1
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Zou L, Sun R, Tao Y, Wang X, Zheng X, Lu Q. Photoelectrochemical Fe/Ni cocatalyzed C-C functionalization of alcohols. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5245. [PMID: 38898017 PMCID: PMC11187109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous activation of reactants on the anode and cathode via paired electrocatalysis has not been extensively demonstrated. This report presents a paired oxidative and reductive catalysis based on earth-abundant iron/nickel cocatalyzed C-C functionalization of ubiquitous alcohols. A variety of alcohols (i.e., primary, secondary, tertiary, or unstrained cyclic alcohols) can be activated at very low oxidation potential of (~0.30 V vs. Ag/AgCl) via photoelectrocatalysis coupled with versatile electrophiles. This reactivity yields a wide range of structurally diverse molecules with broad functional group compatibility (more than 50 examples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Tao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Zheng
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
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2
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Wang D, Zeng L, Shi J, Gao S, Shi L, Sun S, Liang D. Electrophotocatalysis Versus Indirect Electrolysis: Electrochemical Selenocyclization of 3-Aza-1,5-dienes Facilitated by Energy Transfer, Direct Photolysis or N-Hydroxyphthalimide. Chemistry 2024:e202400280. [PMID: 38651795 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Three hybrid electrochemical protocols, which involve the energy transfer, direct photolysis and N-hydroxyphthalimide catalyst, respectively, are presented for the selenylation/cyclization of the fragile substrates of 3-aza-1,5-dienes with diorganyl diselenides to afford 3-selenomethyl-4-pyrrolin-2-ones. The two electrophotocatalytic reactions and the indirect electrolysis one are both regioselective and external-oxidant- and transition-metal-free, and are associated with a broad substrate scope and high Se-economy, and all three methods are amenable to gram-scale syntheses, late-stage functionalizations, sunlight-induced experiments and all-solar-driven syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyin Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Jifu Shi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Shulin Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Lou Shi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Shaoguang Sun
- Medical College, Panzhihua University, 10 Airport Road, Panzhihua, 617000, China
| | - Deqiang Liang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, 2 Puxin Road, Kunming, 650214, China
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3
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Rehpenn A, Hindelang S, Truong KN, Pöthig A, Storch G. Enhancing Flavins Photochemical Activity in Hydrogen Atom Abstraction and Triplet Sensitization through Ring-Contraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318590. [PMID: 38339882 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The isoalloxazine heterocycle of flavin cofactors reacts with various nucleophiles to form covalent adducts with important functions in enzymes. Molecular flavin models allow for the characterization of such adducts and the study of their properties. A fascinating set of reactions occurs when flavins react with hydroxide base, which leads to imidazolonequinoxalines, ring-contracted flavins, with so far unexplored activity. We report a systematic study of the photophysical properties of this new chromophore by absorption and emission spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry. Excited, ring-contracted flavins are significantly stronger hydrogen atom abstractors when compared to the parent flavins, which allowed the direct trifluoromethylthiolation of aliphatic methine positions (bond dissociation energy (BDE) of 400.8 kJ mol-1). In an orthogonal activity, their increased triplet energy (E(S0←T1)=244 kJ mol-1) made sensitized reactions possible which exceeded the power of standard flavins. Combining both properties, ring-contracted flavin catalysts enabled the one-pot, five-step transformation of α-tropolone into trans-3,4-disubstituted cyclopentanones. We envision this new class of flavin-derived chromophores to open up new modes of reactivity that are currently impossible with unmodified flavins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rehpenn
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan Hindelang
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Khai-Nghi Truong
- Rigaku Europe SE, Hugenottenallee 167, 63263, Neu-Isenburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Pöthig
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Golo Storch
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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4
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Kang WJ, Zhang Y, Li B, Guo H. Electrophotocatalytic hydrogenation of imines and reductive functionalization of aryl halides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:655. [PMID: 38253534 PMCID: PMC10803379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The open-shell catalytically active species, like radical cations or radical anions, generated by one-electron transfer of precatalysts are widely used in energy-consuming redox reactions, but their excited-state lifetimes are usually short. Here, a closed-shell thioxanthone-hydrogen anion species (3), which can be photochemically converted to a potent and long-lived reductant, is generated under electrochemical conditions, enabling the electrophotocatalytic hydrogenation. Notably, TfOH can regulate the redox potential of the active species in this system. In the presence of TfOH, precatalyst (1) reduction can occur at low potential, so that competitive H2 evolution can be inhibited, thus effectively promoting the hydrogenation of imines. In the absence of TfOH, the reducing ability of the system can reach a potency even comparable to that of Na0 or Li0, thereby allowing the hydrogenation, borylation, stannylation and (hetero)arylation of aryl halides to construct C-H, C-B, C-Sn, and C-C bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China.
| | - Bo Li
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91106, USA.
