1
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Pang XY, Zhou H, Xie X, Jiang W, Yang Y, Sessler JL, Gong HY. 1,3,5-2,4,6-Functionalized Benzene Molecular Cage: An Environmentally Responsive Scaffold that Supports Hierarchical Superstructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407805. [PMID: 38870085 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
New stimulus-responsive scaffolds are of interest as constituents of hierarchical supramolecular ensembles. 1,3,5-2,4,6-Functionalized, facially segregated benzene moieties have a time-honored role as building blocks for host molecules. However, their user as switchable motifs in the construction of multi-component supramolecular structures remains poorly explored. Here, we report a molecular cage 1, which consists of a bent anthracene dimer 3 paired with 1,3,5-tris(aminomethyl)-2,4,6-triethylbenzene 2. As the result of the pH-induced ababab↔bababa isomerization of the constituent-functionalized benzene units derived from 2, this cage can reversibly convert between an open state and a closed form, both in solution and in the solid state. Cage 1 was used to create stimuli-responsive hierarchical superstructures, namely Russian doll-like complexes with [K⊂18-crown-6⊂1]+ and [K⊂cryptand-222⊂1]+. The reversible assembly and disassembly of these superstructures could be induced by switching cage 1 from its open to closed form. The present study thus provides an unusual example where pH-triggered conformation motion within a cage-like scaffold is used to control the formation and disassociation of hierarchical ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Pang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yinhua Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- College of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712-1224, United States
| | - Han-Yuan Gong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
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2
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Pausch T, David T, Fleck-Kunde T, Pols H, Gurke J, Schmidt BM. Multifold Post-Modification of Macrocycles and Cages by Isocyanate-Induced Azadefluorination Cyclisation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318362. [PMID: 38294139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
We present the multiple post-modification of organic macrocycles and cages, introducing functional groups into two- and three-dimensional supramolecular scaffolds bearing fluorine substituents, which opens up new possibilities in multi-step supramolecular chemistry employing the vast chemical space of readily available isocyanates. The mechanism and scope of the reaction that proceeds after isocyanate addition to the benzylamine motif via an azadefluorination cyclisation (ADFC) were investigated using DFT calculations, and a series of aromatic isocyanates with different electronic properties were tested. The compounds show excellent chemical stability and were fully characterised. They can be used for subsequent cross-coupling reactions, and ADFC can be used directly to generate cross-linked membranes from macrocycles or cages when using ditopic isocyanates. Single-crystal X-ray (SC-XRD) analysis shows the proof of the formation of the desired supramolecular entity together with the connectivity predicted by calculations and from 19F NMR shifts, allowing the late-stage functionalisation of self-assembled macrocycles and cages by ADFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim David
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tom Fleck-Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hendrik Pols
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Gurke
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Xu Z, Ye Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Jiang S. Design and assembly of porous organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2261-2282. [PMID: 38318641 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05091b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) represent a notable category of porous materials, showing remarkable material properties due to their inherent porosity. Unlike extended frameworks which are constructed by strong covalent or coordination bonds, POCs are composed of discrete molecular units held together by weak intermolecular forces. Their structure and chemical traits can be systematically tailored, making them suitable for a range of applications including gas storage and separation, molecular separation and recognition, catalysis, and proton and ion conduction. This review provides a comprehensive overview of POCs, covering their synthesis methods, structure and properties, computational approaches, and applications, serving as a primer for those who are new to the domain. A special emphasis is placed on the growing role of computational methods, highlighting how advanced data-driven techniques and automation are increasingly aiding the rapid exploration and understanding of POCs. We conclude by addressing the prevailing challenges and future prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhao Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yangzhi Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yilan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Huiyu Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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4
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Hokimoto Y, Nakamura T. Synthesis of a macrocyclic oligomer of pyridylbenzoxazole utilizing dynamic covalent bonds and its unsymmetric conversion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1281-1284. [PMID: 38196391 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06216c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
A new unsymmetric macrocycle was synthesized by an effective and high yield 3-step synthesis, which was composed of macrocyclization, irreversible conversion, and desymmetrization. The dynamic nature of imine bonds as well as selective conversion based on strain release were utilized. Moreover, the unsymmetric macrocycle formed an interesting bivalve-like 2 : 1 complex with zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Hokimoto
- Degree Programs in Pure and Applied Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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5
