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Warrington S, Montanaro S, Elsegood MRJ, Nichol GS, Wright IA. Structure-Property Relationships for Potential Inversion From Electron Acceptors Based on Thiophene-Fused Triptycene Quinones, 1,4-Diketones and Their Malononitrile Adducts. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400782. [PMID: 38517200 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis and properties of a series of 11,11,12,12-tetracyano-9,10-anthraquinodimethane (TCAQ) inspired electron acceptors based on thiophene-fused quinone and triptycene motifs is presented. This has yielded insights into structure-property relationships for establishing and modulating simultaneous two-electron reduction processes in TCAQ analogues. These new compounds were synthesised using a Friedel-Crafts acylation between triptycene and thiophene-3,4-dicarbonyl chloride. Isomeric para-quinones featuring a [c]-fused thiophene on one side and a β,β- or α,β-fused triptycene on the other were isolated alongside a thiophene-3,4-diketone which bears two triptycene fragments. Knoevenagel condensation of these products with malononitrile produced a quinoidal bis(dicyanomethylene), an oxo-dicyanomethylene and an acyclic bis(dicyanomethylene). This series of new electron accepting molecules has been studied using X-ray crystallography and the implications of their 3D structures on NMR and UV/vis absorbance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry results have been ascertained with conclusions underpinned by computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Warrington
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH16 5PL, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Montanaro
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R J Elsegood
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Gary S Nichol
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH16 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - Iain A Wright
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH16 5PL, United Kingdom
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2
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Parashar RK, Jash P, Zharnikov M, Mondal PC. Metal-organic Frameworks in Semiconductor Devices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317413. [PMID: 38252076 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a specific class of hybrid, crystalline, nano-porous materials made of metal-ion-based 'nodes' and organic linkers. Most of the studies on MOFs largely focused on porosity, chemical and structural diversity, gas sorption, sensing, drug delivery, catalysis, and separation applications. In contrast, much less reports paid attention to understanding and tuning the electrical properties of MOFs. Poor electrical conductivity of MOFs (~10-7-10-10 S cm-1), reported in earlier studies, impeded their applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and renewable energy storage. To overcome this drawback, the MOF community has adopted several intriguing strategies for electronic applications. The present review focuses on creatively designed bulk MOFs and surface-anchored MOFs (SURMOFs) with different metal nodes (from transition metals to lanthanides), ligand functionalities, and doping entities, allowing tuning and enhancement of electrical conductivity. Diverse platforms for MOFs-based electronic device fabrications, conductivity measurements, and underlying charge transport mechanisms are also addressed. Overall, the review highlights the pros and cons of MOFs-based electronics (MOFtronics), followed by an analysis of the future directions of research, including optimization of the MOF compositions, heterostructures, electrical contacts, device stacking, and further relevant options which can be of interest for MOF researchers and result in improved devices performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeev Kumar Parashar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Priyajit Jash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Prakash Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
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3
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Carlotti M, Losi T, De Boni F, Vivaldi FM, Araya-Hermosilla E, Prato M, Pucci A, Caironi M, Mattoli V. Preparation of different conjugated polymers characterized by complementary electronic properties from an identical precursor. Polym Chem 2023; 14:4465-4473. [PMID: 38013925 PMCID: PMC10548785 DOI: 10.1039/d3py00868a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of generating regions with different electronic properties within the same organic semiconductor thin film could offer novel opportunities for designing and fabricating organic electronic devices and circuits. This study introduces a new approach based on a novel type of highly processable polymer precursor that can yield two different conjugated polymers characterized by complementary electronic properties, i.e. promoting electron or hole transport, from the same starting material. In particular, these multipotent precursors comprise functionalized dihydroanthracene units that can offer several functionalization opportunities to improve the solubility or insert specific functionalities. This strategy also allows for the preparation of high-molecular-weight conjugated polymers comprising diethynylanthracene and anthraquinone units without the need for solubilizing side chains. Thin films of the polymer precursor can be used, after solid-state transformations, to prepare single organic layers comprising regions characterized by different chemical nature and electronic properties. Here, we present a detailed characterization of the chemical and electronic properties of the precursor and the obtained conjugated polymers, showing how it is possible to harvest their characteristics for potential applications such as electrochromic surfaces and organic field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
- Centro per la Integrazione Della Strumentazione Dell'Università di Pisa (CISUP), University of Pisa Lungarno Pacinotti 43/44 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Tommaso Losi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via R. Rubattino 81 20134 Milano Italy
| | - Francesco De Boni
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Federico Maria Vivaldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Esteban Araya-Hermosilla
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Centro per la Integrazione Della Strumentazione Dell'Università di Pisa (CISUP), University of Pisa Lungarno Pacinotti 43/44 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via R. Rubattino 81 20134 Milano Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34 56025 Pontedera Italy
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4
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Wang Z, Li Z, Li C, Ji X, Song X, Yu X, Wang L, Hu W. Generic dynamic molecular devices by quantitative non-steady-state proton/water-coupled electron transport kinetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304506120. [PMID: 37279276 PMCID: PMC10268228 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304506120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic molecular devices operating with time- and history-dependent performance raised new challenges for the fundamental study of microscopic non-steady-state charge transport as well as functionalities that are not achievable by steady-state devices. In this study, we reported a generic dynamic mode of molecular devices by addressing the transient redox state of ubiquitous quinone molecules in the junction by proton/water transfer. The diffusion limited slow proton/water transfer-modulated fast electron transport, leading to a non-steady-state transport process, as manifested by the negative differential resistance, dynamic hysteresis, and memory-like behavior. A quantitative paradigm for the study of the non-steady-state charge transport kinetics was further developed by combining the theoretical model and transient state characterization, and the principle of the dynamic device can be revealed by the numerical simulator. On applying pulse stimulation, the dynamic device emulated the neuron synaptic response with frequency-dependent depression and facilitation, implying a great potential for future nonlinear and brain-inspired devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Zheyang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Chengtai Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Tianjin300072, China