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China.
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5
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Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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6
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Zou L, Xiang S, Sun R, Lu Q. Selective C(sp 3)-H arylation/alkylation of alkanes enabled by paired electrocatalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7992. [PMID: 38042911 PMCID: PMC10693613 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a combination of electrocatalysis and photoredox catalysis to perform selective C(sp3)-H arylation/alkylation of alkanes, in which a binary catalytic system based on earth-abundant iron and nickel is applied. Reaction selectivity between two-component C(sp3)-H arylation and three-component C(sp3)-H alkylation is tuned by modulating the applied current and light source. Importantly, an ultra-low anodic potential (~0.23 V vs. Ag/AgCl) is applied in this protocol, thus enabling compatibility with a variety of functional groups (>70 examples). The robustness of the method is further demonstrated on a preparative scale and applied to late-stage diversification of natural products and pharmaceutical derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Siqi Xiang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China.
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7
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Kong X, Chen Y, Chen X, Ma C, Chen M, Wang W, Xu YQ, Ni SF, Cao ZY. Organomediated electrochemical fluorosulfonylation of aryl triflates via selective C-O bond cleavage. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6933. [PMID: 37907478 PMCID: PMC10618246 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although aryl triflates are essential building blocks in organic synthesis, the applications as aryl radical precursors are limited. Herein, we report an organomediated electrochemical strategy for the generation of aryl radicals from aryl triflates, providing a useful method for the synthesis of aryl sulfonyl fluorides from feedstock phenol derivatives under very mild conditions. Mechanistic studies indicate that key to success is to use catalytic amounts of 9, 10-dicyanoanthracene as an organic mediator, enabling to selectively active aryl triflates to form aryl radicals via orbital-symmetry-matching electron transfer, realizing the anticipated C-O bond cleavage by overcoming the competitive S-O bond cleavage. The transition-metal-catalyst-free protocol shows good functional group tolerance, and may overcome the shortages of known methods for aryl sulfonyl fluoride synthesis. Furthermore, this method has been used for the modification and formal synthesis of bioactive molecules or tetraphenylethylene (TPE) derivative with improved quantum yield of fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Kong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, 213032, Changzhou, China.
| | - Yiyi Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, 213032, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, 213032, Changzhou, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, 515063, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 21 Gehu Road, 213164, Changzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Changzhou Institute of Technology, No. 666 Liaohe Road, 213032, Changzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, 515063, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhong-Yan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, 475004, Kaifeng, China.
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8
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Zhong PF, Tu JL, Zhao Y, Zhong N, Yang C, Guo L, Xia W. Photoelectrochemical oxidative C(sp 3)-H borylation of unactivated hydrocarbons. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6530. [PMID: 37845202 PMCID: PMC10579347 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoboron compounds are of high significance in organic synthesis due to the unique versatility of boryl substituents to access further modifications. The high demand for the incorporation of boryl moieties into molecular structures has witnessed significant progress, particularly in the C(sp3)-H borylation of hydrocarbons. Taking advantage of special characteristics of photo/electrochemistry, we herein describe the development of an oxidative C(sp3)-H borylation reaction under metal- and oxidant-free conditions, enabled by photoelectrochemical strategy. The reaction exhibits broad substrate scope (>57 examples), and includes the use of simple alkanes, halides, silanes, ketones, esters and nitriles as viable substrates. Notably, unconventional regioselectivity of C(sp3)-H borylation is achieved, with the coupling site of C(sp3)-H borylation selectively located in the distal methyl group. Our method is operationally simple and easily scalable, and offers a feasible approach for the one-step synthesis of high-value organoboron building blocks from simple hydrocarbons, which would provide ample opportunities for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Fu Zhong
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jia-Lin Tu
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yating Zhao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Nan Zhong
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
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9
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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10
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Edgecomb JM, Alektiar SN, Cowper NGW, Sowin JA, Wickens ZK. Ketyl Radical Coupling Enabled by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Electrophotocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20169-20175. [PMID: 37676728 PMCID: PMC10787642 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a new class of electrophotocatalysts, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, that promote the reduction of unactivated carbonyl compounds to generate versatile ketyl radical intermediates. This catalytic platform enables previously challenging intermolecular ketyl radical coupling reactions, including those that classic reductants (e.g., SmI2/HMPA) have failed to promote. More broadly, this study outlines an approach to fundamentally expand the array of reactive radical intermediates that can be generated via electrophotocatalysis by obviating the need for rapid mesolytic cleavage following substrate reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Edgecomb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sara N Alektiar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas G W Cowper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer A Sowin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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11