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Cougnon FBL, Stefankiewicz AR, Ulrich S. Dynamic covalent synthesis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:879-895. [PMID: 38239698 PMCID: PMC10793650 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic covalent synthesis aims to precisely control the assembly of simple building blocks linked by reversible covalent bonds to generate a single, structurally complex, product. In recent years, considerable progress in the programmability of dynamic covalent systems has enabled easy access to a broad range of assemblies, including macrocycles, shape-persistent cages, unconventional foldamers and mechanically-interlocked species (catenanes, knots, etc.). The reversibility of the covalent linkages can be either switched off to yield stable, isolable products or activated by specific physico-chemical stimuli, allowing the assemblies to adapt and respond to environmental changes in a controlled manner. This activatable dynamic property makes dynamic covalent assemblies particularly attractive for the design of complex matter, smart chemical systems, out-of-equilibrium systems, and molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien B L Cougnon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Artur R Stefankiewicz
- Centre for Advanced Technology and Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
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6
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Ivanova S, Adamski P, Köster E, Schramm L, Fröhlich R, Beuerle F. Size Determination of Organic Cages by Diffusion NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023:e202303318. [PMID: 37966964 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Reliable structure elucidation of covalent organic cage compounds remains challenging as routine analysis might leave ambiguities. Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) allows insight into the molecular size and mass of the species present in solution, but a systematic evaluation of the diffusion behavior for cage assemblies is rarely considered. Here we report the synthesis of four series of covalent organic cages based on tribenzotriquinacenes and diboronic acids with varying geometry and exohedral substituents. We provide a guideline for the consistent measurement of diffusion coefficients from 1 H-DOSY NMR spectroscopy, which was utilized to study the diffusion behavior for the whole set of cages and selected examples from the literature. For structurally similar cages, a linear correlation between the solvodynamic volume and the molecular mass allows precise size determination. For more complex systems, multiple parameters, such as window size or rigid exohedral functionalization. further modulate cage diffusion in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ivanova
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul Adamski
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Köster
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Louis Schramm
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Fröhlich
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Institut für Organische Chemie, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Peng Y, Su Z, Jin M, Zhu L, Guan ZJ, Fang Y. Recent advances in porous molecular cages for photocatalytic organic conversions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15216-15232. [PMID: 37492891 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01679j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic organic conversion is considered an efficient, environmentally friendly, and energy-saving strategy for organic synthesis. In recent decades, the molecular cage has emerged as a creative functional material with broad applications in host-guest recognition, drug delivery, catalysis, intelligent materials and other fields. Based on the unique properties of porous molecular cage materials, they provide an ideal platform for leveraging pre-structuring in catalytic reactions and show great potential in various photocatalytic organic reactions. As a result, they have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional molecules or inorganic photocatalysts in redox processes. In this Review, the synthesis strategies based on coordination cages and organic cages, as well as their recent progress in photocatalytic organic conversion, are comprehensively summarized. Finally, we deliver the persistent challenges associated with porous molecular cage compounds that need to be overcome for further development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhifang Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zong-Jie Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Fang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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8
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Liyana Gunawardana VW, Ward C, Wang H, Holbrook JH, Sekera ER, Cui H, Hummon AB, Badjić JD. Crystalline Nanoparticles of Water-Soluble Covalent Basket Cages (CBCs) for Encapsulation of Anticancer Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306722. [PMID: 37332078 PMCID: PMC10528532 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
We herein describe the preparation, assembly, recognition characteristics, and biocompatibility of novel covalent basket cage CBC-11, composed of four molecular baskets linked to four trivalent aromatic amines through amide groups. The cage is tetrahedral in shape and similar in size to small proteins (Mw =8637 g/mol) with a spacious nonpolar interior for accommodating multiple guests. While 24 carboxylates at the outer surface of CBC-11 render it soluble in aqueous phosphate buffer (PBS) at pH=7.0, the amphiphilic nature prompts its assembly into nanoparticles (d=250 nm, DLS). Cryo-TEM examination of nanoparticles revealed their crystalline nature with wafer-like shapes and hexagonally arranged cages. Nanoparticulate CBC-11 traps anticancer drugs irinotecan and doxorubicin, with each cage binding up to four drug molecules in a non-cooperative manner. The inclusion complexation resulted in nanoparticles growing in size and precipitating. In media containing mammalian cells (HCT 116, human colon carcinoma), the IC50 value of CBC-11 was above 100 μM. While this work presents the first example of a large covalent organic cage operating in water at the physiological pH and forming crystalline nanoparticles, it also demonstrates its biocompatibility and potential to act as a polyvalent binder of drugs for their sequestration or delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carson Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland Hall 221, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph H Holbrook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Emily R Sekera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland Hall 221, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda B Hummon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jovica D Badjić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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9
