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Zheng Y, Chen C, Lu Y, Huang S. Recent advances in electrochemically enabled construction of indoles from non-indole-based substrates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8516-8525. [PMID: 39036971 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Indole motifs are important heterocycles found in natural products, pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, and materials. Although there are well-established classical name reactions for indole synthesis, these transformations often require harsh reaction conditions, have a limited substrate scope, and exhibit poor regioselectivity. As a result, organic synthesis chemists have been exploring efficient and practical methods, leading to numerous strategies for synthesizing a variety of functionalized indoles. In recent years, electrochemistry has emerged as an environmentally friendly and sustainable synthetic tool, with widespread applications in organic synthesis. This technology allows for elegant synthetic routes to be developed for the construction of indoles under external oxidant-free conditions. This feature article specifically focuses on recent advancements in indole synthesis from non-indole-based substrates, as well as the mechanisms underlying these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Chunxi Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yanju Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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2
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Yamamoto K, Arita K, Kuriyama M, Onomura O. Transition-metal-catalyst-free electroreductive alkene hydroarylation with aryl halides under visible-light irradiation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1327-1333. [PMID: 38887578 PMCID: PMC11181238 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The radical hydroarylation of alkenes is an efficient strategy for accessing linear alkylarenes with high regioselectivity. Herein, we report the electroreductive hydroarylation of electron-deficient alkenes and styrene derivatives using (hetero)aryl halides under mild reaction conditions. Notably, the present hydroarylation proceeded with high efficiency under transition-metal-catalyst-free conditions. The key to success is the use of 1,3-dicyanobenzene as a redox mediator and visible-light irradiation, which effectively suppresses the formation of simple reduction, i.e., hydrodehalogenation, products to afford the desired products in good to high yields. Mechanistic investigations proposed that a reductive radical-polar crossover pathway is likely to be involved in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Arita
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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3
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Wan Q, Wu XD, Hou ZW, Ma Y, Wang L. Organophotoelectrocatalytic C(sp 2)-H alkylation of heteroarenes with unactivated C(sp 3)-H compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5502-5505. [PMID: 38699797 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
An organophotoelectrocatalytic method for the C(sp2)-H alkylation of heteroarenes with unactivated C(sp3)-H compounds through dehydrogenation cross-coupling has been developed. The C(sp2)-H alkylation combines organic catalysis, photochemistry and electrochemistry, avoiding the need for external metal-reagents, HAT-reagents, and oxidants. This protocol exhibits good substrate tolerance and functional group compatibility, providing a straightforward and powerful pathway to access a variety of alkylated heteroarenes under green conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhui Wan
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Xia-Die Wu
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Yongmin Ma
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, P. R. China.
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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4
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He H, Pan CM, Hou ZW, Sun M, Wang L. Organocatalyzed Photoelectrochemistry for the Generation of Acyl and Phosphoryl Radicals through Hydrogen Atom-Transfer Process. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38761155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
An organocatalyzed photoelectrochemical method for the generation of acyl and phosphoryl radicals from formamides, aldehydes, and phosphine oxides has been developed. This protocol utilizes 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) as both a molecular catalyst and a hydrogen atom-transfer (HAT) reagent, eliminating the requirement for external metal-based reagents, HAT reagents, and oxidants. The generated acyl radicals can be applied to a range of radical-mediated transformation reactions, including C-H carbamoylation of heteroarenes, intermolecular tandem radical cyclization of CF3-substituted N-arylacrylamides, as well as intramolecular cyclization reactions. The use of acyl radicals in these transformations offers an efficient and sustainable approach to accessing structurally diverse carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Mi Pan
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Manman Sun
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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5
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Kang WJ, Zhang Y, Li B, Guo H. Electrophotocatalytic hydrogenation of imines and reductive functionalization of aryl halides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:655. [PMID: 38253534 PMCID: PMC10803379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The open-shell catalytically active species, like radical cations or radical anions, generated by one-electron transfer of precatalysts are widely used in energy-consuming redox reactions, but their excited-state lifetimes are usually short. Here, a closed-shell thioxanthone-hydrogen anion species (3), which can be photochemically converted to a potent and long-lived reductant, is generated under electrochemical conditions, enabling the electrophotocatalytic hydrogenation. Notably, TfOH can regulate the redox potential of the active species in this system. In the presence of TfOH, precatalyst (1) reduction can occur at low potential, so that competitive H2 evolution can be inhibited, thus effectively promoting the hydrogenation of imines. In the absence of TfOH, the reducing ability of the system can reach a potency even comparable to that of Na0 or Li0, thereby allowing the hydrogenation, borylation, stannylation and (hetero)arylation of aryl halides to construct C-H, C-B, C-Sn, and C-C bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China.
