consumption is evaluated. The pilot plant was operated for a 20-month period for more than 1200 h on-stream. Optimized process conditions result in vanillin yields of 8 wt % and thus prove the successful scale-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Rücker
- Process
Technology, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Trøndelag NO-7465, Norway
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Torbjørn Pettersen
- Process
Technology, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Trøndelag NO-7465, Norway
| | - Hannah Graute
- Process
Technology, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Trøndelag NO-7465, Norway
| | - Bernd Wittgens
- Process
Technology, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Trøndelag NO-7465, Norway
| | - Tobias Graßl
- CONDIAS
GmbH, Fraunhofer Straße
1b, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tiruye HM, Economopoulos S, Jørgensen KB. Synthesis of polycyclic aromatic quinones by continuous flow electrochemical oxidation: anodic methoxylation of polycyclic aromatic phenols (PAPs). Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1746-1757. [PMID: 39076291 PMCID: PMC11285069 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of polycyclic aromatic phenols (PAPs) has been developed in a microfluidic cell to synthesize polycyclic aromatic quinones (PAQs). Methanol was used as nucleophile to trap the phenoxonium cation formed in the oxidation as an acetal, that later were hydrolysed to the quinone. Formation of hydrogen gas as the cathode reaction caused challenges in the flow cell and were overcome by recycling the reaction mixture through the cell at increased flow rate several times. The specific quinones formed were guided by the position of an initial hydroxy group on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. An available para-position in the PAPs gave p-quinones, while hydroxy groups in the 2- or 3-position led to o-quinones. The substrates were analysed by cyclic voltammetry for estitmation of the HOMO/LUMO energies to shed more light on this transformation. The easy separation of the supporting electrolyte from the product will allow recycling and makes this a green transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiwot M Tiruye
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, P.O Box 8600 Forus, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Solon Economopoulos
- Advanced Optoelectronic Nanomaterials Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kåre B Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, P.O Box 8600 Forus, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Choi JS, Fortunato GV, Jung DC, Lourenço JC, Lanza MRV, Ledendecker M. Catalyst durability in electrocatalytic H 2O 2 production: key factors and challenges. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1250-1261. [PMID: 38847073 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00109e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
On-demand electrocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production is a significant technological advancement that offers a promising alternative to the traditional anthraquinone process. This approach leverages electrocatalysts for the selective reduction of oxygen through a two-electron transfer mechanism (ORR-2e-), holding great promise for delivering a sustainable and economically efficient means of H2O2 production. However, the harsh operating conditions during the electrochemical H2O2 production lead to the degradation of both structural integrity and catalytic efficacy in these materials. Here, we systematically examine the design strategies and materials typically utilized in the electroproduction of H2O2 in acidic environments. We delve into the prevalent reactor conditions and scrutinize the factors contributing to catalyst deactivation. Additionally, we propose standardised benchmarking protocols aimed at evaluating catalyst stability under such rigorous conditions. To this end, we advocate for the adoption of three distinct accelerated stress tests to comprehensively assess catalyst performance and durability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sik Choi
- Department of Technical Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Sustainable Energy Materials, Technical University Munich, Campus Straubing, Schulgasse 22, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
| | - Guilherme V Fortunato
- Department of Technical Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Sustainable Energy Materials, Technical University Munich, Campus Straubing, Schulgasse 22, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Daniele C Jung
- Department of Technical Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Julio C Lourenço
- Sustainable Energy Materials, Technical University Munich, Campus Straubing, Schulgasse 22, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Marcos R V Lanza
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Marc Ledendecker
- Sustainable Energy Materials, Technical University Munich, Campus Straubing, Schulgasse 22, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cheng B, Wang Q, An Y, Chen F. Recent advances in the total synthesis of galantamine, a natural medicine for Alzheimer's disease. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:1060-1090. [PMID: 38450550 DOI: 10.1039/d4np00001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 2006 to 2023(-)-Galantamine is a natural product with distinctive structural features and potent inhibitory activity against acetylcholine esterase (AChE). It is clinically approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The clinical significance and scarcity of this natural product have prompted extensive and ongoing efforts towards the chemical synthesis of this challenging tetracyclic structure. The objective of this review is to summarize and discuss recent progress in the total synthesis of galantamine from 2006 to 2023. The contents are organized according to the synthetic strategies for the construction of the quaternary center. Key features of each synthesis have been highlighted, followed by a summary and outlook at the end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bichu Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- School of Science, Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Science, Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi An
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
