1
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Hemauer F, Steinrück HP, Papp C. The Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Pair as Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage System: Surface Science Investigations. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300806. [PMID: 38375756 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
For the transition to renewable energy sources, novel energy storage materials are more important than ever. This review addresses so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, which appear very promising since they combine light harvesting and energy storing in one-photon one-molecule processes. The focus is on norbornadiene (NBD), a particularly interesting candidate, which is converted to the strained valence isomer quadricyclane (QC) upon irradiation. The stored energy can be released on demand. The energy-releasing cycloreversion from QC to NBD can be initiated by a thermal, catalytic, or electrochemical trigger. The reversibility of the energy storage and release cycles determines the general practicality of a MOST system. In the search for derivatives, which enable large-scale applications, fundamental surface science studies help to assess the feasibility of potential substituted NBD/QC couples. We include investigations under well-defined ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions as well as experiments in liquid phase. Next to the influence of the catalytically active surfaces on the isomerization between the two valence isomers, information on adsorption geometries, thermal stability limits, and reaction pathways of the respective molecules are discussed. Moreover, laboratory-scaled test devices demonstrate the proof of concept in various areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Franz E, Jung J, Kunz A, Wegner HA, Brummel O, Mollenhauer D, Libuda J. How Adsorption Affects the Energy Release in an Azothiophene-Based Molecular Solar-Thermal System. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1470-1477. [PMID: 36744855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar-thermal (MOST) systems combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release within one single molecule. To release the energy, different approaches are applicable, e.g., the electrochemical and the catalytic pathways. While the electrochemical pathway requires catalytically inert electrode materials, the catalytic pathway requires active and selective catalysts. In this work, we studied the catalytic activity and selectivity of graphite(0001), Pt(111), and Au(111) surfaces for the energy release from the MOST system 3-cyanophenylazothiophene along with its adsorption properties. In our study, we combine in situ photochemical IR spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT). Graphite(0001) is catalytically inactive, shows the weakest reactant-surface interaction, and therefore is ideally suitable for electrochemical triggering. On Pt(111), we observe strong reactant-surface interactions along with moderate catalytic activity and partial decomposition, which limit the applicability of this material. On Au(111), we observe high catalytic activity and high selectivity (>99%). We assign these catalytic properties to the moderate reactant surface interaction, which prevents decomposition but facilitates energy release via a singlet-triplet mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jannis Jung
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne Kunz
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058Erlangen, Germany
| | - Doreen Mollenhauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Patil R, Liu S, Yadav A, Khaorapapong N, Yamauchi Y, Dutta S. Superstructures of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks to Single- and Multiatom Sites for Electrochemical Energy Conversion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203147. [PMID: 36323587 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity and long-term stability for electrochemical energy conversion is significant yet remains challenging. Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-derived superstructures are a source of atomic-site-containing electrocatalysts. These atomic sites anchor the guest encapsulation and self-assembly of aspheric polyhedral particles produced using microreactor fabrication. This review provides an overview of ZIF-derived superstructures by highlighting some of the key structural types, such as open carbon cages, 1D superstructures, hollow structures, and the interconversion of superstructures. The fundamentals and representative structures are outlined to demonstrate the role of superstructures in the construction of materials with atomic sites, such as single- and dual-atom materials. Then, the roles of ZIF-derived single-atom sites for the electroreduction of CO2 and electrochemical synthesis of H2 O2 are discussed, and their electrochemical performance for energy conversion is outlined. Finally, the perspective on advancing single- and dual-atom electrode-based electrochemical processes with enhanced redox activity and a low-impedance charge-transfer pathway for cathodes is provided. The challenges associated with ZIF-derived superstructures for electrochemical energy conversion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Patil
- Electrochemical Energy and Sensor Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, 201303, Noida, India
| | - Shude Liu
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Anubha Yadav
- Electrochemical Energy and Sensor Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, 201303, Noida, India
| | - Nithima Khaorapapong
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, 40002, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Saikat Dutta
- Electrochemical Energy and Sensor Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, 201303, Noida, India
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4
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Franz E, Stumm C, Waidhas F, Bertram M, Jevric M, Orrego-Hernández J, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K, Brummel O, Libuda J. Tunable Energy Release in a Reversible Molecular Solar Thermal System. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Corinna Stumm
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | | | - Helen Hölzel
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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5