| | - Bo Li
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91106, USA.
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, P.R. China.
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6
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Yavari I, Shaabanzadeh S, Ghafouri K. Scalable Diastereoselective Electrosynthesis of Spiro[benzofuran-2,2'-furan]-3-ones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:425-432. [PMID: 38085534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Spirobenzofuran scaffolds, because of their three-dimensional structure, are incorporated into several valuable natural products and drug candidate molecules. Herein, with the assistance of electrosynthesis, we introduce a novel electrochemical approach for achieving spirobenzofurans in a user-friendly and operationally simple undivided cell setup under constant current. This metal-catalyst-free electrochemical procedure afforded spiro[benzofuran-2,2'-furan]-3-ones with high diastereoselectivity. Compatibility with gram-scale synthesis along with the convenient accessibility of reaction instruments and starting materials collectively raised the importance of this protocol compared to previous challenging methods. Furthermore, mechanistic cognizance of this reaction is obtained by the investigation of the cyclic voltammetry spectra of reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Yavari
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran 1463694571, Iran
| | - Sina Shaabanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran 1463694571, Iran
| | - Kiyana Ghafouri
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran 1463694571, Iran
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7
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Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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8
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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9
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He H, Wan Q, Hou ZW, Zhou Q, Wang L. Organoelectrophotocatalytic Generation of Acyl Radicals from Formamides and Aldehydes: Access to Acylated 3-CF 3-2-Oxindoles. Org Lett 2023; 25:7014-7019. [PMID: 37721400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Organoelectrophotocatalytic generation of acyl radicals from formamides and aldehydes to synthesize acylated 3-CF3-2-oxindoles has been developed. This protocol features a monocatalytic system using 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) both as a catalyst and as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagent, which avoids the use of an external HAT reagent, metal reagent, and oxidant. A variety of acylated 3-CF3-2-oxindoles have been obtained in satisfactory yields from CF3-substituted N-arylacrylamides via a tandem radical cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Qinhui Wan
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China
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10
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Lai XL, Xu HC. Photoelectrochemical Asymmetric Catalysis Enables Enantioselective Heteroarylcyanation of Alkenes via C-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18753-18759. [PMID: 37581933 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric difunctionalization of alkenes, a method transforming readily accessible alkenes into enantioenriched chiral structures of high value, has long been a focal point of organic synthesis. Despite tremendous efforts in this domain, it remains a considerable challenge to devise enantioselective oxidative dicarbofunctionalization of alkenes, even though these transformations can utilize stable and unfunctionalized functional group donors. In this context, we report herein a photoelectrocatalytic method for the enantioselective heteroarylcyanation of aryl alkenes, which employs unfunctionalized heteroarenes through C-H functionalization. The photoelectrochemical asymmetric catalysis (PEAC) method combines photoredox catalysis and asymmetric electrocatalysis to facilitate the formation of two C-C bonds operating via hydrogen (H2) evolution and obviating the need for external chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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11
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Velasco-Rubio Á, Martínez-Balart P, Álvarez-Constantino AM, Fañanás-Mastral M. C-C bond formation via photocatalytic direct functionalization of simple alkanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9424-9444. [PMID: 37417212 PMCID: PMC10392964 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02790b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of alkanes represents a very important challenge in the goal to develop more atom-efficient and clean C-C bond forming reactions. These processes, however, are hampered by the low reactivity of the aliphatic C-H bonds. Photocatalytic processes based on hydrogen atom transfer C-H bond activation strategies have become a useful tool to activate and functionalize these inert compounds. In this article, we summarize the main achievements in this field applied to the development of C-C bond forming reactions, and we discuss the key mechanistic features that enable these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Velasco-Rubio
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Pol Martínez-Balart
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Andrés M Álvarez-Constantino
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Martín Fañanás-Mastral
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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12
