1
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Charboneau DJ, Huang H, Barth EL, Deziel AP, Germe CC, Hazari N, Jia X, Kim S, Nahiyan S, Birriel-Rodriguez L, Uehling MR. Homogeneous Organic Reductant Based on 4,4'- tBu 2-2,2'-Bipyridine for Cross-Electrophile Coupling. Tetrahedron Lett 2024; 145:155159. [PMID: 39036418 PMCID: PMC11258959 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2024.155159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new homogeneous reductant based on 4,4'-tBu2-2,2'-bipyridine, tBu-OED4, is reported. tBu-OED4 was prepared on a multigram scale in two steps from inexpensive and commercially available starting materials, with no chromatography required for purification. tBu-OED4 has a reduction potential of -1.33 V (vs Ferrocenium/Ferrocene) and is soluble in a range of common organic solvents. We demonstrate that tBu-OED4 can facilitate Ni/Co dual-catalyzed C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-electrophile coupling reactions and is highly functional group tolerant. tBu-OED4 is expected to be a valuable addition to the set of homogeneous reductants available for organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Charboneau
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Haotian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Emily L Barth
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Anthony P Deziel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Cameron C Germe
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Xiaofan Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Sheikh Nahiyan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | | | - Mycah R Uehling
- Merck & Co., Inc., Discovery Chemistry, HTE and Lead Discovery Capabilities, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
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2
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Michiyuki T, Homölle SL, Pandit NK, Ackermann L. Electrocatalytic Formal C(sp 2)-H Alkylations via Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling with Versatile Arylsulfonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401198. [PMID: 38695843 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Producing sp3-hybridized carbon-enriched molecules is of particular interest due to their high success rate in clinical trials. The installation of aliphatic chains onto aromatic scaffolds was accomplished by nickel-catalyzed C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-electrophile coupling with arylsulfonium salts. Thus, simple non-prefunctionalized arenes could be alkylated through the formation of aryldibenzothiophenium salts. The reaction employs an electrochemical approach to avoid potentially hazardous chemical redox agents, and importantly, the one-pot alkylation proved also viable, highlighting the robustness of our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Michiyuki
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simon L Homölle
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Neeraj K Pandit
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Zhang H, Ye Z, Tang J, Wu Y, Zhang X, Ma W, Zhan Z, Zhang F. Electrochemical Reductive Cross-Coupling of Alkyl or Alkenyl Halides with gem-Difluoroalkenes. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38743653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe an electroreductive cross-electrophile coupling protocol for the construction of valuable monofluoroalkenes from easily accessible alkyl or alkenyl halides with gem-difluoroalkenes. The reaction can be conducted under sustainable and mild conditions delivering valuable and functionalized monofluoroalkenes with excellent Z-selectivity. The protocol's most notable advantage is the in situ release of nickel catalyst from the inexpensive electrodes without the addition of extra hazardous metal catalyst and superstoichiometric reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiyuan Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhajun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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4
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Wu L, Jia K, Wang M, Qiu Y. Electroreduction of unactivated alkenes using water as hydrogen source. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2780. [PMID: 38555370 PMCID: PMC10981685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47168-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report an electroreduction of unactivated alkyl alkenes enabled by [Fe]-H, which is provided through the combination of anodic iron salts and the silane generated in situ via cathodic reduction, using H2O as an H-source. The catalytic amounts of Si-additive work as an H-carrier from H2O to generate a highly active silane species in situ under continuous electrochemical conditions. This approach shows a broad substrate scope and good functional group compatibility. In addition to hydrogenation, the use of D2O instead of H2O provides the desired deuterated products in good yields with excellent D-incorporation (up to >99%). Further late-stage hydrogenation of complex molecules and drug derivatives demonstrate potential application in the pharmaceutical industry. Mechanistic studies are performed and provide support for the proposed mechanistic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kangping Jia
