1
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Koo J, Kim W, Jhun BH, Park S, Song D, You Y, Lee HG. Halogen Atom Transfer-Induced Homolysis of C-F Bonds by the Excited-State Boryl Radical. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22874-22880. [PMID: 39093360 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
A novel reactivity toward C-F bond functionalization has been developed, which could be designated as fluorine atom transfer (FAT). A photoexcited state of an N-heterocyclic carbene-ligated boryl radical exhibits a transcendent reactivity, capable of activating chemically inert carbon-fluorine bonds through homolysis. Combined experimental and computational studies suggest that the ligated boryl radical species directly abstracts a fluorine atom from the organofluoride substrates to provide valuable carbon-centered radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwoo Koo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Weonjeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hak Jhun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoon Song
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin You
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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2
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Gallego-Gamo A, Sarró P, Ji Y, Pleixats R, Molins E, Gimbert-Suriñach C, Vallribera A, Granados A. Direct Synthesis of 2-Hydroxytrifluoroethylacetophenones via Organophotoredox-Mediated Net-Neutral Radical/Polar Crossover. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11682-11692. [PMID: 39087492 PMCID: PMC11334190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Alkene difunctionalization is a very attractive tool in synthetic organic chemistry. Herein, we disclose an operationally and practically simple method to access 2-hydroxytrifluoroethylacetophenones from styrene derivatives via photoredox catalysis. This light-mediated transformation promotes the generation of the 1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbon-centered radical as key synthon, which undergoes Giese addition with styrenes followed by a Kornblum oxidation process. The presented method is not only mild and cost-effective, but also utilizes an organic photocatalyst and DMSO as oxidant. Experimental investigations support the operative mechanism via net-neutral radical/polar crossover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gallego-Gamo
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Sarró
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yingmin Ji
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Pleixats
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elies Molins
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carolina Gimbert-Suriñach
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelina Vallribera
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Granados
- Department
of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada
(ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Shi WY, Ma JJ, Li HY, Chen D, Liu XY, Liang YM. Synthesis of C-Alkyl Glycosides from Alkyl Bromides and Glycosyl Carboxylic Acids via Ni/Photoredox Dual Catalysis. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11136-11147. [PMID: 39106492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
C-Alkyl glycosides, an important class of C-glycosides, are widely found in various drugs and natural products. The synthesis of C-alkyl glycosides has attracted considerable attention. Herein, we developed a Ni/photoredox catalyzed decarboxylative C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling reaction of stable glycosylcarboxylic acids with simple aliphatic bromides to generate C-alkyl glycosides. The method successfully linked several functional molecular fragments (natural products or drugs) to a sugar moiety, showing the extensive application prospects of this transformation. Controlled experiments and DFT calculations demonstrated that the reaction pathway contains a free radical process, and a possible mechanism is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hu-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Dongping Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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4
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Silalai P, Saeeng R. Visible-light-induced photocatalytic four-component fluoroalkylation-dithiocarbamylation via difunctionalization of styrenes. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39140347 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00699b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate that a visible-light-induced photocatalytic four-component fluoroalkylation-dithiocarbamylation is a unified method for the fluoroalkylation of diverse activated fluoroalkyl halides, including monofluoroalkyl bromides, difluoroalkyl bromides, trifluoromethyl iodide, and perfluoroalkyl iodides. The synthetic value of this method has been demonstrated by the transformations of various substrates containing drug/natural product skeletons, gram scale reactions, and further derivatizations of the fluorodithiocarbamate products. This work features an atom economical protocol that is simple to operate, does not require any additives or strong bases, and can be carried out under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patamawadee Silalai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand.
| | - Rungnapha Saeeng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand.
- The Research Unit in Synthetic Compounds and Synthetic Analogues from Natural Product for Drug Discovery (RSND), Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
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5
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Chen X, Liu Y, Zhang S, Li Y, Zhou XY, Yu X, Feng X, Yamamoto Y, Bao M. A Difluoromethylation Reagent: Access to Difluoromethyl Arenes through Palladium Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:6024-6029. [PMID: 38984734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
A new radical difluoromethylation was developed by using inexpensive and readily available difluoroacetic anhydride and N-phenyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide for the first time. The reaction of arylboronic acids with the new difluoromethylation reagent, N-phenyl-N-tosyldifluoroacetamide, proceeded smoothly in the presence of palladium catalyst to provide difluoromethylarenes in satisfactory to excellent yields. The electronic property (electron-donating or electron-withdrawing) of the substituent linked to the aromatic ring did not considerably influence the reactivity of arylboronic acid. Various groups, including the synthetically useful functional groups Cl, CN, and NO2, were tolerated well under the current reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
| | - Yining Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiujuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yoshinori Yamamoto
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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6
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Ford J, Ortalli S, Gouverneur V. The 18F-Difluoromethyl Group: Challenges, Impact and Outlook. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404957. [PMID: 38640422 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The difluoromethyl functionality has proven useful in drug discovery, as it can modulate the properties of bioactive molecules. For PET imaging, this structural motif has been largely underexploited in (pre)clinical radiotracers due to a lack of user-friendly radiosynthetic routes. This Minireview provides an overview of the challenges facing radiochemists and summarises the efforts made to date to access 18F-difluoromethyl-containing radiotracers. Two distinct approaches have prevailed, the first of which relies on 18F-fluorination. A second approach consists of a 18F-difluoromethylation process, which uses 18F-labelled reagents capable of releasing key reactive intermediates such as the [18F]CF2H radical or [18F]difluorocarbene. Finally, we provide an outlook for future directions in the radiosynthesis of [18F]CF2H compounds and their application in tracer radiosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastiano Ortalli
