1
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Shi C, Quinn EC, Diment WT, Chen EYX. Recyclable and (Bio)degradable Polyesters in a Circular Plastics Economy. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4393-4478. [PMID: 38518259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyesters carrying polar main-chain ester linkages exhibit distinct material properties for diverse applications and thus play an important role in today's plastics economy. It is anticipated that they will play an even greater role in tomorrow's circular plastics economy that focuses on sustainability, thanks to the abundant availability of their biosourced building blocks and the presence of the main-chain ester bonds that can be chemically or biologically cleaved on demand by multiple methods and thus bring about more desired end-of-life plastic waste management options. Because of this potential and promise, there have been intense research activities directed at addressing recycling, upcycling or biodegradation of existing legacy polyesters, designing their biorenewable alternatives, and redesigning future polyesters with intrinsic chemical recyclability and tailored performance that can rival today's commodity plastics that are either petroleum based and/or hard to recycle. This review captures these exciting recent developments and outlines future challenges and opportunities. Case studies on the legacy polyesters, poly(lactic acid), poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(butylene-adipate terephthalate), are presented, and emerging chemically recyclable polyesters are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ethan C Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wilfred T Diment
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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2
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Beament B, Britton D, Malcomson T, Akien GR, Halcovitch NR, Coogan MP, Platel RH. Selective Transesterification to Control Copolymer Microstructure in the Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Lactide and ε-Caprolactone by Lanthanum Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:280-293. [PMID: 38126711 PMCID: PMC10777408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel lanthanum amido complexes, supported by ligands designed around the salan framework (salan = N,N'-bis(o-hydroxy, m-di-tert-butylbenzyl)-1,2-diaminoethane) were synthesized and fully characterized in the solid and solution states. The ligands incorporate benzyl or 2-pyridyl substituents at each tertiary amine center. The complexes were investigated as catalysts in the ring-opening homopolymerization of lactide (LA) and ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) and copolymerization of equimolar amounts of LA and ε-CL at ambient temperature. Solvent (THF or toluene) and the number of 2-pyridyl groups in the complex were found to influence the reactivity of the catalysts in copolymerization reactions. In all cases, complete conversion of LA to PLA was observed. The use of THF, a coordinating solvent, suppressed ε-CL polymerization, while the presence of one or more 2-pyridyl groups promoted ε-CL polymerization. Each copolymer gave a monomodal trace in gel permeation chromatography-size-exclusion chromatography (GPC-SEC) experiments, indicative of copolymer formation over homopolymerization. Copolymer microstructure was found to be dependent on catalyst structure and reaction solvent, ranging from blocky to close to alternating. Experiments revealed rapid conversion of LA in the initial stages of the reaction, followed by incorporation of ε-CL into the copolymer by either transesterification or propagation reactions. Significantly, the mode of transesterification (TI or TII) that occurs is determined by the structure of the metal complex and the reaction solvent, leading to the possibility of controlling copolymer microstructure through catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bette Beament
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Britton
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Malcomson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey R. Akien
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan R. Halcovitch
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Coogan
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel H. Platel
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
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3
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Deng Z, Gillies ER. Emerging Trends in the Chemistry of End-to-End Depolymerization. JACS AU 2023; 3:2436-2450. [PMID: 37772181 PMCID: PMC10523501 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past couple of decades, polymers that depolymerize end-to-end upon cleavage of their backbone or activation of a terminal functional group, sometimes referred to as "self-immolative" polymers, have been attracting increasing attention. They are of growing interest in the context of enhancing polymer degradability but also in polymer recycling as they allow monomers to be regenerated in a controlled manner under mild conditions. Furthermore, they are highly promising for applications as smart materials due to their ability to provide an amplified response to a specific signal, as a single sensing event is translated into the generation of many small molecules through a cascade of reactions. From a chemistry perspective, end-to-end depolymerization relies on the principles of self-immolative linkers and polymer ceiling temperature (Tc). In this article, we will introduce the key chemical concepts and foundations of the field and then provide our perspective on recent exciting developments. For example, over the past few years, new depolymerizable backbones, including polyacetals, polydisulfides, polyesters, polythioesters, and polyalkenamers, have been developed, while modern approaches to depolymerize conventional backbones such as polymethacrylates have also been introduced. Progress has also been made on the topological evolution of depolymerizable systems, including the introduction of fully depolymerizable block copolymers, hyperbranched polymers, and polymer networks. Furthermore, precision sequence-defined oligomers have been synthesized and studied for data storage and encryption. Finally, our perspectives on future opportunities and challenges in the field will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Deng
