1
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Xiang Q, Ye L, Ma L, Sun Z. The Olympicenyl Radical and Its Derivatives. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300571. [PMID: 37916655 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The olympicenyl radical (OR) has long been a fascinating spin doublet hydrocarbon radical that evoked theoretical and experimental research interests, but the chemistry of olympicenyl was limited by its inherent instability. Recently, this field was revived by the advent of stable, multi-substituted ORs and the isolation of them in the crystalline phase. In this minireview, we summarize the early studies on the pristine OR, as well as the recent advances on the substituted OR derivatives, heteroatom-containing OR derivatives, and OR-based diradicals and polyradicals. The synthetic chemistry, stabilization strategies, self-association behaviors, reactivities, and applications in the biological field of the abovementioned compounds were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, Tianjin, 300072, China
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2
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Schnitzlein M, Shoyama K, Würthner F. A highly fluorescent bora[6]helicene exhibiting circularly polarized light emission. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2984-2989. [PMID: 38404392 PMCID: PMC10882488 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05171d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Heteroatom-doped helicenes have attracted great research interest due to their inherent chirality enabling fascinating new applications. Herein we present our successful synthesis of 19c-boratribenzo[gh,jk,mn][6]helicene, the hitherto longest and first configurationally stable pristine bora[n]helicene. It displays intense orange fluorescence and circularly polarized light (CPL) emission with a high quantum yield of up to 84%. X-ray single crystal analysis reveals a highly twisted, helical shape and intriguing intermolecular stacking. Complexation with a size-complemental aza[4]helicene yielded an unprecedented hetero-chiral π-π-stacked helicene dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schnitzlein
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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3
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Lvov AG, Klimenko LS, Bykov VN, Hecht S. Revisiting Peri-Aryloxyquinones: From a Forgotten Photochromic System to a Promising Tool for Emerging Applications. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303654. [PMID: 38085655 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
Emerging applications of photochromic compounds demand new molecular designs that can be inspired by some long-known yet currently forgotten classes of photoswitches. In the present review, we remind the community about Peri-AryloxyQuinones (PAQs) and their unique photoswitching behavior originally discovered more than 50 years ago. At the heart of this phenomenon is the light-induced migration of an aromatic moiety (arylotropy) in peri-aryloxy-substituted quinones resulting in ana-quinones. PAQs feature absorbance of both isomers in the visible spectral region, photochromism in the amorphous and crystalline state, and thermal stability of the photogenerated ana-isomer. Particularly noticeable is the high sensitivity of the ana-isomer towards nucleophiles in solution. In addition to the mechanism of molecular photochromism and the underlaying structure-switch relationships, we analyze potential applications and prospects of aryloxyquinones in optically switchable materials and devices. Due to their ability to efficiently photoswitch in the solid state, PAQs are indeed attractive candidates for such materials and devices, including electronics (optically controllable circuits, switches, transistors, memories, and displays), porous crystalline materials, crystalline actuators, photoactivated sensors, and many more. This review is intended to serve as a guide for researchers who wish to use photoswitchable PAQs in the development of new photocontrollable materials, devices, and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Lvov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky, St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
- Irkutsk National Research Technical University 83, Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664074, Russia
| | - Lyubov S Klimenko
- Yugra State University, 16 Chekhov St., Khanty-Mansiysk, 628012, Russia
| | - Vasily N Bykov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky, St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
- Irkutsk National Research Technical University 83, Lermontov St., Irkutsk, 664074, Russia
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry & Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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4
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Hu C, Kuhn L, Makurvet FD, Knorr ES, Lin X, Kawade RK, Mentink-Vigier F, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Tethering Three Radical Cascades for Controlled Termination of Radical Alkyne peri-Annulations: Making Phenalenyl Ketones without Oxidants. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4187-4211. [PMID: 38316011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Although Bu3Sn-mediated radical alkyne peri-annulations allow access to phenalenyl ring systems, the oxidative termination of these cascades provides only a limited selection of the possible isomeric phenalenone products with product selectivity controlled by the intrinsic properties of the new cyclic systems. In this work, we report an oxidant-free termination strategy that can overcome this limitation and enable selective access to the full set of isomerically functionalized phenalenones. The key to preferential termination is the preinstallation of a "weak link" that undergoes C-O fragmentation in the final cascade step. Breaking a C-O bond is assisted by entropy, gain of conjugation in the product, and release of stabilized radical fragments. This strategy is expanded to radical exo-dig cyclization cascades of