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Ewert J, Heintze L, Jordà-Redondo M, von Glasenapp JS, Nonell S, Bucher G, Peifer C, Herges R. Photoswitchable Diazocine-Based Estrogen Receptor Agonists: Stabilization of the Active Form inside the Receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15059-15071. [PMID: 35952371 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photopharmacology is an emerging approach in drug design and pharmacological therapy. Light is used to switch a pharmacophore between a biologically inactive and an active isomer with high spatiotemporal resolution at the site of illness, thus potentially avoiding side effects in neighboring healthy tissue. The most frequently used strategy to design a photoswitchable drug is to replace a suitable functional group in a known bioactive molecule with azobenzene. Our strategy is different in that the photoswitch moiety is closer to the drug's scaffold. Docking studies reveal a very high structural similarity of natural 17β-estradiol and the E isomers of dihydroxy diazocines, but not their Z isomers, respectively. Seven dihydroxy diazocines were synthesized and subjected to a biological estrogen reporter gene assay. Four derivatives exhibit distinct estrogenic activity after irradiation with violet light, which can be shut off with green light. Most remarkably, the photogenerated, active E form of one of the active compounds isomerizes back to the inactive Z form with a half-life of merely several milliseconds in water, but nevertheless is active for more than 3 h in the presence of the estrogen receptor. The results suggest a significant local impact of the ligand-receptor complex toward back-isomerization. Thus, drugs that are active when bound but lose their activity immediately after leaving the receptor could be of great pharmacological value because they strongly increase target specificity. Moreover, the drugs are released into the environment in their inactive form. The latter argument is particularly important for drugs that act as endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ewert
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Linda Heintze
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jan-Simon von Glasenapp
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Götz Bucher
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U. K
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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6
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Fischer K, Krahmer J, Tuczek F. Chemically and Light-Driven Coordination-Induced Spin State Switching (CISSS) of a nonheme-iron complex. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The new Fe(II) complex [Fe(trident)(bmik)](ClO4)2 (1) (trident = bis(2-pyridylmethyl)benzylamine and bmik = bis(1-methylimidazole)ketone) exhibits a change of magnetic moment in dichloromethane (DCM) solution upon addition of pyridine which is attributed to the Coordination-Induced Spin State Switching effect (CISSS). By attaching a photoisomerizable azopyridine sidegroup to the tridentate ligand the complex [Fe(azpy-trident)(bmik)](ClO4)2 (2; azpy-trident = [N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)]-3-(3-pyridylazo)benzylamine) is obtained. As detected by Evans NMR spectroscopy, 2 reversibly changes its magnetic moment in homogeneous solution upon photoirradiation which is attributed to intermolecular Light-Driven Coordination-Induced Spin State Switching (LD-CISSS). Further support for this interpretation is inferred from concentration-dependent Evans NMR measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, D-24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Jan Krahmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, D-24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, D-24118 Kiel , Germany
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7
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Hamer S, von Glasenapp JS, Röhricht F, Li C, Berndt R, Herges R. Azimuthal Dipolar Rotor Arrays on Surfaces. Chemistry 2021; 27:17452-17458. [PMID: 34664752 PMCID: PMC9298050 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A set of dipolar molecular rotor compounds was designed, synthesized and adsorbed as self‐assembled 2D arrays on Ag(111) surfaces. The title molecules are constructed from three building blocks: (a) 4,8,12‐trioxatriangulene (TOTA) platforms that are known to physisorb on metal surfaces such as Au(111) and Ag(111), (b) phenyl groups attached to the central carbon atom that function as pivot joints to reduce the barrier to rotation, (c) pyridine and pyridazine units as small dipolar units on top. Theoretical calculations and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) investigations hint at the fact that the dipoles of neighboring rotors interact through space through pairs of energetically favorable head‐to‐tail arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hamer
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Simon von Glasenapp
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fynn Röhricht
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Chao Li
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Kiel University, Leibnizstrasse 19, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Kiel University, Leibnizstrasse 19, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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8
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Fang D, Zhang ZY, Shangguan Z, He Y, Yu C, Li T. (Hetero)arylazo-1,2,3-triazoles: "Clicked" Photoswitches for Versatile Functionalization and Electronic Decoupling. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14502-14510. [PMID: 34476949 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of light-responsive chemical systems often relies on the rational design and suitable incorporation of molecular photoswitches such as azobenzenes. Linking a photoswitch core with another π-conjugated molecular entity may give rise to intramolecular electronic coupling, which can dramatically impair the photoswitch function. Decoupling strategies have been developed based on additionally inserting a linker that can disrupt the through-bond electronic communication. Here we show that 1,2,3-triazole-a commonly used decoupling spacer-can be directly merged into the azoswitch core to construct a class of "self-decoupling" azoswitches called (hetero)arylazo-1,2,3-triazoles. Such azotriazole photoswitches are easily accessed and modularly functionalized by click chemistry. Their photoswitch property can be optimized by rational design of the substituent groups or heteroaryl rings, allowing (near-)quantitative E⇆Z photoisomerization yields and tunable Z-isomer thermal half-lives from days to years. Combined experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that the electronic structure of the photoswitch core is not substantially affected by various substituents attached to the 1,2,3-triazole unit, benefiting from its cross-conjugated nature. The combination of clickable synthesis, tunable photoswitch property, and self-decoupling ability makes (hetero)arylazo-1,2,3-triazoles intriguing molecular tools in developing photoresponsive systems with desired performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhichun Shangguan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yixin He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunyang Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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9
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Petersen F, Lautenschläger I, Schlimm A, Flöser BM, Jacob H, Amirbeigiarab R, Rusch TR, Strunskus T, Magnussen O, Tuczek F. Molybdenum tricarbonyl complex functionalised with a molecular triazatriangulene platform on Au(111): surface spectroscopic characterisation. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:1042-1052. [PMID: 33367415 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03549a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal complexes form the basis for small molecule activation and are relevant for electrocatalysis. To combine both approaches the attachment of homogeneous catalysts to metallic surfaces is of significant interest. Towards this goal a molybdenum tricarbonyl complex supported by a tripodal phosphine ligand was covalently bound to a triazatriangulene (TATA) platform via an acetylene unit and the resulting TATA-functionalised complex was deposited on a Au(111) surface. The corresponding self-assembled monolayer was characterised with scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). The vibrational properties of the surface-adsorbed complexes were investigated with the help of infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), and the frequency/intensity changes with respect to the bulk spectrum were analysed. A full vibrational analysis was performed with the help of DFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Petersen
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str.2, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Irene Lautenschläger
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str.2, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Alexander Schlimm
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str.2, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Benedikt M Flöser
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str.2, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Hanne Jacob
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str.2, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | | | - Talina R Rusch
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Leibnizstraße 11-19, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Institute for Materials Science-Multicomponent Materials, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Leibnizstraße 11-19, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str.2, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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10
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Gao Y, Walter V, Ferguson MJ, Tykwinski RR. Hierarchical Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties of Gallium- and Ruthenium-Porphyrins with Axially Bonded Azo Ligands. Chemistry 2020; 26:16712-16720. [PMID: 32706454 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The hierarchical synthesis of three porphyrin and four bisporphyrin derivatives is presented. This strategy relies on the incorporation of linkers based on azo moieties appended with pyridyl and/or acetylenic groups that facilitate axial coordination to Ga- and Ru-metalloporphyrins. These porphyrinic systems allow for a quantitative analysis of the effects of diamagnetic anisotropy (DA) by using 1 H NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses. A simple power-law relationship between the proton chemical shift and the distance from the porphyrin core is experimentally outlined, which confirms previous theoretical predictions and shows that the limit of DA is about 2 nm. Photophysical properties of the azo-linked porphyrins are analyzed by UV/Vis spectroscopy, showing that significant cis-trans isomerization is not observed for azo ligands bound only to Ga-porphyrins. Incorporation of Ru-porphyrins to an azo ligand facilitates photoswitching behavior, but the process faces competition from decarbonylation of the Ru-porphyrin, and appreciable switching is only documented for GaL1Ru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Vroni Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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11
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Martins GF, de P. Cardoso B, Galamba N, Cabral BJC. Exploring a near-Hartree–Fock–Kohn–Sham approach to study electronic properties of azobenzene in interaction with gold: From clusters to the Au(111) surface. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:214701. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel F. Martins
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bernardo de P. Cardoso
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Galamba
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Benedito J. C. Cabral
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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12