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Yavari I, Shaabanzadeh S. Migration from Photochemistry to Electrochemistry for [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37289957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclobutane scaffolds are incorporated in several valuable natural and bioactive products. However, non-photochemical ways to synthesize cyclobutanes have scarcely been investigated. Herein, based on the principles of the electrosynthesis technique, we introduce a novel electrochemical approach for attaining cyclobutanes by a simple [2 + 2] cycloaddition of two electron-deficient olefins in the absence of photocatalysts or metal catalysts. This electrochemical strategy provides a suitable condition for synthesizing tetrasubstituted cyclobutanes with a variety of functional groups in good to excellent efficiency, compatible with gram-scale synthesis. In contrast to previous challenging methods, this approach strongly focuses on the convenient accessibility of the reaction instruments and starting materials for preparing cyclobutanes. Readily accessible and inexpensive electrode materials are firm evidence to prove the simplicity of this reaction. In addition, mechanistic insight into the reaction is obtained by investigation of the CV spectra of the reactants. Also, the structure of a product is identified by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Yavari
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box, 14115-175, Tehran 1411713116, Iran
| | - Sina Shaabanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box, 14115-175, Tehran 1411713116, Iran
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13
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Wan Q, Hou ZW, Zhao XR, Xie X, Wang L. Organoelectrophotocatalytic C-H Silylation of Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:1008-1013. [PMID: 36735345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An organoelectrophotocatalytic approach for the C-H silylation of heteroarenes through dehydrogenation cross-coupling with H2 evolution has been developed. The organoelectrophotocatalytic strategy is carried out under a simple and efficient monocatalytic system by employing 9,10-phenanthrenequinone both as an organocatalyst and as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagent, which avoids the need for an external HAT reagent, an oxidant, or a metal reagent. A variety of heteroarenes can be compatible in satisfactory yields with excellent regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhui Wan
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Ru Zhao
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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14
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Yu Y, Zhu XB, Yuan Y, Ye KY. An electrochemical multicomponent reaction toward C-H tetrazolation of alkyl arenes and vicinal azidotetrazolation of alkenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13851-13856. [PMID: 36544744 PMCID: PMC9710211 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05423j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of tetrazoles in medicine, biology, and materials science continuously promotes the development of their efficient and selective syntheses. Despite the prosperous development of multicomponent reactions, the use of the most abundant and inexpensive chemical feedstocks, i.e., alkanes and alkenes, toward the preparation of diverse tetrazoles remains elusive. Herein, we developed an electrochemical multicomponent reaction (e-MCR) for highly efficient and selective C-H tetrazolation of alkyl arenes. When applied to alkenes, the corresponding vicinal azidotetrazoles were readily obtained, which were further demonstrated to be versatile building blocks and potential high-energy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
| | - Xiao-Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350108China
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15
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Fan W, Zhao X, Deng Y, Chen P, Wang F, Liu G. Electrophotocatalytic Decoupled Radical Relay Enables Highly Efficient and Enantioselective Benzylic C–H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21674-21682. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xueyao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunshun Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pinhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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16
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Abstract
Cyclopropenium ions are the smallest class of aromatic compounds, satisfying Hückel's rules of aromaticity with two π electrons within a three-membered ring. First prepared by Breslow in 1957, cyclopropenium ions have been found to possess extraordinary stability despite being both cationic and highly strained. In the 65 years since their first preparation, cyclopropenium ions have been the subject of innumerable studies concerning their synthesis, physical properties, and reactivity. However, prior to our work, the reactivity of these unique carbocations had not been exploited for reaction promotion or catalysis.Over the past 13 years, we have been exploring aromatic ions as unique and versatile building blocks for the development of catalysts for organic chemistry. A major portion of this work has been focused on leveraging the remarkable properties of the smallest of the aromatic ions─cyclopropeniums─as a design element in the invention of highly reactive catalysts. Indeed, because of its unique profile of hydrolytic stability, compact geometry, and relatively easy oxidizability, the cyclopropenium ring has proven to be a highly advantageous construction module for catalyst invention.In this Account, we describe some of our work using cyclopropenium ions as a key element in the design of novel catalysts. First, we discuss our early work