1
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Gish MK, Snell K, Thorley KJ, Anthony JE, Johnson JC. Surface Loading Dictates Triplet Production via Singlet Fission in Anthradithiophene Sensitized TiO 2 Films. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:13944-13951. [PMID: 39193258 PMCID: PMC11345824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission, the process of transforming a singlet excited state into two lower energy triplet excited states, is a promising strategy for improving the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. The difficulty in utilizing singlet fission molecules in this architecture is understanding and controlling the orientation of dyes on mesoporous metal oxide surfaces to maximize triplet production and minimize detrimental deactivation pathways, such as electron injection from the singlet or excimer formation. Here, we varied the concentration of loading solutions of two anthradithiophene dyes derivatized with either one or two carboxylic acid groups for binding to a metal oxide surface and studied their photophysics using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. For the single carboxylic acid case, an increase in dye surface coverage led to an increase in apparent triplet excited-state growth via singlet fission, while the same increase in coverage with two carboxylic acids did not. This study represents a step toward controlling the interactions between molecules at mesoporous interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Gish
- Materials,
Chemistry and Computational Sciences Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Katherine Snell
- Materials,
Chemistry and Computational Sciences Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Justin C. Johnson
- Materials,
Chemistry and Computational Sciences Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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2
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Wang X, Gao S, Luo Y, Liu X, Tom R, Zhao K, Chang V, Marom N. Computational Discovery of Intermolecular Singlet Fission Materials Using Many-Body Perturbation Theory. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:7841-7864. [PMID: 38774154 PMCID: PMC11103713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Intermolecular singlet fission (SF) is the conversion of a photogenerated singlet exciton into two triplet excitons residing on different molecules. SF has the potential to enhance the conversion efficiency of solar cells by harvesting two charge carriers from one high-energy photon, whose surplus energy would otherwise be lost to heat. The development of commercial SF-augmented modules is hindered by the limited selection of molecular crystals that exhibit intermolecular SF in the solid state. Computational exploration may accelerate the discovery of new SF materials. The GW approximation and Bethe-Salpeter equation (GW+BSE) within the framework of many-body perturbation theory is the current state-of-the-art method for calculating the excited-state properties of molecular crystals with periodic boundary conditions. In this Review, we discuss the usage of GW+BSE to assess candidate SF materials as well as its combination with low-cost physical or machine learned models in materials discovery workflows. We demonstrate three successful strategies for the discovery of new SF materials: (i) functionalization of known materials to tune their properties, (ii) finding potential polymorphs with improved crystal packing, and (iii) exploring new classes of materials. In addition, three new candidate SF materials are proposed here, which have not been published previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wang
- School
of Foundational Education, University of
Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China
- Qingdao
Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of
Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Gao
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yiqun Luo
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rithwik Tom
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kaiji Zhao
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Vincent Chang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Noa Marom
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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3
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Gazdag T, Meiszter E, Mayer PJ, Holczbauer T, Ottosson H, Maurer AB, Abrahamsson M, London G. An Exploration of Substituent Effects on the Photophysical Properties of Monobenzopentalenes. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300737. [PMID: 38284145 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Monobenzopentalenes have received moderate attention compared to dibenzopentalenes, yet their accessibility as stable, non-symmetric structures with diverse substituents could be interesting for materials applications, including molecular photonics. Recently, monobenzopentalene was considered computationally as a potential chromophore for singlet fission (SF) photovoltaics. To advance this compound class towards photonics applications, the excited state energetics must be characterized, computationally and experimentally. In this report we synthesized a series of stable substituted monobenzopentalenes and provided the first experimental exploration of their photophysical properties. Structural and opto-electronic characterization revealed that all derivatives showed 1H NMR shifts in the olefinic region, bond length alternation in the pentalene unit, low-intensity absorptions reflecting the ground-state antiaromatic character and in turn the symmetry forbidden HOMO-to-LUMO transitions of ~2 eV and redox amphotericity. This was also supported by computed aromaticity indices (NICS, ACID, HOMA). Accordingly, substituents did not affect the fulfilment of the energetic criterion of SF, as the computed excited-state energy levels satisfied the required E(S1)/E(T1)>2 relationship. Further spectroscopic measurements revealed a concentration dependent quenching of the excited state and population of the S2 state on the nanosecond timescale, providing initial evidence for unusual photophysics and an alternative entry point for singlet fission with monobenzopentalenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Gazdag
