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Erdmann P, Schmitt M, Sigmund LM, Krämer F, Breher F, Greb L. How to Deal with Charge in the Ranking of Lewis Acidity: Critical Evaluation of an Extensive Set of Cationic Lewis Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403356. [PMID: 38478925 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The quantification of Lewis acidity is of fundamental and applied importance in chemistry. However, if neutral and charged Lewis acids are compared, a coherent ranking has been elusive, and severe uncertainties were accepted. With this study, we present a systematic computational analysis of Lewis base affinities of 784 mono-, di- and tricationic Lewis acids and their comparison with 149 representative neutral Lewis acids. Evaluating vacuum fluoride ion affinities (FIA) reveals a charge-caused clustering that prohibits any meaningful ranking. Instead, solvation-corrected FIAsolv is identified as a metric that overcomes charge sensitivity in a balanced manner, allowing for a coherent evaluation of Lewis acidity across varying charge states. Analyzing the impact of molecular volume on solvation-induced FIA damping provides rationales for fundamental trends and guidelines for the choice or design of neutral and cationic Lewis acids in the condensed phase. Exploring alternative scales, explicit counteranion effects, and selected experimental case studies reaffirms the advantages of solvation-corrected FIAsolv as the most versatile and practical approach for the quantitative ranking of general (thermodynamic) Lewis acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Schmitt
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas M Sigmund
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Krämer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Bührmann L, Albers L, Beuße M, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Aluminagerma[5]pyramidanes-Formation and Skeletal Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401467. [PMID: 38470087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The salt metathesis reaction of dipotassium germacyclopentadienediide with aluminum(III) dichlorides provides either half-sandwich alumole complexes of germanium(II) or aluminylene germole complexes. Their molecular structure and the delocalized bonding situation, revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, are equally described as isomeric aluminagerma[5]pyramidanes with either the germanium or the aluminum atom in the apical position of the pentagonal pyramid. The product formation and the selectivity of the reaction depends on the third substituent of the aluminum dichloride. Aryl-substituents favor the formation of alumole complexes and Cp*-substituents that of the isomeric germole complexes. With amino-substituents at the aluminum atom mixtures of both isomers are formed and the positional exchange of the two heteroatoms is shown by NMR spectroscopy. The alumole complexes of germanium(II) undergo facile reductive elimination of germanium and form the corresponding alumoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bührmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Lena Albers
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Maximilian Beuße
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
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3
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He M, Hu C, Wei R, Wang XF, Liu LL. Recent advances in the chemistry of isolable carbene analogues with group 13-15 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3896-3951. [PMID: 38436383 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbenes (R2C:), compounds with a divalent carbon atom containing only six valence shell electrons, have evolved into a broader class with the replacement of the carbene carbon or the RC moiety with main group elements, leading to the creation of main group carbene analogues. These analogues, mirroring the electronic structure of carbenes (a lone pair of electrons and an empty orbital), demonstrate unique reactivity. Over the last three decades, this area has seen substantial advancements, paralleling the innovations in carbene chemistry. Recent studies have revealed a spectrum of unique carbene analogues, such as monocoordinate aluminylenes, nitrenes, and bismuthinidenes, notable for their extraordinary properties and diverse reactivity, offering promising applications in small molecule activation. This review delves into the isolable main group carbene analogues that are in the forefront from 2010 and beyond, spanning elements from group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl), group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) and group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). Specifically, this review focuses on the potential amphiphilic species that possess both lone pairs of electrons and vacant orbitals. We detail their comprehensive synthesis and stabilization strategies, outlining the reactivity arising from their distinct structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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4
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Hollingsworth WM, Hill EA. Exploring the potential role of heavy pnictogen elements in ligand design for new metal-ligand cooperative chemistry. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2124863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. M. Hollingsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - E. A. Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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5
