1
|
Peng HY, Xu MK, Li X, Cai T. Exploiting Photoinduced Atom Transfer Radical Polymerizations with Boron-Dopant and Nitrogen-Defect Synergy in Carbon Nitride Nanosheets. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400365. [PMID: 38849126 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C3N4) possess various benefits as heterogeneous photocatalysts, including tunable bandgaps, scalability, and chemical robustness. However, their efficacy and ongoing advancement are hindered by challenges like limited charge-carrier separation rates, insufficient driving force for photocatalysis, small specific surface area, and inadequate absorption of visible light. In this study, boron dopants and nitrogen defects synergy are introduced into bulk g-C3N4 through the calcination of a blend of nitrogen-defective g-C3N4 and NaBH4 under inert conditions, resulting in the formation of BCN nanosheets characterized by abundant porosity and increased specific surface area. These BCN nanosheets promote intermolecular single electron transfer to the radical initiator, maintaining radical intermediates at a low concentration for better control of photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (photo-ATRP). Consequently, this method yields polymers with low dispersity and tailorable molecular weights under mild blue light illumination, outperforming previous reports on bulk g-C3N4. The heterogeneity of BCN enables easy separation and efficient reuse in subsequent polymerization processes. This study effectively showcases a simple method to alter the electronic and band structures of g-C3N4 with simultaneously introducing dopants and defects, leading to high-performance photo-ATRP and providing valuable insights for designing efficient photocatalytic systems for solar energy harvesting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Meng Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Tao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
- Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raji IO, Dodo OJ, Saha NK, Eisenhart M, Miller KM, Whitfield R, Anastasaki A, Konkolewicz D. Network Polymer Properties Engineered Through Polymer Backbone Dispersity and Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315200. [PMID: 38546541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Dispersity (Ð or Mw/Mn) is an important parameter in material design and as such can significantly impact the properties of polymers. Here, polymer networks with independent control over the molecular weight and dispersity of the linear chains that form the material are developed. Using a RAFT polymerization approach, a library of polymers with dispersity ranging from 1.2-1.9 for backbone chain-length (DP) 100, and 1.4-3.1 for backbone chain-length 200 were developed and transformed to networks through post-polymerization crosslinking to form disulfide linkers. The tensile, swelling, and adhesive properties were explored, finding that both at DP 100 and DP 200 the swelling ratio, tensile strength, and extensibility were superior at intermediate dispersity (1.3-1.5 for DP 100 and 1.6-2.1 for DP 200) compared to materials with either substantially higher or lower dispersity. Furthermore, adhesive properties for materials with chains of intermediate dispersity at DP 200 revealed enhanced performance compared to the very low or high dispersity chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim O Raji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 45056, USA
| | - Obed J Dodo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 45056, USA
| | - Nirob K Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 45056, USA
| | - Mary Eisenhart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 45056, USA
| | - Kevin M Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, USA
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH, Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH, Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 45056, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shimizu T, Whitfield R, Jones GR, Raji IO, Konkolewicz D, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Controlling primary chain dispersity in network polymers: elucidating the effect of dispersity on degradation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13419-13428. [PMID: 38033899 PMCID: PMC10685271 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05203f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dispersity has been demonstrated to be instrumental in determining many polymer properties, current synthetic strategies predominantly focus on tailoring the dispersity of linear polymers. In contrast, controlling the primary chain dispersity in network polymers is much more challenging, in part due to the complex nature of the reactions, which has limited the exploration of properties and applications. Here, a one-step method to prepare networks with precisely tuned primary chain dispersity is presented. By using an acid-switchable chain transfer agent and a degradable crosslinker in PET-RAFT polymerization, the in situ crosslinking of the propagating polymer chains was achieved in a quantitative manner. The incorporation of a degradable crosslinker, not only enables the accurate quantification of the various primary chain dispersities, post-synthesis, but also allows the investigation and comparison of their respective degradation profiles. Notably, the highest dispersity networks resulted in a 40% increase in degradation time when compared to their lower dispersity analogues, demonstrating that primary chain dispersity has a substantial impact on the network degradation rate. Our experimental findings were further supported by simulations, which emphasized the importance of higher molecular weight polymer chains, found within the high dispersity materials, in extending the lifetime of the network. This methodology presents a new and promising avenue to precisely tune primary chain dispersity within networks and demonstrates that polymer dispersity is an important parameter to consider when designing degradable materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Science & Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku Yokohama-shi Kanagawa 227-8502 Japan
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Glen R Jones
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Ibrahim O Raji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University 651 E High St Oxford OH 45056 USA
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University 651 E High St Oxford OH 45056 USA