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/a, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Enikő Meiszter
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter J Mayer
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden
| | - Tamás Holczbauer
- Chemical Crystallography Research Laboratory and Stereochemistry Research Group, Institute for Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala, 751 20, Sweden
| | - Andrew B Maurer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Gábor London
- MTA TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
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4
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Greißel PM, Thiel D, Gotfredsen H, Chen L, Krug M, Papadopoulos I, Miskolzie M, Torres T, Clark T, Brøndsted Nielsen M, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Intramolecular Triplet Diffusion Facilitates Triplet Dissociation in a Pentacene Hexamer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315064. [PMID: 38092707 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Triplet dynamics in singlet fission depend strongly on the strength of the electronic coupling. Covalent systems in solution offer precise control over such couplings. Nonetheless, efficient free triplet generation remains elusive in most systems, as the intermediate triplet pair 1 (T1 T1 ) is prone to triplet-triplet annihilation due to its spatial confinement. In the solid state, entropically driven triplet diffusion assists in the spatial separation of triplets, resulting in higher yields of free triplets. Control over electronic coupling in the solid state is, however, challenging given its sensitivity to molecular packing. We have thus developed a hexameric system (HexPnc) to enable solid-state-like triplet diffusion at the molecular scale. This system is realized by covalently tethering three pentacene dimers to a central subphthalocyanine scaffold. Transient absorption spectroscopy, complemented by theoretical structural optimizations and steady-state spectroscopy, reveals that triplet diffusion is indeed facilitated due to intramolecular cluster formation. The yield of free triplets in HexPnc is increased by a factor of up to 14 compared to the corresponding dimeric reference (DiPnc). Thus, HexPnc establishes crucial design aspects for achieving efficient triplet dissociation in strongly coupled systems by providing avenues for diffusive separation of 1 (T1 T1 ), while, concomitantly, retaining strong interchromophore coupling which preserves rapid formation of 1 (T1 T1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Greißel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Current address: Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Marcel Krug
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mark Miskolzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Vong D, Maleki F, Novak EC, Daemen LL, Moulé AJ. Measuring Intermolecular Excited State Geometry for Favorable Singlet Fission in Tetracene. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1188-1194. [PMID: 38270396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is the process of converting an excited singlet to a pair of excited triplets. Harvesting two charges from a single photon has the potential to increase photovoltaic device efficiencies. Acenes, such as tetracene and pentacene, are model molecules for studying SF. Despite SF being an endoergic process for tetracene and exoergic for pentacene, both acenes exhibit near unity SF quantum efficiencies, raising questions about how tetracene can overcome the energy barrier. Here, we use recently developed instrumentation to measure inelastic neutron scattering (INS) while optically exciting the model molecules using two different excitation energies. The spectroscopic results reveal intermolecular structural relaxation due to the presence of a triplet excited state. The structural dynamics of the combined excited state molecule and surrounding tetracene molecules are further studied using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), which shows that the singlet and triplet levels shift due to the excited state geometry, reducing the uphill energy barrier for SF to within kT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Farahnaz Maleki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Eric C Novak
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Luke L Daemen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Adam J Moulé
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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6
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Sonoda Y, Kamada K. Synthesis, Characterization, and Fluorescence Properties of a Series of Trifluoromethylated Diphenylhexatrienes. J Fluor Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2023.110110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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7
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Zhou J, Liu H, Liu S, Su P, Wang W, Li Z, Liu Z, Chen Y, Dong Y, Li X. Singlet Fission in Colloidal Nanoparticles of Amphipathic Diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivatives: Probing the Role of the Charge Transfer State. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6483-6492. [PMID: 35979942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the role of the charge transfer (CT) state in the singlet fission (SF) process, we prepared three 3,6-bis(thiophen-2-yl)diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPP) derivatives with zero (Ph2TDPP), one (Ph2TDPP-COOH), and two (Ph2TDPP-(COOH)2) carboxylic groups, respectively. Their colloidal nanoparticles were also prepared by a simple precipitation method. The SF dynamics and mechanism in these colloid nanoparticles were investigated by using steady-state/transient absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Steady-state absorption spectra reveal that the strength of the CT resonance interactions between the adjacent DPP units is increased gradually from Ph2TDPP to Ph2TDPP-COOH and then to Ph2TDPP-(COOH)2. Fluorescence and transient absorption spectra demonstrate that SF is proceeded via a CT-assisted superexchange mechanism in these three nanoparticles. Furthermore, SF rate and yield are enhanced gradually with the increase of the number of the carboxylic group, which may be attributed to the enhancement of the CT coupling strength. The result of this work not only provides a better understanding of the SF mechanism especially for the role of the CT state but also gives some new insights for the design of efficient SF materials based on DPP derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Heyuan Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China.,National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Pengkun Su