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Hui C, Craggs L, Antonchick AP. Ring contraction in synthesis of functionalized carbocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8652-8675. [PMID: 36172989 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01080h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbocycles are a key and widely present structural motif in organic compounds. The construction of structurally intriguing carbocycles, such as highly-strained fused rings, spirocycles or highly-functionalized carbocycles with congested stereocenters, remains challenging in organic chemistry. Cyclopropanes, cyclobutanes and cyclopentanes within such carbocycles can be synthesized through ring contraction. These ring contractions involve re-arrangement of and/or small molecule extrusion from a parental ring, which is either a carbocycle or a heterocycle of larger size. This review provides an overview of synthetic methods for ring contractions to form cyclopropanes, cyclobutanes and cyclopentanes en route to structurally intriguing carbocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunngai Hui
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany. .,Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luke Craggs
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrey P Antonchick
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany. .,Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany.,Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
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10
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Lauer JC, Bhat AS, Barwig C, Fritz N, Kirschbaum T, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. [2+3] Amide Cages by Oxidation of [2+3] Imine Cages – Revisiting Molecular Hosts for Highly Efficient Nitrate Binding. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201527. [PMID: 35699158 PMCID: PMC9544679 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pollution of groundwater with nitrate is a serious issue because nitrate can cause several diseases such as methemoglobinemia or cancer. Therefore, selective removal of nitrate by efficient binding to supramolecular hosts is highly desired. Here we describe how to make [2+3] amide cages in very high to quantitative yields by applying an optimized Pinnick oxidation protocol for the conversion of corresponding imine cages. By NMR titration experiments of the eight different [2+3] amide cages with nitrate, chloride and hydrogen sulfate we identified one cage with an unprecedented high selectivity towards nitrate binding vs. chloride (S=705) or hydrogensulfate (S>13500) in CD2Cl2/CD3CN (1 : 3). NMR experiments as well as single‐crystal structure comparison of host‐guest complexes give insight into structure‐property‐relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen C. Lauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Avinash S. Bhat
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Chantal Barwig
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Nathalie Fritz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Tobias Kirschbaum
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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11
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Montà-González G, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R, Martí-Centelles V. Purely Covalent Molecular Cages and Containers for Guest Encapsulation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13636-13708. [PMID: 35867555 PMCID: PMC9413269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cage compounds offer unique binding pockets similar to enzyme-binding sites, which can be customized in terms of size, shape, and functional groups to point toward the cavity and many other parameters. Different synthetic strategies have been developed to create a toolkit of methods that allow preparing tailor-made organic cages for a number of distinct applications, such as gas separation, molecular recognition, molecular encapsulation, hosts for catalysis, etc. These examples show the versatility and high selectivity that can be achieved using cages, which is impossible by employing other molecular systems. This review explores the progress made in the field of fully organic molecular cages and containers by focusing on the properties of the cavity and their application to encapsulate guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Montà-González
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain,R.M.-M.: email,
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,V.M.-C.:
email,
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12
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Chiral self-sorting and guest recognition of porous aromatic cages. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4011. [PMID: 35817768 PMCID: PMC9273608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of ultra-stable chiral porous organic cages (POCs) and their controllable chiral self-sorting at the molecular and supramolecular level remains challening. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a serial of axially chiral porous aromatic cages (PAC 1-S and 1-R) with high chemical stability. The theoretical and experimental studies on the chiral self-sorting reveal that the exclusive self-recognition on cage formation is an enthalpy-driven process while the chiral narcissistic and self-sorting on supramolecular assembly of racemic cages can be precisely regulated by π–π and C–H…π interactions from different solvents. Regarding the chemical stability, the crystallinity of PAC 1 is maintained in aqueous solvents, such as boiling water, high-concentrated acid and alkali; mixtures of solvents, such as 1 M H2SO4/MeOH/H2O solution, are also tolerated. Investigations on the chiral sensing performance show that PAC 1 enables enantioselective recognition of axially chiral biaryl molecules. The synthesis of stable chiral porous organic cages and the study of their chiral self-sorting properties is challenging. Here, the authors report axially chiral porous aromatic cages with high stability and solvent-controlled chiral self-sorting.