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Rusch TR, Schlimm A, Krekiehn NR, Tellkamp T, Budzák Š, Jacquemin D, Tuczek F, Herges R, Magnussen OM. Observation of Collective Photoswitching in Free-Standing TATA-Based Azobenzenes on Au(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17192-17196. [PMID: 32524693 PMCID: PMC7540444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Light-induced transitions between the trans and cis isomer of triazatriangulenium-based azobenzene derivatives on Au(111) surfaces were observed directly by scanning tunneling microscopy, allowing atomic-scale studies of the photoisomerization kinetics. Although the azobenzene units in these adlayers are free-standing and spaced at uniform distances of 1.26 nm, their photoswitching depends on the isomeric state of the surrounding molecules and, specifically, is accelerated by neighboring cis isomers. These collective effects are supported by ab initio calculations indicating that the electronic excitation preferably localizes on the n-π* state of trans isomers with neighboring cis azobenzenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talina R. Rusch
- Institute of Experimental and Applied PhysicsChristian Albrechts UniversityKielGermany
| | - Alexander Schlimm
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryChristian Albrechts UniversityKielGermany
| | - Nicolai R. Krekiehn
- Institute of Experimental and Applied PhysicsChristian Albrechts UniversityKielGermany
| | - Tobias Tellkamp
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic ChemistryChristian Albrechts UniversityKielGermany
| | - Šimon Budzák
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Natural SciencesMatej Bel UniversityBanska BystricaSlovakia
| | | | - Felix Tuczek
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryChristian Albrechts UniversityKielGermany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic ChemistryChristian Albrechts UniversityKielGermany
| | - Olaf M. Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied PhysicsChristian Albrechts UniversityKielGermany
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13
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Rusch TR, Schlimm A, Krekiehn NR, Tellkamp T, Budzák Š, Jacquemin D, Tuczek F, Herges R, Magnussen OM. Observation of Collective Photoswitching in Free‐Standing TATA‐Based Azobenzenes on Au(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Talina R. Rusch
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Christian Albrechts University Kiel Germany
| | - Alexander Schlimm
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Christian Albrechts University Kiel Germany
| | - Nicolai R. Krekiehn
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Christian Albrechts University Kiel Germany
| | - Tobias Tellkamp
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry Christian Albrechts University Kiel Germany
| | - Šimon Budzák
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences Matej Bel University Banska Bystrica Slovakia
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM Lab—UMR 6230— CNRS/University of Nantes Nantes France
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Christian Albrechts University Kiel Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry Christian Albrechts University Kiel Germany
| | - Olaf M. Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics Christian Albrechts University Kiel Germany
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14
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Jasper-Tönnies T, Gruber M, Ulrich S, Herges R, Berndt R. Coverage-Controlled Superstructures of C 3 -Symmetric Molecules: Honeycomb versus Hexagonal Tiling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7008-7017. [PMID: 32106353 PMCID: PMC7216838 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The competition between honeycomb and hexagonal tiling of molecular units can lead to large honeycomb superstructures on surfaces. Such superstructures exhibit pores that may be used as 2D templates for functional guest molecules. Honeycomb superstructures of molecules that comprise a C3 symmetric platform on Au(111) and Ag(111) surfaces are presented. The superstructures cover nearly mesoscopic areas with unit cells containing up to 3000 molecules, more than an order of magnitude larger than previously reported. The unit cell size may be controlled by the coverage. A fairly general model was developed to describe the energetics of honeycomb superstructures built from C3 symmetric units. Based on three parameters that characterize two competing bonding arrangements, the model is consistent with the present experimental data and also reproduces various published results. The model identifies the relevant driving force, mostly related to geometric aspects, of the pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Jasper-Tönnies
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel Gruber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Ulrich
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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15
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Jasper‐Tönnies T, Gruber M, Ulrich S, Herges R, Berndt R. Coverage‐Controlled Superstructures of
C
3
‐Symmetric Molecules: Honeycomb versus Hexagonal Tiling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Jasper‐Tönnies
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Manuel Gruber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Sandra Ulrich
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik Christian-Albrechts-Universität 24098 Kiel Germany
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16
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Fast E, Schlimm A, Lautenschläger I, Clausen KU, Strunskus T, Spormann C, Lindhorst TK, Tuczek F. Improving the Switching Capacity of Glyco-Self-Assembled Monolayers on Au(111). Chemistry 2020; 26:485-501. [PMID: 31660639 PMCID: PMC6973251 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) decorated with photoisomerizable azobenzene glycosides are useful tools for investigating the effect of ligand orientation on carbohydrate recognition. However, photoswitching of SAMs between two specific states is characterized by a limited capacity. The goal of this study is the improvement of photoswitchable azobenzene glyco-SAMs. Different concepts, in particular self-dilution and rigid biaryl backbones, have been investigated. The required SH-functionalized azobenzene glycoconjugates were synthesized through a modular approach, and the respective glyco-SAMs were fabricated on Au(111). Their photoswitching properties have been extensively investigated by applying a powerful set of methods (IRRAS, XPS, and NEXAFS). Indeed, the combination of tailor-made biaryl-azobenzene glycosides and suitable diluent molecules led to photoswitchable glyco-SAMs with a significantly enhanced and unprecedented switching capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fast
