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Kiker MT, Uddin A, Stevens LM, O'Dea CJ, Mason KS, Page ZA. Onium Photocages for Visible-Light-Activated Poly(thiourethane) Synthesis and 3D Printing. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38981090 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The lack of chemical diversity in light-driven reactions for 3D printing poses challenges in the production of structures with long-term ambient stability, recyclability, and breadth in properties (mechanical, optical, etc.). Herein we expand the scope of photochemistries compatible with 3D printing by introducing onium photocages for the rapid formation of poly(thiourethanes) (PTUs). Efficient nonsensitized visible-light photolysis releases organophosphine and -amine derivatives that catalyze thiol-isocyanate polyaddition reactions with excellent temporal control. Two resin formulations comprising commercial isocyanates and thiols were developed for digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing to showcase the fast production of high-resolution PTU objects with disparate mechanical properties. Onium photocages represent valuable tools to advance light-driven manufacturing of next-generation high-performance sustainable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan T Kiker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ain Uddin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lynn M Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Connor J O'Dea
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Keldy S Mason
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zachariah A Page
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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2
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Sujansky SJ, Hoteling GA, Bandar JS. A strategy for the controllable generation of organic superbases from benchtop-stable salts. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10018-10026. [PMID: 38966380 PMCID: PMC11220602 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02524e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic superbases are a distinct class of strong base that enable numerous modern reaction applications. Despite their great synthetic potential, widespread use and study of superbases are limited by their air sensitivity and difficult preparation. To address this, we report air-stable carboxylate salts of BTPP and P2-t-Bu phosphazene superbases that, when added to solution with an epoxide, spontaneously generate freebase. These systems function as effective precatalysts and stoichiometric prereagents for superbase-promoted addition, substitution and polymerization reactions. In addition to improving the synthesis, shelf stability, handling and recycling of phosphazenes, this approach enables precise regulation of the rate of base generation in situ. The activation strategy effectively mimics manual slow addition techniques, allowing for control over a reaction's rate or induction period and improvement of reactions that require strong base but are also sensitive to its presence, such as Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Sujansky
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Garrett A Hoteling
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
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3
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Utroša P, Carroll JA, Žagar E, Pahovnik D, Barner-Kowollik C. Wavelength-Dependent Activation of Photoacids and Bases. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400820. [PMID: 38684451 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Photoacids and bases allow remote control over pH in reaction solutions, which is of fundamental importance to an array of applications. Herein, we determine the wavelength-by-wavelength resolved photoreactivity of triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate salts as a representative photoacid generator and p-(benzoyl)benzyl triethylammonium tetraphenylborate as a photobase generator, constructing a wavelength-resolved photochemical action plot for each of the compounds. We monitor the pH change of the solution on-line within the cavity of the laser vial and demonstrate a marked mismatch between the absorption spectrum of the photoacid and base with the photochemical action plot, unveiling reactivity at very low absorptivities. Our findings are of critical importance for the use of photoacids and bases, unambiguously demonstrating that absorption is no guide to chemical reactivity with critical consequences for the wavelength employed in applications of photoacids and bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Utroša
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joshua A Carroll
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, QLD 4000, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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4
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Bhide R, Phun GS, Ardo S. Elementary Reaction Steps That Precede or Follow a Unimolecular Reaction Step Can Obfuscate Interpretation of the Driving-Force Dependence to Its Rate Constant. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4177-4188. [PMID: 38752741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Assessing the validity of a driving-force-dependent kinetic theory for a unimolecular elementary reaction step is difficult when the observed reaction rate is strongly influenced by properties of the preceding or following elementary reaction step. A well-known example occurs for bimolecular reactions with weak orbital overlap, such as outer-sphere electron transfer, where bimolecular collisional encounters that precede a fast unimolecular electron-transfer step can limit the observed rate. A lesser-appreciated example occurs for bimolecular reactions with stronger orbital overlap, including many proton-transfer reactions, where equilibration of an endergonic unimolecular proton-transfer step results in a relatively small concentration of reaction products, thus slowing the rate of the following step such that it becomes rate limiting. Incomplete consideration of these points has led to discrepancies in interpretation of data from the literature. Our reanalysis of these data suggests that proton-transfer elementary reaction steps have a nonzero intrinsic free energy barrier, implying, in the parlance of Marcus theory, that there is non-negligible nuclear reorganization. Outcomes from our analyses are generalizable to inner-sphere electron-transfer reactions such as those involved in (photo)electrochemical fuel-forming reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Bhide
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Gabriel S Phun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shane Ardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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5