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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5
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Zhang H, Ye Z, Wu Y, Zhang X, Ma W, Zhan ZJ, Zhang F. Electrochemical Reductive Cross-Coupling of Vinyl Bromides for the Synthesis of 1,3-Dienes. Org Lett 2024; 26:994-999. [PMID: 38289335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
An electroreductive cross-electrophile coupling protocol was developed for the construction of valuable 1,3-dienes from vinyl bromides. Furthermore, this scalable method can also be used to forge complex [4 + 2] cycloadducts in a one-pot manner. One of the most important advantages of this green and sustainable protocol is the in situ release of nickel catalyst from the inexpensive electrodes without the addition of extra harmful metal catalysts and reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zha-Jun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
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6
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Chen W, Yu L, Pan Y, Ni S, Wang Y. Electrochemical Nickel-Catalyzed 1,2-Diarylation of 1,3-Dienes. Org Lett 2023; 25:9225-9230. [PMID: 38113061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds, 1,3-dienes exhibit great reactivity. A protocol for the site-selective diarylation of terminal 1,3-dienes is reported here. The transformation is facilitated by the Ni catalyst without the need for additional ligands, utilizing an electrochemical setup. Preliminary results indicate that by introducing chiral ligands moderate enantioselective diarylation products can be obtained. This method affords diversely substituted diarylated products that occur as structural motifs in various natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangzhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shengyang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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7
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Johnston B, Loh DM, Nocera DG. Substrate-Mediator Duality of 1,4-Dicyanobenzene in Electrochemical C(sp 2 )-C(sp 3 ) Bond Formation with Alkyl Bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312128. [PMID: 37857567 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical approaches to form C(sp2 )-C(sp3 ) bonds have focused on coupling C(sp3 ) electrophiles that form stabilized carbon-centered radicals upon reduction or oxidation. Whereas alkyl bromides are desirable C(sp3 ) coupling partners owing to their availability and cost-effectiveness, their tendency to undergo radical-radical homocoupling makes them challenging substrates for electroreductive cross-coupling. Herein, we disclose a metal-free regioselective cross-coupling of 1,4-dicyanobenzene, a useful precursor to aromatic nitriles, and alkyl bromides. Alkyl bromide reduction is mediated directly by 1,4-dicyanobenzene radical anions, leading to negligible homocoupling and high cross-selectivity to form 1,4-alkyl cyanobenzenes. The cross-coupling scheme is compatible with oxidatively sensitive and acidic functional groups such as amines and alcohols, which have proven difficult to incorporate in alternative electrochemical approaches using carboxylic acids as C(sp3 ) precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Daniel M Loh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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8
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Liu Y, Li P, Wang Y, Qiu Y. Electroreductive Cross-Electrophile Coupling (eXEC) Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306679. [PMID: 37327185 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry utilizes electrons as a potent, controllable, and traceless alternative to chemical oxidants or reductants, and typically offers a more sustainable option for achieving selective organic synthesis. Recently, the merger of electrochemistry with readily available electrophiles has been recognized as a viable and increasingly popular methodology for efficiently constructing challenging C-C and C-heteroatom bonds in a sustainable manner for complex organic molecules. In this mini-review, we have systematically summarized the most recent advances in electroreductive cross-electrophile coupling (eXEC) reactions during the last decade. Our focus has been on readily available electrophiles, including aryl and alkyl organic (pseudo)halides, as well as small molecules such as CO2 , SO2 , and D2 O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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9