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Buchner MR, Spang N, Ivlev SI. Hydrolysis and oxidation products of phosphine adducts to beryllium chloride. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2022-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The synthesis of bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) and PMe3 mono-adducts [(dppe)BeCl2]n and [(PMe3)BeCl2]2 is described and their spectroscopic properties discussed. Hydrolysis of these two compounds and of the bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp) adduct to BeCl2 gave [dppeH2][BeCl4], [Me3PH]n[Be4Cl9]n and [dpppH2][Be2Cl6], which have been isolated and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The reactions of [(PMe3)BeCl2]2 with p-cresole gave [Me3PH]2[Be2Cl4(OC7H7)2]. This phenoxide together with [(Me3PO)2Be2Cl4], the oxidation product of [(PMe3)BeCl2]2, have also been structurally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus R. Buchner
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Nils Spang
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Sergei I. Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg , Germany
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6
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Erdmann P, Greb L. What Distinguishes the Strength and the Effect of a Lewis Acid: Analysis of the Gutmann–Beckett Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry—Inorganic Chemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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7
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Deb R, Balakrishna P, Majumdar M. Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Pn(I) (Pn=N, P, As, Sb, Bi) Cations. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101133. [PMID: 34786856 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Group 15 Pn(I) cations (Pn=N, P, As, Sb and Bi), which are isoelectronic with the donor-stabilized carbones, have emerged recently. Despite the presence of two lone pair of electrons, the Pn(I) cations are weakly nucleophilic due to their inherent positive charge. Strongly electron-donating supporting ligands including zwitterionic forms have been used to enhance their Lewis basicity. Furthermore, the chelating effect of cyclic ligand systems proved effective in increasing their nucleophilicity. The strategies involved in successfully isolating the fleeting Sb(I) and Bi(I) cations as the recent most achievements in this field have been discussed. The syntheses, structure, bonding situations and reactivity of the Pn(I) cations are discussed. An outlook on the periodic trends and future applications of these electronically unique electron-rich cationic moieties have been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Deb
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Balakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
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8
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Erdmann P, Greb L. What Distinguishes the Strength and the Effect of a Lewis Acid: Analysis of the Gutmann-Beckett Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114550. [PMID: 34757692 PMCID: PMC9299668 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IUPAC defines Lewis acidity as the thermodynamic tendency for Lewis pair formation. This strength property was recently specified as global Lewis acidity (gLA), and is gauged for example by the fluoride ion affinity. Experimentally, Lewis acidity is usually evaluated by the effect on a bound molecule, such as the induced 31 P NMR shift of triethylphosphine oxide in the Gutmann-Beckett (GB) method. This type of scaling was called effective Lewis acidity (eLA). Unfortunately, gLA and eLA often correlate poorly, but a reason for this is unknown. Hence, the strength and the effect of a Lewis acid are two distinct properties, but they are often granted interchangeably. The present work analyzes thermodynamic, NMR specific, and London dispersion effects on GB numbers for 130 Lewis acids by theory and experiment. The deformation energy of a Lewis acid is identified as the prime cause for the critical deviation between gLA and eLA but its correction allows a unification for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Raiser D, Eichele K, Schubert H, Wesemann L. Phosphine-Stabilized Pnictinidenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:14073-14080. [PMID: 34291518 PMCID: PMC8518042 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the intramolecular germylene‐phosphine Lewis pair (o‐PPh2)C6H4GeAr* (1) with Group 15 element trichlorides ECl3 (E=P, As, Sb) was investigated. After oxidative addition, the resulting compounds (o‐PPh2)C6H4(Ar*)Ge(Cl)ECl2 (2: E=P, 3: E=As, 4: E=Sb) were reduced by using sodium metal or LiHBEt3. The molecular structures of the phosphine‐stabilized phosphinidene (o‐PPh2)C6H4(Ar*)Ge(Cl)P (5), arsinidene (o‐PPh2)C6H4(Ar*)Ge(Cl)As (6) and stibinidene (o‐PPh2)C6H4(Ar*)Ge(Cl)Sb (7) are presented; they feature a two‐coordinate low‐valent Group 15 element. After chloride abstraction, a cyclic germaphosphene [(o‐PPh2)C6H4(Ar*)GeP] [B(C6H3(CF3)2)4] (8) was isolated. The 31P NMR data of the germaphosphene were compared with literature examples and analyzed by quantum chemical calculations. The phosphinidene was treated with [iBu2AlH]2, and the product of an Al−H addition to the low‐valent phosphorus atom (o‐PPh2)C6H4(Ar*)Ge(H)P(H)Al(C4H9)2 (9) was characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Raiser