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13
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Guchhait T, Roy S, Jena P. Mannich Reaction: An Alternative Synthetic Approach for Various Pyrrole‐Based Anion Receptors and Chelating Ligands. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Guchhait
- C V Raman Global University Chemistry Mahura, Janla 752054 Bhubaneswar INDIA
| | - Satabdi Roy
- St Mary's College Department of Sciences INDIA
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14
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Saha R, Mondal B, Mukherjee PS. Molecular Cavity for Catalysis and Formation of Metal Nanoparticles for Use in Catalysis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12244-12307. [PMID: 35438968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The employment of weak intermolecular interactions in supramolecular chemistry offers an alternative approach to project artificial chemical environments like the active sites of enzymes. Discrete molecular architectures with defined shapes and geometries have become a revolutionary field of research in recent years because of their intrinsic porosity and ease of synthesis using dynamic non-covalent/covalent interactions. Several porous molecular cages have been constructed from simple building blocks by self-assembly, which undergoes many self-correction processes to form the final architecture. These supramolecular systems have been developed to demonstrate numerous applications, such as guest stabilization, drug delivery, catalysis, smart materials, and many other related fields. In this respect, catalysis in confined nanospaces using such supramolecular cages has seen significant growth over the years. These porous discrete cages contain suitable apertures for easy intake of substrates and smooth release of products to exhibit exceptional catalytic efficacy. This review highlights recent advancements in catalytic activity influenced by the nanocavities of hydrogen-bonded cages, metal-ligand coordination cages, and dynamic or reversible covalently bonded organic cages in different solvent media. Synthetic strategies for these three types of supramolecular systems are discussed briefly and follow similar and simplistic approaches manifested by simple starting materials and benign conditions. These examples demonstrate the progress of various functionalized molecular cages for specific chemical transformations in aqueous and nonaqueous media. Finally, we discuss the enduring challenges related to porous cage compounds that need to be overcome for further developments in this field of work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Saha
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, India
| | - Bijnaneswar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur-495 009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, India
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15
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Harders P, Griebenow T, Businski A, Kaus AJ, Pietsch L, Näther C, McConnell A. The Dynamic Covalent Chemistry of Amidoboronates: Tuning the rac5/rac6 Ratio via the B‑N and B‐O Dynamic Covalent Bonds. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200022. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Harders
- Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Thomas Griebenow
- Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel: Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Artjom Businski
- Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Anton J. Kaus
- Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Lorenz Pietsch
- Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Christian Näther
- Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel Institute of Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Anna McConnell
- Kiel University Institute of Organic Chemistry Otto-Hahn-Platz 4 24098 Kiel GERMANY
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16
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Kunde T, Pausch T, Schmidt BM. Porous Organic Compounds – Small Pores on the Rise. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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17
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Zhu J, Han Y, Ni Y, Wu S, Zhang Q, Jiao T, Li Z, Wu J. Facile Synthesis of a Fully Fused, Three-Dimensional π-Conjugated Archimedean Cage with Magnetically Shielded Cavity. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14314-14321. [PMID: 34455792 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of molecular cages consisting of fully fused, π-conjugated rings is rare due to synthetic challenges including preorganization, large strain, and poor solubility. Herein, we report such an example in which a tris-2-aminobenzophenone precursor undergoes acid-mediated self-condensation to form a truncated tetrahedron, one of the 13 Archimedean solids. Formation of eight-membered [1,5]diazocine rings provides preorganization and releases the strain while still maintains weak π-conjugation of the backbone. Thorough characterizations were performed by X-ray, NMR, and UV-vis analysis, assisted by theoretical calculations. The cage exhibits a rigid backbone structure with a well-defined cavity that confines a magnetically shielded environment. The solvent molecule, o-dichlorobenzene, is precisely encapsulated in the cavity at a 1:1 ratio with multiple π···π, C-H···π, and halogen···π interactions with the cage skeleton, implying its template effect for the cage closing reaction. Our synthetic strategy opens the opportunity to access more complex, fully fused, three-dimensional π-conjugated cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Zhengtao Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
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18
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Bourguignon C, Schindler D, Zhou G, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Cucurbitimines - imine cages with concave walls. Org Chem Front 2021; 8:3668-3674. [PMID: 34354838 PMCID: PMC8276630 DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00478f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The variety of shape-persistent organic cages by imine bond formation has tremendously enlarged in recent years by using different building blocks (aldehydes and amines) in the condensation reactions. Here, we describe the use of a kinked tetraldehyde to generate pumpkin-shaped cages with concave walls, similar to cucurbiturils. Kinked tetraaldehyde building blocks lead in condensation reactions with diamines to pumpkin shaped cages – the cucurbitimines.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bourguignon
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Dorothee Schindler
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Gangxiang Zhou
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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19