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Hu X, Tao M, Gong K, Feng Q, Hu X, Li Y, Sun S, Liang D. Electrochemical or Photoelectrochemical Alkenylpolyfluoroalkylation of 3-Aza-1,5-dienes: Regioselective Entry to Polyfluoroalkylated 4-Pyrrolin-2-ones. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12935-12948. [PMID: 37673796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical or photoelectrochemical regioselective polyfluoroalkylation/cyclization cascade of 3-aza-1,5-dienes with sodium fluoroalkanesulfinates is presented. This protocol proceeds with a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance under mild, oxidant-free, transition-metal-free, and electrolyte-free conditions to provide 3-polyfluoroalkylated 4-pyrrolin-2-ones in one step from readily available N-vinylacrylamides, and it is readily scalable to the Gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Hu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Minglin Tao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Kaixing Gong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Qin Feng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Yanni Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Shaoguang Sun
- Medical College, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Deqiang Liang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
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12
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Raymenants F, Masson TM, Sanjosé-Orduna J, Noël T. Efficient C(sp 3 )-H Carbonylation of Light and Heavy Hydrocarbons with Carbon Monoxide via Hydrogen Atom Transfer Photocatalysis in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308563. [PMID: 37459232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite their abundance in organic molecules, considerable limitations still exist in synthetic methods that target the direct C-H functionalization at sp3 -hybridized carbon atoms. This is even more the case for light alkanes, which bear some of the strongest C-H bonds known in Nature, requiring extreme activation conditions that are not tolerant to most organic molecules. To bypass these issues, synthetic chemists rely on prefunctionalized alkyl halides or organometallic coupling partners. However, new synthetic methods that target regioselectively C-H bonds in a variety of different organic scaffolds would be of great added value, not only for the late-stage functionalization of biologically active molecules but also for the catalytic upgrading of cheap and abundant hydrocarbon feedstocks. Here, we describe a general, mild and scalable protocol which enables the direct C(sp3 )-H carbonylation of saturated hydrocarbons, including natural products and light alkanes, using photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and gaseous carbon monoxide (CO). Flow technology was deemed crucial to enable high gas-liquid mass transfer rates and fast reaction kinetics, needed to outpace deleterious reaction pathways, but also to leverage a scalable and safe process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Raymenants
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom M Masson
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús Sanjosé-Orduna
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Lai XL, Xu HC. Photoelectrochemical Asymmetric Catalysis Enables Enantioselective Heteroarylcyanation of Alkenes via C-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18753-18759. [PMID: 37581933 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric difunctionalization of alkenes, a method transforming readily accessible alkenes into enantioenriched chiral structures of high value, has long been a focal point of organic synthesis. Despite tremendous efforts in this domain, it remains a considerable challenge to devise enantioselective oxidative dicarbofunctionalization of alkenes, even though these transformations can utilize stable and unfunctionalized functional group donors. In this context, we report herein a photoelectrocatalytic method for the enantioselective heteroarylcyanation of aryl alkenes, which employs unfunctionalized heteroarenes through C-H functionalization. The photoelectrochemical asymmetric catalysis (PEAC) method combines photoredox catalysis and asymmetric electrocatalysis to facilitate the formation of two C-C bonds operating via hydrogen (H2) evolution and obviating the need for external chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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14
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Zhang Y, Sun X, Su JH, Li T, Du C, Li K, Sun Q, Zha Z, Wang Z. Switchable Direct Oxygenative Arylation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds via Electrophotocatalysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:5067-5072. [PMID: 37387463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free electrophotochemical C(sp3)-H arylation was developed under mild conditions. This method enables a switchable synthesis of diaryl alcohols and diaryl alkanes from inactive benzylic carbons. More importantly, a cheap and safe mediator N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) was developed, which was employed for the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process of the benzylic C-H bond. In addition, this active radical was captured and identified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ji-Hu Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tong Li
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chengbin Du
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kuiliang Li
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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15
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Maiti D, Saha A, Guin S, Maiti D, Sen S. Unveiling catalyst-free electro-photochemical reactivity of aryl diazoesters and facile synthesis of oxazoles, imide-fused pyrroles and tetrahydro-epoxy-pyridines via carbene radical anions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6216-6225. [PMID: 37325143 PMCID: PMC10266477 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00089c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a reagent-less (devoid of catalyst, supporting electrolyte, oxidant and reductant) electro-photochemical (EPC) reaction [electricity (50 μA) and blue LED (5 W)] of aryl diazoesters to generate radical anions which are subsequently reacted with acetonitrile or propionitrile and maleimides to generate diversely substituted oxazoles, diastereo-selective imide-fused pyrroles and tetrahydroepoxy-pyridines in good to excellent yield. Thorough mechanistic investigation including a 'biphasic e-cell' experiment supports the reaction mechanism involving a carbene radical anion. The tetrahydroepoxy-pyridines could be fluently converted to fused pyridines resembling vitamin B6 derivatives. The source of the electric current in the EPC reaction could be a simple cell phone charger. The reaction was efficiently scaled up to the gram level. Crystal structure, 1D, 2D NMRs and HRMS data confirmed the product structures. This report demonstrates a unique generation of radical anions via electro-photochemistry and their direct applications in the synthesis of important heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajit Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University Chithera, Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar UP 201314 India