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eichele
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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10
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Sharma D, Balasubramaniam S, Kumar S, Jemmis ED, Venugopal A. Reversing Lewis acidity from bismuth to antimony. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8889-8892. [PMID: 34378571 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03038h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigations on the boundaries between the neutral and cationic models of (Mesityl)2EX (E = Sb, Bi and X = Cl-, OTf-) have facilitated reversing the Lewis acidity from bismuth to antimony. We use this concept to demonstrate a higher efficiency of (Mesityl)2SbOTf over (Mesityl)2BiOTf in the catalytic reduction of phosphine oxides to phosphines. The experiments supported with computations described herein will find use in designing new Lewis acids relevant to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
| | - Selvakumar Balasubramaniam
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Eluvathingal D Jemmis
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ajay Venugopal
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
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11
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Sakabe M, Sato S. Isolation and Structural Determination of a Hexacoordinated Antimony(V) Dication. Chemistry 2021; 27:5658-5665. [PMID: 33258521 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The hexacoordinated antimony(V) dication [(ppy)3 Sb]2+ ([1]2+ ; ppy=2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl), stabilized by three intramolecular donor-acceptor interactions, has been isolated as its hexachloroantimonate salt [1][SbCl6 ]2 , prepared by the oxidative addition of chlorine to the neutral stibine [(ppy)3 Sb] (1), followed by the abstraction of chloride. Air-stable [1][SbCl6 ]2 exhibits remarkable thermal stability and the three ppy ligands on the antimony atom are shown to be magnetically inequivalent in the 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra. A hexacoordinated, meridional octahedral bonding geometry has been determined for [1][SbCl6 ]2 by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Theoretical calculations were performed to investigate why the meridional form was generated preferentially over the facial form. In addition, the dynamics of the ppy ligands were investigated by variable-temperature 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The potential to generate dications by using a single-electron-transfer reagent has also been investigated. The dication [1]2+ is the first [12-Sb-6]2+ chemical species to have been structurally determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Sakabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 1920397, Japan
| | - Soichi Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 1920397, Japan
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12
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Asok N, Gaffen JR, Pradhan E, Zeng T, Baumgartner T. Structure-reactivity studies on hypervalent square-pyramidal dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]phospholes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2243-2252. [PMID: 33503083 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00062d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of neutral pentacoordinate dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]phosphole compounds were synthesized by [4 + 1] cycloaddition with o-quinones. Counter to the expected trigonal bipyramidal geometry, the luminescent hypervalent dithienophospholes exhibit square pyramidal geometry with inherently Lewis acidic phosphorus center that is stabilized via supramolecular π-stacking interactions in the solid state and in solution. Due to their Lewis-acid character, the compounds react with nucleophiles, suggesting their potential as mediator in organic transformations. The new species thus present an intriguing structural plaform for the design of neutral P(v) Lewis acids with useful reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayanthara Asok
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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13
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Belli RG, Pantazis DA, McDonald R, Rosenberg L. Reversible Silylium Transfer between P-H and Si-H Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2379-2384. [PMID: 33031611 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Mo=PR2 π* orbital in a Mo phosphenium complex acts as acceptor in a new PIII -based Lewis superacid. This Lewis acid (LA) participates in electrophilic Si-H abstraction from E3 SiH to give a Mo-bound secondary phosphine ligand, Mo-PR2 H. The resulting Et3 Si+ ion remains associated with the Mo complex, stabilized by η1 -P-H donation, yet undergoes rapid exchange with an η1 -Si-H adduct of free silane in solution. The equilibrium between these two adducts presents an opportunity to assess the role of this new LA in catalytic reactions of silanes: is the LA acting as a catalyst or as an initiator? Preliminary results suggest that a cycle including the Mo-bound phosphine-silylium adduct dominates in the catalytic hydrosilylation of acetophenone, relative to a putative cycle involving the silane-silylium adduct or "free" silylium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman G Belli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Dimitrios A Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lisa Rosenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