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Holsten M, Feierabend S, Elbert SM, Rominger F, Oeser T, Mastalerz M. Soluble Congeners of Prior Insoluble Shape-Persistent Imine Cages. Chemistry 2021; 27:9383-9390. [PMID: 33848032 PMCID: PMC8362185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most applied reaction types to synthesize shape‐persistent organic cage compounds is the imine condensation reaction and it is assumed that the formed cages are thermodynamically controlled products due to the reversibility of the imine condensation. However, most of the synthesized imine cages reported are formed as precipitate from the reaction mixture and therefore rather may be kinetically controlled products. There are even examples in literature, where resulting cages are not soluble at all in common organic solvents to characterize or study their formation by NMR spectroscopy in solution. Here, a triptycene triamine containing three solubilizing n‐hexyloxy chains has been used to synthesize soluble congeners of prior insoluble cages. This allowed us to study the formation as well as the reversibility of cage formation in solution by investigating exchange of building blocks between the cages and deuterated derivatives thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattes Holsten
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Feierabend
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven M Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Oeser
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Lan D, Pun SH, Zhou Z, Wei Z, Wang Y, Lee HK, Lin C, Wang J, Petrukhina MA, Li Q, Miao Q. Charging a Negatively Curved Nanographene and Its Covalent Network. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5231-5238. [PMID: 33764047 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study explores a bottom-up approach toward negatively curved carbon allotropes from octabenzo[8]circulene, a negatively curved nanographene. Stepwise chemical reduction reactions of octabenzo[8]circulene with alkali metals lead to a unique highly reduced hydrocarbon pentaanion, which is revealed by X-ray crystallography suggesting a local view for the reduction and alkali metal intercalation processes of negatively curved carbon allotropes. Polymerization of the tetrabromo derivative of octabenzo[8]circulene by the nickel-mediated Yamamoto coupling reaction results in a new type of porous carbon-rich material, which consists of a covalent network of negatively curved nanographenes. It has a specific surface area of 732 m2 g-1 and functions as anode material for lithium ion batteries exhibiting a maximum capacity of 830 mAh·g-1 at a current density of 100 mA·g-1. These results indicate that this covalent network presents the key structural and functional features of negatively curved carbon allotropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yikun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States of America
| | - Danni Lan
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai Ho Pun
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States of America
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States of America
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung Kay Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiangpeng Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States of America
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Miao
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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21
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Huang HH, Song KS, Prescimone A, Aster A, Cohen G, Mannancherry R, Vauthey E, Coskun A, Šolomek T. Porous shape-persistent rylene imine cages with tunable optoelectronic properties and delayed fluorescence. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5275-5285. [PMID: 34163762 PMCID: PMC8179562 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simultaneous combination of porosity and tunable optoelectronic properties, common in covalent organic frameworks, is rare in shape-persistent organic cages. Yet, organic cages offer important molecular advantages such as solubility and modularity. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of chiral imine organic cages with three built-in rylene units by means of dynamic imine chemistry and we investigate their textural and optoelectronic properties. Thereby we demonstrate that the synthesized rylene cages can be reversibly reduced at accessible potentials, absorb from UV up to green light, are porous, and preferentially adsorb CO2 over N2 and CH4 with a good selectivity. In addition, we discovered that the cage incorporating three perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) units displays an efficient delayed fluorescence. Time-correlated single photon counting and transient absorption spectroscopy measurements suggest that the delayed fluorescence is likely a consequence of a reversible intracage charge-separation event. Rylene cages thus offer a promising platform that allows combining the porosity of processable materials and photochemical phenomena useful in diverse applications such as photocatalysis or energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Kyung Seob Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin Du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Alexander Aster
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Cohen
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Rajesh Mannancherry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Ali Coskun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin Du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Šolomek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
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22
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Hähsler M, Mastalerz M. A Giant [8+12] Boronic Ester Cage with 48 Terminal Alkene Units in the Periphery for Postsynthetic Alkene Metathesis. Chemistry 2021; 27:233-237. [PMID: 32840913 PMCID: PMC7839526 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) is a powerful synthetic tool to construct large defined molecules in one step from rather simple precursors. The advantage of the intrinsic dynamics of the applied reversible reaction steps is a self‐correction under the chosen conditions, to achieve high yields of the target compound. To date, only a few examples are known, in which DCC was used to build up a molecular defined but larger product that was chemically transferred to a more stable congener in a second (irreversible) step. Here, we present a nanometer‐sized [8+12] boronic ester cage containing 48 peripheral terminal alkene units which allows to put a hydrocarbon exoskeleton around the cage via alkene metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hähsler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Phan N, Shear TA, Zakharov LN, Johnson DW. An Efficient Route to Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Disulfide, Thioether, and Hydrocarbon Cyclophanes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc‐Minh Phan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon 97403‐1253 Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Trevor A. Shear