oligoalkynes, which provide access to isomeric π-extended phenalenones. Conveniently, these cascades introduce functionalities (i.e., Bu3Sn and iodide moieties) amenable to further cross-coupling reactions. Consequently, a variety of polyaromatic diones, which could serve as phenalenyl-based open-shell precursors, can be synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Favour D Makurvet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Erica S Knorr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Rahul K Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Frederic Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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Kannen F, Adachi T, Nishimura M, Yoza K, Kusukawa T. Mechanofluorochromic Properties of 1,4-Diphenylanthracene Derivatives with Hypsochromic Shift. Molecules 2024; 29:407. [PMID: 38257320 PMCID: PMC10820785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Several types of 1,4-diphenylanthracene derivatives 1-4 were prepared, and their photophysical properties were observed in the solid and solution states. Interestingly, the CN-group-substituted 1,4-diphenylanthracene derivative 2 was found to exhibit a higher fluorescence quantum yield (ϕf = 0.71) in the solid state than in the solution state, probably due to the formation of an intermolecular Ar-CN⋯H-Ar hydrogen bond and antiparallel type locked packing structure in the solid state. Furthermore, for some derivatives, an increase in the fluorescence quantum yield was observed in the PMMA film (1 wt%) over both the solid state and the solution state. More interestingly, some of the 1,4-diphenylanthracene derivatives exhibited unusual mechanofluorochromic properties with a "hypsochromic shift" in luminous color depending on the substituents of the phenyl group, and with the derivatives having CF3, OMe, CN, and two F substituents (1d-1f, 2-4) showing a significant luminous color change with a "hypsochromic shift" after grinding. However, no change in the luminous color was observed for the derivatives having H, Me, and one F substituent (1a-1c), and especially for some of the CN-substituted derivatives, a reversible luminous color change with a "hypsochromic shift" was observed, probably due to the formation of an antiparallel type packing structure. These "hypsochromic" anthracene derivatives could probably be utilized as new mechanofluorochromic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Kannen
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tadatoshi Adachi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Manato Nishimura
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoza
- Bruker Japan K.K., 3-9 Moriya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-0022, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusukawa
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Ni Y, Fang W, Olson MA. Fluorescent Molecular Rotors Based on Hinged Anthracene Carboxyimides. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073217. [PMID: 37049979 PMCID: PMC10096540 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature and viscosity are essential parameters in medicine, environmental science, smart materials, and biology. However, few fluorescent sensor publications mention the direct relationship between temperature and viscosity. Three anthracene carboxyimide-based fluorescent molecular rotors, 1DiAC∙Cl, 2DiAC∙Cl, and 9DiAC∙Cl, were designed and synthesized. Their photophysical properties were studied in various solvents, such as N, N-dimethylacetamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, 1-propanol, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, and water. Solvent polarizability resulted in a solvatochromism effect for all three rotors and their absorption and emission spectra were analyzed via the Lippert-Mataga equation and multilinear analysis using Kamlet-Taft and Catalán parameters. The rotors exhibited red-shifted absorption and emission bands in solution on account of differences in their torsion angle. The three rotors demonstrated strong fluorescence in a high-viscosity environment due to restricted intramolecular rotation. Investigations carried out under varying ratios of water to glycerol were explored to probe the viscosity-based changes in their optical properties. A good linear correlation between the logarithms of fluorescence intensity and solution viscosity for two rotors, namely 2DiAC∙Cl and 9DiAC∙Cl, was observed as the percentage of glycerol increased. Excellent exponential regression between the viscosity-related temperature and emission intensity was observed for all three investigated rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhai Ni
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wangjian Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mark A Olson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
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7
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Hu C, Mena J, Alabugin IV. Design principles of the use of alkynes in radical cascades. Nat Rev Chem 2023:10.1038/s41570-023-00479-w. [PMID: 37117812 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00479-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
One of the simplest organic functional groups, the alkyne, offers a broad canvas for the design of cascade transformations in which up to three new bonds can be added to each of the two sterically unencumbered, energy-rich carbon atoms. However, kinetic protection provided by strong π-orbital overlap makes the design of new alkyne transformations a stereoelectronic puzzle, especially on multifunctional substrates. This Review describes the electronic properties contributing to the unique utility of alkynes in radical cascades. We describe how to control the selectivity of alkyne activation by various methods, from dynamic covalent chemistry with kinetic self-sorting to disappearing directing groups. Additionally, we demonstrate how the selection of reactive intermediates directly influences the propagation and termination of the cascade. Diverging from a common departure point, a carefully planned reaction route can allow access to a variety of products.