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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7
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Jesani MH, Schwarz M, Kim S, Evans FL, White A, Browning A, Abrams R, Clayden J. Selective Defluorination of Trifluoromethyl Substituents by Conformationally Induced Remote Substitution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403477. [PMID: 38587304 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The selective reduction of an aromatic trifluoromethyl substituent to a difluoromethyl substituent may be achieved by base-promoted elimination to form a difluoro-p-quinomethide which is trapped by an intramolecular nucleophile. High yields are obtained when the nucleophilic trap entails the conformationally favoured cyclisation of an aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) derivative. The resulting cyclised difluoromethyl-substituted arylimidazolidinone products are readily converted to versatile difluoromethyl-substituted aldehydes by reduction and hydrolysis. Defluorination is successful on a range of benzenoid (both para and ortho CF3-substituted) and heterocyclic substrates. Double defluorination may likewise be achieved sequentially, or in a single step, from an Aib dipeptide derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehul H Jesani
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Maria Schwarz
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Shiwhu Kim
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Finlay L Evans
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Alexander White
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Alex Browning
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Roman Abrams
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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8
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Xu P, Wang Z, Guo SM, Studer A. Introduction of the difluoromethyl group at the meta- or para-position of pyridines through regioselectivity switch. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4121. [PMID: 38750008 PMCID: PMC11096164 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Difluoromethyl pyridines have gained significant attention in medicinal and agricultural chemistry. The direct C-H-difluoromethylation of pyridines represents a highly efficient economic way to access these azines. However, the direct meta-difluoromethylation of pyridines has remained elusive and methods for site-switchable regioselective meta- and para-difluoromethylation are unknown. Here, we demonstrate the meta-C-H-difluoromethylation of pyridines through a radical process by using oxazino pyridine intermediates, which are easily accessed from pyridines. The selectivity can be readily switched to para by in situ transformation of the oxazino pyridines to pyridinium salts upon acid treatment. The preparation of various meta- and para-difluoromethylated pyridines through this approach is presented. The mild conditions used also allow for the late-stage meta- or para-difluoromethylation of pyridine containing drugs. Sequential double functionalization of pyridines is presented, which further underlines the value of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Zhe Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Shu-Min Guo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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9
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Tripathy A, Bisoyi A, P A, Venugopal S, Yatham VR. Synergistic Merger of Ketone, Halogen Atom Transfer (XAT), and Nickel-Mediated C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Cross-Electrophile Coupling Enabled by Light. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:229-234. [PMID: 38585508 PMCID: PMC10996044 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
In the present manuscript, we have developed a unique catalytic system by merging photoexcited ketone catalysis, halogen atom transfer (XAT), and nickel catalysis to forge C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-electrophile coupling products from unactivated iodoalkanes and (hetero)aryl bromides. The synergistic catalytic system works under mild reaction conditions and tolerates a variety of functional groups; moreover, this strategy allows the late-stage modification of medicinally relevant molecules. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal the role of the α-aminoalkyl radical, which further participates in the XAT process with alkyl iodides to generate the desired alkyl radical, which eventually intercepts with the nickel catalytic cycle to liberate the products in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha
Rani Tripathy
- School
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Akash Bisoyi
- School
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Arya P
- School
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Sreelakshmi Venugopal
- School
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Veera Reddy Yatham
- School
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
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10
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Chen D, Song ZJ, Yan S, Li G, Wang JY, Zhang Y. Photoinduced radical tandem annulation of 1,7-diynes: an approach for divergent assembly of functionalized quinolin-2(1H)-ones. Front Chem 2024; 12:1371978. [PMID: 38595704 PMCID: PMC11002210 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1371978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The first photocatalytic trichloromethyl radical-triggered annulative reactions of amide-linked 1,7-diynes with polyhalomethanes were established for the flexible assembly of functionalized quinolin-2(1H)-ones with generally acceptable yields. With the installation of the aryl group (R1) into the alkynyl moiety, C-center radical-initiated Kharasch-type addition/nucleophilic substitution/elimination cascade to produce quinolin-2(1H)-ones-incorporating gem-dihaloalkene, whereas three examples of polyhalogenated quinolin-2(1H)-ones were afforded when amide-linked 1,7-diynes bearing two terminal alkyne units were subjected to BrCX3 by exploiting dry acetonitrile as a solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daixiang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Song
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenghu Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Jia-Yin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Zhu Y, Qiu YH, Dai XK, Luo W, Peng X, Chen Z, Yu D. Difluoromethylated Difunctionalization of Alkenes under Visible Light. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2525-2537. [PMID: 38300156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Difluoromethylated compounds usually act as bioisosteres for alcohol functional groups and show unique physicochemical and biological properties. The cyano-difluoromethylation of alkenes using 5-((difluoromethyl)sulfonyl)-1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole as a CF2H radical difluoromethyl precursor was developed to afford nitriles including a CF2H group. A low-cost, stable, easily handled 5-((difluoromethyl)sulfonyl)-1-methyl-1H-tetrazole (DFSMT) was synthesized and applied as the radical CF2H reagent. Using DFSMT as the radical CF2H precursor, the oxyl-difluoromethylation of alkenes was developed to obtain difluoromethylated ether products. All of the reactions showed good functional group tolerability. Initial mechanistic experiments indicated that the CF2H radical was involved as the key active intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Kang Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Daohong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