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon 97403‐1253 Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon University of Oregon 97403‐1443 Eugene OR USA
| | - Darren W. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon 97403‐1253 Eugene Oregon USA
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24
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Gayen KS, Das T, Chatterjee N. Recent Advances in Tris‐Primary Amine Based Organic Imine Cages and Related Amine Macrocycles. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Titiksha Das
- Kanchrapara College University of Kalyani Kalyani West Bengal India
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25
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Alexandre P, Zhang W, Rominger F, Elbert SM, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. A Robust Porous Quinoline Cage: Transformation of a [4+6] Salicylimine Cage by Povarov Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19675-19679. [PMID: 32521080 PMCID: PMC7689861 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porous shape-persistent organic cages have become the object of interest in recent years because they are soluble and thus processable from solution. A variety of cages can be achieved by applying dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC), but they are less chemically stable. Here the transformation of a salicylimine cage into a quinoline cage by a twelve-fold Povarov reaction as the key step is described. Besides the chemical stability of the cage over a broad pH regime, it shows a unique absorption and emission depending on acid concentration. Furthermore, thin films for the vapor detection of acids were investigated, showing color switches from pale-yellow to red, and characteristic emission profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre‐Emmanuel Alexandre
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
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26
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Schick THG, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Examination of the Dynamic Covalent Chemistry of [2 + 3]-Imine Cages. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13757-13771. [PMID: 32933246 PMCID: PMC7659045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of shape-persistent organic cage compounds by the formation of imine bonds opens the possibility to realize cages of different sizes, geometries, topologies, and functions. It is generally assumed that the imine bond is rather chemically labile allowing a self-correction mechanism until thermodynamic equilibrium is reached, which is often the case if a cage is formed. However, there are some contradictory experimental data to this assumption. To get a deeper insight into the imine bond dynamics of covalent organic cages, we studied the formation and exchange of both dialdehydes and triamines of two different [2 + 3] imine cages with the aid of a deuterated dialdehyde molecular building block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias H G Schick
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Abet V, Szczypiński FT, Little MA, Santolini V, Jones CD, Evans R, Wilson C, Wu X, Thorne MF, Bennison MJ, Cui P, Cooper AI, Jelfs KE, Slater AG. Inducing Social Self-Sorting in Organic Cages To Tune The Shape of The Internal Cavity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16755-16763. [PMID: 32542926 PMCID: PMC7540416 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many interesting target guest molecules have low symmetry, yet most methods for synthesising hosts result in highly symmetrical capsules. Methods of generating lower symmetry pores are thus required to maximise the binding affinity in host-guest complexes. Herein, we use mixtures of tetraaldehyde building blocks with cyclohexanediamine to access low-symmetry imine cages. Whether a low-energy cage is isolated can be correctly predicted from the thermodynamic preference observed in computational models. The stability of the observed structures depends on the geometrical match of the aldehyde building blocks. One bent aldehyde stands out as unable to assemble into high-symmetry cages-and the same aldehyde generates low-symmetry socially self-sorted cages when combined with a linear aldehyde. We exploit this finding to synthesise a family of low-symmetry cages containing heteroatoms, illustrating that pores of varying geometries and surface chemistries may be reliably accessed through computational prediction and self-sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Abet
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Filip T. Szczypiński
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Valentina Santolini
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Christopher D. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Robert Evans
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, School of Engineering and Applied ScienceAston UniversityBirminghamB4 7ETUK
| | - Craig Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Michael F. Thorne
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Michael J. Bennison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
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28
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Alexandre P, Zhang W, Rominger F, Elbert SM, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. A Robust Porous Quinoline Cage: Transformation of a [4+6] Salicylimine Cage by Povarov Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre‐Emmanuel Alexandre
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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29
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Abet V, Szczypiński FT, Little MA, Santolini V, Jones CD, Evans R, Wilson C, Wu X, Thorne MF, Bennison MJ, Cui P, Cooper AI, Jelfs KE, Slater AG. Inducing Social Self‐Sorting in Organic Cages To Tune The Shape of The Internal Cavity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Abet
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Filip T. Szczypiński
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Valentina Santolini
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Christopher D. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Robert Evans
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, School of Engineering and Applied ScienceAston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK
| | - Craig Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Michael F. Thorne
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Michael J. Bennison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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30