- School of Science, Green Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rücker T, Schupp N, Sprang F, Horsten T, Wittgens B, Waldvogel SR. Peroxodicarbonate - a renaissance of an electrochemically generated green oxidizer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7136-7147. [PMID: 38912960 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02501f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The direct anodic conversion of alkali carbonates in aqueous media provides access to peroxodicarbonate, which is a safe to use and green oxidizer. Although first reports date back around 150 years, its low concentrations and limited thermal stability have consigned this reagent to oblivion. Boron-doped diamond anodes, novel electrolyser concepts for heat dissipation, and the mixed cation trick allow record breaking peroxodicarbonate concentrations >900 mM. The electrochemical generation of peroxodicarbonate was already demonstrated on a pilot scale. The inherent safety is ensured by the limited stability of the peroxodicarbonate solution, which decomposes under ambient conditions to oxygen and facilitates subsequent downstream processing. This peroxide has, in particular at higher concentrations, an unusual reactivity and seems to be an ideal reagent when peroxo-equivalents in combination with alkaline base are required. The conversions with peroxodicarbonate include the Dakin reaction, epoxidation, oxidation of amines (aliphatic and aromatic) and sulfur compounds, deborolative hydroxylation reactions, and many more. Since the base equivalents also represent the makeup chemical for pulping plants, peroxodicarbonate is an ideal reagent for the selective degradation of lignin to vanillin. Moreover, peroxodicarbonate can be used as a halogen-free bleaching agent. The emerging electrogeneration and use of this green platform oxidizer are surveyed for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Rücker
- Process Technology, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Niclas Schupp
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Fiona Sprang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Tomas Horsten
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | | | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao H, Ravn AK, Haibach MC, Engle KM, Johansson Seechurn CCC. Diversification of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes: Taking the Plunge into the Non-PGM Catalyst Pool. ACS Catal 2024; 14:9708-9733. [PMID: 38988647 PMCID: PMC11232362 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Recent global events have led to the cost of platinum group metals (PGMs) reaching unprecedented heights. Many chemical companies are therefore starting to seriously consider and evaluate if and where they can substitute PGMs for non-PGMs in their catalytic processes. This review covers recent highly relevant applications of non-PGM catalysts in the modern pharmaceutical industry. By highlighting these selected successful examples of non-PGM-catalyzed processes from the literature, we hope to emphasize the enormous potential of non-PGM catalysis and inspire further development within this field to enable this technology to progress toward manufacturing processes. We also present some historical contexts and review the perceived advantages and challenges of implementing non-PGM catalysts in the pharmaceutical manufacturing environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Sinocompound
Catalysts, Building C,
Bonded Area Technology Innovation Zone, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215634, China
| | - Anne K. Ravn
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael C. Haibach
- Process
Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Winter J, Lühr S, Hochadel K, Gálvez-Vázquez MDJ, Prenzel T, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Simple electrochemical synthesis of cyclic hydroxamic acids by reduction of nitroarenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7065-7068. [PMID: 38904167 PMCID: PMC11223186 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02118e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of nitroarenes allows direct access to manifold nitrogen containing heterocycles. This work reports the simple and direct electro-organic synthesis of 18 different examples of 2H,4H-4-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones in up to 81% yield. The scalability of the method was demonstrated on a gram-scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Susan Lühr
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa 775000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kyra Hochadel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI-CEC), Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bieniek J, Nater DF, Eberwein SL, Schollmeyer D, Klein M, Waldvogel SR. Efficient and Sustainable Electrosynthesis of N-Sulfonyl Iminophosphoranes by the Dehydrogenative P-N Coupling Reaction. JACS AU 2024; 4:2188-2196. [PMID: 38938819 PMCID: PMC11200248 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Iminophosphoranes are commonly used reagents in organic synthesis and are, therefore, of great interest. An efficient and sustainable iodide-mediated electrochemical synthesis of N-sulfonyl iminophosphoranes from readily available phosphines and sulfonamides is reported. This method features low amounts of supporting electrolytes, inexpensive electrode materials, a simple galvanostatic setup, and high conversion rates. The broad applicability could be demonstrated by synthesizing 20 examples in yields up to 90%, having diverse functional groups including chiral moieties and biologically relevant species. Furthermore, electrolysis was performed on a 20 g scale and could be run in repetitive mode by recycling the electrolyte, which illustrates the suitability for large-scale production. A reaction mechanism involving electrochemical mediation by the iodide-based supporting electrolyte is proposed, completely agreeing with all of the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
C. Bieniek
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Darryl F. Nater
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34–36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sara L. Eberwein
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Klein
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular Systems
(IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34–36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang W, Killian L, Thevenon A. Electrochemical recycling of polymeric materials. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8606-8624. [PMID: 38873080 PMCID: PMC11168094 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01754d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials play a pivotal role in our modern world, offering a diverse range of applications. However, they have been designed with end-properties in mind over recyclability, leading to a crisis in their waste management. The recent emergence of electrochemical recycling methodologies for polymeric materials provides new perspectives on closing their life cycle, and to a larger extent, the plastic loop by transforming plastic waste into monomers, building blocks, or new polymers. In this context, we summarize electrochemical strategies developed for the recovery of building blocks, the functionalization of polymer chains as well as paired electrolysis and discuss how they can make an impact on plastic recycling, especially compared to traditional thermochemical approaches. Additionally, we explore potential directions that could revolutionize research in electrochemical plastic recycling, addressing associated challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Zhang
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Lars Killian
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Thevenon
