1
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Sun H, Ibrahim T, Ritacco A, Durkee K. Biomass-Derived Degradable Polymers via Alternating Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Exo-Oxanorbornenes and Cyclic Enol Ethers. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1642-1647. [PMID: 37983535 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Degradable polymers made via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) hold tremendous promise as eco-friendly materials. However, most of the ROMP monomers are derived from petroleum resources, which are typically considered less sustainable compared to biomass. Herein, we present a synthetic strategy to degradable polymers by harnessing alternating ROMP of biomass-based cyclic olefin monomers including exo-oxanorbornenes and cyclic enol ethers. A library of well-defined poly(enol ether)s with modular structures, tunable glass transition temperatures, and controlled molecular weights was achieved, demonstrating the versatility of this approach. Most importantly, the resulting copolymers exhibit high degrees of alternation, rendering their backbones fully degradable under acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Tarek Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Angelo Ritacco
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Katie Durkee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
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2
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An T, Ryu H, Choi TL. Living Alternating Ring-Opening Metathesis Copolymerization of 2,3-Dihydrofuran to Provide Completely Degradable Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309632. [PMID: 37789610 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
2,3-Dihydrofuran (DHF) has recently been gaining significant attention as a comonomer in metathesis polymerization, thanks to its ability to provide the resultant polymer backbones with stimuli-responsive degradability. In this report, we present living alternating copolymerization of DHF with less reactive endo-tricyclo[4.2.2.02,5 ]deca-3,9-dienes (TDs) and endo-oxonorbornenes (oxoNBs). By carefully controlling the reactivity of both the Ru initiators and the monomers, we have achieved outstanding A, B-alternation (up to 98 %) under near stoichiometric DHF loading conditions. Notably, we have also found that the use of a more sterically hindered Ru initiator helps to attain polymer backbones with higher DHF incorporation and superior A, B-alternation. While preserving the living characteristics of DHF copolymerization, as evidenced by controlled molecular weights (up to 73.9 kDa), narrow dispersities (down to 1.05), and block copolymer formation, our DHF copolymers could be broken down to a single repeat unit level under acidic conditions. 1 H NMR analysis of the model copolymer revealed that after 24 hours of degradation, up to 80 % of the initial polymer was transformed into a single small molecule product, and after purification, up to 66 % of the degradation product was retrieved. This study provides a versatile approach to improve the alternation and degradability of DHF copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyang An
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Cormier S, Fogg DE. Probing Catalyst Degradation in Metathesis of Internal Olefins: Expanding Access to Amine-Tagged ROMP Polymers. ACS Catal 2023; 13:11834-11840. [PMID: 37671179 PMCID: PMC10476157 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium-promoted ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) offers potentially powerful routes to amine-functionalized polymers with antimicrobial, adhesive, and self-healing properties. However, amines readily degrade the methylidene and unsubstituted ruthenacyclobutane intermediates formed in metathesis of terminal olefins. Examined herein is the relevance of these decomposition pathways to ROMP (i.e., metathesis of internal olefins) by the third-generation Grubbs catalyst. Primary alkylamines rapidly quench polymerization via fast adduct formation, followed by nucleophilic abstraction of the propagating alkylidene. Bulkier, Brønsted-basic amines are less aggressive: attack competes only for slow polymerization or strong bases (e.g., DBU). Added HCl limits degradation, as demonstrated by the successful ROMP of an otherwise intractable methylamine monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha
K. Cormier
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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4
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Liang Y, Sullivan HL, Carrow K, Mesfin JM, Korpanty J, Worthington K, Luo C, Christman KL, Gianneschi NC. Inflammation-Responsive Micellar Nanoparticles from Degradable Polyphosphoramidates for Targeted Delivery to Myocardial Infarction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11185-11194. [PMID: 37184379 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles that undergo a localized morphology change to target areas of inflammation have been previously developed but are limited by their lack of biodegradability. In this paper, we describe a low-ring-strain cyclic olefin monomer, 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenoxy-1,3,4,7-tetrahydro-1,3,2-diazaphosphepine 2-oxide (MePTDO), that rapidly polymerizes via ring-opening metathesis polymerization at room temperature to generate well-defined degradable polyphosphoramidates with high monomer conversion (>84%). Efficient MePTDO copolymerizations with norbornene-based monomers are demonstrated, including a norbornenyl monomer functionalized with a peptide substrate for inflammation-associated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The resulting amphiphilic peptide brush copolymers self-assembled in aqueous solution to generate micellar nanoparticles (30 nm in diameter) which exhibit excellent cyto- and hemocompatibility and undergo MMP-induced assembly into micron-scale aggregates. As MMPs are upregulated in the heart postmyocardial infarction (MI), the MMP-responsive micelles were applied to target and accumulate in the infarcted heart following intravenous administration in a rat model of MI. These particles displayed a distinct biodistribution and clearance pattern in comparison to nondegradable analogues. Specifically, accumulation at the site of MI competed with elimination predominantly through the kidney rather than the liver. Together, these results suggest this as a promising new biodegradable platform for inflammation targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liang