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Yang K, Feng T, Qiu Y. Organo-Mediator Enabled Electrochemical Deuteration of Styrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312803. [PMID: 37698174 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread use of the deuterium isotope effect, selective deuterium labeling of chemical molecules remains a major challenge. Herein, a facile and general electrochemically driven, organic mediator enabled deuteration of styrenes with deuterium oxide (D2 O) as the economical deuterium source was reported. Importantly, this transformation could be suitable for various electron rich styrenes mediated by triphenylphosphine (TPP). The reaction proceeded under mild conditions without transition-metal catalysts, affording the desired products in good yields with excellent D-incorporation (D-inc, up to >99 %). Mechanistic investigations by means of isotope labeling experiments and cyclic voltammetry tests provided sufficient support for this transformation. Notably, this method proved to be a powerful tool for late-stage deuteration of biorelevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keming Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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10
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Twilton J, Johnson MR, Sidana V, Franke MC, Bottecchia C, Lehnherr D, Lévesque F, Knapp SMM, Wang L, Gerken JB, Hong CM, Vickery TP, Weisel MD, Strotman NA, Weix DJ, Root TW, Stahl SS. Quinone-mediated hydrogen anode for non-aqueous reductive electrosynthesis. Nature 2023; 623:71-76. [PMID: 37604186 PMCID: PMC10777621 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis can provide more sustainable routes to industrial chemicals1-3. Electrosynthetic oxidations may often be performed 'reagent-free', generating hydrogen (H2) derived from the substrate as the sole by-product at the counter electrode. Electrosynthetic reductions, however, require an external source of electrons. Sacrificial metal anodes are commonly used for small-scale applications4, but more sustainable options are needed at larger scale. Anodic water oxidation is an especially appealing option1,5,6, but many reductions require anhydrous, air-free reaction conditions. In such cases, H2 represents an ideal alternative, motivating the growing interest in the electrochemical hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) under non-aqueous conditions7-12. Here we report a mediated H2 anode that achieves indirect electrochemical oxidation of H2 by pairing thermal catalytic hydrogenation of an anthraquinone mediator with electrochemical oxidation of the anthrahydroquinone. This quinone-mediated H2 anode is used to support nickel-catalysed cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), a reaction class gaining widespread adoption in the pharmaceutical industry13-15. Initial validation of this method in small-scale batch reactions is followed by adaptation to a recirculating flow reactor that enables hectogram-scale synthesis of a pharmaceutical intermediate. The mediated H2 anode technology disclosed here offers a general strategy to support H2-driven electrosynthetic reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Twilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mathew R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vinayak Sidana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mareena C Franke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Spring M M Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James B Gerken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cynthia M Hong
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas P Vickery
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Mark D Weisel
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Neil A Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Thatcher W Root
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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11
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Luo J, Davenport MT, Carter A, Ess DH, Liu TL. Mechanistic studies of Ni-catalyzed electrochemical homo-coupling reactions of aryl halides. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:136-146. [PMID: 37492890 PMCID: PMC10630096 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Ni-catalyzed electrochemical arylation is an attractive, emerging approach for molecular construction as it uses air-stable Ni catalysts and efficiently proceeds at room temperature. However, the homo-coupling of aryl halide substrates is one of the major side reactions. Herein, extensive experimental and computational studies were conducted to examine the mechanism of Ni-catalyzed electrochemical homo-coupling of aryl halides. The results indicate that an unstable NiII(Ar)Br intermediate formed through oxidative addition of the cathodically generated NiI species with aryl bromide and a consecutive chemical reduction step. For electron-rich aryl halides, homo-coupling reaction efficiency is limited by the oxidative addition step, which can be improved by negatively shifting the redox potential of the Ni-catalyst. DFT computational studies suggest a NiIII(Ar)Br2/NiII(Ar)Br ligand exchange pathway for the formation of a high-valent NiIII(Ar)2Br intermediate for reductive elimination and production of the biaryl product. This work reveals the reaction mechanism of Ni-catalyzed electrochemical homo-coupling of aryl halides, which may provide valuable information for developing cross-coupling reactions with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA.
| | - Michael T Davenport
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604, USA.
| | - Arianna Carter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604, USA.
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604, USA.
| | - T Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA.