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Phan NM, Percástegui EG, Johnson DW. Dynamic Covalent Chemistry as a Facile Route to Unusual Main-Group Thiolate Assemblies and Disulfide Hoops and Cages. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1270-1282. [PMID: 32529751 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic Covalent Chemistry (DCC) - combining the robustness of covalent bonds with the self-correcting nature of supramolecular chemistry - facilitates the modular synthesis of complex molecular assemblies in high yields. Although numerous reactions form covalent bonds, only a small set of chemical transformations affect covalent bond formation reversibly under suitable conditions for DCC. Further progress in this area still requires the identification of dynamic motifs and greater insights into their reversibility. We have fruitfully employed DCC of both thiolate coordination to main-group elements and disulfide formation for the facile self-assembly of: (1) metal/metalloid-thiolate assemblies, and (2) purely organic cyclic and caged disulfides, thioethers, and even hydrocarbons, many of which have remained elusive by traditional stepwise synthesis yet form readily through our methods. In this Minireview, we highlight the approaches to prepare these unusual compounds and the factors inducing structural transformations or favoring the formation of certain products over others, given a set of external stimuli or reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Minh Phan
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253, USA
| | - Edmundo G Percástegui
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México.,Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, C.P.50200, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Darren W Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1253, USA
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31
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Wang F, Sikma E, Duan Z, Lei C, Zhang Z, Humphrey SM, Sessler JL. Dipyrrolylnaphthyridine-based Schiff-base cryptands and their selective gas adsorption properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Presented here is the synthesis of three new Schiff-base cryptands, 4–6. Dynamic covalent imine bond formation via the condensation of a dialdehyde (7 or 8) with two different tris-amines allowed for the preparation of 4–6 in 84%, 80% and 83% yield, respectively. These systems were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectra, and, in the case of 5, single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. These cages act as selective CO[Formula: see text] gas adsorbing materials in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Eric Sikma
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
| | - Zhiming Duan
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Simon M. Humphrey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA
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32
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Smith PT, Kim Y, Benke BP, Kim K, Chang CJ. Supramolecular Tuning Enables Selective Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by Cobalt Porphyrins for Direct Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4902-4907. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Smith
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Bahiru Punja Benke
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
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33
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Smith PT, Kim Y, Benke BP, Kim K, Chang CJ. Supramolecular Tuning Enables Selective Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by Cobalt Porphyrins for Direct Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Smith
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Bahiru Punja Benke
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
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34
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Mongin C, Ardoy AM, Méreau R, Bassani DM, Bibal B. Singlet oxygen stimulus for switchable functional organic cages. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1478-1484. [PMID: 34094497 PMCID: PMC8150101 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular cages 1a and 2a incorporating a 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) chromophore were synthesized through a templated ring-closure metathesis approach that allows variation in cavity size through the introduction of up to three different pillars. Reversible Diels–Alder reaction between the DPA moiety and photogenerated singlet oxygen smoothly converted 1a and 2a to the corresponding endoperoxide cages 1b and 2b, which are converted back to 1a and 2a upon heating. Endoperoxide formation constitutes a reversible covalent signal that combines structural changes in the interior of the cage with introduction of two additional coordination sites. This results in a large modulation of the binding ability of the receptors attributed to a change in the location of the preferred binding site owing to the added coordination by the endoperoxide oxygen lone pairs. Cages 1a and 2a form complexes with sodium and cesium whose association constants are modified by 4–20 fold for Na+ and 200–450 fold for Cs+ upon conversion to 1b and 2b. DFT calculations show that in the anthracene form, cages 1a and 2a can bind 2 metal cations in their periphery so that each cation is coordinated by 4 oxygens and one amine nitrogen, whereas the endoperoxide cages 1b and 2b bind cations centrally in a geometry that favors coordination to the endoperoxide oxygens. Allosteric switchable organic cages allow variability in cation recognition.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Mongin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255 351 cours de la Libération 33400 Talence France
| | - Alejandro Mendez Ardoy
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255 351 cours de la Libération 33400 Talence France
| | - Raphaël Méreau
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255 351 cours de la Libération 33400 Talence France
| | - Dario M Bassani
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255 351 cours de la Libération 33400 Talence France
| | - Brigitte Bibal
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255 351 cours de la Libération 33400 Talence France
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35