| | - Argha Saha
- Department of Chemistry, IIT-Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 MH India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, IIT-Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 MH India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, IIT-Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 MH India
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University Chithera, Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar UP 201314 India
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16
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Qian L, Shi M. Contemporary photoelectrochemical strategies and reactions in organic synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3487-3506. [PMID: 36857689 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00437f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of organic synthetic chemistry, a variety of organic synthetic methods have been discovered and applied in practical production. Photochemistry and electrochemistry have been widely used in organic synthesis recently due to their advantages such as mild conditions and green and environmental protection and have now been developed into two of the most massive synthetic strategies in the field of organic synthesis. In order to further enhance the potential of photochemistry and electrochemistry and to overcome the limitations of each, organic synthetic chemists have worked to combine the two synthetic strategies together to develop photoelectrochemistry as a new synthetic method. Photoelectrochemistry achieves the complementary advantages and disadvantages of photochemistry and electrochemistry, avoids the problem of using stoichiometric oxidants or reductants in photochemistry and easy dimerization in electrochemistry, generates highly reactive reaction intermediates under mild conditions, and achieves reactions that are difficult to accomplish by single photochemistry or electrochemistry. This review summarizes the research progress in the field of photoelectrochemistry from the perspective of photoelectro-chemical catalysts in recent years, analyzes the catalytic mechanism of various catalysts in detail, and gives a brief outlook on the research direction and development prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.
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17
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Nguyen K, Nguyen V, Tran H, Pham P. Organo-photocatalytic C-H bond oxidation: an operationally simple and scalable method to prepare ketones with ambient air. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7168-7178. [PMID: 36891491 PMCID: PMC9986805 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative C-H functionalization with O2 is a sustainable strategy to convert feedstock-like chemicals into valuable products. Nevertheless, eco-friendly O2-utilizing chemical processes, which are scalable yet operationally simple, are challenging to develop. Here, we report our efforts, via organo-photocatalysis, in devising such protocols for catalytic C-H bond oxidation of alcohols and alkylbenzenes to ketones using ambient air as the oxidant. The protocols employed tetrabutylammonium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate as the organic photocatalyst which is readily available from a scalable ion exchange of inexpensive salts and is easy to separate from neutral organic products. Cobalt(ii) acetylacetonate was found to be greatly instrumental to oxidation of alcohols and therefore was included as an additive in evaluating the alcohol scope. The protocols employed a nontoxic solvent, could accommodate a variety of functional groups, and were readily scaled to 500 mmol scale in a simple batch setting using round-bottom flasks and ambient air. A preliminary mechanistic study of C-H bond oxidation of alcohols supported the validity of one possible mechanistic pathway, nested in a more complex network of potential pathways, in which the anthraquinone form - the oxidized form - of the photocatalyst activates alcohols and the anthrahydroquinone form - the relevant reduced form of the photocatalyst - activates O2. A detailed mechanism, which reflected such a pathway and was consistent with previously accepted mechanisms, was proposed to account for formation of ketones from aerobic C-H bond oxidation of both alcohols and alkylbenzenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ky Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Van Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Hieu Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Phong Pham
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi Vietnam
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18
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Wan Q, Hou ZW, Zhao XR, Xie X, Wang L. Organoelectrophotocatalytic C-H Silylation of Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:1008-1013. [PMID: 36735345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An organoelectrophotocatalytic approach for the C-H silylation of heteroarenes through dehydrogenation cross-coupling with H2 evolution has been developed. The organoelectrophotocatalytic strategy is carried out under a simple and efficient monocatalytic system by employing 9,10-phenanthrenequinone both as an organocatalyst and as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagent, which avoids the need for an external HAT reagent, an oxidant, or a metal reagent. A variety of heteroarenes can be compatible in satisfactory yields with excellent regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhui Wan
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Ru Zhao
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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19
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Shen T, Li YL, Ye KY, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalytic oxygenation of multiple adjacent C-H bonds. Nature 2023; 614:275-280. [PMID: 36473497 PMCID: PMC10436356 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen-containing functional groups are nearly ubiquitous in complex small molecules. The installation of multiple C-O bonds by the concurrent oxygenation of contiguous C-H bonds in a selective fashion would be highly desirable but has largely been the purview of biosynthesis. Multiple, concurrent C-H bond oxygenation reactions by synthetic means presents a challenge1-6, particularly because of the risk of overoxidation. Here we report the selective oxygenation of two or three contiguous C-H bonds by dehydrogenation and oxygenation, enabling the conversion of simple alkylarenes or trifluoroacetamides to their corresponding di- or triacetoxylates. The method achieves such transformations by the repeated operation of a potent oxidative catalyst, but under conditions that are sufficiently selective to avoid destructive overoxidation. These reactions are achieved using electrophotocatalysis7, a process that harnesses the energy of both light and electricity to promote chemical reactions. Notably, the judicious choice of acid allows for the selective synthesis of either di- or trioxygenated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi-Lun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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20