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Holly L Sullivan
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering and the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kendal Carrow
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joshua M Mesfin
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering and the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Joanna Korpanty
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kendra Worthington
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering and the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Colin Luo
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering and the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Karen L Christman
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering and the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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5
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Hayes G, Laurel M, MacKinnon D, Zhao T, Houck HA, Becer CR. Polymers without Petrochemicals: Sustainable Routes to Conventional Monomers. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2609-2734. [PMID: 36227737 PMCID: PMC9999446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Access to a wide range of plastic materials has been rationalized by the increased demand from growing populations and the development of high-throughput production systems. Plastic materials at low costs with reliable properties have been utilized in many everyday products. Multibillion-dollar companies are established around these plastic materials, and each polymer takes years to optimize, secure intellectual property, comply with the regulatory bodies such as the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals and the Environmental Protection Agency and develop consumer confidence. Therefore, developing a fully sustainable new plastic material with even a slightly different chemical structure is a costly and long process. Hence, the production of the common plastic materials with exactly the same chemical structures that does not require any new registration processes better reflects the reality of how to address the critical future of sustainable plastics. In this review, we have highlighted the very recent examples on the synthesis of common monomers using chemicals from sustainable feedstocks that can be used as a like-for-like substitute to prepare conventional petrochemical-free thermoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Laurel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Dan MacKinnon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Tieshuai Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Hannes A Houck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom.,Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - C Remzi Becer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
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6
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Xu J, Hadjichristidis N. Heteroatom-containing degradable polymers by ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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7
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Mandal A, Mandal I, Kilbinger AFM. Catalytic Living Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization Using Vinyl Ethers as Effective Chain-Transfer Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211842. [PMID: 36445835 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic living ring-opening metathesis copolymerization (ROMP) method is described that relies on a degenerative, reversible and regioselective exchange of propagating Fischer-carbenes. All characteristics of a living polymerization such as narrow dispersity, excellent molar mass control and the ability to form block copolymers are achieved by this method. The method allows the use of up to 200 times less ruthenium complex than traditional living ROMP. We demonstrate the synthesis of ROMP-ROMP diblock copolymers, ATRP from a ROMP macro-initiator and living ROMP from a PEG-based macro chain transfer agent. The cost-effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly synthesis of degradable polymers and block copolymers enabled by this strategy will find various applications in biomedicine, materials science, and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Indradip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F M Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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8
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Borova S, Luxenhofer R. Investigation of cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazolines in the "green" solvent dihydrolevoglucosenone. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:217-230. [PMID: 36895428 PMCID: PMC9989667 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For about the last ten years, poly(2-oxazoline)s have attracted significant attention as potential material for biomedical applications in, e.g., drug delivery systems, tissue engineering and more. Commonly, the synthesis of poly(2-oxazoline)s involves problematic organic solvents that are not ideal from a safety and sustainability point of view. In this study, we investigated the cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline and 2-butyl-2-oxazoline using a variety of initiators in the recently commercialized "green" solvent dihydrolevoglucosenone (DLG). Detailed 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis was performed to understand the influence of the temperature and concentration on the polymerization process. Size exclusion chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry were performed to determine the molar mass of the resulting polymers. Our work shows clearly that the solvent is not inert under the conditions typically used for the cationic ring-opening polymerization, as evidenced by side products and limited control over the polymerization. However, we could establish that the use of the 2-ethyl-3-methyl-2-oxazolinium triflate salt as an initiator at 60 °C results in polymers with a relatively narrow molar mass distribution and a reasonable control over the polymerization process. Further work will be necessary to establish whether a living polymerization can be achieved by additional adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomiia Borova