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12
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Chen D, Bao Y, Yan S, Wang J, Zhang Y, Li G. Photocatalytic Multicomponent Annulation of Amide-Anchored 1,7-Diynes Enabled by Deconstruction of Bromotrichloromethane. Molecules 2024; 29:782. [PMID: 38398533 PMCID: PMC10893216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We present the first example of visible-light-mediated multicomponent annulation of 1,7-diynes by taking advantage of quadruple cleavage olf carbon-halogen bonds of BrCCl3 to generate a C1 synthon, which was adeptly applied to the preparation of skeletally diverse 3-benzoyl-quinolin-2(1H)-one acetates in moderate to good yields. Controlled experiments demonstrated that H2O acted as both oxygen and hydrogen sources, and gem-dichlorovinyl carbonyl compound exhibited as a critical intermediate in this process. The mechanistic pathway involves Kharasch-type addition/6-exo-dig cyclization/1,5-(SN")-substitution/elimination/binucleophilic 1,6-addition/proton transfer/tautomerization sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daixiang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yu Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Shenghu Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jiayin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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13
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Gallego-Gamo A, Pleixats R, Gimbert-Suriñach C, Vallribera A, Granados A. Hydroxytrifluoroethylation and Trifluoroacetylation Reactions via SET Processes. Chemistry 2024:e202303854. [PMID: 38183331 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxytrifluoroethyl and trifluoroacetyl groups are of utmost importance in biologically active compounds, but methods to tether these motifs to organic architectures have been limited. Typically, the preparation of these compounds relied on the use of strong bases or multistep routes. The renaissance of radical chemistry in photocatalytic, transition metal mediated, and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes have allowed the installation of these medicinally relevant fluorinated motifs. This review provides an overview of the methods available for the direct synthesis of hydroxytrifluoroethyl- and trifluoroacetyl-derived compounds governed by single-electron transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gallego-Gamo
- Department of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Pleixats
- Department of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Gimbert-Suriñach
- Department of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelina Vallribera
- Department of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Granados
- Department of Chemistry and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Purushotam, Bera A, Banerjee D. Recent advances on non-precious metal-catalysed fluorination, difluoromethylation, trifluoromethylation, and perfluoroalkylation of N-heteroarenes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9298-9315. [PMID: 37855147 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent advances, from 2015 to 2023, on the introduction of organo-fluorine derivatives at the N-heteroarene core. Notable features considering new technologies based on organofluorine compounds such as: (i) approaches based on non-precious metal catalysis (Fe, Co, Mn, Ni, etc.), (ii) the development of new strategies using non-precious metal-catalysts for the introduction of organo-fluorinine derivatives using N-heterocycles with one or more heteroatoms, (iii) newer reagents for fluorination, difluoromethylation, trifluoromethylation, or perfluoroalkylation of N-heteroarenes using different approaches, (iv) mechanistic studies on various catalytic transformations, as and when required, and (v) the synthetic applications of various bio-active organo-fluorine compounds, including post-synthetic drug derivatization, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushotam
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Atanu Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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15
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Liang YF, Bilal M, Tang LY, Wang TZ, Guan YQ, Cheng Z, Zhu M, Wei J, Jiao N. Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage for Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12313-12370. [PMID: 37942891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) introduces functional group or structural modification at the final stage of the synthesis of natural products, drugs, and complex compounds. It is anticipated that late-stage functionalization would improve drug discovery's effectiveness and efficiency and hasten the creation of various chemical libraries. Consequently, late-stage functionalization of natural products is a productive technique to produce natural product derivatives, which significantly impacts chemical biology and drug development. Carbon-carbon bonds make up the fundamental framework of organic molecules. Compared with the carbon-carbon bond construction, the carbon-carbon bond activation can directly enable molecular editing (deletion, insertion, or modification of atoms or groups of atoms) and provide a more efficient and accurate synthetic strategy. However, the efficient and selective activation of unstrained carbon-carbon bonds is still one of the most challenging projects in organic synthesis. This review encompasses the strategies employed in recent years for carbon-carbon bond cleavage by explicitly focusing on their applicability in late-stage functionalization. This review expands the current discourse on carbon-carbon bond cleavage in late-stage functionalization reactions by providing a comprehensive overview of the selective cleavage of various types of carbon-carbon bonds. This includes C-C(sp), C-C(sp2), and C-C(sp3) single bonds; carbon-carbon double bonds; and carbon-carbon triple bonds, with a focus on catalysis by transition metals or organocatalysts. Additionally, specific topics, such as ring-opening processes involving carbon-carbon bond cleavage in three-, four-, five-, and six-membered rings, are discussed, and exemplar applications of these techniques are showcased in the context of complex bioactive molecules or drug discovery. This review aims to shed light on recent advancements in the field and propose potential avenues for future research in the realm of late-stage carbon-carbon bond functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Le-Yu Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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16
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Sun Y, Zhang SP, Yang WC. Divergent Construction of Thiochromanes and N-Arylbutanamides via Arylthiodifluoromethyl Radical-Triggered Cascade of Alkenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13279-13290. [PMID: 37650696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A strategy utilizing silver-catalyzed oxidative decarboxylation radical cascade cyclization of arylthiodifluoroacetic acids with alkenes for the simple and efficient preparation of difluoromethylated thiochromanes and 2,2-disubstituted-N-arylbutanamides derivatives has been developed. This approach includes good functional group tolerance, easily accessible starting materials, and operational simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Guangling College and School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Peng Zhang