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielOtto-Hahn-Platz 424118KielGermany
| | - Alexander Schlimm
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielMax-Eyth Straße 224118KielGermany
| | - Irene Lautenschläger
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielMax-Eyth Straße 224118KielGermany
| | - Kai Uwe Clausen
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielMax-Eyth Straße 224118KielGermany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Institute for Materials Science—Multicomponent MaterialsChristian-Albrechts-University KielKaisertr. 224143KielGermany
| | - Carina Spormann
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielOtto-Hahn-Platz 424118KielGermany
| | - Thisbe K. Lindhorst
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielOtto-Hahn-Platz 424118KielGermany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielMax-Eyth Straße 224118KielGermany
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17
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Zheng LQ, Yang S, Lan J, Gyr L, Goubert G, Qian H, Aprahamian I, Zenobi R. Solution Phase and Surface Photoisomerization of a Hydrazone Switch with a Long Thermal Half-Life. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17637-17645. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sirun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jinggang Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich CH 8057, Switzerland
| | - Luzia Gyr
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH 8093, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Goubert
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH 8093, Switzerland
| | - Hai Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 505 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH 8093, Switzerland
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18
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Löw R, Rusch T, Moje T, Röhricht F, Magnussen OM, Herges R. Norbornadiene-functionalized triazatriangulenium and trioxatriangulenium platforms. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1815-1821. [PMID: 31467601 PMCID: PMC6693376 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Triazatriangulenium (TATA) and trioxatriangulenium (TOTA) ions are particularly suited systems to mount functional molecules onto atomically flat surfaces such as Au(111). The TATA and TOTA units serve as platforms that absorb onto the surface and form ordered monolayers, while the functional groups are protruding upright and freestanding from the central carbon atoms. Azobenzene derivatized TATA’s are known to exhibit extremely fast cis→trans isomerization on metal surfaces, via a peculiar non-adiabatic singlet→triplet→singlet mechanism. We now prepared norbornadienes (NBD) and quadricyclanes (QC) attached to TATA and TOTA platforms which can be used to check if these accelerated rates and the spin change mechanism also apply to [2 + 2] cycloreversions (QC→NBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Löw
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Talina Rusch
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, Leibnizstraße 19, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Moje
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fynn Röhricht
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf M Magnussen
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, Leibnizstraße 19, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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19
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Löw R, Rusch T, Röhricht F, Magnussen O, Herges R. Diazocine-functionalized TATA platforms. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1485-1490. [PMID: 31354866 PMCID: PMC6633206 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown that the thermochemical cis→trans isomerization of azobenzenes is accelerated by a factor of more than 1000 by electronic coupling to a gold surface via a conjugated system with 11 bonds and a distance of 14 Å. The corresponding molecular architecture consists of a platform (triazatriangulenium (TATA)) which adsorbs on the gold surface, with an acetylene spacer standing upright, like a post in the middle of the platform and the azobenzene unit mounted on top. The rate acceleration is due to a very peculiar thermal singlet-triplet-singlet mechanism mediated by bulk gold. To investigate this mechanism further and to examine scope and limitation of the "spin-switch catalysis" we now prepared analogous diazocine systems. Diazocines, in contrast to azobenzenes, are stable in the cis-configuration. Upon irradiation with light of 405 nm the cis-configuration isomerizes to the trans-form, which slowly returns back to the stable cis-isomer. To investigate the thermal trans→cis isomerization as a function of the conjugation to the metal surface, we connected the acetylene spacer in meta (weak conjugation) and in para (strong conjugation) position. Both isomers form ordered monolayers on Au(111) surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Löw
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Talina Rusch
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, Leibnizstraße 19, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fynn Röhricht
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf Magnussen
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, Leibnizstraße 19, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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20
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Rusch TR, Hammerich M, Herges R, Magnussen OM. Molecular platforms as versatile building blocks for multifunctional photoswitchable surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9511-9514. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04528g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structurally well-defined arrangements of multiple functional groups can be prepared by self-assembly of mixed monolayers based on molecular platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talina R. Rusch
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics
- Kiel University
- Kiel
- Germany
| | | | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Kiel University
- Kiel
- Germany
| | - Olaf M. Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics
- Kiel University
- Kiel
- Germany
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