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma Q, Qiao GG, An Z. Visible Light Photoiniferter Polymerization for Dispersity Control in High Molecular Weight Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314729. [PMID: 37814139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of polymers with high molecular weights, controlled sequence, and tunable dispersities remains a challenge. A simple and effective visible-light controlled photoiniferter reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is reported here to realize this goal. Key to this strategy is the use of switchable RAFT agents (SRAs) to tune polymerization activities coupled with the inherent highly living nature of photoiniferter RAFT polymerization. The polymerization activities of SRAs were in situ adjusted by the addition of acid. In addition to a switchable chain-transfer coefficient, photolysis and polymerization kinetic studies revealed that neutral and protonated SRAs showed different photolysis and polymerization rates, which is unique to photoiniferter RAFT polymerization in terms of dispersity control. This strategy features no catalyst, no exogenous radical source, temporal regulation by visible light, and tunable dispersities in the unprecedented high molecular weight regime (up to 500 kg mol-1 ). Pentablock copolymers with three different dispersity combinations were also synthesized, highlighting that the highly living nature was maintained even for blocks with large dispersities. Tg was lowered for high-dispersity polymers of similar MWs due to the existence of more low-MW polymers. This strategy holds great potential for the synthesis of advanced materials with controlled molecular weight, dispersity and sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingchi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Zesheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang TT, Zhou YN, Luo ZH, Zhu S. Beauty of Explicit Dispersity ( Đ) Equations in Controlled Polymerizations. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1423-1436. [PMID: 37812608 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Dispersity (Đ) as a critical parameter indicates the level of uniformity of the polymer molar mass or chain length. In the past several decades, the development of explicit equations for calculating Đ experiences a continual revolution. This viewpoint tracks the historical evolution of the explicit equations from living to reversible-deactivation polymerization systems. Emphasis is laid on displaying the charm of explicit Đ equations in batch reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP), with highlights of the relevant elegant mathematical manipulations. Some representative emerging applications enabled by the existing explicit equations are shown, involving nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization systems. Stemming from the several outlined challenges and outlooks, sustained concerns about the explicit Đ equations are still highly deserved. It is expected that these equations will continue to play an important role not only in traditional polymerization kinetic simulation and design of experiments but also in modern intelligent manufacturing of precision polymers and classroom education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu Z, Boyer C. Near-Infrared Light-Induced Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: Expanding Frontiers in Photopolymerization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304942. [PMID: 37750445 PMCID: PMC10667859 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced reversible deactivation radical polymerization (photo-RDRP) or photoinduced controlled/living radical polymerization has emerged as a versatile and powerful technique for preparing functional and advanced polymer materials under mild conditions by harnessing light energy. While UV and visible light (λ = 400-700 nm) are extensively employed in photo-RDRP, the utilization of near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths (λ = 700-2500 nm) beyond the visible region remains relatively unexplored. NIR light possesses unique properties, including enhanced light penetration, reduced light scattering, and low biomolecule absorption, thereby providing opportunities for applying photo-RDRP in the fields of manufacturing and medicine. This comprehensive review categorizes all known NIR light-induced RDRP (NIR-RDRP) systems into four mechanism-based types: mediation by upconversion nanoparticles, mediation by photocatalysts, photothermal conversion, and two-photon absorption. The distinct photoinitiation pathways associated with each mechanism are discussed. Furthermore, this review highlights the diverse applications of NIR-RDRP reported to date, including 3D printing, polymer brush fabrication, drug delivery, nanoparticle synthesis, and hydrogel formation. By presenting these applications, the review underscores the exceptional capabilities of NIR-RDRP and offers guidance for developing high-performance and versatile photopolymerization systems. Exploiting the unique properties of NIR light unlocks new opportunities for synthesizing functional and advanced polymer materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Wu
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Parkatzidis K, Truong NP, Matyjaszewski K, Anastasaki A. Photocatalytic ATRP Depolymerization: Temporal Control at Low ppm of Catalyst Concentration. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21146-21151. [PMID: 37737835 PMCID: PMC10557129 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
A photocatalytic ATRP depolymerization is introduced that significantly suppresses the reaction temperature from 170 to 100 °C while enabling temporal regulation. In the presence of low-toxicity iron-based catalysts and under visible light irradiation, near-quantitative monomer recovery could be achieved (up to 90%), albeit with minimal temporal control. By employing ppm concentrations of either FeCl2 or FeCl3, the depolymerization during the dark periods could be completely eliminated, thus enabling temporal control and the possibility to modulate the rate by simply turning the light "on" and "off". Notably, our approach allowed preservation of the end-group fidelity throughout the reaction, could be carried out at high polymer loadings (up to 2M), and was compatible with various polymers and light sources. This methodology provides a facile, environmentally friendly, and temporally regulated route to chemically recycle ATRP-synthesized polymers, thus opening the door for further opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Whitfield R, Jones GR, Truong NP, Manring LE, Anastasaki A. Solvent-Free Chemical Recycling of Polymethacrylates made by ATRP and RAFT polymerization: High-Yielding Depolymerization at Low Temperatures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309116. [PMID: 37523176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Although controlled radical polymerization is an excellent tool to make precision polymeric materials, reversal of the process to retrieve the starting monomer is far less explored despite the significance of chemical recycling. Here, we investigate the bulk depolymerization of RAFT and ATRP-synthesized polymers under identical conditions. RAFT-synthesized polymers undergo a relatively low-temperature solvent-free depolymerization back to monomer thanks to the partial in situ transformation of the RAFT end-group to macromonomer. Instead, ATRP-synthesized polymers can only depolymerize at significantly higher temperatures (>350 °C) through random backbone scission. To aid a more complete depolymerization at even lower temperatures, we performed a facile and quantitative end-group modification strategy in which both ATRP and RAFT end-groups were successfully converted to macromonomers. The macromonomers triggered a lower temperature bulk depolymerization with an onset at 150 °C yielding up to 90 % of monomer regeneration. The versatility of the methodology was demonstrated by a scalable depolymerization (≈10 g of starting polymer) retrieving 84 % of the starting monomer intact which could be subsequently used for further polymerization. This work presents a new low-energy approach for depolymerizing controlled radical polymers and creates many future opportunities as high-yielding, solvent-free and scalable depolymerization methods are sought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Glen R Jones