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14
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Belli RG, Pantazis DA, McDonald R, Rosenberg L. Reversible Silylium Transfer between P‐H and Si‐H Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman G. Belli
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria British Columbia V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Dimitrios A. Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Robert McDonald
- X-ray Crystallography Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Lisa Rosenberg
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria British Columbia V8W 2Y2 Canada
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15
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Siddiqui MM, Sarkar SK, Nazish M, Morganti M, Köhler C, Cai J, Zhao L, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D, Frenking G, Roesky HW. Donor-Stabilized Antimony(I) and Bismuth(I) Ions: Heavier Valence Isoelectronic Analogues of Carbones. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1301-1306. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mujahuddin M. Siddiqui
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Samir Kumar Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohd Nazish
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Morganti
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Köhler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiali Cai
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic InnovationCenter for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Heitkemper T, Sarcevic J, Sindlinger CP. A Neutral Silicon(II) Half-Sandwich Compound. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21304-21309. [PMID: 33315393 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metathesis reaction of a dilithio borole dianion, a cyclic π-ligand isoelectronic to ubiquitous cyclopentadienyls, with two equivalents of "silicocenium" cation [Cp*Si]+ as a source of low-valent Si(II), cleanly gives a borole half-sandwich π-complex of Si(II) and silicocene. The resulting half-sandwich complex is a neutral isoelectronic analogue to the iconic silicocenium cation and features the rare structural motif of an apical silicon(II) atom with an energetically high lying lone pair of electrons that is shown to be accessible for coordination chemistry toward tungsten carbonyl. Protonation at the Si(II) atom with [H(OEt2)2][Al{OC(CF3)3}4] induces formal oxidation, and the compound rearranges to incorporate the Si atom into the carbocyclic base to give an unprecedented cationic 5-sila-6-borabicyclo[2.1.1]hex-2-ene. This rearrangement is accompanied by drastic changes in the 11B and 29Si NMR chemical shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heitkemper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julijan Sarcevic
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian P Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Schorpp M, Krossing I. Stack by Stack: From the Free Cyclopentadienylgermanium Cation Via Heterobimetallic Main-Group Sandwiches to Main-Group Sandwich Coordination Polymers. Chemistry 2020; 26:14109-14117. [PMID: 32745294 PMCID: PMC7702131 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterobimetallic cationic sandwich complexes [M(μ-Cp)M'Cp]+ of group 13 (M=Ga, In) and group 14 (M'=Ge, Sn) elements have been prepared as [WCA]- salts (WCA=Al(ORF )4 ; ORF =OC(CF3 )3 ). Their molecular structures include free apical gallium or indium atoms. The sandwich complexes were formed in the reactions of [M(HMB)]+ [WCA]- (HMB=C6 Me6 ) with the free metallocenes [M'Cp2 ]. Their structures are related to known stannocene and stannocenium salts; the unprecedented germanium analogues, namely the free germanocenium cation [GeCp]+ and the corresponding triple-decker complex cation [CpGe(μ-Cp)GeCp]+ , are described herein. By variation of the reaction conditions, these sandwich complexes can be transformed into the group 13/14 mixed cationic coordination polymer [{In(HMB)(μ-SnCp2 )}n ][WCA]n . This polymeric chain motif was also successfully replicated by the synthesis of complexes [{Ga/In(HMB)(μ-FeCp2 )}n ][WCA]n containing FeCp2 as a bridging ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)Albert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstr. 2179104FreiburgGermany
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18
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Bai Y, Wang H, He J, Zhang Y. Rapid and Scalable Access to Sequence‐Controlled DHDM Multiblock Copolymers by FLP Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
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19