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Yuan Y, Yang J, Zhang J. Cu-catalyzed enantioselective decarboxylative cyanation via the synergistic merger of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:705-710. [PMID: 36741520 PMCID: PMC9847662 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05428k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an efficient and straightforward method for decarboxylative coupling using common alkyl carboxylic acid is of great value. However, decarboxylative coupling with nucleophiles always needs stoichiometric chemical oxidants or substrate prefunctionalization. Herein, we report a protocol for Cu-catalyzed enantioselective decarboxylative cyanation via the merger of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. CeCl3 and Cu/BOX were used as co-catalysts to promote the decarboxylation and cyanation, and both catalysts were regenerated via anodic oxidation. This method establishes a proof of concept enantioselective transformation via photoelectrocatalysis. Studies by DFT calculations provided mechanistic insight on enantioselectivity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University2005 Songhu RoadShanghai200438P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University2005 Songhu RoadShanghai200438P. R. China,Fudan Zhangjiang InstituteShanghai 201203P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University2005 Songhu RoadShanghai200438P. R. China
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21
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Yang K, Wang Y, Luo S, Fu N. Electrophotochemical Metal-Catalyzed Enantioselective Decarboxylative Cyanation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203962. [PMID: 36638008 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the rapid growth of electrophotocatalysis in recent years, enantioselective catalytic reactions powered by this unique methodology remain rare. In this work, we report an electrophotochemical metal-catalyzed protocol for direct asymmetric decarboxylative cyanation of aliphatic carboxylic acids. The synergistic merging of electrophotochemical cerium catalysis and asymmetric electrochemical copper catalysis permits mild reaction conditions for the formation and utilization of the key carbon centered radicals by combining the power of light and electrical energy. Electrophotochemical cerium catalysis enables radical decarboxylation to produce alkyl radicals, which could be effectively intercepted by asymmetric electrochemical copper catalysis for the construction of C-CN bonds in a highly stereoselective fashion. This environmentally benign method smoothly converts a diverse array of arylacetic acids into the corresponding alkyl nitriles in good yields and enantioselectivities without using chemical oxidants or pre-functionalization of the acid substrates and can be readily scaled up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yukang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
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22
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Yao H, Sherer EC, Lu M, Small J, Martin GE, Lam YH, Chen Q, Helmy R, Liu Y, Chen H. One-Step Regio- and Stereoselective Electrochemical Synthesis of Orexin Receptor Antagonist Oxidative Metabolites. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15011-15021. [PMID: 36322780 PMCID: PMC10512451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of drug metabolites, which often have complex structures, is an integral step in the evaluation of drug candidate metabolism, pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, and safety profiles. Frequently, such synthetic endeavors entail arduous, multiple-step de novo synthetic routes. Herein, we present the one-step Shono-type electrochemical synthesis of milligrams of chiral α-hydroxyl amide metabolites of two orexin receptor antagonists, MK-8133 and MK-6096, as revealed by a small-scale (pico- to nano-mole level) reaction screening using a lab-built online electrochemistry (EC)/mass spectrometry (MS) (EC/MS) platform. The electrochemical oxidation of MK-8133 and MK-6096 was conducted in aqueous media and found to produce the corresponding α-piperidinols with exclusive regio- and stereoselectivity, as confirmed by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of products. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the exceptional regio- and stereoselectivity for this electrochemical oxidation are governed by more favorable energetics of the transition state, leading to the preferred secondary carbon radical α to the amide group and subsequent steric hindrance associated with the U-shaped conformation of the cation derived from the secondary α-carbon radical, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yao
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Edward C. Sherer
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Mei Lu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - James Small
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Gary E. Martin
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Qinghao Chen
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Roy Helmy
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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23
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Evolution of BODIPY/aza-BODIPY dyes for organic photoredox/energy transfer catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Lai XL, Chen M, Wang Y, Song J, Xu HC. Photoelectrochemical Asymmetric Catalysis Enables Direct and Enantioselective Decarboxylative Cyanation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20201-20206. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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25
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Wang Y, Zhao Z, Pan D, Wang S, Jia K, Ma D, Yang G, Xue X, Qiu Y. Metal‐Free Electrochemical Carboxylation of Organic Halides in the Presence of Catalytic Amounts of an Organomediator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210201. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Deng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Kangping Jia
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dengke Ma
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Guoqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiao‐Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
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26