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Fu W, Shao Z, Xu Z, Li Z, Shao X. O-nitrobenzyl Caged Molecule Enables Photo-controlled Release of Thiabendazole. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300742. [PMID: 38426686 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides are essential in agricultural development. Controlled-release pesticides have attracted great attentions. Base on a principle of spatiotemporal selectivity, we extended the photoremovable protective group (PRPG) into agrochemical agents to achieve controllable release of active ingredients. Herein, we obtained NP-TBZ by covalently linking o-nitrobenzyl (NP) with thiabendazole (TBZ). Compound NP-TBZ can be controlled to release TBZ in dependent to light. The irradiated and unirradiated NP-TBZ showed significant differences on fungicidal activities both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the irradiated NP-TBZ displayed similar antifungal activities to the directly-used TBZ, indicating a factual applicability in controllable release of TBZ. Furthermore, we explored the action mode and microcosmic variations by SEM analysis, and demonstrated that the irradiated NP-TBZ retained a same action mode with TBZ against mycelia growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhongli Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhiping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xusheng Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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6
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Sun P, Li Z, Zhang X, Liao Y, Liao S. Visible Light-Regulated Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactones by Employing Indigo as a Photoacid Catalyst. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400054. [PMID: 38471494 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The development of visible light-regulated polymerizations for precision synthesis of polymers has drawn considerable attention in the past years. In this study, an ancient dye, indigo, is successfully identified as a new and efficient photoacid catalyst, which can readily promote the ring-opening polymerization of lactones under visible light irradiation in a well-controlled manner, affording the desired polyester products with predictable molecular weights and narrow dispersity. The enhanced acidity of indigos by excitation is crucial to the H-bonding activation of the lactone monomers. Chain extension and block copolymer synthesis are also demonstrated with this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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7
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Premadasa UI, Doughty B, Custelcean R, Ma YZ. Towards Energy-Efficient Direct Air Capture with Photochemically-Driven CO 2 Release and Solvent Regeneration. Chempluschem 2024:e202300713. [PMID: 38456801 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The intensive energy demands associated with solvent regeneration and CO2 release in current direct air capture (DAC) technologies makes their deployment at the massive scales (GtCO2/year) required to positively impact the climate economically unfeasible. This challenge underscores the critical need to develop new DAC processes with significantly reduced energy costs. Recently, we developed a new approach to photochemically drive efficient release of CO2 through an intermolecular proton transfer reaction by exploiting the unique properties of an indazole metastable-state photoacid (mPAH), opening a new avenue towards energy efficient on-demand CO2 release and solvent regeneration using abundant solar energy instead of heat. In this Concept Article, we will describe the principle of our photochemically-driven CO2 release approach for solvent-based DAC systems, discuss the essential prerequisites and conditions to realize this cyclable CO2 release chemistry under ambient conditions. We outline the key findings of our approach, discuss the latest developments from other research laboratories, detail approaches used to monitor DAC systems in situ, and highlight experimental procedures for validating its feasibility. We conclude with a summary and outlook into the immediate challenges that must be addressed in order to fully exploit this novel photochemically-driven approach to DAC solvent regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uvinduni I Premadasa
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, 37831, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Benjamin Doughty
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, 37831, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Radu Custelcean
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, 37831, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Ying-Zhong Ma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, 37831, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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8
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Sun T, Kang L, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Gu Y. Photoacid Generators for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2302875. [PMID: 38039443 PMCID: PMC10837391 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoacid generators (PAGs) are compounds capable of producing hydrogen protons (H+ ) upon irradiation, including irreversible and reversible PAGs, which have been widely studied in photoinduced polymerization and degradation for a long time. In recent years, the applications of PAGs in the biomedical field have attracted more attention due to their promising clinical value. So, an increasing number of novel PAGs have been reported. In this review, the recent progresses of PAGs for biomedical applications is systematically summarized, including tumor treatment, antibacterial treatment, regulation of protein folding and unfolding, control of drug release and so on. Furthermore, a concept of water-dependent reversible photoacid (W-RPA) and its antitumor effect are highlighted. Eventually, the challenges of PAGs for clinical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhen Sun
- School of Medical TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyNo. 5 South Street, ZhongguancunHaidian DistrictBeijing100081China
| | - Lin Kang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 19A Yuquan RoadBeijing100049China
| | - Hongyou Zhao
- School of Medical TechnologyBeijing Institute of TechnologyNo. 5 South Street, ZhongguancunHaidian DistrictBeijing100081China
| | - Yuxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesNo. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesNo. 19A Yuquan RoadBeijing100049China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Laser MedicineThe First Medical CentreChinese PLA General HospitalNo. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian DistrictBeijing100853China
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9
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Dumur F. Recent Advances in Monocomponent Visible Light Photoinitiating Systems Based on Sulfonium Salts. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4202. [PMID: 37959882 PMCID: PMC10649563 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, multicomponent photoinitiating systems have been the focus of intense research efforts, especially for the design of visible light photoinitiating systems. Although highly reactive three-component and even four-component photoinitiating systems have been designed, the complexity to elaborate such mixtures has incited researchers to design monocomponent Type II photoinitiators. Using this approach, the photosensitizer and the radical/cation generator can be combined within a unique molecule, greatly simplifying the elaboration of the photocurable resins. In this field, sulfonium salts are remarkable photoinitiators but these structures lack absorption in the visible range. Over the years, various structural modifications have been carried out in order to redshift their absorptions in the visible region. In this work, an overview of the different sulfonium salts activable under visible light and reported to date is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