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Xuan Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Xianneng Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Lejia Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education, Tianjin300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou350207, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin300192, China
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5
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Tang C, Jiang XL, Chen S, Hong W, Li J, Xia H. Stereoelectronic Modulation of a Single-Molecule Junction through a Tunable Metal-Carbon dπ-pπ Hyperconjugation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10404-10410. [PMID: 37121913 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated molecules play a critical role in the construction of single-molecule devices. However, most conventional conjugated molecules, such as hydrocarbons, involve only a pπ-pπ conjugation of light elements. While the metal d-orbitals can introduce abundant electronic effects to achieve novel electronic properties, it is very scarce for the charge transport study of dπ-pπ conjugated pathways with a metal involved. Here, we employed the single-molecule break junction technique to investigate the charge transport through dπ-pπ conjugated backbones with metal-carbon multiple bonds integrated into the alternative conjugated pathways. The involved dπ-pπ conjugation not only supports high conductivity comparable to that of conjugated hydrocarbons but also significantly enhances the tunable diversity in electronic properties through the metal-induced secondary interaction. Specifically, the introduction of the metal brings an unconventionally stereoelectronic effect triggered by metal-carbon dπ-pπ hyperconjugation, which can be tuned by protonation taking place on the metal-carbon multiple bonds, collectively modulating the single-molecule rectification feature and transmission mechanism. This work demonstrates the promise of utilizing the diverse electronic effect of metals to design molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xue-Lian Jiang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Zhao Z, Soni S, Lee T, Nijhuis CA, Xiang D. Smart Eutectic Gallium-Indium: From Properties to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203391. [PMID: 36036771 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn), a liquid metal with a melting point close to or below room temperature, has attracted extensive attention in recent years due to its excellent properties such as fluidity, high conductivity, thermal conductivity, stretchability, self-healing capability, biocompatibility, and recyclability. These features of EGaIn can be adjusted by changing the experimental condition, and various composite materials with extended properties can be further obtained by mixing EGaIn with other materials. In this review, not only the are unique properties of EGaIn introduced, but also the working principles for the EGaIn-based devices are illustrated and the developments of EGaIn-related techniques are summarized. The applications of EGaIn in various fields, such as flexible electronics (sensors, antennas, electronic circuits), molecular electronics (molecular memory, opto-electronic switches, or reconfigurable junctions), energy catalysis (heat management, motors, generators, batteries), biomedical science (drug delivery, tumor therapy, bioimaging and neural interfaces) are reviewed. Finally, a critical discussion of the main challenges for the development of EGaIn-based techniques are discussed, and the potential applications in new fields are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Zhao
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecules Center and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecules Center and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Xiang
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, P. R. China
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7
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Nguyen QV, Thi HL, Truong GL. Chemical Conformation Induced Transport Carrier Switching in Molecular Junction based on Carboxylic-Terminated Thiol Molecules. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:10147-10153. [PMID: 36475760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The paper demonstrates the effect of the chemical conformation of the -COOH group on the transport characteristic including conductance, rectification, and length effect in molecular junctions (MJs) formed by self-assembled monolayers of carboxylic-terminated thiol molecules. For an alkyl chain shorter than C11, the transport mechanism was attributed to a direct off-resonant tunneling of a hole carrier, located at the Au-S interface, whereas a hopping mechanism was assigned to the alkyl chain longer than the C11 chain located at the -COOH group. The hopping mechanism may be operated by electron transport associated with the breaking of the -OH bonding likely driven by a voltage. Importantly, at the C11 alkyl chain, we observed that the transport carrier operating in MJs could change from a hole carrier into an electron carrier. The result strongly proves that the chemical conformation should be considered in analyzing molecular electronics and provides a basis for the rational design of molecular electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen Van Nguyen
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Huong Le Thi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Giang Le Truong
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
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8
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Wang X, Ismael A, Ning S, Althobaiti H, Al-Jobory A, Girovsky J, Astier HPAG, O'Driscoll LJ, Bryce MR, Lambert CJ, Ford CJB. Electrostatic Fermi level tuning in large-scale self-assembled monolayers of oligo(phenylene-ethynylene) derivatives. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:1201-1209. [PMID: 35913108 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00241h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the orbital alignment of molecules placed between electrodes is essential in the design of practically-applicable molecular and nanoscale electronic devices. The orbital alignment is highly determined by the molecule-electrode interface. Dependence of orbital alignment on the molecular anchor group for single molecular junctions has been intensively studied; however, when scaling-up single molecules to large parallel molecular arrays (like self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)), two challenges need to be addressed: 1. Most desired anchor groups do not form high quality SAMs. 2. It is much harder to tune the frontier molecular orbitals via a gate voltage in SAM junctions than in single molecular junctions. In this work, we studied the effect of the molecule-electrode interface in SAMs with a micro-pore device, using a recently developed tetrapodal anchor to overcome challenge 1, and the combination of a single layered graphene top electrode with an ionic liquid gate to solve challenge 2. The zero-bias orbital alignment of different molecules was signalled by a shift in conductance minimum vs. gate voltage for molecules with different anchoring groups. Molecules with the same backbone, but a different molecule-electrode interface, were shown experimentally to have conductances that differ by a factor of 5 near zero bias. Theoretical calculations using density functional theory support the trends observed in the experimental data. This work sheds light on how to control electron transport within the HOMO-LUMO energy gap in molecular junctions and will be applicable in scaling up molecular electronic systems for future device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintai Wang