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western
Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western
Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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4
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Gallin CF, Lee WW, Byers JA. A Simple, Selective, and General Catalyst for Ring Closing Depolymerization of Polyesters and Polycarbonates for Chemical Recycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303762. [PMID: 37093979 PMCID: PMC10518907 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability to efficiently and selectively process mixed polymer waste is important to address the growing plastic waste problem. Herein, we report that the combination of ZnCl2 and an additive amount of poly(ethylene glycol) under vacuum can readily and selectively depolymerize polyesters and polycarbonates with high ceiling temperatures (Tc >200 °C) back to their constitute monomers. Mechanistic experiments implicate a random chain scission mechanism and a catalyst structure containing one equivalent of ZnCl2 per ethylene glycol repeat unit in the poly(ethylene glycol). In addition to being general for a wide variety of polyesters and polycarbonates, the catalyst system could selectively depolymerize a polyester in the presence of other commodity plastics, demonstrating how reactive distillation using the ZnCl2 /PEG600 catalyst system can be used to separate mixed plastic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor F Gallin
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Won-Woo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Jeffery A Byers
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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5
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Xia Y, Yuan P, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Hong M. Converting Non-strained γ-Valerolactone and Derivatives into Sustainable Polythioesters via Isomerization-driven Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Thionolactone Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217812. [PMID: 36757807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
This contribution reports the efficient conversion of γ-valerolactone and its derivatives, abundant but unexplored renewable feedstocks, into sustainable and degradable polythioesters via the establishment of the first isomerization-driven ring-opening polymerizations (IROPs) of corresponding thionolactone intermediates. The key to this success relies on the development of a new simple and robust [Et3 O]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- cationic initiator which possesses high activity, exclusive selectivity, living nature, and broad scope of thionolactones. A complete inversion of configuration during IROP of enantiopure γ-thionovalerolactone is also disclosed, affording isotactic semicrystalline polythioesters (Tm =87.0 °C) with mechanical property compared well to the representative commodity polyolefins. The formation of a highly crystalline supramolecular stereocomplex with enhanced thermal property (Tm =117.6 °C) has also been revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Pengjun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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6
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Plummer CM, Li L, Chen Y. Ring-Opening Polymerization for the Goal of Chemically Recyclable Polymers. Macromolecules 2023; 56:731-750. [PMID: 36818576 PMCID: PMC9933900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A crucial modern dilemma relates to the ecological crisis created by excess plastic waste production. An emerging technology for reducing plastic waste is the production of "chemically recyclable" polymers. These polymers can be efficiently synthesized through ring-opening polymerization (ROP/ROMP) and later recycled to pristine monomer by ring-closing depolymerization, in an efficient circular-type system. This Perspective aims to explore the chemistry involved in the preparation of these monomer/polymer systems, while also providing an overview of the challenges involved, including future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Plummer
- International
Centre for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM), Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland,
| | - Le Li
- Key
Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry
of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China,School
of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yongming Chen
- Key
Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry
of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China,School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun
Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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7
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A circular polyester platform based on simple gem-disubstituted valerolactones. Nat Chem 2023; 15:278-285. [PMID: 36344817 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Geminal disubstitution of cyclic monomers is an effective strategy to enhance the chemical recyclability of their polymers, but it is utilized for that purpose alone and often at the expense of performance properties. Here we present synergistic use of gem-α,α-disubstitution of available at-scale, bio-based δ-valerolactones to yield gem-dialkyl-substituted valerolactones ([Formula: see text]), which generate polymers that solve not only the poor chemical recyclability but also the low melting temperature and mechanical performance of the parent poly(δ-valerolactone); the gem-disubstituted polyesters ([Formula: see text]) therefore not only exhibit complete chemical recyclability but also thermal, mechanical and transport properties that rival or exceed those of polyethylene. Through a fundamental structure-property study that reveals intriguing impacts of the alkyl chain length on materials performance of [Formula: see text], this work establishes a simple circular, high-performance polyester platform based on [Formula: see text] and highlights the importance of synergistic utilization of gem-disubstitution for enhancing both chemical recyclability and materials performance of sustainable polyesters.