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10
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Gagarin AA, Minin AS, Shevyrin VA, Kostova IP, Benassi E, Belskaya NP. Photocaging of Carboxylic Function Bearing Biomolecules by New Thiazole Derived Fluorophore. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302079. [PMID: 37530503 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a new fluorophore containing an arylidene thiazole scaffold resulted in a compound with good photophysical characteristics. Furthermore, the thiazole C5-methyl group was easily modified into specific functional groups (CH2 Br and CH2 OH) for the formation of a series of photocourier molecules containing model compounds (benzoic acids), as well as prodrugs, including salicylic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorambucil via a "benzyl" linker. Spectral characteristics (1 H, 13 C NMR, and high-resolution mass spectra) corresponded to the proposed structures. The photocourier molecules demonstrated absorption with high values of coefficient of molar extinction, exhibited contrasting green emission, and showed good dark stability. The mechanism of the photorelease was investigated through spectral analysis, HPLC-HRMS, and supported by TD-DFT calculations. The photoheterolysis and elimination of carboxylic acids were proved to occur in the excited state, yielding a carbocation as an intermediate moiety. The fluorophore structure provided stability to the carbocation through the delocalization of the positive charge via resonance structures. Viability assessment of Vero cells using the MTT-test confirmed the weak cytotoxicity of prodrugs without irradiation and it increase upon UV-light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey A Gagarin
- Department of Technology for Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Artem S Minin
- Department of Technology for Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
- M. N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 18S. Kovalevskaya Str., Yekaterinburg, 620108, Russia
| | - Vadim A Shevyrin
- Department of Technology for Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Irena P Kostova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Enrico Benassi
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya P Belskaya
- Department of Technology for Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
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11
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Yu S, Reddy O, Abaci A, Ai Y, Li Y, Chen H, Guvendiren M, Belfield KD, Zhang Y. Novel BODIPY-Based Photobase Generators for Photoinduced Polymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45281-45289. [PMID: 37708358 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Photobase generators (PBGs) are compounds that utilize light-sensitive chemical-protecting groups to offer spatiotemporal control of releasing organic bases upon targeted light irradiation. PBGs can be implemented as an external control to initiate anionic polymerizations such as thiol-ene Michael addition reactions. However, there are limitations for common PBGs, including a short absorption wavelength and weak base release that lead to poor efficiency in photopolymerization. Therefore, there is a great need for visible-light-triggered PBGs that are capable of releasing strong bases efficiently. Here, we report two novel BODIPY-based visible-light-sensitive PBGs for light-induced activation of the thiol-ene Michael "click" reaction and polymerization. These PBGs were designed by connecting the BODIPY-based light-sensitive protecting group with tetramethylguanidine (TMG), a strong base. Moreover, we exploited the heavy atom effect to increase the efficiency of releasing TMG and the polymerization rate. These BODIPY-based PBGs exhibit extraordinary activity toward thiol-ene Michael addition-based polymerization, and they can be used in surface coating and polymer network formation of different thiol and vinyl monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupei Yu
- . . Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Ojasvita Reddy
- . . Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Alperen Abaci
- . . Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 161 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Yongling Ai
- . . Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Yanmei Li
- . . Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- . . Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Murat Guvendiren
- . . Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 161 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Kevin D Belfield
- . . Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- . . Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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12
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Long J, Rocard L, Van Elslande E, Retailleau P, Xie J, Bogliotti N. Light-Promoted Basic Nitrogen Unmasking in Arene Ruthenium Complexes Derived from Z-Configured 2,2'-Azobispyridine. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301301. [PMID: 37296071 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two novel 2,2'-azobispyridine derivatives bearing N-dialkylamino substituents at position 4,4' were synthesized and their E-Z photoswitching behavior was characterized by combination of 1 H- and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption and DFT calculations. Both isomers act as ligands towards arene-RuII centers, leading either to E-configured 5-membered chelates (involving coordination of nitrogen atoms from N=N bond and pyridine) or to the uncommon Z-configured 7-membered chelates (involving coordination of nitrogen atoms from both pyridines). The latter show good stability in the dark, allowing single crystal X-ray diffraction study to be reported here for the first time. All synthesized Z-configured arene-RuII complexes undergo irreversible photo-isomerization to their corresponding E isomers with rearrangement of their coordination pattern. This property was advantageously exploited for the light-promoted unmasking of a basic nitrogen atom of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Long
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lou Rocard
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elsa Van Elslande
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Juan Xie
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Bogliotti
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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13