- College of Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Shandong Energy Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Zhaobin Liu
- Shandong Energy Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Yanli Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Yunqin Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Xiyou Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
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8
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Walia R, Yang J. Exploring optimal multimode vibronic pathways in singlet fission of azaborine analogues of perylene. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1689-1700. [PMID: 35716333 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of new singlet fission chromophores is a vibrant area of research to explore the possibility of efficient photovoltaic devices. Using high-level ab-initio density matrix renormalization group calculations, we present a systematic analysis of BN-doped perylenes for their potential application as singlet fission candidates. Four singlet fission chromophores are identified considering the monomer-based properties and their excitonic characters are further analyzed in a dimer configuration optimized in a six-dimensional space for local maxima of fission rates. Furthermore, a multistate multimode vibronic Hamiltonian is employed to identify intra- and interstate vibrational pathways for excitation energy modulation. Several photophysical properties such as Davydov splitting, activation energy and vibronic admixture of multiexcitonic and charge-transfer states are calculated for physically accessible dimers. The optimal dimer packing results in appropriate vibrational relaxation of singlet fission states and promotes significant population transfer which would be more attenuated without such couplings. This work not only identifies potential singlet fission systems with favorable electronic properties but also highlights the sensitivity of dimer packings with respect to the substitution patterns in singlet fission chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Walia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Wang T, Zhang BY, Zhang HL. Singlet Fission Materials for Photovoltaics: from Small Molecules to Macromolecules. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200326. [PMID: 35703581 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a spin-allowed process in which a singlet state splits into two triplet states. Materials that enable SF have attracted great attention in the last decade, mainly stemming from the potential of overcoming the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit in photoenergy conversion. In the past decade, a large number of new molecules exhibiting SF have been explored and many devices based on SF materials have been studied, though the mechanistic understanding is still obscure. This review focuses on the recent developments of SF materials, including small molecules, oligomers and polymers. The molecular design strategies and related mechanisms of SF are discussed. Then the dynamics of charge transfer and energy transfer between SF materials and other materials are introduced. Further, we discuss the progresses of implementing SF in photovoltaics. It is hoped that a comprehensive understanding to the SF materials, devices and mechanism may pave a new way for the design of next generation photovoltaics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.,Prof. H. L. Zhang, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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10
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Jang YJ, Kim JH. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides as an emerging platform for singlet fission solar cells. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200265. [PMID: 35644937 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Singlet fission, a rapid exciton doubling process via inverse Auger recombination, is recognized as one of the most practical and feasible means for overcoming the Shockley-Queisser limit. Singlet fission solar cells are generally developed by integrating photon downconversion organic semiconductors into conventional photovoltaic devices to break the maximum photovoltaic response of the host semiconductors by virtue of extra triplet excitons. In this regard, proper matching of two different semiconductors and heterointerface engineering are both crucial for highly efficient singlet fission solar cells. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review the prerequisite conditions for efficient triplet transfer at the heterointerfaces and thus highlight the robust spin and valley degrees of freedom of transition metal dichalcogenides with the ultimate goal of stimulating research into next-generation singlet fission solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Jang
- Sungkyunkwan University, Convergence Research Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Ji-Hee Kim
- Sungkyunkwan University, Department of Energy Science, 2066 Seoburo, Jangangu, Suwon, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
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11
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Fan S, Li W, Li T, Gao F, Hu W, Liu S, Wang X, Liu H, Liu Z, Li Z, Chen Y, Li X. Singlet fission in colloid nanoparticles of amphipathic 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Fei X, Zhang S, Zhai D, Wang Z, Lin JL, Xiao Q, Sun CL, Deng W, Zhang C, Hu W, Zhang HL. Flavanthrene derivatives as photostable and efficient singlet exciton fission materials. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9914-9920. [PMID: 36128249 PMCID: PMC9430411 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Singlet exciton fission (SF) is believed to have the potential to break the Shockley−Quiesser third-generation solar cell devices, so that attracted great attention. Conventional linear acene based SF materials generally...