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mast F, Hielscher MM, Wirtanen T, Erichsen M, Gauss J, Diezemann G, Waldvogel SR. Choice of the Right Supporting Electrolyte in Electrochemical Reductions: A Principal Component Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15119-15129. [PMID: 38785120 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We present an analysis of a set of molecular, electrical, and electronic properties for a large number of the cations of quaternary ammonium salts usually employed as supporting electrolytes in cathodic reduction reactions. The goal of the present study is to define a measure for the quality of a supporting electrolyte in terms of the yield of the reaction considered. We performed a principal component analysis using the normalized values of the properties in order to lower the number of relevant reaction coordinates and find that the integral variance of 13 properties can well be represented by three principal components. The yield of the electrochemical hydrodimerization of acrylonitrile employing different quaternary ammonium salts as supporting electrolytes was determined in a series of experiments. We found only a very weak correlation between the yield and the values of the properties but a strong correlation between the yield and the values of the most important principal component. Very similar results are obtained for two further existing systematic experimental studies of the impact of the supporting electrolyte on the yield of cathodic reductions. For all three example reactions, a supervised regression using the two most important principal components as variables yields excellent values for the coefficients of determination. For comparison, we also applied our methodology to sets of purely structure-based features that are usually employed in cheminformatics and obtained results of almost similar quality. We therefore conjecture that our methodology in combination with a small number of experiments can be used to predict the yield of a given cathodic reduction on the basis of the properties of the supporting electrolyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mast
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian M Hielscher
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tom Wirtanen
- Chemical and Polymer Synthesis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Max Erichsen
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gauss
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregor Diezemann
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Noël F, El Kaïm L, Masson G, Claraz A. Electrocatalytic dehydrogenative and defluorinative coupling between aldehyde-derived N, N-dialkylhydrazones and fluoromalonates: synthesis of 2-pyrazolines. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4269-4273. [PMID: 38742988 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00588k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
An electrocatalytic synthesis of 2-pyrazolines via dehydrogenative and defluorinative cross-coupling reactions between (hetero)arylaldehyde-derived N,N-dialkylhydrazones and fluoromalonates is disclosed. Salient features of this work include (i) readily available starting materials, (ii) practical reaction conditions, and (ii) a formal oxidative (4 + 1)-cycloaddition via triple C-H bond functionalization. Cyclic voltammetry analyses support the electrocatalytic formation of an α-fluoromalonyl radical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Noël
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Laurent El Kaïm
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique (LSO-UMR 76523), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, ENSTA-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Bd des Maréchaux, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS Joint Laboratory, Seqens'Lab, Porcheville, France
| | - Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hu Q, Wei B, Wang M, Liu M, Chen XW, Ran CK, Wang G, Chen Z, Li H, Song J, Yu DG, Guo C. Enantioselective Nickel-Electrocatalyzed Reductive Propargylic Carboxylation with CO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14864-14874. [PMID: 38754389 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The exploitation of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a sustainable, plentiful, and harmless C1 source for the catalytic synthesis of enantioenriched carboxylic acids has long been acknowledged as a pivotal task in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we present a current-driven nickel-catalyzed reductive carboxylation reaction with CO2 fixation, facilitating the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds by circumventing the handling of moisture-sensitive organometallic reagents. This electroreductive protocol serves as a practical platform, paving the way for the synthesis of enantioenriched propargylic carboxylic acids (up to 98% enantiomeric excess) from racemic propargylic carbonates and CO2. The efficacy of this transformation is exemplified by its successful utilization in the asymmetric total synthesis of (S)-arundic acid, (R)-PIA, (S)-chizhine D, (S)-cochlearin G, and (S,S)-alexidine, thereby underscoring the potential of asymmetric electrosynthesis to achieve complex molecular architectures sustainably.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingdong Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Boyuan Wei
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Mingxu Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Minghao Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Wang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chuan-Kun Ran
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ziting Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Haoze Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jin Song
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Da-Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schneider J, Häring AP, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Dehydration of Dicarboxylic Acids to Their Cyclic Anhydrides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400403. [PMID: 38527230 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
An intramolecular electrochemical dehydration reaction of dicarboxylic acids to their cyclic anhydrides is presented. This electrolysis allows dicarboxylic acids as naturally abundant, inexpensive, safe, and readily available starting materials to be transformed into carboxylic anhydrides under mild reaction conditions. No conventional dehydration reagent is required. The obtained cyclic anhydrides are highly valuable reagents in organic synthesis, and in this report, we use them in-situ for acylation reactions of amines to synthesize amides. This work is part of the recent progress in electrochemical dehydration, which - in contrast to electrochemical dehydrogenative reactions for example - is an underexplored field of research. The reaction mechanism was investigated by 18O isotope labeling, revealing the formation of sulfate by electrochemical oxidation and hydrolysis of the thiocyanate-supporting electrolyte. This transformation is not a classical Kolbe electrolysis, because it is non-decarboxylative, and all carbon atoms of the carboxylic acid starting material are contained in the carboxylic anhydride. In total, 20 examples are shown with NMR yields up to 71 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas P Häring