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang C, Zhao R, Fan W, Li L, Feng H, Li Z, Yan C, Shao X, Matyjaszewski K, Wang Z. Tribochemically Controlled Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Enabled by Contact Electrification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309440. [PMID: 37507344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Traditional mechanochemically controlled reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) utilizes ultrasound or ball milling to regenerate activators, which induce side reactions because of the high-energy and high-frequency stimuli. Here, we propose a facile approach for tribochemically controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (tribo-ATRP) that relies on contact-electro-catalysis (CEC) between titanium oxide (TiO2 ) particles and CuBr2 /tris(2-pyridylmethylamine (TPMA), without any high-energy input. Under the friction induced by stirring, the TiO2 particles are electrified, continuously reducing CuBr2 /TPMA into CuBr/TPMA, thereby conversing alkyl halides into active radicals to start ATRP. In addition, the effect of friction on the reaction was elucidated by theoretical simulation. The results indicated that increasing the frequency could reduce the energy barrier for the electron transfer from TiO2 particles to CuBr2 /TPMA. In this study, the design of tribo-ATRP was successfully achieved, enabling CEC (ca. 10 Hz) access to a variety of polymers with predetermined molecular weights, low dispersity, and high chain-end fidelity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Ruoqing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wenru Fan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Lei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Haoyang Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zexuan Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Ci Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xiaoyang Shao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cvek M, Jazani AM, Sobieski J, Jamatia T, Matyjaszewski K. Comparison of Mechano- and PhotoATRP with ZnO Nanocrystals. Macromolecules 2023; 56:5101-5110. [PMID: 37457022 PMCID: PMC10339823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) was previously reported as an excellent cocatalyst for mechanically controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (mechanoATRP), but its photocatalytic properties in photoinduced ATRP (photoATRP) have been much less explored. Herein, well-defined ZnO nanocrystals were prepared via microwave-assisted synthesis and applied as a heterogeneous cocatalyst in mechano- and photoATRP. Both techniques yielded polymers with outstanding control over the molecular weight, but ZnO-cocatalyzed photoATRP was much faster than analogous mechanoATRP (conversion of 91% in 1 h vs 54% in 5 h). The kinetics of photoATRP was tuned by loadings of ZnO nanocrystals. PhotoATRP with ZnO did not require any excess of ligand versus Cu, in contrast to mechanoATRP, requiring an excess of ligand, acting as a reducing agent. ZnO-cocatalyzed photoATRP proceeded controllably without prior deoxygenation, since ZnO was involved in a cascade of reactions, leading to the rapid elimination of oxygen. The versatility and robustness of the technique were demonstrated for various (meth)acrylate monomers with good temporal control and preservation of end-group functionality, illustrated by the formation of tailored block copolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cvek
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Centre
of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University
in Zlin, Trida T. Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Arman Moini Jazani
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Julian Sobieski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Thaiskang Jamatia
- Centre
of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University
in Zlin, Trida T. Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Van Oosten A, Verduyckt C, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Koeckelberghs G. Influence of the dispersity and molar mass distribution of conjugated polymers on the aggregation type and subsequent chiral expression. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:3794-3802. [PMID: 37191181 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the influence of the dispersity on the aggregation of conjugated polymers and their subsequent chiral expression. Dispersity has been thoroughly investigated for industrial polymerizations, but research on conjugated polymers is lacking. Nonetheless, knowledge thereof is crucial for controlling the aggregation type (type I versus type II) and its influence is therefore investigated. For that purpose, a series of polymers is synthesized via metered initiator addition, resulting in dispersities ranging from 1.18-1.56. The lower dispersity polymers yield type II aggregates and the resulting symmetrical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra while the higher dispersity polymers are predominantly type I due to the longer chains effectively acting as a seed and therefore yield asymmetrical ECD spectra. Furthermore, a monomodal and bimodal molar mass distribution of similar dispersity are compared, demonstrating that bimodal distributions show both aggregation types and therefore more disorder, leading to a decrease in chiral expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelien Van Oosten
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Cynthia Verduyckt
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) - University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) - University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dawson F, Jafari H, Rimkevicius V, Kopeć M. Gelation in Photoinduced ATRP with Tuned Dispersity of the Primary Chains. Macromolecules 2023; 56:2009-2016. [PMID: 36938508 PMCID: PMC10018774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated gelation in photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) as a function of Cu catalyst loading and thus primary chain dispersity. Using parallel polymerizations of methyl acrylate with and without the addition of a divinyl crosslinker (1,6-hexanediol diacrylate), the approximate values of molecular weights and dispersities of the primary chains at incipient gelation were obtained. In accordance with the Flory-Stockmayer theory, experimental gelation occurred at gradually lower conversions when the dispersity of the primary chains increased while maintaining a constant monomer/initiator/crosslinker ratio. Theoretical gel points were then calculated using the measured experimental values of dispersity and initiation efficiency. An empirical modification to the Flory-Stockmayer equation for ATRP was implemented, resulting in more accurate predictions of the gel point. Increasing the dispersity of the primary chains was found not to affect the distance between the theoretical and experimental gel points and hence the extent of intramolecular cyclization. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the networks, such as equilibrium swelling ratio and shear storage modulus showed little variation with catalyst loading and depended primarily on the crosslinking density.