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8
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Facile fabrication of atomically dispersed Ru-P-Ru ensembles for efficient hydrogenations beyond isolated single atoms. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Li XL, Ma K, Xu F, Xu TQ. Advances in the Synthesis of Chemically Recyclable Polymers. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201167. [PMID: 36623942 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of modern society is closely related to polymer materials. However, the accumulation of polymer materials and their evolution in the environment causes not only serious environmental problems, but also waste of resources. Although physical processing can be used to reuse polymers, the properties of the resulting polymers are significantly degraded. Chemically recyclable polymers, a type of polymer that degrades into monomers, can be an effective solution to the degradation of polymer properties caused by physical recycling of polymers. The ideal chemical recycling of polymers, i. e., quantitative conversion of the polymer to monomers at low energy consumption and repolymerization of the formed monomers into polymers with comparable properties to the original, is an attractive research goal. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the design of recyclable polymers, enabling the regulation of the "polymerization-depolymerization" equilibrium and closed-loop recycling under mild conditions. This review will focus on the following aspects of closed-loop recycling of poly(sulfur) esters, polycarbonates, polyacetals, polyolefins, and poly(disulfide) polymer, illustrate the challenges in this area, and provide an outlook on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Kai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Tie-Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Department of Chemistry School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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10
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Xu WM, Yu YD, Ma MX, Xu HD, Wang RQ, Pan YP, Wu KQ, Yang WR, Yao CG. Green Synthesis of Chemically Recyclable Polyesters via Dehydrogenative Copolymerization of Diols. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-023-2903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Wang Y, Zhu Y, Lv W, Wang X, Tao Y. Tough while Recyclable Plastics Enabled by Monothiodilactone Monomers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1877-1885. [PMID: 36594572 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The current scale of plastics production and the attendant waste disposal issues represent an underexplored opportunity for chemically recyclable polymers. Typical recyclable polymers are subject to the trade-off between the monomer's polymerizability and the polymer's depolymerizability as well as insufficient performance for practical applications. Herein, we demonstrate that a single atom oxygen-by-sulfur substitution of relatively highly strained dilactone is an effective and robust strategy for converting the "non-recyclable" polyester into a chemically recyclable polymer by lowering the ring strain energy in the monomer (from 16.0 kcal mol-1 in dilactone to 9.1 kcal mol-1 in monothiodilactone). These monothio-modification monomers enable both high/selective polymerizability and recyclability, otherwise conflicting features in a typical monomer, as evidenced by regioselective ring-opening, minimal transthioesterifications, and quantitative recovery of the pristine monomer. Computational and experimental studies demonstrate that an n→π* interaction between the adjacent ester and thioester in the polymer backbone has been implicated in the high selectivity for propagation over transthioesterification. The resulting polymer demonstrates high performance with its mechanical properties being comparable to some commodity polyolefins. Thio-modification is a powerful strategy for enabling conversion of six-membered dilactones into chemically recyclable and tough thermoplastics that exhibit promise as next-generation sustainable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinuo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiu Lv
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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12
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Zhou X, Liu Q, Xu G, Yang R, Sun H, Wang Q. Chemical upcycling of poly(lactide) plastic waste to lactate ester, lactide and new poly(lactide) under Mg-catalysis condition. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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Pan Y, Jiang X, Kang X, Hou X, Wan C, Song X, Leung WH, So YM. Flexible Coordination of the Bis(amino-oxazoline) Ligand in Rare-Earth Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Their Reactivity and Polymerization Performance. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:18828-18841. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xinxin Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Xin Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Chunteng Wan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xuezhi Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Wa-Hung Leung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yat-Ming So
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Bruckmoser J, Remke S, Rieger B. Ring-Opening Polymerization of a Bicyclic Lactone: Polyesters Derived from Norcamphor with Complete Chemical Recyclability. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1162-1166. [PMID: 36073975 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polymers is an elegant approach to achieve a circular economy and address the sustainability and end-of-life issues of plastics. Herein, we report the ring-opening polymerization of a bicyclic lactone that is easily accessible from norcamphor. High molecular weight polyesters (Mn up to 164 kg mol-1) are obtained using ZnEt2 as catalyst, while the polymerizability of the monomer is good even at high temperatures. More importantly, the polymers can be completely depolymerized under thermolysis conditions to selectively recover the pristine monomer. Thus, the monomer design strategy of using ring-fused/hybridized lactones enables an innovative monomer-polymer system that shows both high polymerizability and high depolymerizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bruckmoser
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Remke
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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15
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Li H, Guillaume SM, Carpentier J. Polythioesters Prepared by Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Thioesters and Related Monomers. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200641. [PMID: 35816010 PMCID: PMC9543045 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable and biocompatible polyesters with a wide range of applications; in particular, they currently stand as promising alternatives to conventional polyolefin-based "plastics". The introduction of sulfur atoms within the PHAs backbone can endow the resulting polythioesters (PTEs) with differentiated, sometimes enhanced thermal, optical and mechanical properties, thereby widening their versatility and use. Hence, PTEs have been gaining increasing attention over the past half-decade. This review highlights recent advances towards the synthesis of well-defined PTEs by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic thioesters - namely thiolactones - as well as of S-carboxyanhydrides and thionolactones; it also covers the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of cyclic thioanhydrides or thiolactones with epoxides or episulfides. Most of the ROP reactions described are of anionic type, mediated by inorganic, organic or organometallic initiators/catalysts, along with a few enzymatic reactions as well. Emphasis is placed on the reactivity of the thio monomers, in relation to their ring-size ranging from 4- to 5-, 6- and 7-membered cycles, the nature of the catalyst/initiating systems implemented and their efficiency in terms of activity and control over the PTE molar mass, dispersity, topology, and microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Univ RennesCNRSISCR-UMR 622635000RennesFrance