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilans-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilans-University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.,Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Bermesheva EV, Medentseva EI, Khrychikova AP, Wozniak AI, Guseva MA, Nazarov IV, Morontsev AA, Karpov GO, Topchiy MA, Asachenko AF, Danshina AA, Nelyubina YV, Bermeshev MV. Air-Stable Single-Component Pd-Catalysts for Vinyl-Addition Polymerization of Functionalized Norbornenes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V. Bermesheva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, RAS, 29 Leninskiy pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str., 8, building 2, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I. Medentseva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, RAS, 29 Leninskiy pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna P. Khrychikova
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, RAS, 29 Leninskiy pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
- D.I. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya sq., Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Alyona I. Wozniak
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, RAS, 29 Leninskiy pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Marina A. Guseva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, RAS, 29 Leninskiy pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Nazarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, RAS, 29 Leninskiy pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Morontsev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, RAS, 29 Leninskiy pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Gleb O. Karpov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, RAS, 29 Leninskiy pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maxim A. Topchiy
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, RAS, 29 Leninskiy pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey F. Asachenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, RAS, 29 Leninskiy pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Danshina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutskiy per., 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Nelyubina
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maxim V. Bermeshev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, RAS, 29 Leninskiy pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
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10
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Mandal A, Mandal I, Kilbinger AFM. Catalytic Syntheses of Degradable Polymers via Ring-Opening Metathesis Copolymerization Using Vinyl Ethers as Chain Transfer Agents. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Indradip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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11
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Camp JE, Greatrex BW. Levoglucosenone: Bio-Based Platform for Drug Discovery. Front Chem 2022; 10:902239. [PMID: 35711952 PMCID: PMC9194561 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.902239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Levoglucosone (LGO) is a bio-privileged molecule that can be produced on scale from waste biomass. This chiral building block has been converted via well-established chemical processes into previously difficult-to-synthesize building blocks such as enantiopure butenolides, dihydropyrans, substituted cyclopropanes, deoxy-sugars and ribonolactones. LGO is an excellent starting material for the synthesis of biologically active compounds, including those which have anti-cancer, anti-microbial or anti-inflammatory activity. This review will cover the conversion of LGO to biologically active compounds as well as provide future research directions related to this platform molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Camp
- Circa Sustainable Chemicals, York, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jason E. Camp,
| | - Ben W. Greatrex
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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12
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A review on plant polysaccharide based on drug delivery system for construction and application, with emphasis on traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 211:711-728. [PMID: 35588976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate polymers with unique chemical composition, molecular weight and functional chemical groups show multiple potentials in drug delivery. Most carbohydrate polymers such as plant polysaccharides exhibit advantages of biodegradability, ease of modification, low immunogenicity and low toxicity. They can be conjugated, cross-linked or functionally modified, and then used as nanocarrier materials. Polysaccharide drug delivery system can avoid the phagocytosis of the reticuloendothelial system, prevent the degradation of biomolecules, and increase the bioavailability of small molecules, thus exerting effective therapeutic effects. Therefore, they have been fully explored. In this paper, we reviewed the construction methods of drug delivery systems based on carbohydrate polymers (astragalus polysaccharide, angelica polysaccharide, lycium barbarum polysaccharide, ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide, bletilla polysaccharide, glycyrrhiza polysaccharide, and epimedium polysaccharides, etc). The application of polysaccharide drug delivery systems to deliver small molecule chemotherapeutic drugs, gene drugs, and metal ion drugs was also briefly introduced. At the same time, the role of the polysaccharide drug delivery system in tumor treatment, targeted therapy, and wound healing was discussed. In addition, the research of polysaccharide delivery systems based on the therapeutic efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine was also summarized and prospected.