- Guangling College and School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Guangling College and School of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
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17
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Gallego-Gamo A, Granados A, Pleixats R, Gimbert-Suriñach C, Vallribera A. Difluoroalkylation of Anilines via Photoinduced Methods. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12585-12596. [PMID: 37585266 PMCID: PMC10476199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of sustainable and mild protocols for the fluoroalkylation of organic backbones is of current interest in chemical organic synthesis. Herein, we present operationally simple and practical transition-metal-free methods for the preparation of difluoroalkyl anilines. First, a visible-light organophotocatalytic system working via oxidative quenching is described, providing access to a wide range of difluoroalkyl anilines under mild conditions. In addition, the formation of an unprecedented electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between anilines and ethyl difluoroiodoacetate is reported and exploited as an alternative, efficient, and straightforward strategy to prepare difluoroalkyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gallego-Gamo
- Department of Chemistry and
Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Granados
- Department of Chemistry and
Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Pleixats
- Department of Chemistry and
Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Gimbert-Suriñach
- Department of Chemistry and
Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelina Vallribera
- Department of Chemistry and
Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Song H, Li J, Zhang Y, Chen K, Liu L, Zhang J, Duan XH, Hu M. Photoredox Catalysis-Enabled C-H Difluoromethylation of Heteroarenes with Pentacoordinate Phosphorane as the Reagent. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12013-12023. [PMID: 37549379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Difluoromethylated heterocyclic compounds have found broad applications in numerous bioactive molecules. Herein, we report photoredox catalysis-induced direct C-H difluoromethylation of heterocycles by using bis(difluoromethyl) pentacoordinate phosphorane (PPh3(CF2H)2, 1) as the reagent. A variety of heterocycles, such as quinoxalin-2(1H)-one, thiophene, indole, and coumarin, are readily tailored with a difluoromethyl group. The method is featured as transition-metal-free by using an organic compound Erythrosin B as the catalyst and O2 as the oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Song
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yinbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Le Liu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Mingyou Hu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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19
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Pan S, Chen F, Zhang Y, Shao L, Chu L. Nickel-Catalyzed Markovnikov-Selective Hydrodifluoromethylation of Alkynes Using BrCF 2 H. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305426. [PMID: 37293885 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A Markovnikov-selective hydrodifluoromethylation of alkynes with BrCF2 H via nickel catalysis is described. This protocol proceeds via a migratory insertion of nickel hydride to alkyne followed by a CF2 H-coupling, enabling straightforward access to diverse branched CF2 H-alkenes with high efficiency and exclusive regioselectivity. The mild condition applies to a wide array of aliphatic and aryl alkynes with good functional group compatibility. Mechanistic studies are presented to support the proposed pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Liang Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Lingling Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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20
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Hu CC, Tong CL, Zhang YY, Xu XH, Qing FL. Photoredox-Catalyzed and Silane-Mediated Hydrofluoromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes with Fluoroiodomethane in Water. Org Lett 2023; 25:1035-1039. [PMID: 36749173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The first hydrofluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes with fluoroiodomethane and hydrosilanes is developed by merging photoredox catalysis and silane-mediated deiodination processes. The key to the success of this reaction is the use of water as the solvent to enhance the activity of CH2F radical toward unactivated alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao-Lai Tong
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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21
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Newton JJ, Engüdar G, Brooke AJ, Nodwell MB, Horngren-Rhodes H, Martin RE, Schaffer P, Britton R, Friesen CM. Rapid 18 F- and 19 F-Difluoromethylation through Desulfurative Fluorination of Transient N-, O-, and C-Linked Dithioles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202862. [PMID: 36318597 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The difluoromethyl group plays an important role in modern medicinal and agrochemistry. While several difluoromethylation reagents have been reported, these typically rely on difluoromethyl carbenes or anions, or target specific processes. Here, we describe a conceptually unique and general process for O-H, N-H and C-H difluoromethylation that involves the formation of a transient dithiole followed by facile desulfurative fluorination using silver(I) fluoride. We also introduce the 5,6-dimethoxy-1,3-benzodithiole (DMBDT) function, which undergoes sufficiently rapid desulfurative fluorination to additionally support 18 F-difluoromethylation. This new process is compatible with the wide range of functional groups typically encountered in medicinal chemistry campaigns, and the use of Ag18 F is demonstrated in the production of 18 F-labeled derivatives of testosterone, perphenazine, and melatonin, 58.0±2.2, 20.4±0.3 and 32.2±3.6 MBq μmol-1 , respectively. We expect that the DMBDT group and this 18 F/19 F-difluoromethylation process will inspire and support new efforts in medicinal chemistry, agrochemistry and radiotracer production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah J Newton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.,Neufeld Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
| | - Gökçe Engüdar
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3(Canada), Department of Radiology, 775 Laurel Street, 11th floor, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Alan J Brooke
- Neufeld Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
| | - Matthew B Nodwell
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Holly Horngren-Rhodes
- Neufeld Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
| | - Rainer E Martin
- Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3(Canada), Department of Radiology, 775 Laurel Street, 11th floor, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Chadron M Friesen
- Neufeld Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
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22