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16
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Cederholm L, Wohlert J, Olsén P, Hakkarainen M, Odelius K. “Like Recycles Like”: Selective Ring‐Closing Depolymerization of Poly(L‐Lactic Acid) to L‐Lactide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204531. [PMID: 35582840 PMCID: PMC9541399 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of poly(L‐lactic acid) to the cyclic monomer L‐lactide is hampered by low selectivity and by epimerization and elimination reactions, impeding its use on a large scale. The high number of side reactions originates from the high ceiling temperature (Tc) of L‐lactide, which necessitates high temperatures or multistep reactions to achieve recycling to L‐lactide. To circumvent this issue, we utilized the impact of solvent interactions on the monomer–polymer equilibrium to decrease the Tc of L‐lactide. Analyzing the observed Tc in different solvents in relation to their Hildebrand solubility parameter revealed a “like recycles like” relationship. The decreased Tc, obtained by selecting solvents that interact strongly with the monomer (dimethyl formamide or the green solvent γ‐valerolactone), allowed chemical recycling of high‐molecular‐weight poly(L‐lactic acid) directly to L‐lactide, within 1–4 h at 140 °C, with >95 % conversion and 98–99 % selectivity. Recycled L‐lactide was isolated and repolymerized with high control over molecular weight and dispersity, closing the polymer loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Cederholm
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Peter Olsén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karin Odelius
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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17
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Li J, Liu F, Liu Y, Shen Y, Li Z. Functionalizable and Chemically Recyclable Thermoplastics from Chemoselective Ring-Opening Polymerization of Bio-renewable Bifunctional α-Methylene-δ-valerolactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207105. [PMID: 35674460 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It is a highly attractive strategy to develop chemically recyclable polymers to establish a circular plastic economy. Despite the recent advancements, chemically recyclable polymers still face challenges including high energy cost for polymer preparation or recycling, poor monomer recovery selectivity and efficiency as well as undesired material performance. In this contribution, we present the chemoselective controlled ring-opening polymerization of bio-renewable bifunctional α-methylene-δ-valerolactone (MVL) to produce exclusive functionalizable polyester using strong base/urea binary catalysts. The obtained polyester with high molar mass exhibits good tensile strength comparable to that of some commodity plastics. Remarkably, the obtained polyester can be depolymerized to recover pristine monomer with a 96 % yield by thermolysis, thus successfully establishing a closed-loop life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Fusheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yalei Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yong Shen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.,Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
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18
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Functionalizable and Chemically Recyclable Thermoplastics from Chemoselective Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Bio‐renewable Bifunctional α‐Methylene‐δ‐valerolactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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19
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Cederholm L, Wohlert J, Olsén P, Hakkarainen M, Odelius K. “Like Recycles Like”: Selective Ring‐Closing Depolymerization of Poly(L‐Lactic Acid) to L‐Lactide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Cederholm
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Peter Olsén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karin Odelius
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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20
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Catchpole P, Platel RH. Copolymerisation of
β
‐butyrolactone and
γ
‐butyrolactone using yttrium amine bis(phenolate) Catalysts. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pip Catchpole
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster, University Lancaster LA1 4YB UK
- Materials Science Institute Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB UK
| | - Rachel H. Platel
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster, University Lancaster LA1 4YB UK
- Materials Science Institute Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB UK
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21
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Li H, Ollivier J, Guillaume SM, Carpentier JF. Tacticity Control of Cyclic Poly(3-Thiobutyrate) Prepared by Ring-Opening Polymerization of Racemic β-Thiobutyrolactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202386. [PMID: 35286752 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report here on the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of racemic β-thiobutyrolactone (rac-TBL), as the first chemical synthesis of poly(3-thiobutyrolactone) (P3TB), the thioester analogue of the ubiquitous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB). The ROP reactions proceed very fast (TOF >12 000 h-1 at r.t.) in the presence of various metal-based catalysts. Remarkably, catalyst systems based on non-chiral yttrium complexes stabilized by tetradentate amino alkoxy- or diamino-bis(phenolate) ligands {ONXOR1,R2 }2- (X=O, N) provide access to cyclic P3TB with either high isoselectivity (Pm up to 0.90) or high syndiotactic bias (Pr up to 0.70). The stereoselectivity can be controlled by manipulation of the substituents on the ligand platform and adequate choice of the reaction solvent and temperature as well. The cyclic polymer topology is evidenced by MALDI-ToF MS, NMR and TGA. Highly isotactic cyclic P3TB is a semi-crystalline material as revealed by DSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
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22
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Popowski Y, Lu Y, Coates GW, Tolman WB. Stereocomplexation of Stereoregular Aliphatic Polyesters: Change from Amorphous to Semicrystalline Polymers with Single Stereocenter Inversion. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8362-8370. [PMID: 35476538 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stereocomplexation is a useful strategy for the enhancement of polymer properties by the co-crystallization of polymer strands with opposed chirality. Yet, with the exception of PLA, stereocomplexes of biodegradable polyesters are relatively underexplored and the relationship between polymer microstructure and stereocomplexation remains to be delineated, especially for copolymers comprising two different chiral monomers. In this work, we resolved the two enantiomers of a non-symmetric chiral anhydride (CPCA) and prepared a series of polyesters from different combinations of racemic and enantiopure epoxides and anhydrides, via metal-catalyzed ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP). Intriguingly, we found that only specific chiral combinations between the epoxide and anhydride building blocks result in the formation of semicrystalline polymers, with a single stereocenter inversion inducing a change from amorphous to semicrystalline copolymers. Stereocomplexes of the latter were prepared by mixing an equimolar amount of the two enantiomeric copolymers, yielding materials with increased melting temperatures (ca. 20 °C higher) compared to their enantiopure constituents. Following polymer structure optimization, the stereocomplex of one specific copolymer combination exhibits a particularly high melting temperature (Tm = 238 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanay Popowski