aimed at promoting dehydrative reactions, starting with Appel-type chlorodehydrations of alcohols and carboxylic acids, cyclic ether formations, and Beckmann rearrangements and culminating in the realization of catalytic chlorodehydrations of alcohols and a catalytic Mitsunobu-type reaction. Next, we describe the development of cyclopropenimines as strong, neutral organic Brønsted bases and, in particular, the use of chiral cyclopropenimines for enantioselective Brønsted catalysis. We also describe the development of higher-order cyclopropenimine superbases. The use of tris(amino)cyclopropenium (TAC) ions as a novel class of phase-transfer catalysts is discussed for the reaction of epoxides with carbon dioxide. Next, we describe the formation of a cyclopropenone radical cation that has a portion of its spin density on the oxygen atom, leading to some peculiar metal ligand behavior. Finally, we discuss recent work that employs TAC electrophotocatalysts for oxidation reactions. The key intermediate for this chemistry is a TAC radical dication, which as an open-shell photocatalyst has remarkably strong excited-state oxidizing power. We describe the application of this strategy to transformations ranging from the oxidative functionalization of unactivated arenes to the regioselective derivatization of ethers, C-H aminations, vicinal C-H diaminations, and finally aryl olefin dioxygenations. Collectively, these catalytic platforms demonstrate the utility of charged aromatic rings, and cyclopropenium ions in particular, to enable unique advances in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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17
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Photoelectrochemical asymmetric catalysis enables site- and enantioselective cyanation of benzylic C–H bonds. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Huang H, Lambert TH. Regiodivergent Electrophotocatalytic Aminooxygenation of Aryl Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18803-18809. [PMID: 36194776 PMCID: PMC10405276 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A method for the regiodivergent aminooxygenation of aryl olefins under electrophotocatalytic conditions is described. The procedure employs a trisaminocyclopropenium (TAC) ion catalyst with visible light irradiation under a controlled electrochemical potential to convert aryl olefins to the corresponding oxazolines with high chemo- and diastereoselectivity. With the judicious choice between two inexpensive and abundant reagents, namely water and urethane, either 2-amino-1-ol or 1-amino-2-ol derivatives could be prepared from the same substrate. This method is amenable to multigram synthesis of the oxazoline products with low catalyst loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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19
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Karjule N, Phatake RS, Barzilai S, Mondal B, Azoulay A, Shames AI, Volokh M, Albero J, García H, Shalom M. Photoelectrochemical alcohols oxidation over polymeric carbon nitride photoanodes with simultaneous H 2 production. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:16585-16594. [PMID: 36091884 PMCID: PMC9365238 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta03660f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The photoelectrochemical oxidation of organic molecules into valuable chemicals is a promising technology, but its development is hampered by the poor stability of photoanodic materials in aqueous solutions, low faradaic efficiency, low product selectivity, and a narrow working pH range. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of value-added aldehydes and carboxylic acids with clean hydrogen (H2) production in water using a photoelectrochemical cell based solely on polymeric carbon nitride (CN) as the photoanode. Isotope labeling measurements and DFT calculations reveal a preferential adsorption of benzyl alcohol and molecular oxygen to the CN layer, enabling fast proton abstraction and oxygen reduction, which leads to the synthesis of an aldehyde at the first step. Further oxidation affords the corresponding acid. The CN photoanode exhibits excellent stability (>40 h) and activity for the oxidation of a wide range of substituted benzyl alcohols with high yield, selectivity (up to 99%), and faradaic efficiency (>90%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Karjule
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Ravindra S Phatake
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Shmuel Barzilai
- Department of Chemistry, Nuclear Research Centre-Negev P.O. Box 9001 Beer-Sheva 84910 Israel
| | - Biswajit Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Adi Azoulay
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Alexander I Shames
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Michael Volokh
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Josep Albero
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química (ITQ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Avda. de Los Narajos s/n Valencia 46022 Spain
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química (ITQ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Avda. de Los Narajos s/n Valencia 46022 Spain
| | - Menny Shalom
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
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20