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Han D, Sun J, Jin J. Picolinamide Ligands: Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Cross-Coupling of Aryl Bromides with Bromocyclopropane and Beyond. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201132. [PMID: 36479828 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The arylcyclopropane motif as the combination of aryl and cyclopropyl ring systems can be found in an increasing amount of approved and investigational drugs. Herein, we have developed a mild, efficient nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling protocol, featuring a simple Ni(II) precatalyst and a novel picolinamide NN2 pincer ligand. A variety of (hetero)aryl bromides could successfully couple with cyclopropyl bromide to furnish the valued arylcyclopropanes in good to excellent yields. This method is applicable to other alkyl bromides as well. Notably, the reaction is tolerant of a broad range of functionalities including free amines. Furthermore, the synthesis of several significant intermediates of bioactive molecules was achieved in grams, proving the practicability of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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23
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Peng P, Yang R, Xu B. Tunable Reduction of Benzyl
α
,
α
‐Difluorotriflones: Synthesis of Difluoroarenes and Sodium Aryldifluoromethyl Sufinates and their Applications. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology, Address Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Ren‐Yin Yang
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University, Address Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University, Address Shanghai 201620 China
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24
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Franke MC, Longley VR, Rafiee M, Stahl SS, Hansen EC, Weix DJ. Zinc-Free, Scalable Reductive Cross-Electrophile Coupling Driven by Electrochemistry in an Undivided Cell. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12617-12626. [PMID: 37065181 PMCID: PMC10101217 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-electrophile coupling reactions are becoming increasingly important in organic synthesis, but application at scale is limited by three interconnected challenges: a reliance on amide solvents (complicated workup, regulated), the generation of stoichiometric Zn salts (complicated isolation, waste disposal issue), and mixing/activation challenges of zinc powder. We show here an electrochemical approach that addresses these three issues: the reaction works in acetonitrile with diisopropylethylamine as the terminal reductant in a simple undivided cell (graphite(+)/nickel foam(-)). The reaction utilizes a combination of two ligands, 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine and 4,4',4''-tri-tert-butyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine. Studies show that, alone, the bipyridine nickel catalyst predominantly forms protodehalogenated aryl and aryl dimer, whereas the terpyridine nickel catalyst predominantly forms bialkyl and product. By combining these two unselective catalysts, a tunable, general system results because excess radical formed by the terpyridine catalyst can be converted to product by the bipyridine catalyst. As the aryl bromide becomes more electron rich, the optimal ratio shifts to have more of the bipyridine nickel catalyst. Lastly, examination of a variety of flow-cell configurations establishes that batch recirculation can achieve higher productivity (mmol product/time/electrode area) than single-pass, that high flow rates are essential to maximizing current, and that two flow cells in parallel can nearly halve the reaction time. The resulting reaction is demonstrated on gram scale and should be scalable to kilogram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareena C. Franke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Victoria R. Longley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Eric C. Hansen
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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25
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Zhao H, Leng XB, Zhang W, Shen Q. [Ph
4
P]
+
[Cu(CF
2
H)
2
]
−
: A Powerful Difluoromethylating Reagent Inspired by Mechanistic Investigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210151. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xuebing B. Leng
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Boulevard Boston Massachusetts 02125 USA
| | - Qilong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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26
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Luridiana A, Mazzarella D, Capaldo L, Rincón JA, García-Losada P, Mateos C, Frederick MO, Nuño M, Jan Buma W, Noël T. The Merger of Benzophenone HAT Photocatalysis and Silyl Radical-Induced XAT Enables Both Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling and 1,2-Dicarbofunctionalization of Olefins. ACS Catal 2022; 12:11216-11225. [PMID: 36158902 PMCID: PMC9486949 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A strategy for both
cross-electrophile coupling and 1,2-dicarbofunctionalization
of olefins has been developed. Carbon-centered radicals are generated
from alkyl bromides by merging benzophenone hydrogen atom transfer
(HAT) photocatalysis and silyl radical-induced halogen atom transfer
(XAT) and are subsequently intercepted by a nickel catalyst to forge
the targeted C(sp3)–C(sp2) and C(sp3)–C(sp3) bonds. The mild protocol is fast
and scalable using flow technology, displays broad functional group
tolerance, and is amenable to a wide variety of medicinally relevant
moieties. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the ketone catalyst,
upon photoexcitation, is responsible for the direct activation of
the silicon-based XAT reagent (HAT-mediated XAT) that furnishes the
targeted alkyl radical and is ultimately involved in the turnover
of the nickel catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Luridiana
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Mazzarella
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Losada
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Michael O. Frederick
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Manuel Nuño
- Vapourtec Ltd. Park Farm Business Centre, Fornham St Genevieve, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6TS, U.K
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Molecular Photonics, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Zhao H, Leng X, Zhang W, Shen Q. [Ph4P]+[Cu(CF2H)2]‐: A Powerful Difluoromethylating Reagent Inspired by Mechanistic Investigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Zhao
- SIOC: Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu 200032 Shanghai CHINA
| | - Xuebing Leng
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu 200032 Shanghai CHINA
| | - Wei Zhang
- University of Massachusetts Boston Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Qilong Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemsitry 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai CHINA
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28
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Ben-Tal Y, Lloyd-Jones GC. Kinetics of a Ni/Ir-Photocatalyzed Coupling of ArBr with RBr: Intermediacy of ArNi II(L)Br and Rate/Selectivity Factors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15372-15382. [PMID: 35969479 PMCID: PMC9413222 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The Ni/Ir-photocatalyzed coupling of an aryl bromide
(ArBr) with
an alkyl bromide (RBr) has been analyzed using in situ LED-19F NMR spectroscopy. Four components (light, [ArBr],
[Ni], [Ir]) are found to control the rate of ArBr consumption, but
not the product selectivity, while two components ([(TMS)3SiH], [RBr]) independently control the product selectivity, but not
the rate. A major resting state of nickel has been identified as ArNiII(L)Br, and 13C-isotopic entrainment is used to
show that the complex undergoes Ir-photocatalyzed conversion to products
(Ar-R, Ar-H, Ar-solvent) in competition with the release of ArBr.