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Hall, Campus Box 1134, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
| | - Yiye Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - William B Tolman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Hall, Campus Box 1134, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, United States
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23
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Li C, Wang L, Yan Q, Liu F, Shen Y, Li Z. Rapid and Controlled Polymerization of Bio-sourced δ-Caprolactone toward Fully Recyclable Polyesters and Thermoplastic Elastomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201407. [PMID: 35150037 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of chemically recyclable polymers presents the most appealing solution to address the plastics' end-of-use problem. Despite the recent advancements, it is highly desirable to develop chemically recyclable polymers from commercially available monomers to avoid the costly and time-consuming commercialization. In this contribution, we achieve the controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of bio-sourced δ-caprolactone (δCL) using strong base/urea binary catalysts. The obtained PδCL is capable of chemical recycling to δCL in an almost quantitative yield by thermolysis. Sequential ROP of δCL and l-lactide (l-LA) affords well-defined PLLA-b-PδCL-b-PLLA triblock copolymers, which behave as thermoplastic elastomers with excellent elastic recovery, tensile strength and ultimate elongation. The upcycling of PLLA-b-PδCL-b-PLLA to recover ethyl lactate and δCL with high yields is achieved by refluxing with ethanol and then distillation under reduced pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Liying Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Fusheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yong Shen
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.,Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
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24
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Fan HZ, Yang X, Chen JH, Tu YM, Cai Z, Zhu JB. Advancing the Development of Recyclable Aromatic Polyesters by Functionalization and Stereocomplexation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117639. [PMID: 35104021 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of innovative synthetic polymer systems to overcome the trade-offs between the polymer's depolymerizability and performance properties is in high demand for advanced material applications and sustainable development. In this contribution, we prepared a class of aromatic cyclic esters (M1-M5) from thiosalicylic acid and epoxides by facile one-pot synthesis. Ring-opening polymerization of Ms afforded aromatic polyesters P(M)s with high molecular weights and narrow dispersities. The physical and mechanical properties of P(M)s can be modulated by stereocomplexation and regulation of the side-chain flexibility of the polymers, ultimately achieving high-performance properties such as high thermal stability and crystallinity (Tm up to 209 °C), as well as polyolefin-like high mechanical strength, ductility, and toughness. Furthermore, the functionalizable moieties of P(M)s have driven a wide array of post-polymerization modifications toward access to value-added materials. More importantly, the P(M)s were able to selectively depolymerize into monomers in excellent yields, thus establishing its circular life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Zhong Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Hao Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Min Tu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhongzheng Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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25
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Yang X, Zhang W, Huang HY, Dai J, Wang MY, Fan HZ, Cai Z, Zhang Q, Zhu JB. Stereoselective Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactones with a Fused Ring Leading to Semicrystalline Polyesters. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao-Yi Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Dai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yuan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Zhong Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongzheng Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Li H, Ollivier J, Guillaume SM, Carpentier J. Tacticity Control of Cyclic Poly(3‐Thiobutyrate) Prepared by Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Racemic β‐Thiobutyrolactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
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27
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Yuan P, Sun Y, Xu X, Luo Y, Hong M. Towards high-performance sustainable polymers via isomerization-driven irreversible ring-opening polymerization of five-membered thionolactones. Nat Chem 2022; 14:294-303. [PMID: 34824460 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of sustainable polymers that possess useful material properties competitive with existing petroleum-derived polymers is a crucial goal but remains a formidable challenge for polymer science. Here we demonstrate that irreversible ring-opening polymerization (IROP) of biomass-derived five-membered thionolactones is an effective and robust strategy for the polymerization of non-strained five-membered rings-these polymerizations are commonly thermodynamically forbidden under ambient conditions, at industrially relevant temperatures of 80-100 °C. Computational studies reveal that the selective IROP of these thionolactones is thermodynamically driven by S/O isomerization during the ring-opening process. IROP of γ-thionobutyrolactone, a representative non-strained thionolactone, affords a sustainable polymer from renewable resources that possesses external-stimuli-triggered degradability. This poly(thiolactone) also exhibits high performance, with its key thermal and mechanical properties comparing well to those of commercial petroleum-based low-density polyethylene. This IROP strategy will enable conversion of five-membered lactones, generally unachievable by other polymerization methods, into sustainable polymers with a range of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.,PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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28
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Fully Chemical Recyclable Poly(γ-butyrolactone)-based Copolymers with Tunable Structures and Properties. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Fan H, Yang X, Chen J, Tu Y, Cai Z, Zhu J. Advancing the Development of Recyclable Aromatic Polyesters by Functionalization and Stereocomplexation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua‐Zhong Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan) College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Rd Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan) College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Rd Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Jia‐Hao Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan) College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Rd Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Min Tu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan) College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Rd Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Zhongzheng Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan) College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Rd Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Bo Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan) College of Chemistry Sichuan University 29 Wangjiang Rd Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