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Ali Ismael
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
- Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq
| | - Shanglong Ning
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Hanan Althobaiti
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Taif-University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Al-Jobory
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq
| | - Jan Girovsky
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Hippolyte P A G Astier
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Luke J O'Driscoll
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Martin R Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Colin J Lambert
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
| | - Christopher J B Ford
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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9
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Feng A, Hou S, Yan J, Wu Q, Tang Y, Yang Y, Shi J, Xiao ZY, Lambert CJ, Zheng N, Hong W. Conductance Growth of Single-Cluster Junctions with Increasing Sizes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15680-15688. [PMID: 35984293 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantum-tunneling-based nanoelectronics has the potential for the miniaturization of electronics toward the sub-5 nm scale. However, the nature of phase-coherent quantum tunneling leads to the rapid decays of the electrical conductance with tunneling transport distance, especially in organic molecule-based nanodevices. In this work, we investigated the conductance of the single-cluster junctions of a series of atomically well-defined silver nanoclusters, with varying sizes from 0.9 to 3.0 nm, using the mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) technique combined with quantum transport theory. Our charge transport investigations of these single-cluster junctions revealed that the conductance grows with increasing cluster size. The conductance decay constant was determined to be ∼-0.4 nm-1, which is of opposite sign to that of organic molecules. Comparison between experiment and theory reveals that although charge transport through the silver single-cluster junctions occurs via phase-coherent tunneling, this is compensated by a rapid decrease in the energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO gap) with size and the increase in the electrode-cluster coupling, which results in their conductance increase up to lengths of ∼3.0 nm. These results demonstrate that such families of nanoclusters provide unique bottom-up building blocks for the fabrication of nanodevices in the sub-5 nm size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Songjun Hou
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Juanzhu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Yongxiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Zong-Yuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Colin J Lambert
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Nanfeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
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10
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Highly insulating alkane rings with destructive σ-interference. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Li P, Zhou L, Zhao C, Ju H, Gao Q, Si W, Cheng L, Hao J, Li M, Chen Y, Jia C, Guo X. Single-molecule nano-optoelectronics: insights from physics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:086401. [PMID: 35623319 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac7401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule optoelectronic devices promise a potential solution for miniaturization and functionalization of silicon-based microelectronic circuits in the future. For decades of its fast development, this field has made significant progress in the synthesis of optoelectronic materials, the fabrication of single-molecule devices and the realization of optoelectronic functions. On the other hand, single-molecule optoelectronic devices offer a reliable platform to investigate the intrinsic physical phenomena and regulation rules of matters at the single-molecule level. To further realize and regulate the optoelectronic functions toward practical applications, it is necessary to clarify the intrinsic physical mechanisms of single-molecule optoelectronic nanodevices. Here, we provide a timely review to survey the physical phenomena and laws involved in single-molecule optoelectronic materials and devices, including charge effects, spin effects, exciton effects, vibronic effects, structural and orbital effects. In particular, we will systematically summarize the basics of molecular optoelectronic materials, and the physical effects and manipulations of single-molecule optoelectronic nanodevices. In addition, fundamentals of single-molecule electronics, which are basic of single-molecule optoelectronics, can also be found in this review. At last, we tend to focus the discussion on the opportunities and challenges arising in the field of single-molecule optoelectronics, and propose further potential breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihui Li
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Ju
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Si
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Cheng
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hao
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijian Chen
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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12
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Carlotti M, Soni S, Kovalchuk A, Kumar S, Hofmann S, Chiechi RC. Empirical Parameter to Compare Molecule-Electrode Interfaces in Large-Area Molecular Junctions. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2022; 2:179-190. [PMID: 35637782 PMCID: PMC9136952 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.1c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
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This paper describes
a simple model for comparing the degree of
electronic coupling between molecules and electrodes across different
large-area molecular junctions. The resulting coupling parameter can
be obtained directly from current–voltage data or extracted
from published data without fitting. We demonstrate the generalizability
of this model by comparing over 40 different junctions comprising
different molecules and measured by different laboratories. The results
agree with existing models, reflect differences in mechanisms of charge
transport and rectification, and are predictive in cases where experimental
limitations preclude more sophisticated modeling. We also synthesized
a series of conjugated molecular wires, in which embedded dipoles
are varied systematically and at both molecule–electrode interfaces.