A range of competing absorption and quenching effects lead to complex
correlations between the Ir and Ni catalyst loadings and the reaction
rate. Differences in the Ir/Ni Beer–Lambert absorption profiles
allow the rate to be increased by the use of a shorter-wavelength
light source without compromising the selectivity. A minimal kinetic
model for the process allows simulation of the reaction and provides
insights for optimization of these processes in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Ben-Tal
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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29
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Xu Y, Zhang M, Oestreich M. Photochemical, Nickel-Catalyzed C(sp 3)–C(sp 3) Reductive Cross-Coupling of α-Silylated Alkyl Electrophiles and Allylic Sulfones. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Muliang Zhang
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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30
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Tian X, Kaur J, Yakubov S, Barham JP. α-Amino Radical Halogen Atom Transfer Agents for Metallaphotoredox-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Couplings of Distinct Organic Halides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200906. [PMID: 35587725 PMCID: PMC9541218 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
α-Amino radicals from simple tertiary amines were employed as halogen atom transfer (XAT) agents in metallaphotoredox catalysis for cross-electrophile couplings of organic bromides with organic iodides. This XAT strategy proved to be efficient for the generation of carbon radicals from a range of partners (alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl iodides). The reactivities of these radical intermediates were captured by nickel catalysis with organobromides including aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, and alkyl bromides, enabling six diverse C-C bond formations. Classic named reactions including Negishi, Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira reactions were readily achieved in a net-reductive fashion under mild conditions. More importantly, the cross coupling was viable with either organic bromide or iodide as limiting reactant based on the availability of substrates, which is beneficial to the late-stage functionalization of complex molecules. The scalability of this method in batch and flow was investigated, further demonstrating its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
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31
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Zhang ZQ, Sang YQ, Wang CQ, Dai P, Xue XS, Piper JL, Peng ZH, Ma JA, Zhang FG, Wu J. Difluoromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes Using Freon-22 through Tertiary Amine-Borane-Triggered Halogen Atom Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14288-14296. [PMID: 35895322 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The application of abundant and inexpensive fluorine feedstock sources to synthesize fluorinated compounds is an appealing yet underexplored strategy. Here, we report a photocatalytic radical hydrodifluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes with an inexpensive industrial chemical, chlorodifluoromethane (ClCF2H, Freon-22). This protocol is realized by merging tertiary amine-ligated boryl radical-induced halogen atom transfer (XAT) with organophotoredox catalysis under blue light irradiation. A broad scope of readily accessible alkenes featuring a variety of functional groups and drug and natural product moieties could be selectively difluoromethylated with good efficiency in a metal-free manner. Combined experimental and computational studies suggest that the key XAT process of ClCF2H is both thermodynamically and kinetically favored over the hydrogen atom transfer pathway owing to the formation of a strong boron-chlorine (B-Cl) bond and the low-lying antibonding orbital of the carbon-chlorine (C-Cl) bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qi Zhang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. of China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yue-Qian Sang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. of China
| | - Cheng-Qiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Peng Dai
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. of China
| | - Jared L Piper
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Medicine, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Zhi-Hui Peng
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Medicine, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. of China.,Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China
| | - Fa-Guang Zhang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. of China.,Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. of China
| | - Jie Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. of China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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32
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Xiang J, Patureau FW. Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling of Chloro‐ and Fluoroalkanes with Methylarenes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Xiang Xiang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Frederic W. Patureau
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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33
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Xu ZY, Liu YP, Liu X, Fu R, Hao WJ, Tu SJ, Jiang B. Photocatalytic Chemodivergent Synthesis of α‐gem‐Dihalovinyl Ketones and Chromen‐2‐ones from Monoalkynes. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Normal University CHINA
| | - Rong Fu
- Jiangsu Normal University CHINA
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34
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Gedde OR, Bonde A, Golbækdal PI, Skrydstrup T. Pd‐Catalyzed Difluoromethylations of Aryl Boronic Acids, Halides, and Pseudohalides with ICF
2
H Generated ex Situ. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200997. [PMID: 35388933 PMCID: PMC9321866 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An expedient ex‐situ generation of difluoroiodomethane (DFIM) and its immediate use in a Pd‐catalyzed difluoromethylation of aryl boronic acids and ester derivatives in a two‐chamber reactor is reported. Heating a solution of bromodifluoroacetic acid with sodium iodide in sulfolane proved to be effective for the generation of near stoichiometric amounts of DFIM for the ensuing catalytic coupling step. A two‐step difluoromethylation of aryl (pseudo)halides with tetrahydroxydiboron as a low‐cost reducing agent, both promoted by Pd catalysis, proved effective to install this fluorine‐containing C1 group onto several pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Finally, the method proved adaptable to deuterium incorporation by simply adding D2O to the DFIM‐generating chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R. Gedde
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC) The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Andreas Bonde
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC) The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Peter I. Golbækdal
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC) The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC) The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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35
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36
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Huang CY, Li J, Li CJ. Photocatalytic C(sp 3) radical generation via C-H, C-C, and C-X bond cleavage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5465-5504. [PMID: 35694342 PMCID: PMC9116372 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility. This review collects some of the most recent advancements in photocatalytic R˙ generation and highlights representative examples in this field. Based on the key bond cleavages that generate R˙, these contributions are divided into C–H, C–C, and C–X bond cleavages. A general mechanistic scenario and key R˙-forming steps are presented and discussed in each section. C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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37