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI CEC), Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Q, Zhang J, Zhu W, Lu R, Guo C. Enantioselective nickel-catalyzed anodic oxidative dienylation and allylation reactions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4477. [PMID: 38796470 PMCID: PMC11127924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Precision control of stereochemistry in radical reactions remains a formidable challenge due to the prevalence of incidental racemic background reactions resulting from undirected substrate oxidation in the absence of chiral induction. In this study, we devised an thoughtful approach-electricity-driven asymmetric Lewis acid catalysis-to circumvent this impediment. This methodology facilitates both asymmetric dienylation and allylation reactions, resulting in the formation of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters and demonstrating significant potential in the modular synthesis of functional and chiral benzoxazole-oxazoline (Boox) ligands. Notably, the involvement of chiral Lewis acids in both the electrochemical activation and stereoselectivity-defining radical stages offers innovative departures for designing single electron transfer-based reactions, significantly underscoring the relevance of this approach as a multifaceted and universally applicable strategy for various fields of study, including electrosynthesis, organic chemistry, and drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiayin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wangjie Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ruimin Lu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Si D, Teng X, Xiong B, Chen L, Shi J. Electrocatalytic functional group conversion-based carbon resource upgrading. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6269-6284. [PMID: 38699249 PMCID: PMC11062096 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00175c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The conversions of carbon resources, such as alcohols, aldehydes/ketones, and ethers, have been being one of the hottest topics most recently for the goal of carbon neutralization. The emerging electrocatalytic upgrading has been regarded as a promising strategy aiming to convert carbon resources into value-added chemicals. Although exciting progress has been made and reviewed recently in this area by mostly focusing on the explorations of valuable anodic oxidation or cathodic reduction reactions individually, however, the reaction rules of these reactions are still missing, and how to purposely find or rationally design novel but efficient reactions in batches is still challenging. The properties and transformations of key functional groups in substrate molecules play critically important roles in carbon resources conversion reactions, which have been paid more attention to and may offer hidden keys to achieve the above goal. In this review, the properties of functional groups are addressed and discussed in detail, and the reported electrocatalytic upgrading reactions are summarized in four categories based on the types of functional groups of carbon resources. Possible reaction pathways closely related to functional groups will be summarized from the aspects of activation, cleavage and formation of chemical bonds. The current challenges and future opportunities of electrocatalytic upgrading of carbon resources are discussed at the end of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Si
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Xue Teng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Bingyan Xiong
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University Shanghai 200072 P. R. China
| | - Lisong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming Shanghai 202162 China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200050 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ginoux E, Rafaïdeen T, Cognet P, Latapie L, Coutanceau C. Selective glucose electro-oxidation catalyzed by TEMPO on graphite felt. Front Chem 2024; 12:1393860. [PMID: 38752198 PMCID: PMC11094245 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1393860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term electrolyses of glucose in a potassium carbonate (K2CO3) aqueous electrolyte have been performed on graphite felt electrodes with TEMPO as a homogeneous catalyst. The influences of the operating conditions (initial concentrations of glucose, TEMPO, and K2CO3 along with applied anode potential) on the conversion, selectivity toward gluconate/glucarate, and faradaic efficiency were assessed first. Then, optimizations of the conversion, selectivity, and faradaic efficiency were performed using design of experiments based on the L9 (34) Taguchi table, which resulted in 84% selectivity toward gluconate with 71% faradaic efficiency for up to 79% glucose conversion. Side products such as glucaric acid were also obtained when the applied potential exceeded 1.5 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erwann Ginoux
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CAMPUS INP-ENSIACET, Toulouse, France
| | - Thibault Rafaïdeen
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP, Poitiers, France
| | - Patrick Cognet
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CAMPUS INP-ENSIACET, Toulouse, France
| | - Laure Latapie
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CAMPUS INP-ENSIACET, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Coutanceau
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP, Poitiers, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shi R, Zhang X, Li C, Zhao Y, Li R, Waterhouse GIN, Zhang T. Electrochemical oxidation of concentrated benzyl alcohol to high-purity benzaldehyde via superwetting organic-solid-water interfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn0947. [PMID: 38669338 PMCID: PMC11051661 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis in aqueous media is presently hampered by the poor solubility of many organic reactants and thus low purity of liquid products in electrolytes. Using the electrooxidation of benzyl alcohol (BA) as a model reaction, we present a "sandwich-type" organic-solid-water (OSW) system, consisting of BA organic phase, KOH aqueous electrolyte, and porous anodes with Janus-like superwettability. The system allows independent diffusion of BA molecules from the organic phase to electrocatalytic active sites, enabling efficient electrooxidation of high-concentration BA to benzaldehyde (97% Faradaic efficiency at ~180 mA cm-2) with substantially reduced ohmic loss compared to conventional solid-liquid systems. The confined organic-water boundary within the electrode channels suppresses the interdiffusion of molecules and ions into the counterphase, thus preventing the hydration and overoxidation of benzaldehyde during long-term electrocatalysis. As a result, the direct production of high-purity benzaldehyde (91.7%) is achieved in a flow cell, showcasing the effectiveness of electrocatalysis over OSW interfaces for the one-step synthesis of high-purity organic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Run Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuerui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Petrochemical Research Institute, China National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing 112206, China
| | - Chengyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | | | - Tierui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Oehl EK, Jirsch PT, Hammes J, Stenglein A, Méndez M, Ruf S, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Synthesis of a Sitagliptin Precursor. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38655880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A novel synthesis of sitagliptin based on a redox-active ester derived from the chiral pool is reported. The key step is an electrochemical nickel-catalyzed sp2-sp3 cross-coupling reaction using inexpensive nickel foam in an undivided cell. It was successfully applied to 21 examples in up to 88% yield. These sitagliptin-analogue precursors could potentially interact with the DPP4 enzyme. A full synthesis based on our new reaction pathway provided sitagliptin in an overall yield of 33%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth K Oehl
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul T Jirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jasmin Hammes
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - María Méndez
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. G838, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Ruf
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. G838, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
de A Bartolomeu A, Breitschaft FA, Schollmeyer D, Pilli RA, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Multicomponent Synthesis of Alkyl Alkenesulfonates using Styrenes, SO 2 and Alcohols. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400557. [PMID: 38335153 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical approach to access alkyl alkenesulfonates via a multicomponent reaction was developed. The metal-free method features easy-to-use SO2 stock solution forming monoalkylsulfites from alcohols with an auxiliary base in-situ. These intermediates serve a dual role as starting materials and as supporting electrolyte enabling conductivity. Anodic oxidation of the substrate styrene, radical addition of these monoalkylsulfites and consecutive second oxidation and deprotonation preserve the double bond and form alkyl β-styrenesulfonates in a highly regio- and stereoselective fashion. The feasibility of this electrosynthetic method is demonstrated in 44 examples with yields up to 81 %, employing various styrenes and related substrates as well as a diverse set of alcohols. A gram-scale experiment underlines the applicability of this process, which uses inexpensive and readily available electrode materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aloisio de A Bartolomeu
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Florian A Breitschaft
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ronaldo A Pilli
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Baidya M, Kumbhakar P, De Sarkar S. Metal-Free Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Fused Azabicycles from N-Allyl Enamine Carboxylates. Org Lett 2024; 26:2651-2655. [PMID: 38517192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
An electrocatalytic approach to access structurally significant azabicyclic scaffolds from N-allyl enamine carboxylates is illustrated. This metal-free method functions exclusively with a catalytic amount of iodide, strategically employed to electrochemically generate a reactive hypervalent iodine species, which facilitates the cascade bicyclization processes with enhanced precision and efficiency. Excellent functional group compatibility was observed, enabling the synthesis of a series of azabicycle derivatives. Detailed mechanistic and electrochemical studies enhance the comprehension of the reaction sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Baidya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Pintu Kumbhakar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mallick S, Mandal T, Kumari N, Roy L, De Sarkar S. Divergent Electrochemical Synthesis of Indoles through pK a Regulation of Amides: Synthetic and Mechanistic Insights. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304002. [PMID: 38290995 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
A divergent synthetic approach to access highly substituted indole scaffolds is illustrated. By virtue of a tunable electrochemical strategy, distinct control over the C-3 substitution pattern was achieved by employing two analogous 2-styrylaniline precursors. The chemoselectivity is governed by the fine-tuning of the acidity of the amide proton, relying on the appropriate selection of N-protecting groups, and assisted by the reactivity of the electrogenerated intermediates. Detailed mechanistic investigations based on cyclic voltametric experiments and computational studies revealed the crucial role of water additive, which assists the proton-coupled electron transfer event for highly acidic amide precursors, followed by an energetically favorable intramolecular C-N coupling, causing exclusive fabrication of the C-3 unsubstituted indoles. Alternatively, the implementation of an electrogenerated cationic olefin activator delivers the C-3 substituted indoles through the preferential nucleophilic nature of the N-acyl amides. This electrochemical approach of judicious selection of N-protecting groups to regulate pKa/E° provides an expansion in the domain of switchable generation of heterocyclic derivatives in a sustainable fashion, with high regio- and chemoselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Mallick
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Tanumoy Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Nidhi Kumari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-IOC Odisha Campus, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kohlpaintner PJ, Schupp N, Ehlenz N, Marquart L, Gooßen LJ, Waldvogel SR. Synthesis of Aromatic N-Oxides Using Electrochemically Generated Peroxodicarbonate. Org Lett 2024; 26:1607-1611. [PMID: 38364789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemically generated green platform oxidizers like peroxodicarbonate (PODIC) constitute a game-changing technology in terms of sustainable chemistry while serving as an alternative counterreaction in the electrochemical hydrogen evolution. Peroxodicarbonate avoids the storage and shipping of concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution. We herein disclose an efficient method for the N-oxidation of quinolines, pyridines, and complex tertiary amines. The use of phenoyloxy succinimide (POSI) is the decisive factor for obtaining N-oxides (28 examples) in isolated yields of up to 98%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp J Kohlpaintner
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Niclas Schupp
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Niklas Ehlenz
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lucas Marquart
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas J Gooßen