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13
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Occhipinti G, Nascimento DL, Foscato M, Fogg DE, Jensen VR. The Janus face of high trans-effect carbenes in olefin metathesis: gateway to both productivity and decomposition. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5107-5117. [PMID: 35655574 PMCID: PMC9093171 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00855f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium–cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) catalysts, used at ppm levels, can enable dramatically higher productivities in olefin metathesis than their N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) predecessors. A key reason is the reduced susceptibility of the metallacyclobutane (MCB) intermediate to decomposition via β-H elimination. The factors responsible for promoting or inhibiting β-H elimination are explored via density functional theory (DFT) calculations, in metathesis of ethylene or styrene (a representative 1-olefin) by Ru–CAAC and Ru–NHC catalysts. Natural bond orbital analysis of the frontier orbitals confirms the greater strength of the orbital interactions for the CAAC species, and the consequent increase in the carbene trans influence and trans effect. The higher trans effect of the CAAC ligands inhibits β-H elimination by destabilizing the transition state (TS) for decomposition, in which an agostic MCB Cβ–H bond is positioned trans to the carbene. Unproductive cycling with ethylene is also curbed, because ethylene is trans to the carbene ligand in the square pyramidal TS for ethylene metathesis. In contrast, metathesis of styrene proceeds via a ‘late’ TS with approximately trigonal bipyramidal geometry, in which carbene trans effects are reduced. Importantly, however, the positive impact of a strong trans-effect ligand in limiting β-H elimination is offset by its potent accelerating effect on bimolecular coupling, a major competing means of catalyst decomposition. These two decomposition pathways, known for decades to limit productivity in olefin metathesis, are revealed as distinct, antinomic, responses to a single underlying phenomenon. Reconciling these opposing effects emerges as a clear priority for design of robust, high-performing catalysts. In ruthenium catalysts for olefin metathesis, carbene ligands of high trans influence/effect suppress decomposition via β-H elimination, but increase susceptibility to bimolecular decomposition.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Occhipinti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen Allégaten 41 N-5007 Bergen Norway
| | - Daniel L Nascimento
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Marco Foscato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen Allégaten 41 N-5007 Bergen Norway
| | - Deryn E Fogg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen Allégaten 41 N-5007 Bergen Norway .,Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Vidar R Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen Allégaten 41 N-5007 Bergen Norway
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14
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Palà M, Woods SE, Hatton FL, Lligadas G. RDRP (Meth)acrylic Homo and Block Polymers from Lignocellulosic Sugar Derivatives. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Palà
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry University Rovira i Virgili Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Sarah E. Woods
- Department of Materials Loughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Fiona L. Hatton
- Department of Materials Loughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Gerard Lligadas
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry University Rovira i Virgili Tarragona 43007 Spain
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15
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Kayishaer A, Fadlallah S, Mouterde LMM, Peru AAM, Werghi Y, Brunois F, Carboué Q, Lopez M, Allais F. Unprecedented Biodegradable Cellulose-Derived Polyesters with Pendant Citronellol Moieties: From Monomer Synthesis to Enzymatic Degradation. Molecules 2021; 26:7672. [PMID: 34946753 PMCID: PMC8707784 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Levoglucosenone (LGO) is a cellulose-derived molecule that is present commercially on a multi-ton/year scale. Taking advantage of the α,β-conjugated ketone of LGO, a new citronellol-containing 5-membered lactone (HBO-citro) was synthesized through a one-pot two-step pathway involving oxa-Michael addition and Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. The solvent-free treatment of HBO-citro with NaBH4 at room temperature led to the full reduction of the lactone moiety which gave a novel fully renewable triol monomer having a citronellol side chain (Triol-citro). Noticeably, by simply changing the reducing agent, temperature and reaction duration, the partial reduction of HBO-citro can be achieved to yield a mixture of 5- and 6-membered Lactol-citro molecules. Triol-citro was chosen to prepare functional renewable polyesters having citronellol pendant chains via polycondensation reactions with diacyl chlorides having different chain lengths. Good thermal stability (Td5% up to 170 °C) and low glass transition temperatures (as low as -42 °C) were registered for the polyesters obtained. The polymers were then hydrolyzed using a commercial lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipopan® 50 BG) to assess their biodegradability. A higher degradation profile was found for the polyesters prepared using co-monomers (acyl chlorides) having longer chain lengths. This is likely due to the decreased steric hindrance around the ester bonds which allowed enhanced accessibility of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sami Fadlallah
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110 Pomacle, France; (A.K.); (A.A.M.P.); (Y.W.); (F.B.); (Q.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Louis M. M. Mouterde
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110 Pomacle, France; (A.K.); (A.A.M.P.); (Y.W.); (F.B.); (Q.C.); (M.L.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Florent Allais
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110 Pomacle, France; (A.K.); (A.A.M.P.); (Y.W.); (F.B.); (Q.C.); (M.L.)