The resulting current–voltage characteristics vary in nonintuitive
ways that are not captured by existing models, but which produce trends
using our simple model, providing insights that are otherwise difficult
or impossible to explain. The utility of our model is its demonstrative
generalizability, which is why simple observables like tunneling decay
coefficients remain so widely used in molecular electronics despite
the existence of much more sophisticated models. Our model is complementary,
giving insights into molecule–electrode coupling across series
of molecules that can guide synthetic chemists in the design of new
molecular motifs, particularly in the context of devices comprising
large-area molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlotti
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrii Kovalchuk
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Fallaque JG, Rodríguez-González S, Díaz C, Martín F. A simple model to engineer single-molecule conductance of acenes by chemical disubstitution. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:464-472. [PMID: 34908088 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06687k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling electrical conductivity at the single-molecule level is of fundamental importance for the development of new molecular electronic devices. This ideally requires considering the many different options offered by the molecular structure, the nature of the electrodes, and all possible molecule-electrode anchoring configurations, which is experimentally tedious and theoretically very expensive. Here we present a systematic theoretical study of the conductance of di-amino, di-methylthio and di-(4-methylthio)phenyl acenes, from benzene to pentacene, and for all possible distributions of two identical linkers symmetrically placed on opposite sides of the same ring. We show that, for all investigated compounds, the relative variation of the conductance is well explained by the variations of the HOMO energies as predicted by a simple extended-Hückel approach, i.e., without the need for further input from more elaborate calculations. The model predicts quite nicely that diamino acenes are better conductors than their corresponding dimethylthio analogues, and both much better than the di-(4-methylthio)phenyl counterparts, irrespective of the linkers' relative positions. It also predicts, for a given pair of linkers, the variations in the conductance resulting from changing the acene size and/or the relative position of the linkers. These variations can be as large as an order of magnitude, and therefore can be used to engineer molecular conductance. Finally, we show that a similar approach should be useful to predict trends in the relative conductance of a large variety of disubstituted acene isomers, including various linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Fallaque
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nano), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-González
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Díaz
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nano), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Shi J, Jiang F, Long S, Lu Z, Liu T, Zheng H, Shi J, Yang Y, Hong W, Tian ZQ. The influence of water on the charge transport through self-assembled monolayers junctions fabricated by EGaIn technique. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Zhu Y, Tan Z, Hong W. Simultaneous Electrical and Mechanical Characterization of Single-Molecule Junctions Using AFM-BJ Technique. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:30873-30888. [PMID: 34841131 PMCID: PMC8613807 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication and characterization of single-molecule junctions provide a unique platform to study the physical phenomena of a single molecule, and the electrical characterization enables us to understand the electrical transport properties of a single molecule and guide the fabrication of molecular electronic devices. However, the electrical characterization of single-molecule junctions is sometimes insufficient to extract the structural information on single-molecule junctions, and an alternate method to address this problem is to characterize the mechanical properties of single-molecule junctions. Simultaneous measurement of mechanical and electrical properties can provide complementary information on single molecules to analyze the correlations of their electrical and mechanical properties in the evolution of single-molecule junctions. In this mini-review, we summarize the progress on the simultaneous characterizations of mechanical and electrical properties for single-molecule junctions, and discuss the challenges and perspectives of this research area.