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Ma H, Zhai TL, Wang Z, Cheng G, Tan B, Zhang C. Switching porosity of stable triptycene-based cage via solution-state assembly processes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:9088-9092. [PMID: 35496542 PMCID: PMC9050043 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00128g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a great challenge to tune the porosity of porous materials. As most porous organic cages are soluble, solution processability can be a possible way to regulate the porosity of such materials. Herein, a triptycene-based cage (TC) is demonstrated to be stable in acid, base or boiling water. Meanwhile, its porosity can be tuned by adjusting the solution-state assembly processes. TC molecules crystallized slowly from solution exhibit nearly no porosity to nitrogen (off-state). While, after rapid precipitating from methanol/dichloromethane solution, the obtained TC (TC-rp) is in a porous state and exhibit a high BET surface area of 653 m2 g−1 (on-state). Here, a kind of triptycene-based cage is demonstrated to have good chemical stability in acid, base and boiling water. Moreover, its porosity can be tuned by varying the solution-state assembly processes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Tian-Long Zhai
- College of Life Science and Technology
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Guang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Bien Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Chun Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
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36
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Haase F, Lotsch BV. Solving the COF trilemma: towards crystalline, stable and functional covalent organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:8469-8500. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01027h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Strategies in covalent organic frameworks and adjacent fields are highlighted for designing stable, ordered and functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Haase
- Institute of Functional Interfaces
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Nanochemistry Department
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry
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37
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Mihara N, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Different Modes of Anion Response Cause Circulatory Phase Transfer of a Coordination Cage with Controlled Directionality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12497-12501. [PMID: 31282602 PMCID: PMC6771743 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Controlled directional transport of molecules is essential to complex natural systems, from cellular transport up to organismal circulatory systems. In contrast to these natural systems, synthetic systems that enable transport of molecules between several spatial locations on the macroscopic scale, when external stimuli are applied, remain to be explored. Now, the transfer of a supramolecular cage is reported with controlled directionality between three phases, based on a cage that responds reversibly in two distinct ways to different anions. Notably, circulatory phase transfer of the cage was demonstrated based on a system where the three layers of solvent are arranged within a circular track. The direction of circulation between solvent phases depended upon the order of addition of anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Mihara
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
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38
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Mihara N, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Different Modes of Anion Response Cause Circulatory Phase Transfer of a Coordination Cage with Controlled Directionality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Mihara
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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39
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Konopka M, Cecot P, Ulrich S, Stefankiewicz AR. Tuning the Solubility of Self-Assembled Fluorescent Aromatic Cages Using Functionalized Amino Acid Building Blocks. Front Chem 2019; 7:503. [PMID: 31380348 PMCID: PMC6647868 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported novel fluorescent aromatic cages that are self-produced using a set of orthogonal dynamic covalent reactions, operating simultaneously in one-pot, to assemble up to 10 components through 12 reactions into a single cage-type structure. We now introduce N-functionalized amino acids as new building blocks that enable tuning the solubility and analysis of the resulting cages. A convenient divergent synthetic approach was developed to tether different side chains on the N-terminal of a cysteine-derived building block. Our studies show that this chemical functionalization does not prevent the subsequent self-assembly and effective formation of desired cages. While the originally described cages required 94% DMSO, the new ones bearing hydrophobic side chains were found soluble in organic solvents (up to 75% CHCl3), and those grafted with hydrophilic side chains were soluble in water (up to 75% H2O). Fluorescence studies confirmed that despite cage functionalization the aggregation-induced emission properties of those architectures are retained. Thus, this work significantly expands the range of solvents in which these self-assembled cage compounds can be generated, which in turn should enable new applications, possibly as fluorescent sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Konopka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Cecot
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Artur R. Stefankiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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40
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Schick THG, Lauer JC, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Transformation of Imine Cages into Hydrocarbon Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1768-1773. [PMID: 30557460 PMCID: PMC6470955 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to organic cages which are formed by exploiting dynamic covalent chemistry, such as boronic ester cages, imine cages, or disulfide cages, those with a fully carbonaceous backbone are rarer. With the exception of alkyne metathesis based approaches, the vast majority of hydrocarbon cages need to be synthesized by kinetically controlled bond formation. This strategy implies a multiple step synthesis and no correction mechanism in the final macrocyclization step, both of which are responsible for low overall yields. Whereas for smaller cages the intrinsic drawbacks are not always obvious, larger cages are seldom synthesized in yields beyond a few tenths of a percent. Presented herein is a three-step method to convert imine cages into hydrocarbon cages. The method has been successfully applied to even larger structures such as derivatives of C72 H72 , an unknown cage suggested by Fritz Vögtle more than 20 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias H. G. Schick
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jochen C. Lauer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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