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8
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Kuriakose F, Commodore M, Hu C, Fabiano CJ, Sen D, Li RR, Bisht S, Üngör Ö, Lin X, Strouse GF, DePrince AE, Lazenby RA, Mentink-Vigier F, Shatruk M, Alabugin IV. Design and Synthesis of Kekulè and Non-Kekulè Diradicaloids via the Radical Periannulation Strategy: The Power of Seven Clar's Sextets. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23448-23464. [PMID: 36516873 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work introduces an approach to uncoupling electrons via maximum utilization of localized aromatic units, i.e., the Clar's π-sextets. To illustrate the utility of this concept to the design of Kekulé diradicaloids, we have synthesized a tridecacyclic polyaromatic system where a gain of five Clar's sextets in the open-shell form overcomes electron pairing and leads to the emergence of a high degree of diradical character. According to unrestricted symmetry-broken UCAM-B3LYP calculations, the singlet diradical character in this core system is characterized by the y0 value of 0.98 (y0 = 0 for a closed-shell molecule, y0 = 1 for pure diradical). The efficiency of the new design strategy was evaluated by comparing the Kekulé system with an isomeric non-Kekulé diradical of identical size, i.e., a system where the radical centers cannot couple via resonance. The calculated singlet-triplet gap, i.e., the ΔEST values, in both of these systems approaches zero: -0.3 kcal/mol for the Kekulé and +0.2 kcal/mol for the non-Kekulé diradicaloids. The target isomeric Kekulé and non-Kekulé systems were assembled using a sequence of radical periannulations, cross-coupling, and C-H activation. The diradicals are kinetically stabilized by six tert-butyl substituents and (triisopropylsilyl)acetylene groups. Both molecules are NMR-inactive but electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-active at room temperature. Cyclic voltammetry revealed quasi-reversible oxidation and reduction processes, consistent with the presence of two nearly degenerate partially occupied molecular orbitals. The experimentally measured ΔEST value of -0.14 kcal/mol confirms that K is, indeed, a nearly perfect singlet diradical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Michael Commodore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Catherine J Fabiano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Debashis Sen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Run R Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Shubham Bisht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Ökten Üngör
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Geoffrey F Strouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - A Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Robert A Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Frederic Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32310, United States
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
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Ling H, McGillivray DJ, Jin J. Locking the Spiro Carbon in Spirobisindane Using Sulfur and Phosphorus to Form "Olympic Ring"-like Molecules. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4649-4653. [PMID: 35200013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To improve the rigidity of spirobisindane, it was intramolecularly locked by forming eight-membered rings via sulfur and phosphorus atoms to produce an interlocked polycyclic structure under mild conditions in good yields. By carefully analyzing the crystal structures, we noticed that the angle between the two benzene rings in the locked version is significantly smaller than that of the typical spirobisindane structure. Molecular modeling indicated that locking the spiro center can remarkably enhance the rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Ling
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Duncan J McGillivray
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Centre for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jianyong Jin
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies, Dunedin 9056, New Zealand
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10
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Vasilevsky SF, Krivenko OL, Sorokina IV, Baev DS, Tolstikova TG, Alabugin IV. Cascade Transformations of 1-R-Ethynyl-9,10-anthraquinones with Amidines: Expanding Access to Isoaporphinoid Alkaloids. Molecules 2021; 26:6883. [PMID: 34833979 PMCID: PMC8621605 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of acetamidine and phenylamidine with peri-R-ethynyl-9,10-anthraquinones in refluxing n-butanol leads to the formation of cascade transformations products: addition/elimination/cyclization-2-R-7H-dibenzo[de,h]quinolin-7-ones and(or) 2-R-3-aroyl-7H-dibenzo[de,h]quinolin-7-ones. The anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties of the new 2-R-7H-dibenzo[de,h]quinolin-7-ones were investigated in vivo, in vitro, and in silico. The synthesized compounds exhibit high anti-inflammatory activity at dose 20 mg/kg (intraperitoneal injection) in the models of exudative (histamine-induced) and immunogenic (concanavalin A-induced) inflammation. Molecular docking data demonstrate that quinolinones can potentially intercalate into DNA similarly to the antitumor drug doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Francevich Vasilevsky