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16
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Han Y, Nickle C, Maglione MS, Karuppannan SK, Casado‐Montenegro J, Qi D, Chen X, Tadich A, Cowie B, Mas‐Torrent M, Rovira C, Cornil J, Veciana J, del Barco E, Nijhuis CA. Bias-Polarity-Dependent Direct and Inverted Marcus Charge Transport Affecting Rectification in a Redox-Active Molecular Junction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100055. [PMID: 34145786 PMCID: PMC8292891 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the transition from the normal to inverted Marcus region in solid-state tunnel junctions consisting of self-assembled monolayers of benzotetrathiafulvalene (BTTF), and how this transition determines the performance of a molecular diode. Temperature-dependent normalized differential conductance analyses indicate the participation of the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) at large negative bias, which follows typical thermally activated hopping behavior associated with the normal Marcus regime. In contrast, hopping involving the HOMO dominates the mechanism of charge transport at positive bias, yet it is nearly activationless indicating the junction operates in the inverted Marcus region. Thus, within the same junction it is possible to switch between Marcus and inverted Marcus regimes by changing the bias polarity. Consequently, the current only decreases with decreasing temperature at negative bias when hopping is "frozen out," but not at positive bias resulting in a 30-fold increase in the molecular rectification efficiency. These results indicate that the charge transport in the inverted Marcus region is readily accessible in junctions with redox molecules in the weak coupling regime and control over different hopping regimes can be used to improve junction performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Han
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore3 Science Drive 3Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Cameron Nickle
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL32816USA
| | - Maria Serena Maglione
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)/CIBER‐BBNCampus de la UABBellaterra08193Spain
| | | | - Javier Casado‐Montenegro
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)/CIBER‐BBNCampus de la UABBellaterra08193Spain
| | - Dong‐Chen Qi
- Centre for Materials ScienceSchool of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueensland4001Australia
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore3 Science Drive 3Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Anton Tadich
- Australian Synchrotron ClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Bruce Cowie
- Australian Synchrotron ClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Marta Mas‐Torrent
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)/CIBER‐BBNCampus de la UABBellaterra08193Spain
| | - Concepció Rovira
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)/CIBER‐BBNCampus de la UABBellaterra08193Spain
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 20MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)/CIBER‐BBNCampus de la UABBellaterra08193Spain
| | | | - Christian A. Nijhuis
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore3 Science Drive 3Singapore117543Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research CenterNational University of Singapore6 Science Drive 2Singapore117546Singapore
- Hybrid Materials for Opto‐Electronics GroupDepartment of Molecules and MaterialsMESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Center for Brain‐Inspired Nano SystemsFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of TwenteP.O. Box 217EnschedeAE 7500The Netherlands
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17
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O'Driscoll LJ, Bryce MR. A review of oligo(arylene ethynylene) derivatives in molecular junctions. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:10668-10711. [PMID: 34110337 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oligo(arylene ethynylene) (OAE) derivatives are the "workhorse" molecules of molecular electronics. Their ease of synthesis and flexibility of functionalisation mean that a diverse array of OAE molecular wires have been designed, synthesised and studied theoretically and experimentally in molecular junctions using both single-molecule and ensemble methods. This review summarises the breadth of molecular designs that have been investigated with emphasis on structure-property relationships with respect to the electronic conductance of OAEs. The factors considered include molecular length, connectivity, conjugation, (anti)aromaticity, heteroatom effects and quantum interference (QI). Growing interest in the thermoelectric properties of OAE derivatives, which are expected to be at the forefront of research into organic thermoelectric devices, is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J O'Driscoll
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham, UKDH1 3LE.
| | - Martin R Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham, UKDH1 3LE.
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18
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Tang C, Huang L, Sangtarash S, Noori M, Sadeghi H, Xia H, Hong W. Reversible Switching between Destructive and Constructive Quantum Interference Using Atomically Precise Chemical Gating of Single-Molecule Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9385-9392. [PMID: 34143603 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantum interference (QI) plays an imperative role in the operation of molecular devices within the phase-coherent length, and it is vital to harness the patterns of QI, i.e., constructive and destructive interference. However, the size of the single-molecule device is too small compared to most gate electrodes. Those gates act like a backgate to affect the molecular component uniformly. Switching the patterns of QI in the same molecular skeleton remains challenging. Here, we develop the atomically precise gating strategy that manipulates the frontier orbitals of molecular components, achieving the complete switching of QI patterns between destructive to constructive QI and leading to a significant conductance modulation at room temperature. The chemical gating effect is exerted locally on the pyridine nitrogen through the selective interaction to cationic reagents, with which we can also control the switching reversibility as desired. We demonstrate the unique effect of atomically precise gating to modulate the quantum interference at the single-molecule scale, opening an avenue to develop new-conceptual electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Longfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Sara Sangtarash
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Noori
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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19
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Wang L, Zhao Z, Shinde DB, Lai Z, Wang D. Modulation of destructive quantum interference by bridge groups in truxene-based single-molecule junctions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:667-670. [PMID: 33346271 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07438a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron transport properties of polycyclic truxene derivatives have been investigated by the single molecule conductance measurement technique and theoretical study. Molecules with nitrogen and carbonyl substituents at the bridge sites exhibit higher single-molecule conductances by almost one order of magnitude compared with non-substituted analogues. It can be ascribed that the anti-resonance feature produced by destructive quantum interference (DQI) is alleviated and pushed away from the Fermi energy. These findings provide an effective chemical strategy for manipulating the DQI behavior in single molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zhihao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Digambar B Shinde
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhiping Lai
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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20