- Ruhr University Bochum, Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Moreno-García P, de Gálvez-Vázquez MDJ, Prenzel T, Winter J, Gálvez-Vázquez L, Broekmann P, Waldvogel SR. Self-Standing Metal Foam Catalysts for Cathodic Electro-Organic Synthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307461. [PMID: 37917032 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Although electro-organic synthesis is currently receiving renewed interest because of its potential to enable sustainability in chemical processes to value-added products, challenges in process development persist: For reductive transformations performed in protic media, an inherent issue is the limited choice of metallic cathode materials that can effectively suppress the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) while maintaining a high activity toward the targeted electro-organic reaction. Current development trends are aimed at avoiding the previously used HER-suppressing elements (Cd, Hg, and Pb) because of their toxicity. Here, this work reports the rational design of highly porous foam-type binary and ternary electrocatalysts with reduced Pb content. Optimized cathodes are tested in electro-organic reductions using an oxime to nitrile transformation as a model reaction relevant for the synthesis of fine chemicals. Their electrocatalytic performance is compared with that of the model CuSn7Pb15 bronze alloy that has recently been endorsed as the best cathode replacement for bare Pb electrodes. All developed metal foam catalysts outperform both bare Pb and the CuSn7Pb15 benchmark in terms of chemical yield and energetic efficiency. Moreover, post-electrolysis analysis of the crude electrolyte mixture and the cathode's surfaces through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively, reveal the foam catalysts' elevated resistance to cathodic corrosion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Moreno-García
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | | | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Liliana Gálvez-Vázquez
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Li AZ, Yuan BJ, Xu M, Wang Y, Zhang C, Wang X, Wang X, Li J, Zheng L, Li BJ, Duan H. One-Step Electrochemical Ethylene-to-Ethylene Glycol Conversion over a Multitasking Molecular Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5622-5633. [PMID: 38373280 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Ethylene glycol is an essential commodity chemical with high demand, which is conventionally produced via thermocatalytic oxidation of ethylene with huge fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emission. The one-step electrochemical approach offers a sustainable route but suffers from reliance on noble metal catalysts, low activity, and mediocre selectivity. Herein, we report a one-step electrochemical oxidation of ethylene to ethylene glycol over an earth-abundant metal-based molecular catalyst, a cobalt phthalocyanine supported on a carbon nanotube (CoPc/CNT). The catalyst delivers ethylene glycol with 100% selectivity and 1.78 min-1 turnover frequency at room temperature and ambient pressure, more competitive than those obtained over palladium catalysts. Experimental data demonstrate that the catalyst orchestrates multiple tasks in sequence, involving electrochemical water activation to generate high-valence Co-oxo species, ethylene epoxidation to afford an ethylene oxide intermediate via oxygen transfer, and eventually ring-opening of ethylene oxide to ethylene glycol facilitated by in situ formed Lewis acid site. This work offers a great opportunity for commodity chemicals synthesis based on a one-step, earth-abundant metal-catalyzed, and renewable electricity-driven route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An-Zhen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo-Jun Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiongbo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bi-Jie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haohong Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang H, Liang Q, Xie K. How to rationally design homogeneous catalysts for efficient CO 2 electroreduction? iScience 2024; 27:108973. [PMID: 38327791 PMCID: PMC10847752 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrified converting CO2 into valuable fuels and chemicals using a homogeneous electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2ER) approach simplifies the operation, providing a potential option for decoupling energy harvesting and renewable chemical production. These merits benefit the scenarios where decentralization and intermittent power are key factors. This perspective aims to provide an overview of recent progress in homogeneous CO2ER. We introduce firstly the fundamentals chemistry of the homogeneous CO2ER, followed by a summary of the crucial factors and the important criteria broadly employed for evaluating the performance. We then highlight the recent advances in the most widely explored transition-metal coordinate complexes for the C1 and multicarbon (C2+) products from homogeneous CO2ER. Finally, we summarize the remaining challenges and opportunities for developing homogeneous electrocatalysts for efficient CO2ER. This perspective is expected to favor the rational design of efficient homogeneous electrocatalysts for selective CO2ER toward renewable fuels and feedstocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earths, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Ke Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern Universiy, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bandyopadhyay A, Biswas P, Kundu SK, Sarkar R. Electrochemistry-enabled residue-specific modification of peptides and proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1085-1101. [PMID: 38231504 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01857a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Selective chemical reactions at precise amino acid residues of peptides and proteins have become an exploding field of research in the last few decades. With the emerging utility of bioconjugated peptides and proteins as drug leads and therapeutic agents, the design of smart protocols to modulate and conjugate biomolecules has become necessary. During this modification, the most important concern of biochemists is to keep intact the structural integrity of the biomolecules. Hence, a soft and selective biocompatible reaction environment is necessary. Electrochemistry, a mild and elegant tunable reaction platform to synthesize complex molecules while avoiding harsh and toxic chemicals, can provide such a reaction condition. However, this strategy is yet to be fully exploited in the field of selective modification of polypeptides. With this possibility, the use of electrochemistry as a reaction toolbox in peptide and protein chemistry is flourishing day by day. Unfortunately, there is no suitable review article summarizing the residue-specific modification of biomolecules. The present review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest manifested electrochemical approaches for the modulation of five redox-active amino acid residues, namely cysteine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine and methionine, found in peptides and proteins. The article also highlights the incredible potential of electrochemistry for the regio- as well as chemoselective bioconjugation strategy of biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Chapra Government College, Nadia-741123, West Bengal, India
| | - Pranay Biswas
- Department of Physics, Dinabandhu Mahavidyalaya, 24 Parganas (N), 743235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudipta K Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Muragachha Government College, Nadia-741154, West Bengal, India.