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30
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Li C, Wang L, Yan Q, Liu F, Shen Y, Li Z. Rapid and Controlled Polymerization of Bio‐sourced δ‐Caprolactone toward Fully Recyclable Polyesters and Thermoplastic Elastomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Li
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Liying Wang
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Qin Yan
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology College of Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Fusheng Liu
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yong Shen
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology College of Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhibo Li
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology College of Polymer Science and Engineering #53 Zhengzhou RoadCCE Building 1101 266042 Qingdao CHINA
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31
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Shi C, Clarke RW, McGraw ML, Chen EYX. Closing the "One Monomer-Two Polymers-One Monomer" Loop via Orthogonal (De)polymerization of a Lactone/Olefin Hybrid. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2264-2275. [PMID: 35084829 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two well-known low-ceiling-temperature (LCT) monomers, γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL) toward ring-opening polymerization (ROP) to polyester and cyclohexene toward ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to poly(cyclic olefin), are notoriously "nonpolymerizable". Here we present a strategy to render not only polymerizability of both the γ-BL and cyclohexene sites, orthogonally, but also complete and orthogonal depolymerization, through creating an LCT/LCT hybrid, bicyclic lactone/olefin (BiL=). This hybrid monomer undergoes orthogonal polymerization between ROP and ROMP, depending on the catalyst employed, affording two totally different classes of polymeric materials from this single monomer: polyester P(BiL=)ROP via ROP and functionalized poly(cyclic olefin) P(BiL=)ROMP via ROMP. Intriguingly, both P(BiL=)ROP and P(BiL=)ROMP are thermally robust but chemically recyclable under mild conditions (25-40 °C), in the presence of a catalyst, to recover cleanly the same monomer via chain unzipping and scission, respectively. In the ROP, topological and stereochemical controls have been achieved and the structures characterized. Furthermore, the intact functional group during the orthogonal polymerization (i.e., the double bond in ROP and the lactone in ROMP) is utilized for postfunctionalization for tuning materials' thermal and mechanical performances. The impressive depolymerization orthogonality further endows selective depolymerization of both the ROP/ROMP copolymer and the physical blend composites into the same starting monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Ryan W Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Michael L McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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32
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Dong X, Robinson JR. The versatile roles of neutral donor ligands in tuning catalyst performance for the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02694a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of neutral donor ligands is an effective strategy to modify catalyst structure and performance in the synthesis of sustainable polymers through the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St. Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jerome R. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St. Providence, RI 02912, USA
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33
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Cai Z, Liu Y, Tao Y, Zhu JB. Recent Advances in Monomer Design for Recyclable Polymers. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Liao X, Cui FC, He JH, Ren WM, Lu XB, Zhang YT. Sustainable Approach for Synthesis and Completely Recycle of Cyclic CO 2-based Polycarbonates. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6283-6290. [PMID: 35733884 PMCID: PMC9159078 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01387h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is highly desirable to reduce the environmental pollution related to the disposal of end-of-life plastics. Polycarbonates derived from the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides have attracted much attention since they can enable CO2-fixation and furnish biorenewable and degradable polymeric materials. So far, only linear CO2-based polycarbonates have been reported and typically degraded to cyclic carbonates. Here we synthesize a homogeneous dinuclear methyl zinc catalyst ((BDI-ZnMe)2, 1) to rapidly copolymerize meso-CHO and CO2 into poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) with an unprecedentedly cyclic structure. Moreover, in the presence of trace amounts of water, a heterogeneous multi-nuclear zinc catalyst ((BDI-(ZnMe2·xH2O))n, 2) is prepared and shows up to 99% selectivity towards the degradation of PCHC back to meso-CHO and CO2. This strategy not only achieves the first case of cyclic CO2-based polycarbonate but also realizes the complete chemical recycling of PCHC back to its monomers, representing closed-loop recycling of CO2-based polycarbonates. It is highly desirable to reduce the environmental pollution related to the disposal of end-of-life plastics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Feng-Chao Cui
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University 130024 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yue-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
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35
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Li K, Li Z, Duan S, Shen Y, Li Z. Organobase/urea catalyzed ring opening polymerization of 3‐methyl‐1, 4‐dioxan‐2‐one to prepare chemically recyclable poly(ether ester). JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yong Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, College of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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Tschan MJL, Gauvin RM, Thomas CM. Controlling polymer stereochemistry in ring-opening polymerization: a decade of advances shaping the future of biodegradable polyesters. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13587-13608. [PMID: 34786575 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00356a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent developments in the field of biodegradable polymeric materials intended to replace non-degradable conventional plastics, focusing on studies from the last ten years involving the stereoselective ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters. This encompasses exciting advances in both catalyst design and monomer scope. Notably, the last decade has seen the emergence of metal-free stereocontrolled ROP for instance, as well as the synthesis and stereocontrolled polymerization of new types of chiral monomers. This study will emphasize recent stereoselective polymerization catalysts and chiral monomers and will focus on stereocontrol quantification, the mechanisms of stereocontrol and their differentiation if reported and studied for a specific catalyst system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu J-L Tschan
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Régis M Gauvin
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Christophe M Thomas
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France.