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Gupta NK, Schultz T, Karuppannan SK, Vilan A, Koch N, Nijhuis CA. The energy level alignment of the ferrocene-EGaIn interface studied with photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13458-13467. [PMID: 34095913 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01690c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The energy level alignment after the formation of a molecular tunnel junction is often poorly understood because spectroscopy inside junctions is not possible, which hampers the rational design of functional molecular junctions and complicates the interpretation of the data generated by molecular junctions. In molecular junction platforms where the top electrode-molecule interaction is weak; one may argue that the energy level alignment can be deduced from measurements with the molecules supported by the bottom electrode (sometimes referred to as "half junctions"). This approach, however, still relies on a series of assumptions, which are challenging to address experimentally due to difficulties in studying the molecule-top electrode interaction. Herein, we describe top electrode-molecule junctions with a liquid metal alloy top electrode of EGaIn (which stands for eutectic alloy of Ga and In) interacting with well-characterised ferrocene (Fc) moieties. We deposited a ferrocene derivative on films of EGaIn, coated with its native GaOx layer, and studied the energy level alignment with photoelectron spectroscopy. Our results reveal that the electronic interaction between the Fc and GaOx/EGaIn is very weak, resembling physisorption. Therefore, investigations of "half junctions" for this system can provide valuable information regarding the energy level alignment of complete EGaIn junctions. Our results help to improve our understanding of the energy landscape in weakly coupled molecular junctions and aid to the rational design of molecular electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipun Kumar Gupta
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore and Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Thorsten Schultz
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany. and Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Senthil Kumar Karuppannan
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ayelet Vilan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany. and Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Departement of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore and Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore and Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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21
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Han Y, Nijhuis CA. Functional Redox-Active Molecular Tunnel Junctions. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3752-3770. [PMID: 33015998 PMCID: PMC7756406 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active molecular junctions have attracted considerable attention because redox-active molecules provide accessible energy levels enabling electronic function at the molecular length scales, such as, rectification, conductance switching, or molecular transistors. Unlike charge transfer in wet electrochemical environments, it is still challenging to understand how redox-processes proceed in solid-state molecular junctions which lack counterions and solvent molecules to stabilize the charge on the molecules. In this minireview, we first introduce molecular junctions based on redox-active molecules and discuss their properties from both a chemistry and nanoelectronics point of view, and then discuss briefly the mechanisms of charge transport in solid-state redox-junctions followed by examples where redox-molecules generate new electronic function. We conclude with challenges that need to be addressed and interesting future directions from a chemical engineering and molecular design perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Han
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore3 Science Drive 3Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Christian A. Nijhuis
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore3 Science Drive 3Singapore117543Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research CentreNational University of Singapore6 Science Drive 2Singapore117546Singapore
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22
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Liu Y, Ornago L, Carlotti M, Ai Y, El Abbassi M, Soni S, Asyuda A, Zharnikov M, van der Zant HSJ, Chiechi RC. Intermolecular Effects on Tunneling through Acenes in Large-Area and Single-Molecule Junctions. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:22776-22783. [PMID: 33093933 PMCID: PMC7569675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c05781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the conductance of single-molecules and self-assembled monolayers comprising an oligophenyleneethynylene core, functionalized with acenes of increasing length that extend conjugation perpendicular to the path of tunneling electrons. In the Mechanically Controlled Break Junction (MCBJ) experiment, multiple conductance plateaus were identified. The high conductance plateau, which we attribute to the single molecule conformation, shows an increase of conductance as a function of acene length, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The lower plateau is attributed to multiple molecules bridging the junctions with intermolecular interactions playing a role. In junctions comprising a self-assembled monolayer with eutectic Ga-In top-contacts (EGaIn), the pentacene derivative exhibits unusually low conductance, which we ascribe to the inability of these molecules to pack in a monolayer without introducing significant intermolecular contacts. This hypothesis is supported by the MCBJ data and theoretical calculations showing suppressed conductance through the PC films. These results highlight the role of intermolecular effects and junction geometries in the observed fluctuations of conductance values between single-molecule and ensemble junctions, and the importance of studying molecules in both platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Liu
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Ornago
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ The Netherlands
| | - Marco Carlotti
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yong Ai
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria El Abbassi
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ The Netherlands
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andika Asyuda
- Angewandte
Physikalische Chemie, Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Angewandte
Physikalische Chemie, Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Qiu X, Chiechi RC. Large-Area Molecular Junctions: Synthesizing Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Nonvolatile Memory. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Wang X, Bennett TLR, Ismael A, Wilkinson LA, Hamill J, White AJP, Grace IM, Kolosov OV, Albrecht T, Robinson BJ, Long NJ, Cohen LF, Lambert CJ. Scale-Up of Room-Temperature Constructive Quantum Interference from Single Molecules to Self-Assembled Molecular-Electronic Films. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8555-8560. [PMID: 32343894 PMCID: PMC7588028 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The realization of self-assembled molecular-electronic films, whose room-temperature transport properties are controlled by quantum interference (QI), is an essential step in the scale-up of QI effects from single molecules to parallel arrays of molecules. Recently, the effect of destructive QI (DQI) on the electrical conductance of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) has been investigated. Here, through a combined experimental and theoretical investigation, we demonstrate chemical control of different forms of constructive QI (CQI) in cross-plane transport through SAMs and assess its influence on cross-plane thermoelectricity in SAMs. It is known that the electrical conductance of single molecules can be controlled in a deterministic manner, by chemically varying their connectivity to external electrodes. Here, by employing synthetic methodologies to vary the connectivity of terminal anchor groups around aromatic anthracene cores, and by forming SAMs of the resulting molecules, we clearly demonstrate that this signature of CQI can be translated into SAM-on-gold molecular films. We show that the conductance of vertical molecular junctions formed from anthracene-based molecules with two different connectivities differ by a factor of approximately 16, in agreement with theoretical predictions for their conductance ratio based on CQI effects within the core. We also demonstrate that for molecules with thioether anchor groups, the Seebeck coefficient of such films is connectivity dependent and with an appropriate choice of connectivity can be boosted by ∼50%. This demonstration of QI and its influence on thermoelectricity in SAMs represents a critical step toward functional ultra-thin-film devices for future thermoelectric and molecular-scale electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintai Wang