Collapse
|
13
|
Parkatzidis K, Truong NP, Whitfield R, Campi CE, Grimm-Lebsanft B, Buchenau S, Rübhausen MA, Harrisson S, Konkolewicz D, Schindler S, Anastasaki A. Oxygen-Enhanced Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization through the Formation of a Copper Superoxido Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1906-1915. [PMID: 36626247 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In controlled radical polymerization, oxygen is typically regarded as an undesirable component resulting in terminated polymer chains, deactivated catalysts, and subsequent cessation of the polymerization. Here, we report an unusual atom transfer radical polymerization whereby oxygen favors the polymerization by triggering the in situ transformation of CuBr/L to reactive superoxido species at room temperature. Through a superoxido ARGET-ATRP mechanism, an order of magnitude faster polymerization rate and a rapid and complete initiator consumption can be achieved as opposed to when unoxidized CuBr/L was instead employed. Very high end-group fidelity has been demonstrated by mass-spectrometry and one-pot synthesis of block and multiblock copolymers while pushing the reactions to reach near-quantitative conversions in all steps. A high molecular weight polymer could also be targeted (DPn = 6400) without compromising the control over the molar mass distributions (Đ < 1.20), even at an extremely low copper concentration (4.5 ppm). The versatility of the technique was demonstrated by the polymerization of various monomers in a controlled fashion. Notably, the efficiency of our methodology is unaffected by the purity of the starting CuBr, and even a brown highly-oxidized 15-year-old CuBr reagent enabled a rapid and controlled polymerization with a final dispersity of 1.07, thus not only reducing associated costs but also omitting the need for rigorous catalyst purification prior to polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Chiara E Campi
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University of Gießen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 17, D-35392, Gießen, Hessen 35392, Germany
| | - Benjamin Grimm-Lebsanft
- Center For Free Electron Laser Science, University of Hamburg, Institut für Nanostruktur und Festkörperphysik, Gebäude 99, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Sören Buchenau
- Center For Free Electron Laser Science, University of Hamburg, Institut für Nanostruktur und Festkörperphysik, Gebäude 99, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Michael A Rübhausen
- Center For Free Electron Laser Science, University of Hamburg, Institut für Nanostruktur und Festkörperphysik, Gebäude 99, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Simon Harrisson
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, University of Bordeaux/ENSCBP/CNRS UMR5629, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Siegfried Schindler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University of Gießen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 17, D-35392, Gießen, Hessen 35392, Germany
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Parkatzidis K, de Haro Amez L, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Cu(0)-RDRP of acrylates using an alkyl iodide initiator. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01563c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
In the vast majority of atom transfer radical polymerizations, alkyl bromides or alkyl chlorides are commonly employed as initiators. Herein, alkyl iodides are demonstrated as ATRP initiators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo de Haro Amez
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ma C, Han T, Efstathiou S, Marathianos A, Houck HA, Haddleton DM. Aggregation-Induced Emission Poly(meth)acrylates for Photopatterning via Wavelength-Dependent Visible-Light-Regulated Controlled Radical Polymerization in Batch and Flow Conditions. Macromolecules 2022; 55:9908-9917. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congkai Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ting Han
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Spyridon Efstathiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Arkadios Marathianos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Hannes A. Houck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Corrigan N, Boyer C. Living in the Moment: A Mathematically Verified Approach for Molecular Weight Distribution Analysis and Application to Data Storage. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Controlling polymer molecular weight distributions by light through reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer‐hetero‐Diels–Alder click conjugation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
18
|
Parkatzidis K, Boner S, Wang HS, Anastasaki A. Photoinduced Iron-Catalyzed ATRP of Renewable Monomers in Low-Toxicity Solvents: A Greener Approach. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:841-846. [PMID: 35731694 PMCID: PMC9301913 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Producing polymers
from renewable resources via more sustainable
approaches has become increasingly important. Herein we present the
polymerization of monomers obtained from biobased renewable resources,
employing an environmentally friendly photoinduced iron-catalyzed
atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in low-toxicity solvents.
We demonstrate that renewable monomers can be successfully polymerized
into sustainable polymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow
molar mass distributions (Đ as low as 1.17).
This is in contrast to reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer
(RAFT) polymerization, arguably the most commonly employed method
to polymerize biobased monomers, which led to poorer molecular weight
control and higher dispersities for these specific monomers (Đs ∼ 1.4). The versatility of our approach
was further highlighted by the temporal control demonstrated through
intermittent “on/off” cycles, controlled polymerizations
of a variety of monomers and chain lengths, oxygen-tolerance, and
high end-group fidelity exemplified by the synthesis of block copolymers.