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Huang H, Steiniger KA, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalysis: Combining Light and Electricity to Catalyze Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12567-12583. [PMID: 35816101 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalysis and electrocatalysis are two powerful strategies for the promotion of chemical reactions that have received tremendous attention in recent years. In contrast, processes that combine these two modalities, an area termed electrophotocatalysis, have until recently remained quite rare. However, over the past several years a number of reports in this area have shown the potential of combining the power of light and electrical energy to realize new catalytic transformations. Electrophotocatalysis offers the ability to perform photoredox reactions without the need for large quantities of stoichiometric or superstoichiometric chemical oxidants or reductants by making use of an electrochemical potential as the electron source or sink. In addition, electrophotocatalysis is readily amenable to the generation of open-shell photocatalysts, which tend to have exceptionally strong redox potentials. In this way, potent yet selective redox reactions have been realized under relatively mild conditions. This Perspective highlights recent advances in the area of electrophotocatalysis and provides some possible avenues for future work in this growing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Keri A Steiniger
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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21
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Xiao W, Wu J. Recent advance in carbocation-catalyzed reactions. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Jeong DY, Lee DS, Lee HL, Nah S, Lee JY, Cho EJ, You Y. Evidence and Governing Factors of the Radical-Ion Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yeun Jeong
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Seul Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Lim Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Nah
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin You
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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23
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Bi H, Zhou Y, Jiang W, Liu J. Electrophotocatalytic C−H Hydroxyalkylation of Heteroaromatics with Aldehydes. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huihua Bi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology Hunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology Hunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology Hunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology Hunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
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24
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Antol I, Glasovac Z, Murata Y, Hashikawa Y, Margetić D. Consecutive Utilization of Mechanochemical and Microwave Methods for the Synthesis of Boc‐2‐amino‐quinazolin‐4(3
H
)‐ones and DFT Study of Mechanism 6π‐Diazaelectrocyclization Process. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Antol
- Laboratory for physical organic chemistry Division of organic chemistry and Biochemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Zoran Glasovac
- Laboratory for physical organic chemistry Division of organic chemistry and Biochemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Structural Organic Chemistry Laboratory Department Division of Synthetic Chemistry Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Structural Organic Chemistry Laboratory Department Division of Synthetic Chemistry Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Davor Margetić
- Laboratory for physical organic chemistry Division of organic chemistry and Biochemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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25
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Wu S, Kaur J, Karl TA, Tian X, Barham JP. Synthetische molekulare Photoelektrochemie: neue synthetische Anwendungen, mechanistische Einblicke und Möglichkeiten zur Skalierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Xianhai Tian
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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26
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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28
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Meng J, Li C, Sun K. Research Progress of Photoelectric Co-catalysis. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202106051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Wang Z, Ma C, Fang P, Xu H, Mei T. Advances in Organic Electrochemical Synthesis. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22060260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Chang L, An Q, Duan L, Feng K, Zuo Z. Alkoxy Radicals See the Light: New Paradigms of Photochemical Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2429-2486. [PMID: 34613698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alkoxy radicals are highly reactive species that have long been recognized as versatile intermediates in organic synthesis. However, their development has long been impeded due to a lack of convenient methods for their generation. Thanks to advances in photoredox catalysis, enabling facile access to alkoxy radicals from bench-stable precursors and free alcohols under mild conditions, research interest in this field has been renewed. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent progress in alkoxy radical-mediated transformations under visible light irradiation. Elementary steps for alkoxy radical generation from either radical precursors or free alcohols are central to reaction development; thus, each section is categorized and discussed accordingly. Throughout this review, we have focused on the different mechanisms of alkoxy radical generation as well as their impact on synthetic utilizations. Notably, the catalytic generation of alkoxy radicals from abundant alcohols is still in the early stage, providing intriguing opportunities to exploit alkoxy radicals for diverse synthetic paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Qing An