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Ol’ga Leonidovna Krivenko
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Irina Vasilievna Sorokina
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 prosp. Acad. Lavrent’eva, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.V.S.); (D.S.B.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Dmitry Sergeevich Baev
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 prosp. Acad. Lavrent’eva, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.V.S.); (D.S.B.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Tatyana Genrikhovna Tolstikova
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 prosp. Acad. Lavrent’eva, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (I.V.S.); (D.S.B.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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11
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Aoki S, Tsurumaki E, Yamashina M, Wakamatsu K, Toyota S. Structure and Photophysical Properties of 1,1,2,2-Tetra(1-anthryl)ethane: A C(sp 3 )-C(sp 3 ) Bond Substituted with Four Anthracene Units. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100447. [PMID: 34811962 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The title aromatic compound comprising four anthracene units was synthesized by the McMurry coupling of di(1-anthryl) ketone as a hydrogenated product in 65 % yield. The molecule forms a C2 symmetric structure with the ap conformation about the C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) single bond, as revealed by X-ray analysis and DFT calculations. The UV/vis and fluorescence spectra of this compound were compared with those of anthracene, di(1-anthryl)methane, and 1,2-di(1-anthryl)ethane. The fluorescence spectrum showed a broad emission band at 450 nm having a long lifetime at 21 ns, which was assignable to an excimer-type emission, in contrast to the other reference compounds. The characteristic photophysical property is discussed in terms of the molecular structure with the aid of the noncovalent interaction plots and the conformational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Aoki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamashina
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kan Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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12
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Feofanov M, Lungerich D, Akhmetov V, Amsharov K. Synthesis of Dumbbell‐Like DBATT Dimers**. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Feofanov
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Organic Chemistry Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS) and Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering Advanced Science Institute Yonsei University Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir Akhmetov
- Institute of Chemistry Organic Chemistry Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2 D-06120 Halle Germany
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Organic Chemistry Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2 D-06120 Halle Germany
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13
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Xiang Q, Xu J, Guo J, Dang Y, Xu Z, Zeng Z, Sun Z. Unveiling the Hidden σ-Dimerization of a Kinetically Protected Olympicenyl Radical. Chemistry 2021; 27:8203-8213. [PMID: 33783053 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The σ-dimer of a kinetically protected olympicenyl radical, which evaded the experimental detection, was revealed by conversion into biolympicenylidene with E-configuration in a regioselective manner. The complicated stereochemistry and energetics of the σ-dimers derived from C2v symmetry and uneven spin distribution of the olympicenyl radical were revealed by the theoretical calculations, and the energetic preference of π-dimer over σ-dimer by a minute gap was disclosed. The E-biolympicenylidene, a polycyclic ene structure previously considered as reactive intermediate in the phenalenyl radical system, exhibited exceptional stability, which allowed for a detailed investigation on its singlet diradical character and physical properties by means of X-ray crystallography, UV-vis-NIR absorption/emission spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, and assisted by theoretical calculations. The E-biolympicenylidene showed high resistance towards both thermal and photochemical ring-cyclization reactions, which was attributed to high activation energies for the rate-determining electrocyclization operated on both disrotatory and conrotatory mode, as well as a small spin density at the bonding sites for the radical-radical coupling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhanqiang Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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14
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Kuo C, Rao NS, Patil PB, Chiang T, Kavala V, Yao C. Synthesis of Perinaphthenones
via
BF
3
.