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - San Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Dong Zhai
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Jin-Liang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Qi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Chun-Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Weiqiao Deng
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University 300072 Tianjin China
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13
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Wang L, Cai W, Sun J, Wu Y, Zhang B, Tian X, Guo S, Liang W, Fu H, Yao J. H-Type-like Aggregation-Accelerated Singlet Fission Process in Dipyrrolonaphthyridinedione Thin Film: The Role of Charge Transfer/Excimer Mixed Intermediate State. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:12276-12282. [PMID: 34931841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Through the combination of transient spectroscopy and theoretical simulations, an accelerated singlet fission (SF) process was evidently observed in the strongly coupled H-type-like aggregation thin films of a dipyrrolonaphthyridinedione skeleton. Results elucidate that in this H-type-like aggregation, the substantially stabilized charge transfer (CT) state is close in energy with singlet and excimer states, resulting in a CT/excimer mixed state, which could drive excited-state population escaping from excimer trap and promote an ultrafast and highly efficient SF process. Our results not only enrich the limited capacity of SF materials but also contribute to an in-depth understanding of SF dynamics in H-type aggregation, which is of fundamental importance for designing new SF sensitizers and implementing practical SF applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Wanlin Cai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yuling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiangbin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shaoting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - WanZhen Liang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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14
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Zhang J, Sakai H, Suzuki K, Hasobe T, Tkachenko NV, Chang IY, Hyeon-Deuk K, Kaji H, Teranishi T, Sakamoto M. Near-Unity Singlet Fission on a Quantum Dot Initiated by Resonant Energy Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17388-17394. [PMID: 34647732 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of a high-energy photon into two excitons using singlet fission (SF) has stimulated a variety of studies in fields from fundamental physics to device applications. However, efficient SF has only been achieved in limited systems, such as solid crystals and covalent dimers. Here, we established a novel system by assembling 4-(6,13-bis(2-(triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)pentacen-2-yl)benzoic acid (Pc) chromophores on nanosized CdTe quantum dots (QDs). A near-unity SF (198 ± 5.7%) initiated by interfacial resonant energy transfer from CdTe to surface Pc was obtained. The unique arrangement of Pc determined by the surface atomic configuration of QDs is the key factor realizing unity SF. The triplet-triplet annihilation was remarkably suppressed due to the rapid dissociation of triplet pairs, leading to long-lived free triplets. In addition, the low light-harvesting ability of Pc in the visible region was promoted by the efficient energy transfer (99 ± 5.8%) from the QDs to Pc. The synergistically enhanced light-harvesting ability, high triplet yield, and long-lived triplet lifetime of the SF system on nanointerfaces could pave the way for an unmatched advantage of SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Nikolai V Tkachenko
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, FI33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - I-Ya Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kim Hyeon-Deuk
- Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hironori Kaji
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Teranishi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masanori Sakamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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15
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Gish MK, Raulerson EK, Pekarek RT, Greenaway AL, Thorley KJ, Neale NR, Anthony JE, Johnson JC. Resolving electron injection from singlet fission-borne triplets into mesoporous transparent conducting oxides. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11146-11156. [PMID: 34522312 PMCID: PMC8386672 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer into mesoporous oxide substrates is well-known to occur efficiently for both singlet and triplet excited states in conventional metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) dyes. However, in all-organic dyes that have the potential for producing two triplet states from one absorbed photon, called singlet fission dyes, the dynamics of electron injection from singlet vs. triplet excited states has not been elucidated. Using applied bias transient absorption spectroscopy with an anthradithiophene-based chromophore (ADT-COOH) adsorbed to mesoporous indium tin oxide (nanoITO), we modulate the driving force and observe changes in electron injection dynamics. ADT-COOH is known to undergo fast triplet pair formation in solid-state films. We find that the electronic coupling at the interface is roughly one order of magnitude weaker for triplet vs. singlet electron injection, which is potentially related to the highly localized nature of triplets without significant charge-transfer character. Through the use of applied bias on nanoITO:ADT-COOH films, we map the electron injection rate constant dependence on driving force, finding negligible injection from triplets at zero bias due to competing recombination channels. However, at driving forces greater than -0.6 eV, electron injection from the triplet accelerates and clearly produces a trend with increased applied bias that matches predictions from Marcus theory with a metallic acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Gish