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Lingfei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Kaixuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
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31
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Chernowsky CP, Chmiel AF, Wickens ZK. Electrochemical Activation of Diverse Conventional Photoredox Catalysts Induces Potent Photoreductant Activity*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21418-21425. [PMID: 34288312 PMCID: PMC8440429 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose that electrochemical stimulation induces new photocatalytic activity from a range of structurally diverse conventional photocatalysts. These studies uncover a new electron-primed photoredox catalyst capable of promoting the reductive cleavage of strong C(sp2 )-N and C(sp2 )-O bonds. We illustrate several examples of the synthetic utility of these deeply reducing but otherwise safe and mild catalytic conditions. Finally, we employ electrochemical current measurements to perform a reaction progress kinetic analysis. This technique reveals that the improved activity of this new system is a consequence of an enhanced catalyst stability profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P. Chernowsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Alyah F. Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706
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32
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Chernowsky CP, Chmiel AF, Wickens ZK. Electrochemical Activation of Diverse Conventional Photoredox Catalysts Induces Potent Photoreductant Activity**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P. Chernowsky
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Alyah F. Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
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33
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Tian X, Karl TA, Reiter S, Yakubov S, de Vivie‐Riedle R, König B, Barham JP. Electro-mediated PhotoRedox Catalysis for Selective C(sp 3 )-O Cleavages of Phosphinated Alcohols to Carbanions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20817-20825. [PMID: 34165861 PMCID: PMC8518744 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel example of electro-mediated photoredox catalysis (e-PRC) in the reductive cleavage of C(sp3 )-O bonds of phosphinated alcohols to alkyl carbanions. As well as deoxygenations, olefinations are reported which are E-selective and can be made Z-selective in a tandem reduction/photosensitization process where both steps are photoelectrochemically promoted. Spectroscopy, computation, and catalyst structural variations reveal that our new naphthalene monoimide-type catalyst allows for an intimate dispersive precomplexation of its radical anion form with the phosphinate substrate, facilitating a reactivity-determining C(sp3 )-O cleavage. Surprisingly and in contrast to previously reported photoexcited radical anion chemistries, our conditions tolerate aryl chlorides/bromides and do not give rise to Birch-type reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
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34
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35
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Tian X, Karl TA, Reiter S, Yakubov S, Vivie‐Riedle R, König B, Barham JP. Electro‐mediated PhotoRedox Catalysis for Selective C(sp
3
)–O Cleavages of Phosphinated Alcohols to Carbanions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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36
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Chmiel AF, Williams OP, Chernowsky CP, Yeung CS, Wickens ZK. Non-innocent Radical Ion Intermediates in Photoredox Catalysis: Parallel Reduction Modes Enable Coupling of Diverse Aryl Chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10882-10889. [PMID: 34255971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a photocatalytic system that elicits potent photoreductant activity from conventional photocatalysts by leveraging radical anion intermediates generated in situ. The combination of an isophthalonitrile photocatalyst and sodium formate promotes diverse aryl radical coupling reactions from abundant but difficult to reduce aryl chloride substrates. Mechanistic studies reveal two parallel pathways for substrate reduction both enabled by a key terminal reductant byproduct, carbon dioxide radical anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyah F Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Oliver P Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Colleen P Chernowsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Charles S Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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37
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Rogge T, Kaplaneris N, Chatani N, Kim J, Chang S, Punji B, Schafer LL, Musaev DG, Wencel-Delord J, Roberts CA, Sarpong R, Wilson ZE, Brimble MA, Johansson MJ, Ackermann L. C–H activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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38
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Abstract
A method for the acetoxyhydroxylation of olefins with syn stereoselectivity under electrophotocatalytic conditions is described. The procedure uses a trisaminocyclopropenium (TAC) ion catalyst with visible light irradiation under a controlled electrochemical potential to convert aryl olefins to the corresponding glycol monoesters with high chemo- and diastereoselectivity. This reaction can be performed in batch or in flow, enabling multigram synthesis of the monoester products.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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39