Et
2
O Mediated One‐Pot Cascade 4,5‐Annulation Reactions of 1‐Naphthols and Ynones. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Wei Kuo
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan Normal University 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Zhou Road Taipei 116, R.O.C. Taiwan
| | - Naidu Sambasiva Rao
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan Normal University 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Zhou Road Taipei 116, R.O.C. Taiwan
| | - Prakash Bhimrao Patil
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan Normal University 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Zhou Road Taipei 116, R.O.C. Taiwan
| | - Ting‐Ta Chiang
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan Normal University 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Zhou Road Taipei 116, R.O.C. Taiwan
| | - Veerababurao Kavala
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan Normal University 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Zhou Road Taipei 116, R.O.C. Taiwan
| | - Ching‐Fa Yao
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan Normal University 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Zhou Road Taipei 116, R.O.C. Taiwan
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15
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N,N‐ and N,O‐6‐membered Ring
peri
‐Annelation in Naphthalene. Is it a Heteroring or merely a
peri
‐ Heterobridge? ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Kawade RK, Hu C, Dos Santos NR, Watson N, Lin X, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Phenalenannulations: Three-Point Double Annulation Reactions that Convert Benzenes into Pyrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14352-14357. [PMID: 32495480 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
3-Point annulations, or phenalenannulations, transform a benzene ring directly into a substituted pyrene by "wrapping" two new cycles around the perimeter of the central ring at three consecutive carbon atoms. This efficient, modular, and general method for π-extension opens access to non-symmetric pyrenes and their expanded analogues. Potentially, this approach can convert any aromatic ring bearing a -CH2 Br or a -CHO group into a pyrene moiety. Depending upon the workup choices, the process can be directed towards either tin- or iodo-substituted product formation, giving complementary choices for further various cross-coupling reactions. The two-directional bis-double annulation adds two new polyaromatic extensions with a total of six new aromatic rings at a central core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kisan Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Nikolas R Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Noelle Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
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17
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Kawade RK, Hu C, Dos Santos NR, Watson N, Lin X, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Phenalenannulations: Three‐Point Double Annulation Reactions that Convert Benzenes into Pyrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kisan Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Nikolas R. Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Noelle Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
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18
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Gonzalez-Rodriguez E, Abdo MA, Dos Passos Gomes G, Ayad S, White FD, Tsvetkov NP, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Twofold π-Extension of Polyarenes via Double and Triple Radical Alkyne peri-Annulations: Radical Cascades Converging on the Same Aromatic Core. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8352-8366. [PMID: 32249571 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A versatile synthetic route to distannyl-substituted polyarenes was developed via double radical peri-annulations. The cyclization precursors were equipped with propargylic OMe traceless directing groups (TDGs) for regioselective Sn-radical attack at the triple bonds. The two peri-annulations converge at a variety of polycyclic cores to yield expanded difunctionalized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This approach can be extended to triple peri-annulations, where annulations are coupled with a radical cascade that connects two preexisting aromatic cores via a formal C-H activation step. The installed Bu3Sn groups serve as chemical handles for further functionalization via direct cross-coupling, iodination, or protodestannylation and increase solubility of the products in organic solvents. Photophysical studies reveal that the Bu3Sn-substituted PAHs are moderately fluorescent, and their protodestannylation results in an up to 10-fold fluorescence quantum yield enhancement. DFT calculations identified the most likely possible mechanism of this complex chemical transformation involving two independent peri-cyclizations at the central core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Miguel A Abdo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Gabriel Dos Passos Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Suliman Ayad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Frankie D White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Nikolay P Tsvetkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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19
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Magiera KM, Aryal V, Chalifoux WA. Alkyne benzannulations in the preparation of contorted nanographenes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2372-2386. [PMID: 32196052 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanographenes are a popular area of research due to their promising properties for electronics. Over the last twenty years there has been a significant increase in interest in the development of contorted nanographenes. While many top-down techniques are employed in the synthesis of these planar nanographenes, the use of alkynes in bottom-up syntheses allows for easy functionalization and the development of contorted nanographenes. The syntheses of contorted nanographenes with a focus on utilizing alkynes is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie M Magiera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Vivek Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Wesley A Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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20