| | - Rajib Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Muragachha Government College, Nadia-741154, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Krueger R, Feng E, Barzova P, Lieberman N, Lin S, Moeller KD. Anodic Cyclizations, Densely Functionalized Synthetic Building Blocks, and the Importance of Recent Mechanistic Observations. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1927-1940. [PMID: 38231008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Anodic cyclization reactions can provide a versatile method for converting newly obtained chiral lactols to densely functionalized cyclic building blocks. The method works by first converting the lactol into an electron-rich olefin and then oxidatively generating a radical cation that is trapped by a nucleophile. Historically, such reactions have benefited from the use of less polar radical cations when the trapping nucleophile is a heteroatom and more polar radical cations when the reaction forms C-C bonds. This forced one to optimize underperforming reactions by resynthesizing the substrate. Here, we show that by taking advantage of methods that serve to drive a reversible initial cyclization reaction toward the product, this dichotomy and need to manipulate the substrate can be avoided. Two such methods were utilized: a faster second oxidation step and a mediated electrolysis. Both led to successful cyclizations using a polar radical cation and heteroatom nucleophiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Krueger
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Enqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Polina Barzova
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Noah Lieberman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kevin D Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bieniek JC, Mashtakov B, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Dehydrogenative Electrochemical Synthesis of N-Aryl-3,4-Dihydroquinolin-2-ones by Iodine(III)-Mediated Coupling Reaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303388. [PMID: 38018461 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically generated hypervalent iodine(III) species are powerful reagents for oxidative C-N coupling reactions, providing access to valuable N-heterocycles. A new electrocatalytic hypervalent iodine(III)-mediated in-cell synthesis of 1H-N-aryl-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-ones by dehydrogenative C-N bond formation is presented. Catalytic amounts of the redox mediator, a low supporting electrolyte concentration and recycling of the solvent used make this method a sustainable alternative to electrochemical ex-cell or conventional approaches. Furthermore, inexpensive, readily available electrode materials and a simple galvanostatic set-up are applied. The broad functional group tolerance could be demonstrated by synthesizing 23 examples in yields up to 96 %, with one reaction being performed on a 10-fold higher scale. Based on the obtained results a sound reaction mechanism could be proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Bieniek
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Boris Mashtakov
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wu S, Huang J, Kang L, Zhang Y, Yuan K. Transition-Metal-Free, Reductive Csp 2-Csp 3 Bond Constructions via Electrochemically Induced Alkyl Radicals. Org Lett 2024; 26:763-768. [PMID: 38227333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Construction of the Csp2-Csp3 bond without the aid of transition metal catalysts has been achieved by coupling the electrogenerated alkyl radicals with electron deficient (hetero)arenes in an undivided cell. Simultaneous cathodic reduction of both unactivated alkyl halides and cyanobenzenes under high potential enables radical-radical cross-coupling to deliver alkylarenes in the absence of transition metals. Depending on the coupling partner, the electrogenerated alkyl radicals can also proceed the Minisci-type reaction with N-heteroarenes without redox agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Lulu Kang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Kedong Yuan
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li P, Tian Y, Tian L, Wang Y. Selective electrochemical acceptorless dehydrogenation reactions of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:725-730. [PMID: 38169000 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01930f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Selective dehydrogenation reactions of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives through electrochemical oxidation are disclosed. In the presence of nitric acid, the selective partial dehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinolines to form 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines was achieved via anodic oxidation. The results of CV (Cyclic Voltammograms) experiments and DFT calculations showed the 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines protonated by an external Brønsted acid to be less prone than their unprotonated counterparts to oxidation under electrochemical conditions, thus avoiding their further dehydrogenation. Moreover, a TEMPO-mediated electrochemical oxidation enabled a complete dehydrogenation to yield fully aromatized isoquinolines. Thus, tunable processes involving electrochemical dehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinolines could be used to selectively produce various 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines and isoquinoline derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Yue Tian
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Lifang Tian
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Yahui Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Huang X, Yao Y, Yin X, Guan W, Yuan C, Fang Z, Qin H, Liu C, Guo K. Electro-oxidative quinylation of sulfides to sulfur ylides in batch and continuous flow. iScience 2024; 27:108605. [PMID: 38174319 PMCID: PMC10762464 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented strategy for preparing a series of sulfur ylides through electro-oxidative quinylation of sulfides in batch and continuous flow has been developed. Good to excellent yields were obtained with excellent functional group compatibility and good concentration tolerance under exogenous oxidant- and transition metal-free conditions. Advantageously, this electrosynthesis methodology was scalable with higher daily production and steady production was achieved attributing to the use of micro-flow cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxing Huang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yifei Yao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xing Yin
- Intervention Therapy Department, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing 222042, China