- Physics
Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
- The
Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Troy L. R. Bennett
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, MSRH, White City, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Ali Ismael
- Physics
Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
- Department
of Physics, College of Education for Pure Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq
| | - Luke A. Wilkinson
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, MSRH, White City, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Department
of Chemistry, Birmingham University, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, MSRH, White City, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Iain M. Grace
- Physics
Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
| | - Oleg V. Kolosov
- Physics
Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
| | - Tim Albrecht
- Department
of Chemistry, Birmingham University, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | | | - Nicholas J. Long
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, MSRH, White City, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Lesley F. Cohen
- The
Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Colin J. Lambert
- Physics
Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
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25
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Jia C, Grace IM, Wang P, Almeshal A, Huang Z, Wang Y, Chen P, Wang L, Zhou J, Feng Z, Zhao Z, Huang Y, Lambert CJ, Duan X. Redox Control of Charge Transport in Vertical Ferrocene Molecular Tunnel Junctions. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Song H, Kim T, Kang S, Jin H, Lee K, Yoon HJ. Ga-Based Liquid Metal Micro/Nanoparticles: Recent Advances and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903391. [PMID: 31583849 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals are emerging as fluidic inorganic materials in various research fields. Micro- and nanoparticles of Ga and its alloys have received particular attention in the last decade due to their non toxicity and accessibility in ambient conditions as well as their interesting chemical, physical, mechanical, and electrical properties. Unique features such as a fluidic nature and self-passivating oxide skin make Ga-based liquid metal particles (LMPs) distinguishable from conventional inorganic particles in the context of synthesis and applications. Here, recent advances in the bottom-up and top-down synthetic methods of Ga-based LMPs, their physicochemical properties, and their applications are summarized. Finally, the current status of the LMPs is highlighted and perspectives on future directions are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsun Song
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Haneul Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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27
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Zotti LA, Leary E. Taming quantum interference in single molecule junctions: induction and resonance are key. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5638-5646. [PMID: 32101199 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06384f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical bond induction and mesomerism/resonance are theoretically demonstrated to control quantum interference in single molecule junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Zotti
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- E-28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)
| | - Edmund Leary
- IMDEA Nanociencia
- Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco
- E-28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Department of Chemistry
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28
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Tang C, Zheng J, Ye Y, Liu J, Chen L, Yan Z, Chen Z, Chen L, Huang X, Bai J, Chen Z, Shi J, Xia H, Hong W. Electric-Field-Induced Connectivity Switching in Single-Molecule Junctions. iScience 2019; 23:100770. [PMID: 31954978 PMCID: PMC6970166 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of molecule-electrode interaction is essential for the fabrication of molecular devices and determines the connectivity from electrodes to molecular components. Although the connectivity of molecular devices could be controlled by molecular design to place anchor groups in different positions of molecule backbones, the reversible switching of such connectivities remains challenging. Here, we develop an electric-field-induced strategy to switch the connectivity of single-molecule junctions reversibly, leading to the manipulation of different connectivities in the same molecular backbone. Our results offer a new concept of single-molecule manipulation and provide a feasible strategy to regulate molecule-electrode interaction. A strategy to in-situ switch the connectivity of single-molecule junctions A concept to manipulate the molecule-electrode interaction A molecular switch triggered by the varying of electric field Experiments were combined with calculations to probe the switching mechanism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Jueting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Yiling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Lijue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Zhewei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Lichuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Zhaobin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China.
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China.
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29
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Naghibi S, Ismael AK, Vezzoli A, Al-Khaykanee MK, Zheng X, Grace IM, Bethell D, Higgins SJ, Lambert CJ, Nichols RJ. Synthetic Control of Quantum Interference by Regulating Charge on a Single Atom in Heteroaromatic Molecular Junctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6419-6424. [PMID: 31577147 PMCID: PMC7007252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A key area of activity in contemporary molecular electronics is the chemical control of conductance of molecular junctions and devices. Here we study and modify a range of pyrrolodipyridines (carbazole-like) molecular wires. We are able to change the electrical conductance and quantum interference patterns by chemically regulating the bridging nitrogen atom in the tricyclic ring system. A series of eight different N-substituted pyrrolodipyridines has been synthesized and subjected to single-molecule electrical characterization using an STM break junction. Correlations of these experimental data with theoretical calculations underline the importance of the pyrrolic nitrogen in facilitating conductance across the molecular bridge and controlling quantum interference. The large chemical modulation for the meta-connected series is not apparent for the para-series, showing the competition between (i) meta-connectivity quantum interference phenomena and (ii) the ability of the pyrrolic nitrogen to facilitate conductance, that can be modulated by chemical substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Naghibi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Ali K. Ismael
- Department
of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
- Department
of Physics, College of Education for Pure Science, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq
| | - Andrea Vezzoli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
- E-mail:
| | - Mohsin K. Al-Khaykanee