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Gordeev EG, Pentsak EO, Ananikov VP. Carbocatalytic Acetylene Cyclotrimerization: A Key Role of Unpaired Electron Delocalization. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3784-3796. [PMID: 32058705 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of sustainable catalysts for synthetic transformations is one of the most challenging and demanding goals. The high prices of precious metals and the unavoidable leaching of toxic metal species leading to environmental contamination make the transition metal-free catalytic systems especially important. Here we demonstrate that carbene active centers localized on carbon atoms at the zigzag edge of graphene represent an alternative platform for efficient catalytic carbon-carbon bond formation in the synthesis of benzene. The studied acetylene trimerization reaction is an efficient atom-economic route to build an aromatic ring-a step ubiquitously important in organic synthesis and industrial applications. Computational modeling of the reaction mechanism reveals a principal role of the reversible spin density oscillations that govern the overall catalytic cycle, facilitate the product formation, and regenerate the catalytically active centers. Dynamic π-electron interactions in 2D carbon systems open new opportunities in the field of carbocatalysis, unachievable by means of transition metal-catalyzed transformations. The theoretical findings are confirmed experimentally by generating key moieties of the carbon catalyst and performing the acetylene conversion to benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy G Gordeev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospekt 47 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Evgeniy O Pentsak
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospekt 47 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospekt 47 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
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21
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Feofanov M, Akhmetov V, Sharapa DI, Amsharov K. Modular Approach to the Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Angular Fused Acenes. Org Lett 2020; 22:1698-1702. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Feofanov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vladimir Akhmetov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dmitry I. Sharapa
- Institut für Katalyseforschung und -Technologie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany
- South Ural State University, pr. Lenina 76, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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22
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Zhou Z, Kawade RK, Wei Z, Kuriakose F, Üngör Ö, Jo M, Shatruk M, Gershoni‐Poranne R, Petrukhina MA, Alabugin IV. Negative Charge as a Lens for Concentrating Antiaromaticity: Using a Pentagonal “Defect” and Helicene Strain for Cyclizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Rahul Kisan Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Ökten Üngör
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Minyoung Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | | | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
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23
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Zhou Z, Kawade RK, Wei Z, Kuriakose F, Üngör Ö, Jo M, Shatruk M, Gershoni‐Poranne R, Petrukhina MA, Alabugin IV. Negative Charge as a Lens for Concentrating Antiaromaticity: Using a Pentagonal “Defect” and Helicene Strain for Cyclizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1256-1262. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Rahul Kisan Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Ökten Üngör
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Minyoung Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | | | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
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24
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Huang X, Chen H, Huang Z, Xu Y, Li F, Ma X, Chen Y. Visible Light-Induced Difunctionalization of Alkynes: The Synthesis of Thiazoles and 1,1-Dibromo-1-en-3-ynes. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15283-15293. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Huang
- Pharmacy School, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou 542899, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Pharmacy School, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongzhi Huang
- Pharmacy School, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanli Xu
- Pharmacy School, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangyao Li
- Pharmacy School, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianli Ma
- Pharmacy School, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Pharmacy School, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Functionalized olympicene (C19H12) as anode material for Li-ion batteries: a DFT approach. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Alkynes as Synthetic Equivalents of Ketones and Aldehydes: A Hidden Entry into Carbonyl Chemistry. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061036. [PMID: 30875972 PMCID: PMC6471418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high energy packed in alkyne functional group makes alkyne reactions highly thermodynamically favorable and generally irreversible. Furthermore, the presence of two orthogonal π-bonds that can be manipulated separately enables flexible synthetic cascades stemming from alkynes. Behind these "obvious" traits, there are other more subtle, often concealed aspects of this functional group's appeal. This review is focused on yet another interesting but underappreciated alkyne feature: the fact that the CC alkyne unit has the same oxidation state as the -CH2C(O)- unit of a typical carbonyl compound. Thus, "classic carbonyl chemistry" can be accessed through alkynes, and new transformations can be engineered by unmasking the hidden carbonyl nature of alkynes. The goal of this review is to illustrate the advantages of using alkynes as an entry point to carbonyl reactions while highlighting reports from the literature where, sometimes without full appreciation, the concept of using alkynes as a hidden entry into carbonyl chemistry has been applied.