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Abstract
With the continued interest in the properties of the difluoromethyl (CF2H) group, small molecules with alkyl-CF2H motifs have gained increasing attention. However, concise and efficient synthetic protocols to achieve these structures are still urgently needed. Herein, we report a new acyldifluoromethylation of inert alkenes via a synergistic NHC-photoredox catalysis featuring broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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38
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Levitre G, Granados A, Cabrera-Afonso MJ, Molander GA. Synthesis of α-Fluorinated Areneacetates through Photoredox/Copper Dual Catalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:3194-3198. [PMID: 35467893 PMCID: PMC10412000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of mild and practical conditions for the fluoroalkylation of arenes is an ongoing challenge in chemical organic synthesis. Herein, we report a metallaphotoredox method for the preparation of fluoroalkyl arenes based on the synergistic combination of Ir/Cu dual catalysis from boronic acids. The mild conditions allow broad functional group tolerance, including substrates containing aldehydes, free phenols, and N-Boc-protected amines. Mechanistic investigations support a process proceeding via photoredox/copper dual catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Levitre
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Albert Granados
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - María Jesús Cabrera-Afonso
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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39
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Zhang D, Cai J, Du J, Wang Q, Yang J, Geng R, Fang Z, Guo K. Electrochemical-Oxidation-Promoted Direct N-ortho-Selective Difluoromethylation of Heterocyclic N-Oxides. Org Lett 2022; 24:1434-1438. [PMID: 35166558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and green electrochemical N-ortho-selective difluoromethylation method of various quinoline and isoquinoline N-oxides has been developed. In this method, sodium difluoromethanesulfinate (HCF2SO2Na) was used as the source of the difluoromethyl moiety, and various N-ortho-selective difluoromethylation quinoline and isoquinoline N-oxides were obtained in good to excellent yields under a constant current. In addition, the reaction was easy to scale up and maintained a good yield. Preliminary mechanism studies suggested that the reaction undergoes a free-radical addition and hydrogen elimination pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224002, China
| | - Jinlin Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224002, China
| | - Jinze Du
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qingdong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224002, China
| | - Jinming Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224002, China
| | - Rongqing Geng
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224002, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road South, Nanjing 211816, China
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40
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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41
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Li H, Wang F, Zhu S, Chu L. Selective Fluoromethyl Couplings of Alkynes via Nickel Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers Sand Polymer Materials Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers Sand Polymer Materials Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Shengqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers Sand Polymer Materials Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Lingling Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers Sand Polymer Materials Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China
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42
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Xiong W, Qin WB, Zhao YS, Fu KZ, Liu GK. Direct C(sp3)−H Difluoromethylation via Radical-Radical Cross-Coupling by Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00192f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the radical-radical cross-coupling strategy for direct difluoromethylation of C(sp3)−H bond is reported. This transformation was readily accomplished under transition metal-free photoredox catalysis in the presence of 3 mol% of...
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43
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Rand AW, Chen M, Montgomery J. Investigations into mechanism and origin of regioselectivity in the metallaphotoredox-catalyzed α-arylation of N-alkylbenzamides. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10566-10573. [PMID: 36277638 PMCID: PMC9473500 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01962k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanistic study on the α-arylation of N-alkylbenzamides catalyzed by a dual nickel/photoredox system using aryl bromides is reported herein. This study elucidates the origins of site-selectivity of the transformation, which is controlled by the generation of a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agent by a photocatalyst and bromide ions in solution. Tetrabutylammonium bromide was identified as a crucial additive and source of a potent HAT agent, which led to increases in yields and a lowering of the stoichiometries of the aryl bromide coupling partner. NMR titration experiments and Stern–Volmer quenching studies provide evidence for complexation to and oxidation of bromide by the photocatalyst, while elementary steps involving deprotonation of the N-alkylbenzamide or 1,5-HAT were ruled out through mechanistic probes and kinetic isotope effect analysis. This study serves as a valuable tool to better understand the α-arylation of N-alkylbenzamides, and has broader implications in halide-mediated C–H functionalization reactions. A mechanistic study of the α-arylation of N-alkylbenzamides catalyzed by a dual nickel/photoredox system using aryl bromides elucidates the origins of site-selectivity of the transformation and identifies the hydrogen atom transfer agent.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Rand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - John Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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44
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Feng J, Jia X, Zhang S, Lu K, Cahard D. State of knowledge in photoredox-catalysed direct difluoromethylation. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00551d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The combination of visible light photoredox catalysis with direct difluoromethylation has allowed the synthesis of a large choice of CF2H-containing value-added molecules under very mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Feng
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Shuyue Zhang
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Kui Lu
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Dominique Cahard
- CNRS, UMR 6014 COBRA, Normandie Université, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
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45
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Li H, Wang F, Zhu S, Chu L. Selective Fluoromethyl Couplings of Alkynes via Nickel Catalysis*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202116725. [PMID: 34962343 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a Ni-catalyzed intermolecular carbo-fluoromethylation of alkynes with aliphatic halides and fluoromethyl halides (BrCF 2 H and ICH 2 F) in the presence of zinc, enabling the facile and selective access to a diverse range of biologically valuable CF 2 H/CH 2 F-incorporated alkenes with excellent regio- and stereo-selectivity. Notably, merging intramolecular radical cyclization with fluoromethyl coupling enables the expedient constructions of CF 2 H/CH 2 F-incorporated lactones and lactams with high efficiency and selectivity. Mechanistic studies disclose that this catalytic protocol proceeds via a radical addition to an alkyne followed by selective coupling with the fluoromethyl unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Donghua University - Songjiang Campus: Donghua University, CALM, 2999 NORTH RENMIN ROAD, 201620, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Fang Wang