- Department
of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, University
of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq
| | - Xijia Zheng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Iain M. Grace
- Department
of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
| | - Donald Bethell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Colin J. Lambert
- Department
of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
- E-mail:
| | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
- E-mail:
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30
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Multicenter‐Bond‐Based Quantum Interference in Charge Transport Through Single‐Molecule Carborane Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Tang C, Chen L, Zhang L, Chen Z, Li G, Yan Z, Lin L, Liu J, Huang L, Ye Y, Hua Y, Shi J, Xia H, Hong W. Multicenter-Bond-Based Quantum Interference in Charge Transport Through Single-Molecule Carborane Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10601-10605. [PMID: 31166071 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular components are vital to introduce and manipulate quantum interference (QI) in charge transport through molecular electronic devices. Up to now, the functional molecular units that show QI are mostly found in conventional π- and σ-bond-based systems; it is thus intriguing to study QI in multicenter bonding systems without both π- and σ-conjugations. Now the presence of QI in multicenter-bond-based systems is demonstrated for the first time, through the single-molecule conductance investigation of carborane junctions. We find that all the three connectivities in carborane frameworks show different levels of destructive QI, which leads to highly suppressed single-molecule conductance in para- and meta-connected carboranes. The investigation of QI into carboranes provides a promising platform to fabricate molecular electronic devices based on multicenter bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lijue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Longyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Guopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhewei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Luchun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Longfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yiling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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32
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Carlotti M, Soni S, Qiu X, Sauter E, Zharnikov M, Chiechi RC. Systematic experimental study of quantum interference effects in anthraquinoid molecular wires. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2018-2028. [PMID: 31304460 PMCID: PMC6592160 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00223a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to translate molecular properties in molecular-electronic devices, it is necessary to create design principles that can be used to achieve better structure-function control oriented toward device fabrication. In molecular tunneling junctions, cross-conjugation tends to give rise to destructive quantum interference effects that can be tuned by changing the electronic properties of the molecules. We performed a systematic study of the tunneling charge-transport properties of a series of compounds characterized by an identical cross-conjugated anthraquinoid molecular skeleton but bearing different substituents at the 9 and 10 positions that affect the energies and localization of their frontier orbitals. We compared the experimental results across three different experimental platforms in both single-molecule and large-area junctions and found a general agreement. Combined with theoretical models, these results separate the intrinsic properties of the molecules from platform-specific effects. This work is a step towards explicit synthetic control over tunneling charge transport targeted at specific functionality in (proto-)devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlotti
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Eric Sauter
- Applied Physical Chemistry , Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheier Feld 253 , Heidelberg 69120 , Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical Chemistry , Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheier Feld 253 , Heidelberg 69120 , Germany
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands .
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
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33
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Carlotti M, Soni S, Kumar S, Ai Y, Sauter E, Zharnikov M, Chiechi RC. Two-Terminal Molecular Memory through Reversible Switching of Quantum Interference Features in Tunneling Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15681-15685. [PMID: 30260083 PMCID: PMC6283355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Large-area molecular tunneling junctions comprising self-assembled monolayers of redox-active molecules are described that exhibit two-terminal bias switching. The as-prepared monolayers undergo partial charge transfer to the underlying metal substrate (Au, Pt, or Ag), which converts their cores from a quinoid to a hydroquinoid form. The resulting rearomatization converts the bond topology from a cross-conjugated to a linearly conjugated π system. The cross-conjugated form correlates to the appearance of an interference feature in the transmission spectrum that vanishes for the linearly conjugated form. Owing to the presence of electron-withdrawing nitrile groups, the reduction potential and the interference feature lie close to the work function and Fermi level of the metallic substrate. We exploited the relationship between conjugation patterns and quantum interference to create nonvolatile memory in proto-devices using eutectic Ga-In as the top contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlotti
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Yong Ai
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Eric Sauter
- Applied Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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34
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Zhang Y, Soni S, Krijger TL, Gordiichuk P, Qiu X, Ye G, Jonkman HT, Herrmann A, Zojer K, Zojer E, Chiechi RC. Tunneling Probability Increases with Distance in Junctions Comprising Self-Assembled Monolayers of Oligothiophenes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15048-15055. [PMID: 30359013 PMCID: PMC6225337 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular tunneling junctions should enable the tailoring of charge-transport at the quantum level through synthetic chemistry but are hindered by the dominance of the electrodes. We show that the frontier orbitals of molecules can be decoupled from the electrodes, preserving their relative energies in self-assembled monolayers even when a top-contact is applied. This decoupling leads to the remarkable observation of tunneling probabilities that increase with distance in a series of oligothiophenes, which we explain using a two-barrier tunneling model. This model is generalizable to any conjugated oligomers for which the frontier orbital gap can be determined and predicts that the molecular orbitals that dominate tunneling charge-transport can be positioned via molecular design rather than by domination of Fermi-level pinning arising from strong hybridization. The ability to preserve the electronic structure of molecules in tunneling junctions facilitates the application of well-established synthetic design rules to tailor the properties of molecular-electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxi Zhang
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus L Krijger
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Pavlo Gordiichuk
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Xinkai Qiu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Gang Ye
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Harry T Jonkman
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Karin Zojer
- Institute of Solid State Physics , NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute of Solid State Physics , NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
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