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16
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A versatile approach for the synthesis of degradable polymers via controlled ring-opening metathesis copolymerization. Nat Chem 2021; 14:53-58. [PMID: 34795434 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Norbornene derivatives (NBEs) are common monomers for living ring-opening metathesis polymerization and yield polymers with low dispersities and diverse functionalities. However, the all-carbon backbone of poly-NBEs is non-degradable. Here we report a method to synthesize degradable polymers by copolymerizing 2,3-dihydrofuran with NBEs. 2,3-Dihydrofuran rapidly reacts with Grubbs catalyst to form a thermodynamically stable Ru Fischer carbene-the only detectable active Ru species during copolymerization-and the addition of NBEs becomes rate determining. This reactivity attenuates the NBE homoaddition and allows uniform incorporation of acid-degradable enol ether linkages throughout the copolymers, which enables complete polymer degradation while maintaining the favourable characteristics of living ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Copolymerization of 2,3-dihydrofuran with NBEs gives low dispersity polymers with tunable solubility, glass transition temperature and mechanical properties. These polymers can be fully degraded into small molecule or oligomeric species under mildly acidic conditions. This method can be readily adapted to traditional ring-opening metathesis polymerization of widely used NBEs to synthesize easily degradable polymers with tunable properties for various applications and for environmental sustainability.
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17
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Diot-Néant F, Mouterde L, Couvreur J, Brunois F, Miller S, Allais F. Green synthesis of 2-deoxy-D-ribonolactone from cellulose-derived levoglucosenone (LGO): A promising monomer for novel bio-based polyesters. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The development of degradable polymers has commanded significant attention over the past half century. Approaches have predominantly relied on ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters (e.g., lactones, lactides) and N-carboxyanhydrides, as well as radical ring-opening polymerizations of cyclic ketene acetals. In recent years, there has been a significant effort applied to expand the family of degradable polymers accessible via olefin metathesis polymerization. Given the excellent functional group tolerance of olefin metathesis polymerization reactions generally, a broad range of conceivable degradable moieties can be incorporated into appropriate monomers and thus into polymer backbones. This approach has proven particularly versatile in synthesizing a broad spectrum of degradable polymers including poly(ester), poly(amino acid), poly(acetal), poly(carbonate), poly(phosphoester), poly(phosphoramidate), poly(enol ether), poly(azobenzene), poly(disulfide), poly(sulfonate ester), poly(silyl ether), and poly(oxazinone) among others. In this review, we will highlight the main olefin metathesis polymerization strategies that have been used to access degradable polymers, including (i) acyclic diene metathesis polymerization, (ii) entropy-driven and (iii) enthalpy-driven ring-opening metathesis polymerization, as well as (iv) cascade enyne metathesis polymerization. In addition, the livingness or control of polymerization reactions via different strategies are highlighted and compared. Potential applications, challenges and future perspectives of this new library of degradable polyolefins are discussed. It is clear from recent and accelerating developments in this field that olefin metathesis polymerization represents a powerful synthetic tool towards degradable polymers with novel structures and properties inaccessible by other polymerization approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for
Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yifei Liang
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for
Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Matthew P. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for
Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for
Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, Chemistry of Life
Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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19
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Toward E-selective Olefin Metathesis: Computational Design and Experimental Realization of Ruthenium Thio-Indolate Catalysts. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe selective transformation of 1-alkenes into E-olefins is a long-standing challenge in olefin metathesis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict high E-selectivity for catalysts incorporating a bidentate, dianionic thio-indolate ligand within a RuXX’(NHC)(py)(= CHR) platform (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene; py = pyridine). Such complexes are predicted to yield E-olefins by favoring anti-disposed substituents in the transition state expected to be rate-determining: specifically, that for cycloreversion of the metallacyclobutane intermediate. Three pyridine-stabilized catalysts Ru21a-c were synthesized, in which the thio-indolate ligand bears a H, Me, or Ph substituent at the C2 position, and the NHC ligand is the unsaturated imidazoline-2-ylidene Me2IMes (which bears N-mesityl groups and methyl groups on the C4,5 backbone). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of Ru21c confirms the ligand orientation required for E-selective metathesis, with the thio-indolate sulfur atom binding cis to the NHC, and the indolate nitrogen atom trans to the NHC. However, whereas the new complexes mediated metathetic exchange of their 2-thienylmethylidene ligand in the presence of the common metathesis substrates styrene and allylbenzene, no corresponding self-metathesis products were obtained. Only small amounts of 2-butene (73% (Z)-2-butene) were obtained in self-metathesis of propene using Ru21a. Detailed DFT analysis of this process revealed that product release is surprisingly slow, limiting the reaction rate and explaining the low metathesis activity. With the barrier to dissociation of (Z)-2-butene being lower than that of (E)-2-butene, the calculations also account for the observed Z-selectivity of Ru21a. These findings provide guidelines for catalyst redesign in pursuit of the ambitious goal of E-selective 1-alkene metathesis.