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Honda S. Organocatalytic vat-ring-opening photopolymerization enables 3D printing of fully degradable polymers. Commun Chem 2023; 6:170. [PMID: 37605041 PMCID: PMC10442406 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Honda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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14
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Gómez Fernández MA, Hoffmann N. Photocatalytic Transformation of Biomass and Biomass Derived Compounds-Application to Organic Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:4746. [PMID: 37375301 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomass and biomass-derived compounds have become an important alternative feedstock for chemical industry. They may replace fossil feedstocks such as mineral oil and related platform chemicals. These compounds may also be transformed conveniently into new innovative products for the medicinal or the agrochemical domain. The production of cosmetics or surfactants as well as materials for different applications are examples for other domains where new platform chemicals obtained from biomass can be used. Photochemical and especially photocatalytic reactions have recently been recognized as being important tools of organic chemistry as they make compounds or compound families available that cannot be or are difficultly synthesized with conventional methods of organic synthesis. The present review gives a short overview with selected examples on photocatalytic reactions of biopolymers, carbohydrates, fatty acids and some biomass-derived platform chemicals such as furans or levoglucosenone. In this article, the focus is on application to organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Andrés Gómez Fernández
- CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Norbert Hoffmann
- CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims, France
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15
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Zhang L, Li L, Chen Y, Pi J, Liu R, Zhu Y. Recent Advances and Challenges in Long Wavelength Sensitive Cationic Photoinitiating Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112524. [PMID: 37299323 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advantages offered by cationic photopolymerization (CP) such as broad wavelength activation, tolerance to oxygen, low shrinkage and the possibility of "dark cure", it has attracted extensive attention in photoresist, deep curing and other fields in recent years. The applied photoinitiating systems (PIS) play a crucial role as they can affect the speed and type of the polymerization and properties of the materials formed. In the past few decades, much effort has been invested into developing cationic photoinitiating systems (CPISs) that can be activated at long wavelengths and overcome technical problems and challenges faced. In this article, the latest developments in the long wavelength sensitive CPIS under ultraviolet (UV)/visible light-emitting diodes (LED) lights are reviewed. The objective is, furthermore, to show differences as well as parallels between different PIS and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lun Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Junyi Pi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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16
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Dumur F. Recent advances on water-soluble photoinitiators of polymerization. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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17
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Ley C, Siedel A, Bertaux T, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Allonas X. Photochemical Processes of Superbase Generation in Xanthone Carboxylic Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214784. [PMID: 36533332 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photobase generators are species that allow the photocatalysis of various reactions, such as thiol-Michael, thiol-isocyanate, and ring-opening polymerization reactions. However, existing compounds have complex syntheses and low quantum yields. To overcome these problems, photobase generators based on the photodecarboxylation reaction were developed. We synthesized and studied the photochemistry and photophysics of two xanthone photobase, their carboxylic acid precursors, and their photoproducts to understand the photobase generation mechanism. We determined accurate quantum yields of triplet states and photobase generation. The effect of the intermediate radical preceding the base release was demonstrated. We characterized the photophysics of the photobase by femtosecond spectroscopy and showed that the photodecarboxylation process occurred from the second excited triplet state with a rate constant of 2.2×109 s-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ley
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaire, Université de Haute Alsace, 3b rue A. Werner, 68200, Mulhouse, France
| | - Antoine Siedel
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaire, Université de Haute Alsace, 3b rue A. Werner, 68200, Mulhouse, France
| | - Tony Bertaux
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaire, Université de Haute Alsace, 3b rue A. Werner, 68200, Mulhouse, France
| | - Céline Croutxé-Barghorn
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaire, Université de Haute Alsace, 3b rue A. Werner, 68200, Mulhouse, France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaire, Université de Haute Alsace, 3b rue A. Werner, 68200, Mulhouse, France
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18
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Dumur F. Recent Advances on Photoinitiating Systems Designed for Solar Photocrosslinking Polymerization Reactions. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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19
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Dumur F. Recent Advances on Anthraquinone-based Photoinitiators of Polymerization. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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20
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Recent Advances on Furan-Based Visible Light Photoinitiators of Polymerization. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photopolymerization is an active research field enabling to polymerize in greener conditions than that performed with traditional thermal polymerization. At present, a great deal of effort is devoted to developing visible light photoinitiating systems. Indeed, the traditional UV photoinitiating systems are currently the focus of numerous safety concerns so alternatives to UV light are being actively researched. However, visible light photons are less energetic than UV photons so the reactivity of the photoinitiating systems should be improved to address this issue. In this field, furane constitutes an interesting candidate for the design of photocatalysts of polymerization due to its low cost and its easy chemical modification. In this review, an overview concerning the design of furane-based photoinitiators is provided. Comparisons with reference systems are also established to demonstrate evidence of the interest of these photoinitiators in innovative structures.