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27
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Hughes AM, dos Passos Gomes G, Alabugin IV. Stereoelectronic Influence of a “Spectator” Propargylic Substituent Can Override Aromaticity Effects in Radical Peri-Cyclizations en Route to Expanded Polyaromatics. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1853-1862. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey M. Hughes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Gabriel dos Passos Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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28
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Senese AD, Chalifoux WA. Nanographene and Graphene Nanoribbon Synthesis via Alkyne Benzannulations. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010118. [PMID: 30598009 PMCID: PMC6337508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extension of π-conjugation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via alkyne benzannulation reactions has become an increasingly utilized tool over the past few years. This short review will highlight recent work of alkyne benzannulations in the context of large nanographene as well as graphene nanoribbon synthesis along with a brief discussion of the interesting physical properties these molecules display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D Senese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Wesley A Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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29
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Lungerich D, Papaianina O, Feofanov M, Liu J, Devarajulu M, Troyanov SI, Maier S, Amsharov K. Dehydrative π-extension to nanographenes with zig-zag edges. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4756. [PMID: 30420660 PMCID: PMC6232111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zig-zag nanographenes are promising candidates for the applications in organic electronics due to the electronic properties induced by their periphery. However, the synthetic access to these compounds remains virtually unexplored. There is a lack in efficient and mild strategies origins in the reduced stability, increased reactivity, and low solubility of these compounds. Herein we report a facile access to pristine zig-zag nanographenes, utilizing an acid-promoted intramolecular reductive cyclization of arylaldehydes, and demonstrate a three-step route to nanographenes constituted of angularly fused tetracenes or pentacenes. The mild conditions are scalable to gram quantities and give insoluble nanostructures in close to quantitative yields. The strategy allows the synthesis of elusive low bandgap nanographenes, with values as low as 1.62 eV. Compared to their linear homologues, the structures have an increased stability in the solid-state, even though computational analyses show distinct diradical character. The structures were confirmed by X-ray diffraction or scanning tunneling microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry & Molecular Technology Innovation Presidential Endowed Chair, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Olena Papaianina
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mikhail Feofanov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mirunalini Devarajulu
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Sabine Maier
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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30
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Hale KJ, Manaviazar S, Watson HA. The O‐Directed Free Radical Hydrostannation of Propargyloxy Dialkyl Acetylenes with Ph3SnH/cat. Et3B. A Refutal of the Stannylvinyl Cation Mechanism. CHEM REC 2018; 19:238-319. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Hale
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB)Queen's University Belfast Stranmillis Road Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
| | - Soraya Manaviazar
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB)Queen's University Belfast Stranmillis Road Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
| | - Hamish A. Watson
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB)Queen's University Belfast Stranmillis Road Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