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Fazekas E, Jenkins DT, Forbes AA, Gallagher B, Rosair GM, McIntosh RD. Amino acid-derived bisphenolate palladium complexes as C-C coupling catalysts. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17625-17634. [PMID: 34806099 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03068j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of amine bisphenol (ABP) pro-ligands featuring amino acid ester pendant arms were prepared. Optimisation of the synthetic method allowed the facile incorporation of naturally occurring, chiral amino acids into the ABP scaffold with minimal racemisation. Reaction of the pro-ligands (LH2) with Pd(OAc)2, in the presence of amines, led to the formation of complexes with an unprecedented pincer-like O,N,O coordination mode around the PdII centre. The complexations in the presence of trialkylamines (NR3) afforded a mixture of LPdNR3 and LPdNHR2 species. The latter was shown to form via an ambient-temperature C-N cleavage involving unstable Pd(OAc)2(NHR2)2 intermediates. Using pyridine as base eliminated this dealkylation and resulted in the exclusive formation of LPd(py) complexes in high yields. In total, seven novel PdII ABP complexes were prepared, exhibiting distorted square-planar geometries with the asymmetric ligand moieties orientated towards the metal centre. The air- and moisture-stable LPd(py) complexes were successfully employed as catalysts in two types of C-C coupling reactions. The Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of 4'-bromoacetophenone and phenylboronic acid reached high yields (up to 81%), while a scope of further alkyl bromides was also efficiently converted using low catalyst loadings (1 mol%) and mild temperatures (40 °C). Furthermore, a Pd-pyridine complex achieved high activity in the Mizoroki-Heck coupling of styrene and 4'-bromoacetophenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Fazekas
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - David T Jenkins
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Andrew A Forbes
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Brendan Gallagher
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Georgina M Rosair
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Ruaraidh D McIntosh
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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Wang Y, Li M, Chen J, Tao Y, Wang X. O-to-S Substitution Enables Dovetailing Conflicting Cyclizability, Polymerizability, and Recyclability: Dithiolactone vs. Dilactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22547-22553. [PMID: 34424604 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing chemically recyclable polymers represents a greener alternative to landfill and incineration and offers a closed-loop strategy toward a circular materials economy. However, the synthesis of chemically recyclable polymers is still plagued with certain fundamental limitations, including trade-offs between the monomer's cyclizability and polymerizability, as well as between polymer's depolymerizability and properties. Here we describe the subtle O-to-S substitution, dithiolactone monomers derived from abundant feedstock α-amino acids can demonstrate appealing chemical properties different from those of dilactone, including accelerated ring closure, augmented kinetics polymerizability, high depolymerizability and selectivity, and thus constitute a unique class of polythioester materials exhibiting controlled molecular weight (up to 100.5 kDa), atactic yet high crystallinity, structurally diversity, and chemical recyclability. These polythioesters well addresses the formidable challenges of developing chemically recyclable polymers by having an unusual set of desired properties, including easy-to-make monomer from ubiquitous feedstock, and high polymerizability, crystallinity and precise tunability of physicochemical performance, as well as high depolymerizability and selectivity. Computational studies explain why O-to-S modification of polymer backbone enables dovetailing desirable, but conflicting, performance into one polymer structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
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Wang Y, Li M, Chen J, Tao Y, Wang X. O‐to‐S Substitution Enables Dovetailing Conflicting Cyclizability, Polymerizability, and Recyclability: Dithiolactone vs. Dilactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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Pan Z, Zhang J, Guo L, Yang H, Li J, Cui C. Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene Lanthanide Amides: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Selective Hydrosilylation of Alkenes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12696-12702. [PMID: 34424672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The first examples of cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) lanthanide (Ln) complexes were synthesized from the reaction of CAAC with Yb[N(SiMe3)2]2 and Eu[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)2 (THF = tetrahydrofuran). The structures of (CAAC)Yb[N(SiMe3)2]2 (2) and (CAAC)Eu[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF) (3) were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Density functional theory calculations of 2 revealed the predominantly ionic bond between the Ln ion and CAAC. Complex 3 enabled catalytic hydrosilylation of aryl- and silylalkenes with primary and secondary silanes in high yields and Markovnikov selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexiong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lulu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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42
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Li LG, Wang QY, Zheng QY, Du FS, Li ZC. Tough and Thermally Recyclable Semiaromatic Polyesters by Ring-Opening Polymerization of Benzo-thia-caprolactones. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Gao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiu-Yang Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zi-Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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43
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Yu Y, Fang LM, Liu Y, Lu XB. Chemical Synthesis of CO 2-Based Polymers with Enhanced Thermal Stability and Unexpected Recyclability from Biosourced Monomers. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Ming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, People’s Republic of China
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44
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Pan Z, Gao D, Zhang C, Guo L, Li J, Cui C. Synthesis and Reactivity of N-heterocyclic Carbene Stabilized Lanthanide(II) Bis(amido) Complexes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zexiong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongjing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