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21
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Sahare S, Ghoderao P, Chan Y, Lee SL. Surface supramolecular assemblies tailored by chemical/physical and synergistic stimuli: a scanning tunneling microscopy study. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1981-2002. [PMID: 36515142 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assemblies formed by various non-covalent interactions can produce diverse functional networks on solid surfaces. These networks have recently attracted much interest from both fundamental and application points of view. Unlike covalent organic frameworks (COFs), the properties of the assemblies differ from each other depending on the constituent motifs. These various motifs may find diverse applications such as in crystal engineering, surface modification, and molecular electronics. Significantly, these interactions between/among the molecular tectonics are relatively weak and reversible, which makes them responsive to external stimuli. Moreover, for a liquid-solid-interface environment, the dynamic processes are amenable to in situ observation using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In the literature, most review articles focus on supramolecular self-assembly interactions. This review summarizes the recent literature in which stimulation sources, including chemical, physical, and their combined stimuli, cooperatively tailor supramolecular assemblies on surfaces. The appropriate design and synthesis of functional molecules that can be integrated on different surfaces permits the use of nanostructured materials and devices for bottom-up nanotechnology. Finally, we discuss synergic effect on materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Sahare
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Prachi Ghoderao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
| | - Yue Chan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
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22
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Effect of substituents on 1,3,5-triphenylpyrazoline as light-emitting diode-sensitive initiators in photopolymerization. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Recent Advances on Photobleachable Visible Light Photoinitiators of Polymerization. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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24
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High-Performance Photoinitiating Systems for LED-Induced Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020342. [PMID: 36679223 PMCID: PMC9860695 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, increasing attention has been focused on light-emitting diodes (LEDs)-induced photopolymerization. The common LEDs (e.g., LED at 365 nm and LED at 405 nm) possess narrow emission bands. Due to their light absorption properties, most commercial photoinitiators are sensitive to UV light and cannot be optimally activated under visible LED irradiation. Although many photoinitiators have been designed for LED-induced free radical polymerization and cationic polymerization, there is still the issue of the mating between photoinitiators and LEDs. Therefore, the development of novel photoinitiators, which could be applied under LED irradiation, is significant. Many photoinitiating systems have been reported in the past decade. In this review, some recently developed photoinitiators used in LED-induced photopolymerization, mainly in the past 5 years, are summarized and categorized as Type Ⅰ photoinitiators, Type Ⅱ photoinitiators, and dye-based photoinitiating systems. In addition, their light absorption properties and photoinitiation efficiencies are discussed.
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25
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Recent advances in multi-configurable nanomaterials for improved chemodynamic therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Dumur F. Recent advances on benzylidene cyclopentanones as visible light photoinitiators of polymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Lin ZH, Yao YF, Zhang CP. Deuteration of Arylthianthren-5-ium Salts in CD 3OD. Org Lett 2022; 24:8417-8422. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Hui Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yu-Fei Yao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Cheng-Pan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
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28
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Controlled deprotection of poly(2-(tert-butoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl methacrylate) using p-toluenesulfonic esters as thermally latent acid catalysts. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Valle M, Ximenis M, Lopez de Pariza X, Chan JMW, Sardon H. Spotting Trends in Organocatalyzed and Other Organomediated (De)polymerizations and Polymer Functionalizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203043. [PMID: 35700152 PMCID: PMC9545893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalysis has evolved into an effective complement to metal‐ or enzyme‐based catalysis in polymerization, polymer functionalization, and depolymerization. The ease of removal and greater sustainability of organocatalysts relative to transition‐metal‐based ones has spurred development in specialty applications, e.g., medical devices, drug delivery, optoelectronics. Despite this, the use of organocatalysis and other organomediated reactions in polymer chemistry is still rapidly developing, and we envisage their rapidly growing application in nascent areas such as controlled radical polymerization, additive manufacturing, and chemical recycling in the coming years. In this Review, we describe ten trending areas where we anticipate paradigm shifts resulting from novel organocatalysts and other transition‐metal‐free conditions. We highlight opportunities and challenges and detail how new discoveries could lead to previously inaccessible functional materials and a potentially circular plastics economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Valle
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Jose Mari Korta Center Avda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | - Marta Ximenis
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Jose Mari Korta Center Avda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