- Donghua University - Songjiang Campus: Donghua University, CALM, 2999 NORTH RENMIN ROAD, 201620, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Shengqing Zhu
- Donghua University - Songjiang Campus: Donghua University, CALM, 2999 NORTH RENMIN ROAD, 201620, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Lingling Chu
- Donghua University, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, 2999 Renmin Road, Songjiang District, 201620, Shanghai, CHINA
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46
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Cai A, Yan W, Wang C, Liu W. Copper-Catalyzed Difluoromethylation of Alkyl Iodides Enabled by Aryl Radical Activation of Carbon-Iodine Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27070-27077. [PMID: 34652873 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The engagement of unactivated alkyl halides in copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions has been historically challenging, due to their low reduction potential and the slow oxidative addition of copper(I) catalysts. In this work, we report a novel strategy that leverages the halogen abstraction ability of aryl radicals, thereby engaging a diverse range of alkyl iodides in copper-catalyzed Negishi-type cross-coupling reactions at room temperature. Specifically, aryl radicals generated via copper catalysis efficiently initiate the cleavage of the carbon-iodide bonds of alkyl iodides. The alkyl radicals thus generated enter the copper catalytic cycles to couple with a difluoromethyl zinc reagent, thus furnishing the alkyl difluoromethane products. This unprecedented Negishi-type difluoromethylation approach has been applied to the late-stage modification of densely functionalized pharmaceutical agents and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
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47
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Cai A, Yan W, Wang C, Liu W. Copper‐Catalyzed Difluoromethylation of Alkyl Iodides Enabled by Aryl Radical Activation of Carbon–Iodine Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Cai
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
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48
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Juliá F, Constantin T, Leonori D. Applications of Halogen-Atom Transfer (XAT) for the Generation of Carbon Radicals in Synthetic Photochemistry and Photocatalysis. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2292-2352. [PMID: 34882396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The halogen-atom transfer (XAT) is one of the most important and applied processes for the generation of carbon radicals in synthetic chemistry. In this review, we summarize and highlight the most important aspects associated with XAT and the impact it has had on photochemistry and photocatalysis. The organization of the material starts with the analysis of the most important mechanistic aspects and then follows a subdivision based on the nature of the reagents used in the halogen abstraction. This review aims to provide a general overview of the fundamental concepts and main agents involved in XAT processes with the objective of offering a tool to understand and facilitate the development of new synthetic radical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Juliá
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Timothée Constantin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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49
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Liang Y, Dong Y, Sun G, Su Z, Guan W. Theoretical mechanistic study of 4CzIPN/Ni 0-metallaphotoredox catalyzed enantioselective desymmetrization of cyclic meso-anhydrides. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17675-17687. [PMID: 34806735 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03353k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-induced inexpensive photocatalyst and transition metal dual catalytic cross-coupling has attracted much attention for efficiently constructing various chemical bonds. The 4CzIPN/Ni0-metallaphotoredox catalyzed enantioselective desymmetrization of cyclic meso-anhydrides with benzyl trifluoroborates has been systematically investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A radical mechanism merging reductive quenching (PC-*PC-PC--PC) and nickel catalytic cycles (Ni0-NiII-NiIII-NiI-Ni0) is favourable. It consists of seven major processes: single-electron reduction of *PC by benzyl trifluoroborates to generate benzyl radical, ligand exchange, oxidative addition, radical addition, reductive elimination, reduction of NiI by PC- complex via single-electron transfer (SET) process to obtain ground-state PC, and the ion exchange to afford the desired product enantio-enriched keto-acids and regenerate Ni0 catalyst. The oxidative addition is not only the enantio-determining step but also the rate-determining step of the catalytic cycle. In addition, we tried to disclose the origin of high enantioselectivity from both the steric and electronic effects and explain the origin of diastereoselectivity based on the proposed mechanism. Meanwhile, the difference of catalytic activity between Ni0 and NiII as the initial catalysts is caused by the different activation energy barriers based on their respective favourable reaction pathways. This study will hopefully benefit the future understanding of such photoredox-mediated dual catalyzed asymmetric synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P. R. China. .,Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Yujiao Dong
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Guangyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P. R. China.
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P. R. China. .,Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Guan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China.
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50
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Chan AY, Perry IB, Bissonnette NB, Buksh BF, Edwards GA, Frye LI, Garry OL, Lavagnino MN, Li BX, Liang Y, Mao E, Millet A, Oakley JV, Reed NL, Sakai HA, Seath CP, MacMillan DWC. Metallaphotoredox: The Merger of Photoredox and Transition Metal Catalysis. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1485-1542. [PMID: 34793128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The merger of photoredox catalysis with transition metal catalysis, termed metallaphotoredox catalysis, has become a mainstay in synthetic methodology over the past decade. Metallaphotoredox catalysis has combined the unparalleled capacity of transition metal catalysis for bond formation with the broad utility of photoinduced electron- and energy-transfer processes. Photocatalytic substrate activation has allowed the engagement of simple starting materials in metal-mediated bond-forming processes. Moreover, electron or energy transfer directly with key organometallic intermediates has provided novel activation modes entirely complementary to traditional catalytic platforms. This Review details and contextualizes the advancements in molecule construction brought forth by metallaphotocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y Chan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ian B Perry
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Noah B Bissonnette
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Benito F Buksh
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Grant A Edwards
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Lucas I Frye
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Olivia L Garry
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Marissa N Lavagnino
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Beryl X Li
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yufan Liang
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Edna Mao
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Agustin Millet
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James V Oakley
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas L Reed
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Holt A Sakai
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ciaran P Seath
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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