This work highlights photoinduced iron-catalyzed ATRP as a powerful
tool for the synthesis of renewable polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Parkatzidis
- -Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Silja Boner
- -Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Hyun Suk Wang
- -Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- -Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Facile control of molecular weight distribution via droplet‐flow light‐driven reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
20
|
Precision Polymer Synthesis by Controlled Radical Polymerization: Fusing the progress from Polymer Chemistry and Reaction Engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
Ogbonna N, Dearman M, Cho CT, Bharti B, Peters AJ, Lawrence J. Topologically Precise and Discrete Bottlebrush Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Structure-Property Relationships. JACS AU 2022; 2:898-905. [PMID: 35557765 PMCID: PMC9088296 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As the complexity of polymer structure grows, so do the challenges for developing an accurate understanding of their structure-property relationships. Here, the synthesis of bottlebrush polymers with topologically precise and fully discrete structures is reported. A key feature of the strategy is the synthesis of discrete macromonomer libraries for their polymerization into topologically precise bottlebrushes that can be separated into discrete bottlebrushes (Đ = 1.0). As the system becomes more discrete, packing efficiency increases, distinct three-phase Langmuir-Blodgett isotherms are observed, and its glass transition temperature becomes responsive to side-chain sequence. Overall, this work presents a versatile strategy to access a range of precision bottlebrush polymers and unravels the impact of side-chain topology on their macroscopic properties. Precise control over side chains opens a pathway for tailoring polymer properties without changing their chemical makeup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nduka
D. Ogbonna
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Michael Dearman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Cheng-Ta Cho
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Andrew J. Peters
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana Tech
University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United States
| | - Jimmy Lawrence
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen K, Zhou Y, Han S, Liu Y, Chen M. Main-Chain Fluoropolymers with Alternating Sequence Control via Light-Driven Reversible-Deactivation Copolymerization in Batch and Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116135. [PMID: 35023256 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymers with regulated alternating structures are attractive in practical applications, particularly for main-chain fluoropolymers. We for the first time enabled controlled fluoropolymer synthesis with alternating sequence regulation using a novel fluorinated xanthate agent via a light-driven process, which achieved on-demand copolymerization of chlorotrifluoroethylene and vinyl esters/amides under both batch and flow conditions at ambient pressure. This method creates a facile access to fluoropolymers with a broad fraction range of alternating units, low dispersities and high chain-end fidelity. Moreover, a two-step photo-flow platform was established to streamline the in-situ chain-extension toward unprecedented block copolymers continuously from fluoroethylene. Influences of structural control were illustrated with thermal and surface properties. We anticipate that this work will promote advanced material engineering with customized fluoropolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shantao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yinli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shahrokhinia A, Rijal S, Sonmez Baghirzade B, Scanga RA, Biswas P, Tafazoli S, Apul OG, Reuther JF. Chain Extensions in PhotoATRP-Induced Self-Assembly (PhotoATR-PISA): A Route to Ultrahigh Solids Concentrations and Click Nanoparticle Networks as Adsorbents for Water Treatment. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shahrokhinia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Sahaj Rijal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Busra Sonmez Baghirzade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Randall A. Scanga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Priyanka Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Shayesteh Tafazoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Onur G. Apul
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - James F. Reuther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wei D, Li H, Yang C, Fu J, Chen H, Bai L, Wang W, Yang H, Yang L, Liang Y. Visible light‐driven acridone catalysis for atom transfer radical polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Wei
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province Ludong University Yantai China
| | - Huili Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province Ludong University Yantai China
| | - Chuanqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province Ludong University Yantai China
| | - Jianmin Fu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province Ludong University Yantai China
| | - Hou Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province Ludong University Yantai China
| | - Liangjiu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province Ludong University Yantai China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province Ludong University Yantai China
| | - Huawei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province Ludong University Yantai China
| | - Lixia Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province Ludong University Yantai China
| | - Ying Liang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province Ludong University Yantai China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rosenbloom SI, Hsu JH, Fors BP. Controlling the shape of the molecular weight distribution for tailored tensile and rheological properties in thermoplastics and thermoplastic elastomers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse H. Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Brett P. Fors
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen M, Chen K, Zhou Y, Han S, Liu Y. Main‐Chain Fluoropolymers with Alternating Sequence Control via Light‐Driven Reversible‐Deactivation Copolymerization in Batch and Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Chen
- Fudan University State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science Yangpu, Handan Road 220, Yuejin Building 505 200433 Shanghai CHINA
| | - Kaixuan Chen
- Fudan University Department of Macromolecular Science CHINA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Fudan University Department of Macromolecular Science CHINA
| | - Shantao Han
- Fudan University Department of Macromolecular Science CHINA
| | - Yinli Liu
- Fudan University Department of Macromolecular Science CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tu W, Maksym PE, Kaminski K, Chat K, Adrjanowicz K. Free-radical polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) supported by the high electric field. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00320a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In macromolecular science, tunning basic polymer parameters, like molecular weight (Mn) or molecular weight distribution (dispersity, Đ), is an active research topic. Many prominent synthetic protocols concerning chemical modification of...
Collapse
|
28
|
Kearns MM, Morley CN, Parkatzidis K, Whitfield R, Sponza AD, Chakma P, De Alwis Watuthanthrige N, Chiu M, Anastasaki A, Konkolewicz D. A general model for the ideal chain length distributions of polymers made with reversible deactivation. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A general model is developed for the distribution of polymers made with reversible deactivation. The model is applied to a range of experimental systems including RAFT, cationic and ATRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madison M. Kearns
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Colleen N. Morley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro D. Sponza
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, 11794 USA
| | - Progyateg Chakma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | | | - Melanie Chiu