- University of the Balearic Islands UIB Department of Chemistry Cra. Valldemossa, Km 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Xabier Lopez de Pariza
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Jose Mari Korta Center Avda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | - Julian M. W. Chan
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals Energy and Environment (ISCE2) Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island Singapore 627833 Singapore
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Jose Mari Korta Center Avda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
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31
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Bhide R, Feltenberger CN, Phun GS, Barton G, Fishman D, Ardo S. Quantification of Excited-State Brønsted-Lowry Acidity of Weak Photoacids Using Steady-State Photoluminescence Spectroscopy and a Driving-Force-Dependent Kinetic Theory. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14477-14488. [PMID: 35917469 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoacids and photobases constitute a class of molecules that upon absorption of light undergoes a reversible change in acidity, i.e. pKa. Knowledge of the excited-state pKa value, pKa*, is critical for predicting excited-state proton-transfer behavior. A reasonable approximation of pKa* is possible using the Förster cycle analysis, but only when the ground-state pKa is known. This poses a challenge for the study of weak photoacids (photobases) with less acidic (basic) excited states (pKa* (pKb*) > 7), because ground-state pKa (pKb) values are >14, making it difficult to quantify them accurately in water. Another method to determine pKa* relies on acid-base titrations with photoluminescence detection and Henderson-Hasselbalch analysis. This method requires that the acid dissociation reaction involving the thermally equilibrated electronic excited state reaches chemical quasi-equilibrium, which does not occur for weak photoacids (photobases) due to slow rates of excited-state proton transfer. Herein, we report a method to overcome these limitations. We demonstrate that liquid water and aqueous hydroxide are unique proton-accepting quenchers of excited-state photoacids. We determine that Stern-Volmer quenching analysis is appropriate to extract rate constants for excited-state proton transfer in aqueous solutions from a weak photoacid, 5-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonate, to a series of proton-accepting quenchers. Analysis of these data by Marcus-Cohen bond-energy-bond-order theory yields an accurate value for pKa* of 5-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonate. Our method is broadly accessible because it only requires readily available steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy. Moreover, our results for weak photoacids are consistent with those from previous studies of strong photoacids, each showing the applicability of kinetic theories to interpret driving-force-dependent rate constants for proton-transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Bhide
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Cassidy N Feltenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Gabriel S Phun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Grant Barton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Dmitry Fishman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Laser Spectroscopy Laboratories, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shane Ardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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32
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Di Terlizzi L, Martinelli A, Merli D, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Arylazo Sulfones as Nonionic Visible-Light Photoacid Generators. J Org Chem 2022; 88:6313-6321. [PMID: 35866712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The selective visible-light-driven generation of a weak acid (sulfinic acid, in nitrogen-purged solutions) or a strong acid (sulfonic acid, in oxygen-purged solutions) by using shelf-stable arylazo sulfones was developed. These sulfones were then used for the green, smooth, and efficient photochemical catalytic protection of several (substituted) alcohols (and phenols) as tetrahydropyranyl ethers or acetals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Merli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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33
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Rocard L, Hannedouche J, Bogliotti N. Visible‐Light‐Initiated Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐coupling by PPh
3
Uncaging from an Azobenzene Ruthenium–Arene Complex. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200519. [PMID: 35543416 PMCID: PMC9400985 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photo‐release of triphenylphosphine from a sulfonamide azobenzene ruthenium–arene complex was exploited to activate PdIICl2 into Pd0 catalyst, for the photo‐initiation of Sonogashira cross‐coupling. The transformation was initiated on demand – by using simple white LED strip lights – with a high temporal response and the ability to control reaction rate by changing the irradiation time. Various substrates were successfully applied to this photo‐initiated cross‐coupling, thus illustrating the wide functional‐group tolerance of our photo‐caged catalyst activator, without any need for sophisticated photochemistry apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Rocard
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO) 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Jérôme Hannedouche
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO) 91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Nicolas Bogliotti
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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Gil N, Caron B, Siri D, Roche J, Hadiouch S, Khedaioui D, Ranque S, Cassagne C, Montarnal D, Gigmes D, Lefay C, Guillaneuf Y. Degradable Polystyrene via the Cleavable Comonomer Approach. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Gil
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Baptiste Caron
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Siri
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Roche
- Aix Marseille Univ., APHM, IHU Méditerranée Infect, IRD, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Slim Hadiouch
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Douriya Khedaioui