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Photoelectrochemical asymmetric catalysis enables site- and enantioselective cyanation of benzylic C–H bonds. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Wang Y, Tang S, Yang G, Wang S, Ma D, Qiu Y. Electrocarboxylation of Aryl Epoxides with CO
2
for the Facile and Selective Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207746. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shunyao Tang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Guoqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dengke Ma
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
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28
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Wang Y, Zhao Z, Pan D, Wang S, Jia K, Ma D, Yang G, Xue XS, Qiu Y. Metal‐Free Electrochemical Carboxylation of Organic Halides in the Presence of Catalytic Amounts of an Organomediator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Wang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Deng Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry CHINA
| | - Siyi Wang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Dengke Ma
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry CHINA
| | - Youai Qiu
- Nankai University College of Chemistry 94 Weijin Road 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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29
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Wang Y, Li L, Fu N. Electrophotochemical Decarboxylative Azidation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liubo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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30
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Archer G, Cavalère P, Médebielle M, Merad J. Photoredox Generation of Isothiouronyl Radical Cations: A New Platform in Covalent Radical Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205596. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaétan Archer
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bat. Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Pierre Cavalère
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bat. Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bat. Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Jérémy Merad
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bat. Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
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31
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Wang Y, Tang S, Yang G, Wang S, Ma D, Qiu Y. Electrocarboxylation of Aryl Epoxides with CO2 for the Facile and Selective Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Wang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | | | - Siyi Wang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Dengke Ma
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Youai Qiu
- Nankai University College of Chemistry 94 Weijin Road 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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32
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Huang H, Steiniger KA, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalysis: Combining Light and Electricity to Catalyze Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12567-12583. [PMID: 35816101 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalysis and electrocatalysis are two powerful strategies for the promotion of chemical reactions that have received tremendous attention in recent years. In contrast, processes that combine these two modalities, an area termed electrophotocatalysis, have until recently remained quite rare. However, over the past several years a number of reports in this area have shown the potential of combining the power of light and electrical energy to realize new catalytic transformations. Electrophotocatalysis offers the ability to perform photoredox reactions without the need for large quantities of stoichiometric or superstoichiometric chemical oxidants or reductants by making use of an electrochemical potential as the electron source or sink. In addition, electrophotocatalysis is readily amenable to the generation of open-shell photocatalysts, which tend to have exceptionally strong redox potentials. In this way, potent yet selective redox reactions have been realized under relatively mild conditions. This Perspective highlights recent advances in the area of electrophotocatalysis and provides some possible avenues for future work in this growing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Keri A Steiniger
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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33
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Archer G, Cavalère P, Médebielle M, Merad J. Photoredox Generation of Isothiouronyl Radical Cations: A New Platform in Covalent Radical Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaétan Archer
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bat. Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Pierre Cavalère
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bat. Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bat. Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Jérémy Merad
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bat. Lederer 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
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34
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Glaser F, Wenger OS. Red Light-Based Dual Photoredox Strategy Resembling the Z-Scheme of Natural Photosynthesis. JACS AU 2022; 2:1488-1503. [PMID: 35783177 PMCID: PMC9241018 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis typically relies on the use of single chromophores, whereas strategies, in which two different light absorbers are combined, are rare. In photosystems I and II of green plants, the two separate chromophores P680 and P700 both absorb light independently of one another, and then their excitation energy is combined in the so-called Z-scheme, to drive an overall reaction that is thermodynamically very demanding. Here, we adapt this concept to perform photoredox reactions on organic substrates with the combined energy input of two red photons instead of blue or UV light. Specifically, a CuI bis(α-diimine) complex in combination with in situ formed 9,10-dicyanoanthracenyl radical anion in the presence of excess diisopropylethylamine catalyzes ca. 50 dehalogenation and detosylation reactions. This dual photoredox approach seems useful because red light is less damaging and has a greater penetration depth than blue or UV radiation. UV-vis transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that the subtle change in solvent from acetonitrile to acetone induces a changeover in the reaction mechanism, involving either a dominant photoinduced electron transfer or a dominant triplet-triplet energy transfer pathway. Our study illustrates the mechanistic complexity in systems operating under multiphotonic excitation conditions, and it provides insights into how the competition between desirable and unwanted reaction steps can become more controllable.