Graphic abstract
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20
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Nascimento D, Foscato M, Occhipinti G, Jensen VR, Fogg DE. Bimolecular Coupling in Olefin Metathesis: Correlating Structure and Decomposition for Leading and Emerging Ruthenium-Carbene Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11072-11079. [PMID: 34270895 PMCID: PMC8397316 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bimolecular catalyst decomposition is a fundamental, long-standing challenge in olefin metathesis. Emerging ruthenium-cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) catalysts, which enable breakthrough advances in productivity and general robustness, are now known to be extraordinarily susceptible to this pathway. The details of the process, however, have hitherto been obscure. The present study provides the first detailed mechanistic insights into the steric and electronic factors that govern bimolecular decomposition. Described is a combined experimental and theoretical study that probes decomposition of the key active species, RuCl2(L)(py)(═CH2) 1 (in which L is the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) H2IMes, or a CAAC ligand: the latter vary in the NAr group (NMes, N-2,6-Et2C6H3, or N-2-Me,6-iPrC6H3) and the substituents on the quaternary site flanking the carbene carbon (i.e., CMe2 or CMePh)). The transiently stabilized pyridine adducts 1 were isolated by cryogenic synthesis of the metallacyclobutanes, addition of pyridine, and precipitation. All are shown to decompose via second-order kinetics at -10 °C. The most vulnerable CAAC species, however, decompose more than 1000-fold faster than the H2IMes analogue. Computational studies reveal that the key factor underlying accelerated decomposition of the CAAC derivatives is their stronger trans influence, which weakens the Ru-py bond and increases the transient concentration of the 14-electron methylidene species, RuCl2(L)(═CH2) 2. Fast catalyst initiation, a major design goal in olefin metathesis, thus has the negative consequence of accelerating decomposition. Inhibiting bimolecular decomposition offers major opportunities to transform catalyst productivity and utility, and to realize the outstanding promise of olefin metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
L. Nascimento
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Marco Foscato
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Giovanni Occhipinti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar R. Jensen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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21
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Blanco C, Nascimento DL, Fogg DE. Routes to High-Performing Ruthenium-Iodide Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis: Ligand Lability Is Key to Efficient Halide Exchange. Organometallics 2021; 40:1811-1816. [PMID: 34295013 PMCID: PMC8289337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clean, high-yielding routes are described to ruthenium-diiodide catalysts that were recently shown to enable high productivity in olefin metathesis. For the second-generation Grubbs and Hoveyda catalysts (GII: RuCl2(H2IMes)(PCy3)(=CHPh); HII: RuCl2(H2IMes)(=CHAr), Ar = C6H4-2-O i Pr), slow salt metathesis is shown to arise from the low lability of the ancillary PCy3 or ether ligands, which retards access to the four-coordinate intermediate required for efficient halide exchange. To exploit the lability of the first-generation catalysts, the diiodide complex RuI2(PCy3)(=CHAr) HI-I 2 was prepared by treating "Grubbs I" (RuCl2(PCy3)2(=CHPh), GI) with NaI, H2C=CHAr (1a), and a phosphine-scavenging Merrifield iodide (MF-I) resin. Subsequent installation of H2IMes or cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) ligands afforded the second-generation iodide catalysts in good to excellent yields. Given the incompatibility of the nitro group with a free carbene, the iodo-Grela catalyst RuI2(H2IMes)(=CHAr') (nG-I 2 : Ar' = C6H3-2-O i Pr-4-NO2) was instead accessed by sequential salt metathesis of GI with NaI, installation of H2IMes, and finally cross-metathesis with the nitrostyrenyl ether H2C=CHAr' (1b), with MF-I as the phosphine scavenger. The bulky iodide ligands improve the selectivity for macrocyclization in ring-closing metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian
O. Blanco
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Daniel L. Nascimento
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center
for Catalysis Research & Innovation and Department of Chemistry
and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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22
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Debsharma T, Schmidt B, Laschewsky A, Schlaad H. Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Unsaturated Carbohydrate Derivatives: Levoglucosenyl Alkyl Ethers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Debsharma
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmidt
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Helmut Schlaad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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23
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Blanco CO, Sims J, Nascimento DL, Goudreault AY, Steinmann SN, Michel C, Fogg DE. The Impact of Water on Ru-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis: Potent Deactivating Effects Even at Low Water Concentrations. ACS Catal 2021; 11:893-899. [PMID: 33614193 PMCID: PMC7886052 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium catalysts for olefin metathesis are widely viewed as water-tolerant. Evidence is presented, however, that even low concentrations of water cause catalyst decomposition, severely degrading yields. Of 11 catalysts studied, fast-initiating examples (e.g., the Grela catalyst RuCl2(H2IMes)(=CHC6H4-2-O i Pr-5-NO2) were most affected. Maximum water tolerance was exhibited by slowly initiating iodide and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) derivatives. Computational investigations indicated that hydrogen bonding of water to substrate can also play a role, by retarding cyclization relative to decomposition. These results have important implications for olefin metathesis in organic media, where water is a ubiquitous contaminant, and for aqueous metathesis, which currently requires superstoichiometric "catalyst" for demanding reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian O. Blanco