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Pkwy CO 80401 USA
| | - Emily K Raulerson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Pkwy CO 80401 USA
| | - Ryan T Pekarek
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Pkwy CO 80401 USA
| | - Ann L Greenaway
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Pkwy CO 80401 USA
| | - Karl J Thorley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Nathan R Neale
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Pkwy CO 80401 USA
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Justin C Johnson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Pkwy CO 80401 USA
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16
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Yoshino K, Sakai H, Shoji Y, Kajitani T, Anetai H, Akutagawa T, Fukushima T, Tkachenko NV, Hasobe T. Room-Temperature Pentacene Fluids: Oligoethylene Glycol Substituent-Controlled Morphologies and Singlet Fission. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11910-11918. [PMID: 33336576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the first synthesis of solvent-free pentacene fluids at room temperature together with observation of singlet fission (SF). Three pentacenes with different number of ethylene glycol (EG) side chains (n) were employed (denoted as (EG)n-Pc-(EG)n: n = 2, 3, and 4). The morphologies of these pentacenes largely depend on the lengths of EG chains (n). (EG)3-Pc-(EG)3 and (EG)4-Pc-(EG)4 indicate fluid compounds at room temperature, whereas (EG)2-Pc-(EG)2 is a solid compound. Microscopic clustering with short-range interactions between pentacene chromophores was confirmed in X-ray diffraction profiles of solvent-free fluids. Such a structural trend is an important origin of SF and consistent with the steady-state spectroscopic results. To one's surprise, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that SF occurred in thin films prepared from solvent-free fluids of (EG)3-Pc-(EG)3 and (EG)4-Pc-(EG)4 in spite of such excessive EG chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshino
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Shoji
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Takashi Kajitani
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.,Materials Analysis Division, Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hayato Anetai
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Nikolai V Tkachenko
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, Tampere FI33720, Finland
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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17
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Paul S, Govind C, Karunakaran V. Planarity and Length of the Bridge Control Rate and Efficiency of Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Pentacene Dimers. J Phys Chem B 2020; 125:231-239. [PMID: 33371685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) improves the power conversion efficiency of optoelectronic devices by converting high-energy photons into two triplet excitons. SF dynamics and efficiency (Φ) are controlled by various factors. Here, the effect of planarity and length of the bridge in pentacene dimers on the intramolecular SF (iSF) process was investigated by synthesizing the dimers connected by bridges having fluorene (FL-PD, planar), methyl-substituted biphenyl (MBP-PD, twisted), and diphenyl acetylene (DPA-PD, longer) groups and characterizing their excited-state relaxation dynamics using nanosecond and femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. Transient absorption studies reveal that iSF dynamics of FL-PD having a planar bridge are ∼787 times faster (187 ps) and exhibit higher Φ (198%) by feasible electronic coupling, compared to MBP-PD possessing a twisted bridge showing a low Φ of ∼16%. However compared to FL-PD, iSF dynamics of DPA-PD with an increase of bridge length are slower by an order (1.09 ns) and show comparable Φ of 185% through extended conjugation. Thus, the planarity and length of the bridge in pentacene dimers control the rate and efficiency of the iSF process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitha Paul
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019 Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Chinju Govind
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019 Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Venugopal Karunakaran
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019 Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
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18
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Daiber B, Maiti S, Ferro SM, Bodin J, van den Boom AFJ, Luxembourg SL, Kinge S, Pujari SP, Zuilhof H, Siebbeles LDA, Ehrler B. Change in Tetracene Polymorphism Facilitates Triplet Transfer in Singlet Fission-Sensitized Silicon Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8703-8709. [PMID: 32959663 PMCID: PMC7569671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission in tetracene generates two triplet excitons per absorbed photon. If these triplet excitons can be effectively transferred into silicon (Si), then additional photocurrent can be generated from photons above the bandgap of Si. This could alleviate the thermalization loss and increase the efficiency of conventional Si solar cells. Here, we show that a change in the polymorphism of tetracene deposited on Si due to air exposure facilitates triplet transfer from tetracene into Si. Magnetic field-dependent photocurrent measurements confirm that triplet excitons contribute to the photocurrent. The decay of tetracene delayed photoluminescence was used to determine a transfer efficiency of ∼36% into Si. Our study suggests that control over the morphology of tetracene during the deposition will be of great importance to boost the triplet transfer yield further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Daiber