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Yang W, Bam R, Catalano VJ, Chalifoux WA. Highly Regioselective Domino Benzannulation Reaction of Buta-1,3-diynes To Construct Irregular Nanographenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14773-14777. [PMID: 30117244 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The properties of nanographenes can be tuned by changing their shapes, therefore the development of new methods suitable for the synthesis of various nanographenes is highly desirable. Described herein is an intramolecular InCl3 /AgNTf2 -catalyzed regioselective domino benzannulation reaction of buta-1,3-diynes to build irregular nanographenes. Different nanographene compounds were easily obtained in moderate to high yields through careful design of the precursor compounds. This new domino reaction was successfully applied to a fourfold alkyne benzannulation of dimethoxy-1,1'-binaphthalene derivatives to arrive at novel chiral butterfly ligand precursors. The regioselectivity of the benzannulation reaction was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Moreover, this new method enables us to synthesize different nanographene isomers and study their optical properties as a function of shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Radha Bam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Vincent J Catalano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Wesley A Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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32
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Yang W, Bam R, Catalano VJ, Chalifoux WA. Highly Regioselective Domino Benzannulation Reaction of Buta‐1,3‐diynes To Construct Irregular Nanographenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N. Virginia St. Reno NV 89557 USA
| | - Radha Bam
- Department of Chemistry University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N. Virginia St. Reno NV 89557 USA
| | - Vincent J. Catalano
- Department of Chemistry University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N. Virginia St. Reno NV 89557 USA
| | - Wesley A. Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N. Virginia St. Reno NV 89557 USA
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Alabugin IV, Gonzalez-Rodriguez E. Alkyne Origami: Folding Oligoalkynes into Polyaromatics. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1206-1219. [PMID: 29676896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Do not bend the triple bonds! This familiar undergraduate mantra must be disobeyed if the alkyne group is used as a building block in molecular construction. This Account will describe our exploits in "alkyne origami", that is, folding oligoalkynes into new shapes via cyclization cascades. This research stems from a set of guidelines for the cyclizations of alkynes that we suggested in 2011 ( Gilmore Chem. Rev. 2011 , 111 , 6513 ; Alabugin J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011 , 133 , 12608 ). The guidelines blended critical analysis of ∼40 years of experimental research with computations into the comprehensive predictions of the relative favorability of dig-cyclizations of anions and radicals. In this Account, we will show how this new understanding has been instrumental in building polyaromatics. In particular, we illustrate the utility of these stereoelectronic models by developing a toolbox of practical, selective, and efficient synthetic transformations. The high energy and high carbon content render alkynes the perfect precursors for the preparation of polyaromatic ribbons and other carbon-rich materials with precisely controlled structure and reactivity. Still, the paradox of alkyne reactivity (alkynes store a lot of energy but are protected kinetically by their relatively strong π-bonds) requires precise use of stereoelectronic factors for lowering the activation barriers for alkyne cyclizations. These factors are drastically different in the "all-exo" and the "all-endo" cyclization cascades of oligoynes. This Account will highlight the interplay between the stereoelectronics of bond formation and topology of acyclic precursor "folding" into a polycyclic ribbon. The topology of folding is simpler for the endo cascades, which are compatible with initiation either at the edge or at the center. In contrast, the exo cascades require precise folding of an oligoalkyne ribbon by starting the cascade exactly at the center of the chain. These differences define the key challenges in the design of these two types of alkyne cyclization cascades. For the endo processes, the folding is simple, but these processes require a strategy ("LUMO Umpolung") for inverting the usual stereoelectronic requirements of alkyne cyclizations. We also show how alkenes can be used as alkyne equivalents in cyclizations coupled with fragmentations and how one can make endo cyclization products without ever going through an endo cyclization. In contrast, each elementary step of the exo cascades benefits from the inherent exo preference for the radical attack, but these cascades require precise initiation by starting exactly at the central alkyne unit of the oligoyne. This strict selectivity requirement led to the development of traceless directing groups capable of supramolecular assistance to the initiation step and self-terminating departure at the end of the cascade. With attention to electronic effects that can stop radical cascades, oligoalkynes can be selectively converted into precisely shaped and functionalized polyaromatic products. The generality of these concepts is further illustrated by the development of radical "peri annulations" at the zigzag edge of acenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Edgar Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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