- University of Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS, Catalyse, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, UMR 5128, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- Aix Marseille Univ., APHM, IHU Méditerranée Infect, IRD, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Carole Cassagne
- Aix Marseille Univ., APHM, IHU Méditerranée Infect, IRD, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Damien Montarnal
- University of Lyon, CPE Lyon, CNRS, Catalyse, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, UMR 5128, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Lefay
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
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36
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Liu Z, Dumur F. Recent Advances on Visible Light Coumarin-based Oxime Esters as Initiators of Polymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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37
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Hong SM, Hwang SH. Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctional Secondary Thiol Hardeners Using 3-Mercaptobutanoic Acid and Their Thiol-Epoxy Curing Behavior. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21987-21993. [PMID: 35785300 PMCID: PMC9245090 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
3-Mercaptobutanoic acid (3-MBA) was synthesized by the less odorous Michael addition pathway using an isothiouronium salt intermediate. Using the synthesized 3-MBA, multifunctional secondary thiol (sec-thiol) compounds were obtained and applied to thiol-epoxy curing systems as hardeners. As the functionality of the sec-thiol hardeners increased, the purity of the product obtained after distillation decreased. The equivalent epoxy mixtures with multifunctional sec-thiol hardeners were evaluated based on their impact on the curing behavior in thiol-epoxy click reactions by differential scanning calorimetry. The thermal features of sec-thiol-epoxy click reactions in the presence of a base catalyst were assessed according to the functionality of the sec-thiol hardeners. Our results showed that sec-thiol hardeners with less reactivity to the epoxy group provide long-term storage stability for the formulated epoxy resin, promising for industrial applications.
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Sardon H, Valle M, Lopez de Pariza X, Ximenis M, Chan JM. Spotting Trends in Organocatalyzed and Other Organomediated (De)polymerizations and Polymer Functionalizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haritz Sardon
- University of Basque Country POLYMAT Paseo Manuel Lardizabal n 3 20018 San Sebastian SPAIN
| | - María Valle
- University of the Basque Country: Universidad del Pais Vasco POLYMAT SPAIN
| | | | - Marta Ximenis
- University of the Basque Country: Universidad del Pais Vasco POLYMAT SPAIN
| | - Julian M.W. Chan
- Agency for Science Technology and Research Institue of Chemical and Engineering Science SINGAPORE
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Novel Copper Complexes as Visible Light Photoinitiators for the Synthesis of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101998. [PMID: 35631880 PMCID: PMC9145974 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is devoted to the study of two copper complexes (Cu) bearing pyridine ligands, which were synthesized, evaluated and tested as new visible light photoinitiators for the free radical photopolymerization (FRP) of acrylates functional groups in thick and thin samples upon light-emitting diodes (LED) at 405 and 455 nm irradiation. These latter wavelengths are considered to be safe to produce polymer materials. The photoinitiation abilities of these organometallic compounds were evaluated in combination with an iodonium (Iod) salt and/or amine (e.g., N-phenylglycine—NPG). Interestingly, high final conversions and high polymerization rates were obtained for both compounds using two and three-component photoinitiating systems (Cu1 (or Cu2)/Iodonium salt (Iod) (0.1%/1% w/w) and Cu1 (or Cu2)/Iod/amine (0.1%/1%/1% w/w/w)). The new proposed copper complexes were also used for direct laser write experiments involving a laser diode at 405 nm, and for the photocomposite synthesis with glass fibers using a UV-conveyor at 395 nm. To explain the obtained polymerization results, different methods and characterization techniques were used: steady-state photolysis, real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (RT-FTIR), emission spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.
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Hammoud F, Hijazi A, Ibrahim-Ouali M, Lalevée J, Dumur F. Chemical engineering around the 5,12-dihydroindolo[3,2-a]carbazole scaffold : Fine tuning of the optical properties of visible light photoinitiators of polymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Spatial, temporal, and remote control of proton chemistry can be achieved by using photoacids, which are molecules that transform from weak to strong acids under light. Most of proton chemistry is driven by a high concentration of protons ([H+]), which is difficult to obtain using excited-state photoacids. Metastable-stable state photoacids (mPAHs) can reversibly generate a high [H+] under visible light with a moderate intensity. It has been widely applied in different fields, e.g. fueling dissipative assemblies, driving molecular machines, controlling organic reactions, powering nanoreactors, curing diseases, manipulating DNA and proteins, developing smart materials, capturing carbon dioxide in air etc. This article compares mPAH with excited-state photoacid as well as common acids e.g. HCl to explain its advantages. Recent studies on the thermal dynamics, kinetics, and photoreaction of mPAHs are reported. The advantages and disadvantages of the three types of mPAHs, i.e. merocyanine, indazole, and TCF mPAHs, are compared with regard to photo-induced [H+], switching rate, and other properties. The mechanisms of controlling or driving functional systems, which involve acid-base reactions, acid catalyzed reactions, ionic bonding, coordination bonding, hydrogen bonding, ion exchange, cation-π interaction, solubility, swellability, permeability, and pH change in biosystems, are described. Applications of mPAHs in the chemical, material, energy, biotechnology and biomedical fields published in the past 5 years are reviewed. Prospects in the development and application of mPAHs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W University Blvd, Melbourne, Florida, USA.