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sourav Maiti
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia M. Ferro
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Bodin
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alyssa F. J. van den Boom
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan L. Luxembourg
- TNO
Energy Transition − Solar Energy, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Toyota
Motor Europe, Materials Research & Development, Hoge Wei 33, B-1913, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Sidharam P. Pujari
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School
of
Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin
University, 92 Weijin
Road, Tianjin, China
| | - Laurens D. A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Ehrler
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Papadopoulos I, Gutiérrez-Moreno D, McCosker PM, Casillas R, Keller PA, Sastre-Santos Á, Clark T, Fernández-Lázaro F, Guldi DM. Perylene-Monoimides: Singlet Fission Down-Conversion Competes with Up-Conversion by Geminate Triplet–Triplet Recombination. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5727-5736. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Gutiérrez-Moreno
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avdade la Universidad s/n, Elche E-03202, Spain
| | - Patrick M. McCosker
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Rubén Casillas
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul A. Keller
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avdade la Universidad s/n, Elche E-03202, Spain
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fernando Fernández-Lázaro
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avdade la Universidad s/n, Elche E-03202, Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Singlet Fission in Self-assembled Amphipathic Tetracene Nanoparticles: Probing the Role of Charge-transfer State. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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El Bakouri O, Smith JR, Ottosson H. Strategies for Design of Potential Singlet Fission Chromophores Utilizing a Combination of Ground-State and Excited-State Aromaticity Rules. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5602-5617. [PMID: 32107921 PMCID: PMC7307911 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Singlet exciton fission photovoltaic technology requires chromophores with their lowest excited states arranged so that 2E(T1) < E(S1) and E(S1) < E(T2). Herein, qualitative theory and quantum chemical calculations are used to develop explicit strategies on how to use Baird's 4n rule on excited-state aromaticity, combined with Hückel's 4n + 2 rule for ground-state aromaticity, to tailor new potential chromophores for singlet fission. We first analyze the E(T1), E(S1), and E(T2) of benzene and cyclobutadiene (CBD) as excited-state antiaromatic and aromatic archetypes, respectively, and reveal that CBD fulfills the criteria on the state ordering for a singlet fission chromophore. We then look at fulvenes, a class of compounds that can be tuned by choice of substituents from Baird-antiaromatic to Baird-aromatic in T1 and S1 and from Hückel-aromatic to Hückel-antiaromatic in S0. The T1 and S1 states of most substituted fulvenes (159 of 225) are described by singly excited HOMO → LUMO configurations, providing a rational for the simultaneous tuning of E(T1) and E(S1) along an approximate (anti)aromaticity coordinate. Key to the tunability is the exchange integral (KH,L), which ideally is constant throughout the compound class, providing a constant ΔE(S1 - T1). This leads us to a geometric model for the identification of singlet fission chromophores, and we explore what factors limit the model. Candidates with calculated E(T1) values of ∼1 eV or higher are identified among benzannelated 4nπ-electron compound classes and siloles. In brief, it is clarified how the joint utilization of Baird's 4n and Hückel's 4n + 2 rules, together with substituent effects (electronic and steric) and benzannelation, can be used to tailor new chromophores with potential use in singlet fission photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouissam El Bakouri
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joshua R. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt State University, One Harpst Street, Arcata, California 95521, United States
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Ashcraft A, Liu K, Mukhopadhyay A, Paulino V, Liu C, Bernard B, Husainy D, Phan T, Olivier J. A Molecular Strategy to Lock‐in the Conformation of a Perylene Bisimide‐Derived Supramolecular Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ashcraft
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Kaixuan Liu
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Arindam Mukhopadhyay
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Victor Paulino
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Brianna Bernard
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Dalia Husainy
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Tina Phan
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Jean‐Hubert Olivier
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
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23