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45
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Shi C, Li ZC, Caporaso L, Cavallo L, Falivene L, Chen EYX. Hybrid monomer design for unifying conflicting polymerizability, recyclability, and performance properties. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Liu Y, Wu J, Hu X, Zhu N, Guo K. Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities of Poly(γ-butyrolactone)-Based Recyclable Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:284-296. [PMID: 35570792 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery and prosperous growth of synthetic polymers have presented both significant advantages and daunting challenges in the last century. To address the issues of environmental pollution and fossil consumption, recyclable, degradable, and/or biobased polymers have been given much attention in the polymer science community. This viewpoint focuses on the emerging fully chemical recyclable poly(γ-butyrolactone)-based polymers. The breakthrough from nonpolymerizable to efficient polymerization is highlighted by the benefits of the development of a series of catalysis for ring-opening polymerization of γ-butyrolactone. Subsequently, the design of γ-butyrolactone derivatives and synthesis of more recyclable polymers are summarized together with the discussions about the structure and property relationship. Finally, the remaining challenges and promising opportunities are suggested in order to provide insights into the further direction for sustainable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuan Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Xin Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, China
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47
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Fagnani DE, Tami JL, Copley G, Clemons MN, Getzler YDYL, McNeil AJ. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Redefining Sustainable Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:41-53. [PMID: 35548997 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Staudinger realized makromoleküles had enormous potential, he likely did not anticipate the consequences of their universal adoption. With 6.3 billion metric tons of plastic waste now contaminating our land, water, and air, we are facing an environmental and public health crisis. Synthetic polymer chemists can help create a more sustainable future, but are we on the right path to do so? Herein, a comprehensive literature survey reveals that there has been an increased focus on "sustainable polymers" in recent years, but most papers focus on biomass-derived feedstocks. In contrast, there is less focus on polymer end-of-life fates. Moving forward, we suggest an increased emphasis on chemical recycling, which sees value in plastic waste and promotes a closed-loop plastic economy. To help keep us on the path to sustainability, the synthetic polymer community should routinely seek the systems perspective offered by life cycle assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E. Fagnani
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jessica L. Tami
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Graeme Copley
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Mackenzie N. Clemons
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | | | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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Shi C, McGraw ML, Li ZC, Cavallo L, Falivene L, Chen EYX. High-performance pan-tactic polythioesters with intrinsic crystallinity and chemical recyclability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc0495. [PMID: 32875116 PMCID: PMC7438104 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Three types of seemingly unyielding trade-offs have continued to challenge the rational design for circular polymers with both high chemical recyclability and high-performance properties: depolymerizability/performance, crystallinity/ductility, and stereo-disorder/crystallinity. Here, we introduce a monomer design strategy based on a bridged bicyclic thiolactone that produces stereo-disordered to perfectly stereo-ordered polythiolactones, all exhibiting high crystallinity and full chemical recyclability. These polythioesters defy aforementioned trade-offs by having an unusual set of desired properties, including intrinsic tacticity-independent crystallinity and chemical recyclability, tunable tacticities from stereo-disorder to perfect stereoregularity, as well as combined high-performance properties such as high thermal stability and crystallinity, and high mechanical strength, ductility, and toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Michael L. McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Zi-Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
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50
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Jia Z, Chen S, Jiang J, Mao X, Pan X, Wu J. Ring-Opening Alternating Copolymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides of Lactic Acid and Malic Acid Using Hafnium Alkoxide Initiators with Different Stereo Selectivities and Activities. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10353-10360. [PMID: 32586091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Monomer sequence controllable syntheses of copolymers, including copolyesters, remain a challenge in polymer science. Although alternating sequence-controlled copolymerization of O-carboxyanhydrides (OCAs) can be achieved via using syndioselective initiators, the alternating copolymerization of lactic acid-derived O-carboxyanhydride (LacOCA) with other monomers still suffers from a lack of highly syndioselective initiators. In this work, a highly syndioselective system for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of LacOCA was achieved using a bulky amine tris(phenolate) hafnium alkoxide initiator with a high Pr value of 0.91. However, the stereoselectivities of amine tris(phenolate) hafnium alkoxide initiators for the ROP of malic acid O-carboxyanhydride (MalOCA) change to be modestly or lowly isoselective. Interestingly, despite the different stereoselectivities of this system for the two different monomers, the high syndioselectivity of the initiator for the ROP of LacOCA and the low activity of MalOCA in the ROP allow comparatively high rates of cross-propagation; consequently, the ring-opening alternating copolymerization (ROAP) of LacOCA and MalOCA was achieved successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Sicheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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