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Caby S, Bouchet LM, Argüello JE, Rossi RA, Bardagi JI. Excitation of Radical Anions of Naphthalene Diimides in Consecutive‐ and Electro‐Photocatalysis**. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caby
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba – Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INFIQC – CONICET) Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende Córdoba 5000 Argentina
| | - Lydia M. Bouchet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba – Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INFIQC – CONICET) Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende Córdoba 5000 Argentina
| | - Juan E. Argüello
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba – Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INFIQC – CONICET) Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende Córdoba 5000 Argentina
| | - Roberto A. Rossi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba – Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INFIQC – CONICET) Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende Córdoba 5000 Argentina
| | - Javier I. Bardagi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba – Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INFIQC – CONICET) Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende Córdoba 5000 Argentina
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40
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Huang H, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalytic C-H Heterofunctionalization of Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11163-11167. [PMID: 33661562 PMCID: PMC8099024 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The electrophotocatalytic heterofunctionalization of arenes is described. Using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanoquinone (DDQ) under a mild electrochemical potential with visible-light irradiation, arenes undergo oxidant-free hydroxylation, alkoxylation, and amination with high chemoselectivity. In addition to batch reactions, an electrophotocatalytic recirculating flow process is demonstrated, enabling the conversion of benzene to phenol on a gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 122 Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 122 Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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41
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Kong R, Fu T, Yang R, Chen D, Liang D, Dong Y, Li W, Wang B. 4‐Nitroanisole Facilitates Proton Reduction: Visible Light‐Induced Oxidative Aryltrifluoromethylation of Alkenes with Hydrogen Evolution. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kunming University 2 Puxin Road, Kunming Yunnan Province 650214 Kunming P. R. China
| | - Tingfeng Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kunming University 2 Puxin Road, Kunming Yunnan Province 650214 Kunming P. R. China
| | - Ruihan Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kunming University 2 Puxin Road, Kunming Yunnan Province 650214 Kunming P. R. China
| | - Danna Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kunming University 2 Puxin Road, Kunming Yunnan Province 650214 Kunming P. R. China
| | - Deqiang Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kunming University 2 Puxin Road, Kunming Yunnan Province 650214 Kunming P. R. China
| | - Ying Dong
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Shandong Normal University Jinan Shandong Province 250014 P. R. China
| | - Weili Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kunming University 2 Puxin Road, Kunming Yunnan Province 650214 Kunming P. R. China
| | - Baoling Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kunming University 2 Puxin Road, Kunming Yunnan Province 650214 Kunming P. R. China
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42
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Capaldo L, Quadri LL, Merli D, Ravelli D. Photoelectrochemical cross-dehydrogenative coupling of benzothiazoles with strong aliphatic C-H bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4424-4427. [PMID: 33949468 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01012c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A photoelectrochemical strategy for the cross-dehydrogenative coupling of unactivated aliphatic hydrogen donors (e.g. alkanes) with benzothiazoles is reported. We used tetrabutylammonium decatungstate as the photocatalyst to activate strong C(sp3)-H bonds in the chosen substrates, while electrochemistry scavenged the extra electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo L Quadri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Daniele Merli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Davide Ravelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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43
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44
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Vantourout JC. From Bench to Plant: An Opportunity for Transition Metal Paired Electrocatalysis. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien C. Vantourout
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bâtiment LEDERER, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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45
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Huang H, Lambert TH. Electrophotocatalytic C−H Heterofunctionalization of Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University 122 Baker Laboratory Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Tristan H. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University 122 Baker Laboratory Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong‐Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry Taizhou University Taizhou 318000 China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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47