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35
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Jeong DY, Lee DS, Lee HL, Nah S, Lee JY, Cho EJ, You Y. Evidence and Governing Factors of the Radical-Ion Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yeun Jeong
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Seul Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Lim Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Nah
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin You
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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36
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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37
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Meng J, Li C, Sun K. Research Progress of Photoelectric Co-catalysis. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202106051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Wang Z, Ma C, Fang P, Xu H, Mei T. Advances in Organic Electrochemical Synthesis. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22060260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Chinn AJ, Sedillo K, Doyle AG. Phosphine/Photoredox Catalyzed Anti-Markovnikov Hydroamination of Olefins with Primary Sulfonamides via α-Scission from Phosphoranyl Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18331-18338. [PMID: 34672192 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
New strategies to access radicals from common feedstock chemicals hold the potential to broadly impact synthetic chemistry. We report a dual phosphine and photoredox catalytic system that enables direct formation of sulfonamidyl radicals from primary sulfonamides. Mechanistic investigations support that the N-centered radical is generated via α-scission of the P-N bond of a phosphoranyl radical intermediate, formed by sulfonamide nucleophilic addition to a phosphine radical cation. As compared to the recently well-explored β-scission chemistry of phosphoranyl radicals, this strategy is applicable to activation of N-based nucleophiles and is catalytic in phosphine. We highlight application of this activation strategy to an intermolecular anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of unactivated olefins with primary sulfonamides. A range of structurally diverse secondary sulfonamides can be prepared in good to excellent yields under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Chinn
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Kassandra Sedillo
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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40
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Tian X, Karl TA, Reiter S, Yakubov S, de Vivie‐Riedle R, König B, Barham JP. Electro-mediated PhotoRedox Catalysis for Selective C(sp 3 )-O Cleavages of Phosphinated Alcohols to Carbanions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20817-20825. [PMID: 34165861 PMCID: PMC8518744 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel example of electro-mediated photoredox catalysis (e-PRC) in the reductive cleavage of C(sp3 )-O bonds of phosphinated alcohols to alkyl carbanions. As well as deoxygenations, olefinations are reported which are E-selective and can be made Z-selective in a tandem reduction/photosensitization process where both steps are photoelectrochemically promoted. Spectroscopy, computation, and catalyst structural variations reveal that our new naphthalene monoimide-type catalyst allows for an intimate dispersive precomplexation of its radical anion form with the phosphinate substrate, facilitating a reactivity-determining C(sp3 )-O cleavage. Surprisingly and in contrast to previously reported photoexcited radical anion chemistries, our conditions tolerate aryl chlorides/bromides and do not give rise to Birch-type reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
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41
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Abstract
Chemical reactions that occur at nanostructured electrodes have garnered widespread interest because of their potential applications in fields including nanotechnology, green chemistry and fundamental physical organic chemistry. Much of our present understanding of these reactions comes from probes that interrogate ensembles of molecules undergoing various stages of the transformation concurrently. Exquisite control over single-molecule reactivity lets us construct new molecules and further our understanding of nanoscale chemical phenomena. We can study single molecules using instruments such as the scanning tunnelling microscope, which can additionally be part of a mechanically controlled break junction. These are unique tools that can offer a high level of detail. They probe the electronic conductance of individual molecules and catalyse chemical reactions by establishing environments with reactive metal sites on nanoscale electrodes. This Review describes how chemical reactions involving bond cleavage and formation can be triggered at nanoscale electrodes and studied one molecule at a time.