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Ashcraft A, Liu K, Mukhopadhyay A, Paulino V, Liu C, Bernard B, Husainy D, Phan T, Olivier J. A Molecular Strategy to Lock‐in the Conformation of a Perylene Bisimide‐Derived Supramolecular Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7487-7493. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ashcraft
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Kaixuan Liu
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Arindam Mukhopadhyay
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Victor Paulino
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Brianna Bernard
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Dalia Husainy
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Tina Phan
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
| | - Jean‐Hubert Olivier
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Miami 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Building Coral Gables FL 33146 USA
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24
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Spatial separation of triplet excitons drives endothermic singlet fission. Nat Chem 2020; 12:391-398. [PMID: 32123340 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecules that undergo singlet fission, converting singlet excitons into pairs of triplet excitons, have potential as photovoltaic materials. The possible advantages of endothermic singlet fission (enhanced use of photon energy and larger triplet energies for coupling with common absorbers) motivated us to assess the role of exciton delocalization in the activation of this process. Here we report the synthesis of a series of linear perylene oligomers that undergo endothermic singlet fission and have endothermicities in the range 5-10 kBT at room temperature in solution. We study these compounds using transient spectroscopy and modelling to unravel the singlet and triplet dynamics. We show that the minimal number of coupled chromophores needed to undergo endothermic singlet fission is three, which provides sufficient statistical space for triplet excitons to separate and avoid annihilation-and a subsequent fast return to the singlet state. Our data additionally suggest that torsional motion of chromophores about the molecular axis following triplet-pair separation contributes to the increase in entropy, thus lengthening the triplet lifetime in longer oligomers.
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25
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Robb AJ, Knorr ES, Watson N, Hanson K. Metal ion linked multilayers on mesoporous substrates: Energy/electron transfer, photon upconversion, and more. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Medina DP, Papadopoulos I, Lavarda G, Gotfredsen H, Rami PR, Tykwinski RR, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Guldi DM, Torres T. Light-harvesting porphyrazines to enable intramolecular singlet fission. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:22286-22292. [PMID: 31730142 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08161e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A porphyrazine featuring complementary absorption to a pentacene dimer was chosen to fill the absorption gap of the latter in the range of 450 to 600 nm to realize panchromatic absorption through the visible region out to ca. 700 nm. Of even greater relevance is the quantitative intramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (i-FRET) to funnel energy to the pentacene moieties, where efficient intramolecular singlet fission (i-SF) converts the singlet excited state into the corresponding triplet excited states. Remarkably, the triplet quantum yield either via direct excitation or via indirect i-FRET is up to 200% ± 20% in polar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana-Paola Medina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Saegusa T, Sakai H, Nagashima H, Kobori Y, Tkachenko NV, Hasobe T. Controlled Orientations of Neighboring Tetracene Units by Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Nanoclusters for High-Yield and Long-Lived Triplet Excited States through Singlet Fission. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14720-14727. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Saegusa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagashima
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Nikolai V. Tkachenko
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials Group, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, FI33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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28
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Tykwinski RR. Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Derivatives of Pentacene for Materials Applications. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2056-2069. [PMID: 31310504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pentacene shows unique electronic properties that have long been appreciated and exploited. Over the past 20 years, new synthetic schemes have been developed to address some of the problems encountered with pristine pentacene (e.g., stability and solubility), and pentacene derivatives have become a mainstay in the realm of organic semiconductors in applications such as organic light-emitting diodes, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), and organic photovoltaics. At the onset of our work, the vast majority of known pentacene derivatives featured a symmetrical structure, often as the result of synthetic protocols that rely on nucleophilic additions to 6,13-pentacenequinone (PQ). The assembly of pentacenes featuring an unsymmetrical framework held great appeal, but the stepwise formation of derivatives, in which a specific function might be incorporated through each individual addition step, did not exist. This Account presents contributions from our lab and others to the synthesis and study of