- Stony Brook University, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook, NY, 11794 USA
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang C, Fan W, Li Z, Xiong J, Zhang W, Wang Z. Sonochemistry-assisted photocontrolled atom transfer radical polymerization enabled by manganese carbonyl. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00682k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sonochemistry-assisted photocontrolled atom transfer radical polymerization (SAP-ATRP) is developed to circumvent the problem caused by the low penetration depth of light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wenru Fan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zexuan Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jiaqiang Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics & Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hakobyan K, Xu J, Müllner M. The challenges of controlling polymer synthesis at the molecular and macromolecular level. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we outline advances and challenges in controlling the structure of polymers at various size regimes in the context of structural features such as molecular weight distribution, end groups, architecture, composition and sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hakobyan
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Szczepaniak G, Jeong J, Kapil K, Dadashi-Silab S, Yerneni SS, Ratajczyk P, Lathwal S, Schild DJ, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Open-air green-light-driven ATRP enabled by dual photoredox/copper catalysis. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11540-11550. [PMID: 36320395 PMCID: PMC9557244 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04210j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (photo-ATRP) has risen to the forefront of modern polymer chemistry as a powerful tool giving access to well-defined materials with complex architecture. However, most photo-ATRP systems can only generate radicals under biocidal UV light and are oxygen-sensitive, hindering their practical use in the synthesis of polymer biohybrids. Herein, inspired by the photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization, we demonstrate a dual photoredox/copper catalysis that allows open-air ATRP under green light irradiation. Eosin Y was used as an organic photoredox catalyst (PC) in combination with a copper complex (X–CuII/L). The role of PC was to trigger and drive the polymerization, while X–CuII/L acted as a deactivator, providing a well-controlled polymerization. The excited PC was oxidatively quenched by X–CuII/L, generating CuI/L activator and PC˙+. The ATRP ligand (L) used in excess then reduced the PC˙+, closing the photocatalytic cycle. The continuous reduction of X–CuII/L back to CuI/L by excited PC provided high oxygen tolerance. As a result, a well-controlled and rapid ATRP could proceed even in an open vessel despite continuous oxygen diffusion. This method allowed the synthesis of polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions and controlled molecular weights using Cu catalyst and PC at ppm levels in both aqueous and organic media. A detailed comparison of photo-ATRP with PET-RAFT polymerization revealed the superiority of dual photoredox/copper catalysis under biologically relevant conditions. The kinetic studies and fluorescence measurements indicated that in the absence of the X–CuII/L complex, green light irradiation caused faster photobleaching of eosin Y, leading to inhibition of PET-RAFT polymerization. Importantly, PET-RAFT polymerizations showed significantly higher dispersity values (1.14 ≤ Đ ≤ 4.01) in contrast to photo-ATRP (1.15 ≤ Đ ≤ 1.22) under identical conditions. Fully oxygen-tolerant photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (photo-ATRP) allowed the synthesis of well-defined polymers using a Cu catalyst and eosin Y at ppm levels in both aqueous and organic media.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jaepil Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | | - Paulina Ratajczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sushil Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Dirk J. Schild
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Subha R. Das
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
- Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dearman M, Ogbonna ND, Amofa CA, Peters AJ, Lawrence J. Versatile strategies to tailor the glass transition temperatures of bottlebrush polymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00819j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The glass transition temperature (Tg) of bottlebrush polymers can be controlled via side-chain length, blend composition and brush topology. Elucidating interactions between these parameters and their design rules enables accurate targeting of Tg at arbitrary molecular weights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dearman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA
| | - Nduka D. Ogbonna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA
| | - Chamberlain A. Amofa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA
| | - Andrew J. Peters
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, 71272, USA
| | - Jimmy Lawrence
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Concurrent control over sequence and dispersity in multiblock copolymers. Nat Chem 2021; 14:304-312. [PMID: 34845344 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Controlling monomer sequence and dispersity in synthetic macromolecules is a major goal in polymer science as both parameters determine materials' properties and functions. However, synthetic approaches that can simultaneously control both sequence and dispersity remain experimentally unattainable. Here we report a simple, one pot and rapid synthesis of sequence-controlled multiblocks with on-demand control over dispersity while maintaining a high livingness, and good agreement between theoretical and experimental molecular weights and quantitative yields. Key to our approach is the regulation in the activity of the chain transfer agent during a controlled radical polymerization that enables the preparation of multiblocks with gradually ascending (Ɖ = 1.16 → 1.60), descending (Ɖ = 1.66 → 1.22), alternating low and high dispersity values (Ɖ = 1.17 → 1.61 → 1.24 → 1.70 → 1.26) or any combination thereof. We further demonstrate the potential of our methodology through the synthesis of highly ordered pentablock, octablock and decablock copolymers, which yield multiblocks with concurrent control over both sequence and dispersity.
Collapse
|
34
|
Romio M, Grob B, Trachsel L, Mattarei A, Morgese G, Ramakrishna SN, Niccolai F, Guazzelli E, Paradisi C, Martinelli E, Spencer ND, Benetti EM. Dispersity within Brushes Plays a Major Role in Determining Their Interfacial Properties: The Case of Oligoxazoline-Based Graft Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19067-19077. [PMID: 34738797 PMCID: PMC8769490 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many synthetic polymers used to form polymer-brush films feature a main backbone with functional, oligomeric side chains. While the structure of such graft polymers mimics biomacromolecules to an extent, it lacks the monodispersity and structural purity present in nature. Here we demonstrate that side-chain heterogeneity within graft polymers significantly influences hydration and the occurrence of hydrophobic interactions in the subsequently formed brushes and consequently impacts fundamental interfacial properties. This is demonstrated for the case of poly(methacrylate)s (PMAs) presenting oligomeric side chains of different length (n) and dispersity. A precise tuning of brush structure was achieved by first synthesizing oligo(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) methacrylates (OEOXMAs) by cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP), subsequently purifying them into discrete macromonomers with distinct values of n by column chromatography, and finally obtaining poly[oligo(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) methacrylate]s (POEOXMAs) by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Assembly of POEOXMA on Au surfaces yielded graft polymer brushes with different side-chain dispersities and lengths, whose properties were thoroughly investigated by a combination of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCMD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods. Side-chain dispersity, or dispersity within brushes, leads to assemblies that are more hydrated, less adhesive, and more lubricious and biopassive compared to analogous films obtained from graft polymers characterized by a homogeneous structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Romio