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N57, Canada
| | - Joshua Sims
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon,
CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratorie de Chimie, F-69342
Lyon, France
| | - Daniel L. Nascimento
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N57, Canada
| | - Alexandre Y. Goudreault
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N57, Canada
| | - Stephan N. Steinmann
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon,
CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratorie de Chimie, F-69342
Lyon, France
| | - Carine Michel
- Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon,
CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratorie de Chimie, F-69342
Lyon, France
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N57, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen,
Norway
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24
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Rizzo A, Peterson GI, Bhaumik A, Kang C, Choi T. Sugar‐Based Polymers from
d
‐Xylose: Living Cascade Polymerization, Tunable Degradation, and Small Molecule Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rizzo
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Atanu Bhaumik
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Kang
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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25
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Rizzo A, Peterson GI, Bhaumik A, Kang C, Choi TL. Sugar-Based Polymers from d-Xylose: Living Cascade Polymerization, Tunable Degradation, and Small Molecule Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:849-855. [PMID: 33067845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enyne monomers derived from D-xylose underwent living cascade polymerizations to prepare new polymers with a ring-opened sugar and degradable linkage incorporated into every repeat unit of the backbone. Polymerizations were well-controlled and had living character, which enabled the preparation of high molecular weight polymers with narrow molecular weight dispersity values and a block copolymer. By tuning the type of acid-sensitive linkage (hemi-aminal ether, acetal, or ether functional groups), we could change the degradation profile of the polymer and the identity of the resulting degradation products. For instance, the large difference in degradation rates between hemi-aminal ether and ether-based polymers enabled the sequential degradation of a block copolymer. Furthermore, we exploited the generation of furan-based degradation products, from an acetal-based polymer, to achieve the release of covalently bound reporter molecules upon degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rizzo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Atanu Bhaumik
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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26
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Al-Naji M, Schlaad H, Antonietti M. New (and Old) Monomers from Biorefineries to Make Polymer Chemistry More Sustainable. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000485. [PMID: 33205563 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This opinion article describes recent approaches to use the "biorefinery" concept to lower the carbon footprint of typical mass polymers, by replacing parts of the fossil monomers with similar or even the same monomer made from regrowing dendritic biomass. Herein, the new and green catalytic synthetic routes are for lactic acid (LA), isosorbide (IS), 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), and p-xylene (pXL). Furthermore, the synthesis of two unconventional lignocellulosic biomass derivable monomers, i.e., α-methylene-γ-valerolactone (MeGVL) and levoglucosenol (LG), are presented. All those have the potential to enter in a cost-effective way, also the mass market and thereby recover lost areas for polymer materials. The differences of catalytic unit operations of the biorefinery are also discussed and the challenges that must be addressed along the synthesis path of each monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd Al-Naji
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Helmut Schlaad
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
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27
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Liang Y, Sun H, Cao W, Thompson MP, Gianneschi NC. Degradable Polyphosphoramidate via Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1417-1422. [PMID: 35653670 PMCID: PMC11042488 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a degradable polyphosphoramidate via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with the Grubbs initiator (IMesH2)(C5H5N)2(Cl)2Ru═CHPh. Controlled ROMP of a low ring strain diazaphosphepine-based cyclic olefin was achieved at low temperatures to afford well-defined polymers that readily undergo degradation in acidic conditions via the cleavage of the acid-labile phosphoramidate linkages. The diazaphosphepine monomer was compatible in random and block copolymerizations with phenyl and oligo(ethylene glycol) bearing norbornenes. This approach introduced partial or complete degradability into the polymer backbones. With this chemistry, we accessed amphiphilic poly(diazaphosphepine-norbornene) copolymers that could be used to prepare micellar nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Liang