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Zhu C, Ang NWJ, Meyer TH, Qiu Y, Ackermann L. Organic Electrochemistry: Molecular Syntheses with Potential. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:415-431. [PMID: 33791425 PMCID: PMC8006177 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and selective molecular syntheses are paramount to inter alia biomolecular chemistry and material sciences as well as for practitioners in chemical, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Organic electrosynthesis has undergone a considerable renaissance and has thus in recent years emerged as an increasingly viable platform for the sustainable molecular assembly. In stark contrast to early strategies by innate reactivity, electrochemistry was recently merged with modern concepts of organic synthesis, such as transition-metal-catalyzed transformations for inter alia C-H functionalization and asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we highlight the unique potential of organic electrosynthesis for sustainable synthesis and catalysis, showcasing key aspects of exceptional selectivities, the synergism with photocatalysis, or dual electrocatalysis, and novel mechanisms in metallaelectrocatalysis until February of 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiju Zhu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nate W. J. Ang
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjark H. Meyer
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Youai Qiu
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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48
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Targos K, Williams OP, Wickens ZK. Unveiling Potent Photooxidation Behavior of Catalytic Photoreductants. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4125-4132. [PMID: 33724018 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a photocatalytic system that reveals latent photooxidant behavior from one of the most reducing conventional photoredox catalysts, N-phenylphenothiazine (PTH). This aerobic photochemical reaction engages difficult to oxidize feedstocks, such as benzene, in C(sp2)-N coupling reactions through direct oxidation. Mechanistic studies are consistent with activation of PTH via photooxidation and with Lewis acid cocatalysts scavenging inhibitors inextricably formed in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Targos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Oliver P Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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49
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Lian F, Xu K, Zeng C. Indirect Electrosynthesis with Halogen Ions as Mediators. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2290-2305. [PMID: 33728812 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis has gained increasing research interest as it harvests electric current as redox regents, thereby providing a sustainable alternative to conventional approaches. Compared with direct electrosynthesis, indirect electrosynthesis employs mediator(s) to lower the overpotentials for substrate activation, and enhance the reaction efficiency and functional group compatibility by shifting the heterogenous electron transfer process to be homogenous. As one of the most versatile and cost-efficient mediators, halogen mediators are always combined with an irreversible halogenation reaction. Thus, the electrochemical reaction between halogen mediators and substrates doesn't directly controlled by the two standard potentials difference. In this account, our recent developments in the area of halogen-mediated indirect electrosynthesis are summarized. The anodically generated halogen species from halogenide salts have the abilities to undergo electron-transfer (ET) or hydrogen-atom- transfer (HAT) processes. The reaction features, scopes, limitations, and mechanistic rationalisations are discussed in this account. We hope our studies will contribute to the future developments to broaden the scope of halogen-mediated electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lian
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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50
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Chen N, Xu HC. Electrochemically Driven Radical Reactions: From Direct Electrolysis to Molecular Catalysis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2306-2319. [PMID: 33734572 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic radicals are versatile synthetic intermediates that provide reactivities and selectivities complementary to ionic species. Despite its long history, electrochemically driven radical reactions remain limited in scope. In the past few years, there have been dramatic increase in research activity in organic electrochemistry. We have been developing electrochemical and electrophotocatalytic methods for the generation and synthetic utilization of organic radicals. In our studies, various radical species such as alkene and arene radical cations and carbon- and heteroatom-centered radicals are generated from readily available precursors through direct electrolysis, molecular electrocatalysis or molecular electrophotocatalysis. These radical species undergo various inter- and intramolecular oxidative transformations to rapidly increase molecular complexity. The simultaneous occurrence of anodic oxidation and cathodic proton reduction allows the oxidative reactions to proceed through H2 evolution without external chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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