unsymmetrical pentacene derivatives. PQ offers an ideal platform for desymmetrization through the sequential addition of nucleophiles to each of the two ketone groups. Addition can be completed in a one-pot protocol, or through individual steps in which the product of the first addition is isolated and used as a precursor in the divergent synthesis of a series of structurally related molecules. This general approach has been used to assemble pentacene derivatives appended with alkynyl/aryl/alkyl groups, polarized frameworks via substitution with donor and/or acceptor groups, and conjugated oligomers linked by butadiynyl moieties. Stepwise substitution also provides derivatives with remarkable functionality, including pentacene-porphyrin dyads, pendent TEMPO free radicals, cyanoacrylic acid anchor groups (for incorporation into dye-sensitized solar cells), and derivatives with ambipolar behavior for OFET devices. The study of intramolecular singlet fission (iSF) has emerged as one of the most fruitful applications of unsymmetrical pentacene derivatives. SF involves the spontaneous splitting of a photoexcited singlet state (S1) in one chromophore into a pair of triplets (T1) shared with a neighboring chromophore. Pentacene derivatives are particularly well suited for this since E(S1) ≥ 2E(T1) satisfies the thermodynamic requirements for SF, and they have the additional feature that two chromophores can be tethered together by a "spacer" that allows spectroscopic studies of iSF to be done in dilute solution. From a synthetic perspective, the major advantage of the dimeric structure is the ability to modify the spacer, which allows for control over the distance, geometric relationship, and electronic coupling between the two pentacene groups. Dimeric pentacenes are central to providing an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism of SF, often providing advances not possible from measurements in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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29
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Efficient triplet pair separation from intramolecular singlet fission in dibenzopentalene derivatives. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Bayliss SL, Kraffert F, Wang R, Zhang C, Bittl R, Behrends J. Tuning Spin Dynamics in Crystalline Tetracene. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:1908-1913. [PMID: 30939019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tetracene is an archetypal material undergoing singlet fission-the generation of a pair of triplet excitons from one singlet exciton. Here, using time-resolved electron spin resonance, we show how the spin dynamics in tetracene crystals are influenced by temperature and morphology. Upon cooling from 300 to 200 K, we observe a switch between singlet fission and intersystem crossing generated triplets, manifesting as an inversion in transient spin polarization. We extract a spin dephasing time of approximately 40 ns for fission-generated triplets at room temperature, nearly 100 times shorter than the dephasing time that we measure for triplets localized on isolated tetracene molecules. These results highlight the importance of morphology and thermal activation in singlet fission systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam L Bayliss
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik , Freie Universität Berlin , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Felix Kraffert
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik , Freie Universität Berlin , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Rui Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Robert Bittl
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik , Freie Universität Berlin , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jan Behrends
- Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Fachbereich Physik , Freie Universität Berlin , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
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31
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Basel BS, Papadopoulos I, Thiel D, Casillas R, Zirzlmeier J, Clark T, Guldi DM, Tykwinski RR. Pentacenes: A Molecular Ruler for Singlet Fission. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Lavarda G, Zirzlmeier J, Gruber M, Rami PR, Tykwinski RR, Torres T, Guldi DM. Feinabstimmung von intramolekularem resonantem Förster-Energietransfer und Aktivierung intramolekularer Singulettspaltung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica und Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spanien
| | - Johannes Zirzlmeier
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Marco Gruber
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Parisa R. Rami
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Kanada
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica und Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spanien
- IMDEA-Nanociencia; Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spanien
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie &, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
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33
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Lavarda G, Zirzlmeier J, Gruber M, Rami PR, Tykwinski RR, Torres T, Guldi DM. Tuning Intramolecular Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and Activating Intramolecular Singlet Fission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16291-16295. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Johannes Zirzlmeier
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Marco Gruber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Parisa R. Rami
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia; Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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