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Pharmacology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Pharmacology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew P Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Pharmacology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Pharmacology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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28
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Kaya K, Debsharma T, Schlaad H, Yagci Y. Cellulose-based polyacetals by direct and sensitized photocationic ring-opening polymerization of levoglucosenyl methyl ether. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01307b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyacetal homopolymers and block copolymers are produced by photochemically initiated cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Kaya
- Istanbul Technical University
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Tapas Debsharma
- University of Potsdam
- Institute of Chemistry
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Helmut Schlaad
- University of Potsdam
- Institute of Chemistry
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Istanbul Technical University
- Department of Chemistry
- Istanbul
- Turkey
- King Abdulaziz University
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29
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Debsharma T, Yagci Y, Schlaad H. Cellulose-Derived Functional Polyacetal by Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Levoglucosenyl Methyl Ether. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18492-18495. [PMID: 31509324 PMCID: PMC6916336 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The unsaturated bicyclic acetal levoglucosenyl methyl ether was readily obtained from sustainable feedstock (cellulose) and polymerized by cationic ring-opening polymerization to produce a semicrystalline thermoplastic unsaturated polyacetal with relatively high apparent molar mass (up to ca. 36 kg mol-1 ) and decent dispersity (ca. 1.4). The double bonds along the chain can undergo hydrogenation and thiol-ene reactions as well as crosslinking, thus making this polyacetal potentially interesting as a reactive functional material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Debsharma
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–2514476PotsdamGermany
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of ChemistryIstanbul Technical UniversityMaslak34469IstanbulTurkey
| | - Helmut Schlaad
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–2514476PotsdamGermany
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Fu L, Sui X, Crolais AE, Gutekunst WR. Modular Approach to Degradable Acetal Polymers Using Cascade Enyne Metathesis Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15726-15730. [PMID: 31487416 PMCID: PMC7265103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A modular synthetic approach to degradable metathesis polymers is presented using acetal-containing enyne monomers. The monomers are prepared in a short and divergent synthetic sequence that features two points of modification to tune polymerization behavior and introduce molecular cargo. Steric and stereochemical elements are critical in the monomer design in order to provide rapid and living polymerizations capable of generating block polymers. The developed polyacetal materials readily undergo pH-dependent degradation in aqueous mixtures, and the rate of hydrolysis can be tuned through post-polymerization modification with triazolinedione click chemistry. This presents a new scaffold for responsive metathesis polymers that may find use in applications that requires controllable breakdown and release of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Alex E. Crolais
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology
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31
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Debsharma T, Yagci Y, Schlaad H. Cellulose‐Derived Functional Polyacetal by Cationic Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Levoglucosenyl Methyl Ether. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Debsharma
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of ChemistryIstanbul Technical University Maslak 34469 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Helmut Schlaad
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
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32
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Fu L, Sui X, Crolais AE, Gutekunst WR. Modular Approach to Degradable Acetal Polymers Using Cascade Enyne Metathesis Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangbing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Alex E. Crolais
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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33
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Bhaumik A, Peterson GI, Kang C, Choi TL. Controlled Living Cascade Polymerization To Make Fully Degradable Sugar-Based Polymers from d-Glucose and d-Galactose. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12207-12211. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Bhaumik
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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34
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Moreno A, Lligadas G, Ronda JC, Galià M, Cádiz V. Orthogonally functionalizable polyacetals: a versatile platform for the design of acid sensitive amphiphilic copolymers. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01107b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dually functionalized amphiphilic copolyacetals as rational approach to the development of pH-responsive site-specific drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Moreno
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Gerard Lligadas
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Ronda
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Marina Galià
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Virginia Cádiz
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica
- Laboratory of Sustainable Polymers
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
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