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Bai Y, Wang H, He J, Zhang Y. Rapid and Scalable Access to Sequence-Controlled DHDM Multiblock Copolymers by FLP Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11613-11619. [PMID: 32237265 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An immortal N-(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-imine/diisobutyl (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxy) aluminum (P(NIi Pr)Ph2 /(BHT)Ali Bu2 )-based frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) polymerization strategy is presented for rapid and scalable synthesis of the sequence-controlled multiblock copolymers at room temperature. Without addition of extra initiator or catalyst and complex synthetic procedure, this method enabled a tripentacontablock copolymer (n=53, k=4, dpn =50) to be achieved with the highest reported block number (n=53) and molecular weight (Mn =310 kg mol-1 ) within 30 min. More importantly, this FLP polymerization strategy provided access to the multiblock copolymers with tailored properties by precisely adjusting the monomer sequence and block numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
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20
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Li Z, Chen X, Liu LL, Scharnhölz MT, Grützmacher H. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Stabilized Dicarbondiphosphides: Strong Neutral Four‐Membered Heterocyclic 6π‐Electron Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshu Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM)School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University 30071 Tianjin China
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials ScienceJinan University 510632 Guangzhou China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto M5S3H60 Canada
| | - Moritz Theodor Scharnhölz
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM)School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University 30071 Tianjin China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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21
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Dong Z, Albers L, Müller T. Trialkylsilyl-Substituted Silole and Germole Dianions as Precursors for Unusual Silicon and Germanium Compounds. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:532-543. [PMID: 32031772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Group 14 element heteroles are the heavier analogues of cyclopentadienes in which a heavier group 14 element atom replaces the sp3 carbon atom. In particular siloles and, to a somewhat smaller degree, germoles attracted considerable attention since the early 1990s due to their favorable photophysical properties which allowed the construction of OLEDs using group 14 element heteroles as emissive or electron-transport layers. Anions and in particular dianions derived from group 14 element heteroles have been of substantial interest due to the possible occurrence of Hückel aromaticity involving the heavier main group atom. Aromaticity is not the only notable electronic feature of silole and germole dianions; the spatial and energetic alignment of their frontier orbitals is equally remarkable. With a high lying lone pair at the heteroatom, which is orthogonal to a delocalized π-system, their frontier orbital sequence closely resembles that of N-heterocyclic carbene analogues. Despite these intriguing parallels between carbene analogues and silole and germole dianions, disappointingly little is known about their reactivity. The installation of trialkylsilyl substituents in the 2,5-positions of the heterocyclopentadiene ring as in K2[I] has a remarkable effect on the stability of silole and germole dianions and allows us to study their reactivity and to evaluate their synthetic potential in detail. Simple double salt metathesis reactions with different dihalides provided heterofulvenes. These were detected either as intermediates or, in the case of carbon dihalides, isolated in the form of their ylidic isomers II. In other cases, the heterofulvenes were the starting point for complex reaction sequences leading to novel binuclear complexes of titanium and zirconium III or for simple isomerization reactions that lead to bicyclohexene-type tetrylenes (BCH-tetrylenes) IV, a novel class of heavier carbenes. These bicyclic carbene analogues are significantly stabilized by homoconjugation between the electron deficient tetrel atom and the remote C═C double bond. Compound IV with E'R2═SiR2 and E = Si is a valence isomer of disilabenzene and is a stable derivative of the global minimum of the Si2C4H6 potential energy surface. With group 13 dihalides, as for example with boron dichlorides, topological closely related compounds V were isolated. These Ge(II) complexes of borole dianions are isolobal to half-sandwich complexes of main group elements such as aluminum(I) cyclopentadienide or can be viewed as nido-type clusters. These analogies already open a broad field for future investigations of their reactivity. Trialkylsilyl-substituted heterole dianions I provide a facile synthetic approach to several novel intriguing compound classes with the tetrel element in unusual coordination states. The reactivity and the synthetic potential of these new compounds is however widely unexplored and calls for future systematic studies. Gratifyingly, the periodic table of the elements stills holds a lot of potential for future research on the reactivity of silole and germole dianions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Lena Albers
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
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22
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Li Z, Chen X, Liu LL, Scharnhölz MT, Grützmacher H. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Stabilized Dicarbondiphosphides: Strong Neutral Four‐Membered Heterocyclic 6π‐Electron Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4288-4293. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshu Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM)School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University 30071 Tianjin China