- Biointerfaces
Lab, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials
Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Grob
- Laboratory
for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lucca Trachsel
- George
& Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of
Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Andrea Mattarei
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Morgese
- Institute
of Materials and Process Engineering (IMPE), School of Engineering
(SoE), Zürich University of Applied
Sciences (ZHAW), Technikumstrasse 9, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Shivaprakash N. Ramakrishna
- Soft Materials
and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Niccolai
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Guazzelli
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Paradisi
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicholas D. Spencer
- Laboratory
for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Edmondo M. Benetti
- Biointerfaces
Lab, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials
Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35122 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang HS, Parkatzidis K, Harrisson S, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Controlling dispersity in aqueous atom transfer radical polymerization: rapid and quantitative synthesis of one-pot block copolymers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14376-14382. [PMID: 34880988 PMCID: PMC8580105 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04241f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The dispersity (Đ) of a polymer is a key parameter in material design, and variations in Đ can have a strong influence on fundamental polymer properties. Despite its importance, current polymerization strategies to control Đ operate exclusively in organic media and are limited by slow polymerization rates, moderate conversions, significant loss of initiator efficiency and lack of dispersity control in block copolymers. Here, we demonstrate a rapid and quantitative method to tailor Đ of both homo and block copolymers in aqueous atom transfer radical polymerization. By using excess ligand to regulate the dissociation of bromide ions from the copper deactivator complexes, a wide range of monomodal molecular weight distributions (1.08 < Đ < 1.60) can be obtained within 10 min while achieving very high monomer conversions (∼99%). Despite the high conversions and the broad molecular weight distributions, very high end-group fidelity is maintained as exemplified by the ability to synthesize in situ diblock copolymers with absolute control over the dispersity of either block (e.g. low Đ → high Đ, high Đ → high Đ, high Đ → low Đ). The potential of our approach is further highlighted by the synthesis of complex pentablock and decablock copolymers without any need for purification between the iterative block formation steps. Other benefits of our methodology include the possibility to control Đ without affecting the M n, the interesting mechanistic concept that sheds light onto aqueous polymerizations and the capability to operate in the presence of air.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Simon Harrisson
- LCPO, ENSCBP/CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, UMR5629 Pessac France
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shimizu T, Truong NP, Whitfield R, Anastasaki A. Tuning Ligand Concentration in Cu(0)-RDRP: A Simple Approach to Control Polymer Dispersity. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 1:187-195. [PMID: 34901951 PMCID: PMC8662723 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cu(0)-reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) is a versatile polymerization tool, providing rapid access to well-defined polymers while utilizing mild reaction conditions and low catalyst loadings. However, thus far, this method has not been applied to tailor dispersity, a key parameter that determines the physical properties and applications of polymeric materials. Here, we report a simple to perform method, whereby Cu(0)-RDRP can systematically control polymer dispersity (Đ = 1.07-1.72), while maintaining monomodal molecular weight distributions. By varying the ligand concentration, we could effectively regulate the rates of initiation and deactivation, resulting in polymers of various dispersities. Importantly, both low and high dispersity PMA possess high end-group fidelity, as evidenced by MALDI-ToF-MS, allowing for a range of block copolymers to be prepared with different dispersity configurations. The scope of our method can also be extended to include inexpensive ligands (i.e., PMDETA), which also facilitated the polymerization of lower propagation rate constant monomers (i.e., styrene) and the in situ synthesis of block copolymers. This work significantly expands the toolbox of RDRP methods for tailoring dispersity in polymeric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Shimizu
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland,Science
& Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical
Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku,
Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland,
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
A comparison of RAFT and ATRP methods for controlled radical polymerization. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:859-869. [PMID: 37117386 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) are the two most common controlled radical polymerization methods. Both methods afford functional polymers with a predefined length, composition, dispersity and end group. Further, RAFT and ATRP tame radicals by reversibly converting active polymeric radicals into dormant chains. However, the mechanisms by which the ATRP and RAFT methods control chain growth are distinct, so each method presents unique opportunities and challenges, depending on the desired application. This Perspective compares RAFT and ATRP by identifying their mechanistic strengths and weaknesses, and their latest synthetic applications.
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang L, Ng G, Kapoor‐Kaushik N, Shi X, Corrigan N, Webster R, Jung K, Boyer C. 2D Porphyrinic Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets as Multidimensional Photocatalysts for Functional Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Gervase Ng
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Natasha Kapoor‐Kaushik
- Electron Microscopy Unit Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Xiaobing Shi
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Richard Webster
- Electron Microscopy Unit Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Peng D, Chen C. Photoresponsive Palladium and Nickel Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization and Copolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Changle Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li C, Han L, Bai H, Wang X, Yin Y, Yan H, Zhang X, Yang Z, Liu P, Ma H. Manipulating Molecular Weight Distributions via “Locked–Unlocked” Anionic Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cun Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongyuan Bai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yu Yin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Pibo Liu
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cuthbert J, Wanasinghe SV, Matyjaszewski K, Konkolewicz D. Are RAFT and ATRP Universally Interchangeable Polymerization Methods in Network Formation? Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cuthbert