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42
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Tian X, Karl TA, Reiter S, Yakubov S, Vivie‐Riedle R, König B, Barham JP. Electro‐mediated PhotoRedox Catalysis for Selective C(sp
3
)–O Cleavages of Phosphinated Alcohols to Carbanions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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43
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44
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Novaes LFT, Liu J, Shen Y, Lu L, Meinhardt JM, Lin S. Electrocatalysis as an enabling technology for organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7941-8002. [PMID: 34060564 PMCID: PMC8294342 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has recently gained increased attention as a versatile strategy for achieving challenging transformations at the forefront of synthetic organic chemistry. Electrochemistry's unique ability to generate highly reactive radical and radical ion intermediates in a controlled fashion under mild conditions has inspired the development of a number of new electrochemical methodologies for the preparation of valuable chemical motifs. Particularly, recent developments in electrosynthesis have featured an increased use of redox-active electrocatalysts to further enhance control over the selective formation and downstream reactivity of these reactive intermediates. Furthermore, electrocatalytic mediators enable synthetic transformations to proceed in a manner that is mechanistically distinct from purely chemical methods, allowing for the subversion of kinetic and thermodynamic obstacles encountered in conventional organic synthesis. This review highlights key innovations within the past decade in the area of synthetic electrocatalysis, with emphasis on the mechanisms and catalyst design principles underpinning these advancements. A host of oxidative and reductive electrocatalytic methodologies are discussed and are grouped according to the classification of the synthetic transformation and the nature of the electrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F T Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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45
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Liu J, Guðmundsson A, Bäckvall J. Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of Organic Molecules by Multistep Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University 410082 Changsha China
- Department of Organic Chemistry Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Arnar Guðmundsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jan‐E. Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Natural Sciences Mid Sweden University Holmgatan 10 SE-85170 Sundsvall Sweden
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46
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Liu J, Guðmundsson A, Bäckvall JE. Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of Organic Molecules by Multistep Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15686-15704. [PMID: 33368909 PMCID: PMC9545650 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This Minireview presents recent important homogenous aerobic oxidative reactions which are assisted by electron transfer mediators (ETMs). Compared with direct oxidation by molecular oxygen (O2), the use of a coupled catalyst system with ETMs leads to a lower overall energy barrier via stepwise electron transfer. This cooperative catalytic process significantly facilitates the transport of electrons from the reduced form of the substrate‐selective redox catalyst (SSRCred) to O2, thereby increasing the efficiency of the aerobic oxidation. In this Minireview, we have summarized the advances accomplished in recent years in transition‐metal‐catalyzed as well as metal‐free aerobic oxidations of organic molecules in the presence of ETMs. In addition, the recent progress of photochemical and electrochemical oxidative functionalization using ETMs and O2 as the terminal oxidant is also highlighted. Furthermore, the mechanisms of these transformations are showcased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arnar Guðmundsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-E Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, SE-85170, Sundsvall, Sweden
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47
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Shen T, Lambert TH. C-H Amination via Electrophotocatalytic Ritter-type Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8597-8602. [PMID: 34076424 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for C-H bond amination via an electrophotocatalytic Ritter-type reaction is described. The reaction is catalyzed by a trisaminocyclopropenium (TAC) ion in an electrochemical cell under irradiation. These conditions convert benzylic C-H bonds to acetamides without the use of a stoichiometric chemical oxidant. A range of functionality is shown to be compatible with this transformation, and several complex substrates are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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48
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Abstract
A method for the acetoxyhydroxylation of olefins with syn stereoselectivity under electrophotocatalytic conditions is described. The procedure uses a trisaminocyclopropenium (TAC) ion catalyst with visible light irradiation under a controlled electrochemical potential to convert aryl olefins to the corresponding glycol monoesters with high chemo- and diastereoselectivity. This reaction can be performed in batch or in flow, enabling multigram synthesis of the monoester products.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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49
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Huang H, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalytic C-H Heterofunctionalization of Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11163-11167. [PMID: 33661562 PMCID: PMC8099024 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The electrophotocatalytic heterofunctionalization of arenes is described. Using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanoquinone (DDQ) under a mild electrochemical potential with visible-light irradiation, arenes undergo oxidant-free hydroxylation, alkoxylation, and amination with high chemoselectivity. In addition to batch reactions, an electrophotocatalytic recirculating flow process is demonstrated, enabling the conversion of benzene to phenol on a gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 122 Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 122 Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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50
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Kong R, Fu T, Yang R, Chen D, Liang D, Dong Y, Li W, Wang B. 4‐Nitroanisole Facilitates Proton Reduction: Visible Light‐Induced Oxidative Aryltrifluoromethylation of Alkenes with Hydrogen Evolution. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kunming University 2 Puxin Road, Kunming Yunnan Province 650214 Kunming P. R. China
| | - Tingfeng Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kunming University 2 Puxin Road, Kunming Yunnan Province 650214 Kunming P. R. China
| | - Ruihan Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kunming University 2 Puxin Road, Kunming Yunnan Province 650214 Kunming P. R. China
| | - Danna Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kunming University 2 Puxin Road, Kunming Yunnan Province 650214 Kunming P. R. China
| | - Deqiang Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kunming University 2 Puxin Road, Kunming Yunnan Province 650214 Kunming P. R. China
| | - Ying Dong
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Shandong Normal University Jinan Shandong Province 250014 P. R. China
| | - Weili Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kunming University 2 Puxin Road, Kunming Yunnan Province 650214 Kunming P. R. China
| | - Baoling Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kunming University 2 Puxin Road, Kunming Yunnan Province 650214 Kunming P. R. China
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