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Li B, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Li Z, Li Z, Qiu H, Wu G. Poly(ether ester) and related block copolymers via organocatalytic ring‐opening polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education Hangzhou Normal University Zhejiang Hangzhou China
| | - Yong‐Lu Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education Hangzhou Normal University Zhejiang Hangzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Feng Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Zhuo‐Qun Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education Hangzhou Normal University Zhejiang Hangzhou China
| | - Zi‐Hui Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education Hangzhou Normal University Zhejiang Hangzhou China
| | - Hua‐Yu Qiu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education Hangzhou Normal University Zhejiang Hangzhou China
| | - Guang‐Peng Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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Tian ZY, Zhang CP. Visible-Light-Initiated Catalyst-Free Trifluoromethylselenolation of Arylsulfonium Salts with [Me4N][SeCF3]. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00235c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The redox potential gap between arylsulfonium salt and [Me4N][SeCF3] has been clearly disclosed by CV measurements. Construction of carbon-selenium bond by overcoming this gap without using catalysts and additives is...
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Xu C, Wu X, Xiong Y, Li Z, Tang H. A class of azocarbazole‐based carboxylates: High‐efficiency ionic unimolecular photobase generators for thiol‐epoxy click polymerization under blue light. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Zhen Li
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Hongding Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds and Materials, Ministry of Education, Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan China
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Hong SM, Kim OY, Hwang SH. Optimization of synthetic parameters of high-purity trifunctional mercaptoesters and their curing behavior for the thiol-epoxy click reaction. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34263-34268. [PMID: 35497273 PMCID: PMC9042355 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05981e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct esterification reaction between 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) and trimethylolpropane (TMP) was conducted in the presence of various catalyst concentrations of p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) to examine the optimized synthetic conditions needed to produce high-purity trimethylolpropane-tris(3-mercaptopropionate) (TMPMP). The purity of the desired TMPMP and uncompleted side-product reduced as the acid catalyst concentration in this esterification reaction increased while the generation of thioester-based side-product increased. The equivalent ratio between epoxy and the manufactured TMPMP was maintained at 1 : 1 to monitor the curing behavior of the thiol–epoxy click reaction using the DSC technique. The thermal features of the base-catalyzed TMPMP-cured epoxy resin were assessed according to the purity of the TMPMP curing agent. The direct esterification reaction between 3-mercaptopropionic acid and trimethylolpropane was conducted in the presence of various catalyst concentrations to find a synthetic route for high-purity trimethylolpropane-tris(3-mercaptopropionate).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Mo Hong
- Materials Chemistry & Engineering Laboratory, School of Polymer System Engineering, Dankook University Yongin Gyeonggi-do 16890 Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Young Kim
- Materials Chemistry & Engineering Laboratory, School of Polymer System Engineering, Dankook University Yongin Gyeonggi-do 16890 Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hwang
- Materials Chemistry & Engineering Laboratory, School of Polymer System Engineering, Dankook University Yongin Gyeonggi-do 16890 Republic of Korea
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Zhu Y, Xu D, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Yagci Y, Liu R. Phenacyl Phenothiazinium Salt as a New Broad-Wavelength-Absorbing Photoinitiator for Cationic and Free Radical Polymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16917-16921. [PMID: 34048634 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel broad-wavelength-absorbing photoinitiator based on phenacyl phenothiazinium hexafluroantimonate (P-PTh) possessing both phenacyl and phenothiazine chromophoric groups was reported. P-PTh absorbs light at UV, Visible and Near-IR region. Photophysical, photochemical, and computational investigations revealed that P-PTh in solution decomposes at all wavelengths by homolytic and heterolytic cleavages and generates cationic and radical species, which could efficiently initiate cationic and free radical polymerizations. It is anticipated that the photoinitiator with such wavelength flexibility may open up new pathways in curing applications of formulations of pigment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yufan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Zhu Y, Xu D, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Yagci Y, Liu R. Phenacyl Phenothiazinium Salt as a New Broad‐Wavelength‐Absorbing Photoinitiator for Cationic and Free Radical Polymerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 210023 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yufan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Letters Istanbul Technical University 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ren Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu P. R. China
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