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Shiwanka V. Wanasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E. High St., Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E. High St., Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Quan Q, Ma M, Wang Z, Gu Y, Chen M. Visible-Light-Enabled Organocatalyzed Controlled Alternating Terpolymerization of Perfluorinated Vinyl Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20443-20451. [PMID: 34121303 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polymerizations of perfluorinated vinyl ethers (PFVEs) provide an important category of fluoropolymers that have received considerable interests in applications. In this work, we report the development of an organocatalyzed controlled radical alternating terpolymerization of PFVEs and vinyl ethers (VEs) under visible-light irradiation. This method not only enables the synthesis of a broad scope of fluorinated terpolymers of low dispersities and high chain-end fidelity, facilitating tuning the chemical compositions by rationally choosing the type and/or ratio of comonomers, but also allows temporal control of chain-growth, as well as the preparation of a variety of novel fluorinated block copolymers. To showcase the versatility of this method, fluorinated alternating terpolymers have been synthesized and customized to simultaneously display a variety of desirable properties for solid polymer electrolyte design, creating new opportunities in high-performance energy storage devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinzhi Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mingyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zongtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Quan Q, Ma M, Wang Z, Gu Y, Chen M. Visible‐Light‐Enabled Organocatalyzed Controlled Alternating Terpolymerization of Perfluorinated Vinyl Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinzhi Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Mingyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Zongtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wallace MA, Sita LR. Temporal Control over Two‐ and Three‐State Living Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization for Modulating the Molecular Weight Distribution Profile of Polyolefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Wallace
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen M, Li J, Ma K, Jin G, Pan X, Zhang Z, Zhu J. Controlling Polymer Molecular Weight Distribution through a Latent Mediator Strategy with Temporal Programming. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Jiajia Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Kaiqi Ma
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering Soochow University Suzhou 215006 China
| | - Guoqin Jin
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering Soochow University Suzhou 215006 China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Precise Control of Both Dispersity and Molecular Weight Distribution Shape by Polymer Blending. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
47
|
Whitfield R, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Precise Control of Both Dispersity and Molecular Weight Distribution Shape by Polymer Blending. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19383-19388. [PMID: 34133078 PMCID: PMC8456836 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The breadth and the shape of molecular weight distributions can significantly influence fundamental polymer properties that are critical for various applications. However, current approaches require the extensive synthesis of multiple polymers, are limited in dispersity precision and are typically incapable of simultaneously controlling both the dispersity and the shape of molecular weight distributions. Here we report a simplified approach, whereby on mixing two polymers (one of high Đ and one of low Đ), any intermediate dispersity value can be obtained (e.g. from 1.08 to 1.84). Unrivalled precision is achieved, with dispersity values obtained to even the nearest 0.01 (e.g. 1.37→1.38→1.39→1.40→1.41→1.42→1.43→1.44→1.45), while maintaining fairly monomodal molecular weight distributions. This approach was also employed to control the shape of molecular weight distributions and to obtain diblock copolymers with high dispersity accuracy. The straightforward nature of our methodology alongside its compatibility with a wide range of polymerisation protocols (e.g. ATRP, RAFT), significantly expands the toolbox of tailored polymeric materials and makes them accessible to all researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 58093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 58093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 58093ZurichSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wallace MA, Sita LR. Temporal Control over Two- and Three-State Living Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization for Modulating the Molecular Weight Distribution Profile of Polyolefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19671-19678. [PMID: 34196076 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A highly versatile new strategy for manipulating the molecular weight profiles, including breadth, asymmetry (skewness) and modal nature (mono-, bi-, and multimodal), of a variety of different polyolefins is reported. It involves temporal control over two- and three-state living coordinative chain transfer polymerization (LCCTP) of olefins in a programmable way. By changing the identity of the R' groups of the chain transfer agent, ER'n , with time, different populations of chains within a bi- or multimodal polyolefin product can be selectively tagged with different end-groups. By changing the nature of the main-group metal of the CTA, programmed manipulation of the relative magnitudes of the dispersities of the different maxima that make up the final MWD profile can be achieved. This strategy can be implemented with existing LCCTP materials and conventional reactor methods to provide access to scalable and practical quantities of an unlimited array of new polyolefin materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Wallace
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Lawrence R Sita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang L, Ng G, Kapoor-Kaushik N, Shi X, Corrigan N, Webster R, Jung K, Boyer C. 2D Porphyrinic Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets as Multidimensional Photocatalysts for Functional Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22664-22671. [PMID: 34322965 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultrathin porphyrinic 2D MOFs, ZnTCPP nanosheets (TCPP: 5,10,15,20-(tetra-4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin) were employed as heterogeneous photocatalysts to activate PET-RAFT polymerization under various wavelengths ranging from violet to orange light. High polymerization rates, oxygen tolerance, and precise temporal control were achieved. The polymers showed narrow molecular weight distributions and good chain-end fidelity. The 2D ZnTCPP nanosheets were applied as photocatalysts in stereolithographic 3D printing in an open-air environment under blue light to yield well-defined 3D printed objects. Apart from providing an efficient catalytic system, 2D ZnTCPP nanosheets reinforced the mechanical properties of the 3D printed materials. The presence of ZnTCPP embedded in the materials conferred effective antimicrobial activity under visible light by production of singlet oxygen, affording 98 % and 93 % anti-bacterial efficiency against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Gervase Ng
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Natasha Kapoor-Kaushik
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaobing Shi
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Richard Webster
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chen M, Li J, Ma K, Jin G, Pan X, Zhang Z, Zhu J. Controlling Polymer Molecular Weight Distribution through a Latent Mediator Strategy with Temporal Programming. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19705-19709. [PMID: 34189823 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymer molecular weight distribution (MWD) is a key parameter of polymers. Here we present a robust method for controlling polymer MWD in controlled cationic polymerizations. A latent mediator strategy was designed and combined with temporal programming to regenerate mediators at different times during polymerization. Both the breadths and shapes of MWD curves were tuned easily by adjusting an external light source. Bimodal, trimodal, and tetramodal distributions were obtained, and the breadths could be varied from 1.06 to 2.09. Polymers with different MWDs prepared by this method had good chain end fidelity, which was demonstrated with successful chain-extension experiments. In addition, the introduction of temporal programming with a computer-controlled single chip for the light source opened an avenue for the use of artificial intelligence in polymer synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kaiqi Ma
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Guoqin Jin
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|