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials ScienceJinan University 510632 Guangzhou China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto M5S3H60 Canada
| | - Moritz Theodor Scharnhölz
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM)School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University 30071 Tianjin China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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23
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Schorpp M, Krossing I. Soft interactions with hard Lewis acids: generation of mono- and dicationic alkaline-earth metal arene-complexes by direct oxidation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2068-2076. [PMID: 32180929 PMCID: PMC7057851 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of the first unsupported dicationic arene complexes of calcium and strontium [(η6-HMB)AE(oDFB)4]2+ is reported (HMB = hexamethylbenzene; AE = alkaline earth metal; oDFB = ortho-difluorobenzene). They were prepared by direct oxidation of the elemental metals employing the ligand-forming radical cation salt [HMB][WCA] as an oxidant (WCA = [Al(ORF)4] or [μF-{Al(ORF)3}2]; RF = C(CF3)3). In addition, monocationic η6-HMB complexes of calcium, strontium and barium supported by coordination of the monodentate anion [F-Al(ORF)3]- are reported. In all examples, almost undistorted η6-HMB coordination is observed with rather short M-arenecentroid distances approaching those observed with the isoelectronic but negatively charged pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand. The structure and bonding, thermodynamic stability and Lewis acidity (fluoride/hydride ion affinities, FIA/HIA) of the generated complexes were assessed by DFT methods. It followed that the gaseous dications [(η6-HMB)AE(oDFB)4]2+ are extremely hard Lewis acids that retain FIAs close to superacidity in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
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24
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Coughlin O, Krämer T, Benjamin SL. Diverse structure and reactivity of pentamethylcyclopentadienyl antimony(iii) cations. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1726-1730. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00024h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rare examples of Sb(iii) cations which are not supported by coordinative bonds demonstrate Lewis acidic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Coughlin
- Department of Chemistry and Forensics
- Nottingham Trent University
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - Tobias Krämer
- Department of Chemistry
- Maynooth University
- Maynooth
- Ireland
| | - Sophie L. Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry and Forensics
- Nottingham Trent University
- Nottingham
- UK
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25
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Zhou J, Kim H, Liu LL, Cao LL, Stephan DW. An arene-stabilized η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl antimony dication acts as a source of Sb+ or Sb3+ cations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12953-12956. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02710c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The dicationic compound [(η5-Cp*)Sb(tol)][B(C6F5)4]2 (1) (tol = toluene), which exhibits strong Lewis acidity, reacts with Lewis bases to provide Sb+ or Sb3+ cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Hyehwang Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Levy L. Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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26
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Liu LL, Zhou J, Cao LL, Stephan DW. Phosphaaluminirenes: Synthons for Main Group Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16971-16982. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Levy L. Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Balasubramaniam S, Kumar S, Andrews AP, Varghese B, Jemmis ED, Venugopal A. A Dicationic Bismuth(III) Lewis Acid: Catalytic Hydrosilylation of Olefins. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Balasubramaniam
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Vithura Thiruvananthapuram India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; 560012 Bangalore India
| | - Alex P. Andrews
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Vithura Thiruvananthapuram India
| | - Babu Varghese
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; 600036 Chennai India
| | - Eluvathingal D. Jemmis
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; 560012 Bangalore India
| | - Ajay Venugopal
- School of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram; 695551 Vithura Thiruvananthapuram India
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28
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Schulte Y, Stienen C, Wölper C, Schulz S. Synthesis and Structures of s- and p-Block Metal Complexes Containing Sterically Demanding Pentaarylcyclopentadienyl Substituents. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Schulte
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Stienen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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