| | - Wenjing Guan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chengcheng Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hong Qin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang J, Zhu W, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Guo C. Dual-Catalyzed Stereodivergent Electrooxidative Homocoupling of Benzoxazolyl Acetate. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1522-1531. [PMID: 38166394 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The development of a reliable strategy for stereodivergent radical reactions that allows convenient access to all stereoisomers of homocoupling adducts with multiple stereogenic centers remains an unmet goal in organic synthesis. Herein, we describe a dual-catalyzed electrooxidative C(sp3)-H/C(sp3)-H homocoupling with complete absolute and relative stereocontrol for the synthesis of molecules with contiguous quaternary stereocenters in a general and predictable manner. The stereodivergent electrooxidative homocoupling reaction is achieved by synergistically utilizing two distinct chiral catalysts that convert identical racemic substrates into inherently distinctive reactive chiral intermediates, dictate enantioselective radical addition, and allow access to the full complement of stereoisomeric products via simple catalyst permutation. The successful execution of the dual-electrocatalytic strategy programmed via electrooxidative activation provides a significant conceptual advantage and will serve as a useful foundation for further research into cooperative stereocontrolled radical transformations and diversity-oriented synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wangjie Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ziting Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Oksanen V, Rautiainen S, Wirtanen T. Nickel-Electrocatalyzed Synthesis of Bifuran-Based Monomers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302572. [PMID: 37735957 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Bifuran motifs can be accessed with nickel-bipyridine electrocatalyzed homocouplings of bromine-substituted methyl furancarboxylates, which, in turn, can be prepared from hemicellulose-derived furfural. The described protocol uses sustainable carbon-based graphite electrodes in the simplest setup - an undivided cell with constant current electrolysis. The reported method avoids using a sacrificial anode by employing triethanolamine as an electron donor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valtteri Oksanen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sari Rautiainen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tom Wirtanen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang S, Wei J, Ye X, Perez A, Shi X. Accessing gold p-acid reactivity under electrochemical anode oxidation (EAO) through oxidation relay. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8265. [PMID: 38092735 PMCID: PMC10719393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gold π-acid activation under electrochemical conditions is achieved. While EAO allows easy access to gold(III) intermediates over alternative chemical oxidation under mild conditions, the reported examples so far are limited to coupling reactions due to the rapid AuIII reductive elimination. Using aryl hydrazine-HOTf salt as precursors, the π-activation reaction mode was realized through oxidation relay. Both alkene and alkyne di-functionalization were achieved with excellent functional group compatibility and regioselectivity, which extended the versatility and utility of electrochemical gold redox chemistry for future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jingwen Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xiaohan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Angel Perez
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Shukla G, Singh M, Kumar Yadav A, Shankar Singh M. Aromatic C(sp 2 )-H Functionalization by Consecutive Paired Electrolysis: Dibromination of Aryl Amines with Dibromoethane at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2023:e202303179. [PMID: 38078727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a facile and efficient electrochemical method for the dibromination of aryl amines by double functionalization of aromatic C(sp2 )-H (both para and ortho) under metal- and external oxidant-free conditions at room temperature for the first time. The reaction is demonstrated using 1,2-dibromoethane to dibrominate a wide range of N-substituted aryl amines in a simple setup with C(+)/Pt(-) electrodes under mild reaction conditions. This transformation proceeds smoothly with a broad substrate scope affording the valuable and versatile N-substituted 2,4-dibromoanilines in moderate to excellent yields with high regioselectivity. In this paired electrolysis, cathodic reduction of 1,2-DBE followed by anodic oxidation generates bromonium intermediates, which then couple with anilines to furnish the dibrominated products. It represents a distinctive approach to challenging redox-neutral reactions. The versatility of the electrochemical ortho-, para-dibromination was reflected by unique regioselectivities for challenging aryl amines and gram-scale electrosynthesis without the use of a stoichiometric oxidant or an activating agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Malkeet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anup Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sengupta A, Edwards ME, Yan X. Dual Metal Electrolysis in Theta Capillary for Lipid Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 494:117137. [PMID: 38911479 PMCID: PMC11192522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2023.117137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Increasing studies associating glycerophospholipids with various pathological conditions highlight the need for their thorough characterization. However, the intricate composition of the lipidome due to the presence of lipid isomers poses significant challenges to structural lipidomics. This study uses the anodic corrosion of two metals in a single theta nESI emitter as a tool to simultaneously characterize lipids at multiple isomer levels. Anodic corrosion of cobalt and copper in the positive ion mode generates the metal-adducted lipid complexes, [M+Co]2+ and [M+Cu]+, respectively. Optimization of parameters such as the distances of the electrodes from the nESI tip allowed the achievement of the formation of one metal-adducted lipid product at a time. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of [M+Co]2+ results in preferential loss of the fatty acyl (FA) chain at the sn-2 position, thus generating singly charged sn-specific fragment ions. Whereas, multistage fragmentation of [M+Cu]+ via CID generated a C=C bond position-specific characteristic ion pattern induced by the π-Cu+ interaction. The feasibility of the method was tested on PC lipid extract from egg yolk to identify lipids on multiple isomer levels. Thus, the application of dual metal anodic corrosion allows lipid isomer identification with reduced sample preparation time, no signal suppression by counter anions, low sample consumption, and no need for an extra apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annesha Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Madison E. Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rein J, Zacate SB, Mao K, Lin S. A tutorial on asymmetric electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8106-8125. [PMID: 37910160 PMCID: PMC10842033 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has emerged as a powerful means to enable redox transformations in modern chemical synthesis. This tutorial review delves into the unique advantages of electrochemistry in the context of asymmetric catalysis. While electrochemistry has historically been used as a green and mild alternative for established enantioselective transformations, in recent years asymmetric electrocatalysis has been increasingly employed in the discovery of novel asymmetric methodologies based on reaction mechanisms unique to electrochemistry. This tutorial review first provides a brief tutorial introduction to electrosynthesis, then explores case studies on homogenous small molecule asymmetric electrocatalysis. Each case study serves to highlight a key advance in the field, starting with the historic electrification of known asymmetric transformations and culminating with modern methods relying on unique electrochemical mechanistic sequences. Finally, we highlight case studies in the emerging reasearch areas at the interface of asymmetric electrocatalysis with biocatalysis and heterogeneous catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Samson B Zacate
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kaining Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|