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12
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Garcia B, Sampson J, Watson MP, Kalyani D. Primary vs. secondary alkylpyridinium salts: a comparison under electrochemical and chemical reduction conditions. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:324-332. [PMID: 37477413 PMCID: PMC10799965 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
This report details a systematic comparison of the scope of aryl bromides in nickel-catalyzed, reductive cross-electrophile couplings of primary vs. secondary alkylpyridinium salts using both electrochemical and chemical reductants. Facilitated by the use of high-throughput experimentation (HTE) techniques, 37 aryl bromides, including 13 complex, drug-like examples, were investigated. By using primary and secondary substrates differing only by one methylene, we observed that the trends in ArBr scope are similar between the primary and secondary alkylpyridinium salts, although distinctions were observed in isolated cases. In addition, the electrochemical conditions compared favorably to those using chemical reductants, especially among the more complex, drug-like aryl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bria Garcia
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
| | - Jessica Sampson
- High Throughput Experimentation Facility, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Mary P Watson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
| | - Dipannita Kalyani
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
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13
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Li P, Kou G, Feng T, Wang M, Qiu Y. Electrochemical NiH-Catalyzed C(sp 3 )-C(sp 3 ) Coupling of Alkyl Halides and Alkyl Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311941. [PMID: 37708153 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an electrochemically driven NiH-catalyzed reductive coupling of alkyl halides and alkyl alkenes for the construction of Csp3 -Csp3 bonds is firstly reported. Notably, alkyl halides serve dual function as coupling substrates and as hydrogen sources to generate NiH species under electrochemical conditions. The tunable nature of this reaction is realized by introducing an intramolecular coordinating group to the substrate, where the product can be easily adjusted to give the desired branched products. The method proceeds under mild conditions, exhibits a broad substrate scope, and affords moderate to excellent yields with over 70 examples, including late-stage modification of natural products and drug derivatives. Mechanistic insights offer evidence for an electrochemically driven coupling process. The sp3 -carbon-halogen bonds can be activated through single electron transfer (SET) by the nickel catalyst in its low valence state, generated by cathodic reduction, and the generation of NiH species from alkyl halides is pivotal to this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guangsheng Kou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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14
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Wang W, Yan X, Ye F, Zheng S, Huang G, Yuan W. Nickel/Photoredox Dual-Catalyzed Regiodivergent Aminoalkylation of Unactivated Alkyl Halides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23385-23394. [PMID: 37824756 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
A mild and regiodivergent aminoalkylation of unactivated alkyl halides is disclosed via a dual photoredox/nickel catalysis. Bipyridyl-type ligands without an ortho-substituent control the site-selective coupling at the original position, while ortho-disubstituted ligands tune the site-selectivity at a remote, unprefunctionalized position. Mechanistic studies combined with DFT calculations give insight into the mechanism and the origins of the ligand-controlled regioselectivity. Notably, this redox-neutral, regiodivergent alkyl-alkyl coupling features mild conditions, broad substrate scope for both alkyl coupling partners, and excellent site-selectivity and offers a straightforward way for α-alkylation of tertiary amines to synthesize structurally diverse alkylamines and value-added amino acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyuan Yan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Songlin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
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15
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Lan J, Yu W, You K, Xu M, Zhang B, Wang Y, Wang T, Luo J. Dehalogenative Arylation of Unactivated Alkyl Halides via Electroreduction. Org Lett 2023; 25:7434-7439. [PMID: 37768735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a facile and efficient dehalogenative arylation of unactivated alkyl halides enabled by electrochemical reductive coupling is developed, affording a series of C(sp2)-C(sp3) products in moderate to good yields. This protocol proceeds in the absence of transition metal catalysts and redox mediators. The reaction features mild conditions, broad substrate scope, and high tolerance of functional groups and is demonstrated to be applicable for gram-scale synthesis and late-stage functionalization of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Lan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Yu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Ke You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Mengyu Xu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Yuanquan Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
| | - Jin Luo
- Analytical and Testing Center, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China
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16
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Zhong C, Liu M, Qiu X, Wei H, Cui B, Shi Y, Cao C. Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reaction of Aryl Methyl Sulfides with Aryl Bromides. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13418-13426. [PMID: 37752001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of aryl methyl sulfides with aryl bromides has been developed to access biaryls in yields of up to 86%. The reactions proceeded well using Ni(COD)2 as catalyst with the ligand BINAP (2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,1'-binaphthalene) in the presence of magnesium. The method has a broad scope of substrates and is scalable. The wide availability of commercially available aryl bromides and the absence of preparation and preparation of organometallic reagents make the reaction of high application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntao Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Mengna Liu
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xianchao Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Hao Wei
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Benqiang Cui
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yanhui Shi
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Changsheng Cao
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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17
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Sun B, Wang ZH, Wang YZ, Gu YC, Ma C, Mei TS. Parallel paired electrolysis-enabled asymmetric catalysis: simultaneous synthesis of aldehydes/aryl bromides and chiral alcohols. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2033-2041. [PMID: 37507259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed asymmetric electro-reductive couplings have emerged as a powerful tool for organic synthesis, wherein a sacrificial anode is typically required. Herein, a parallel paired electrolysis (PPE)-enabled asymmetric catalysis has been developed, and the alcohols and ketones could be simultaneously converted to the corresponding aldehydes and chiral tertiary alcohols with high yields and enantioselectivity in an undivided cell. Additionally, this Ni-catalyzed asymmetric reductive coupling can well match the anodic oxidative C-H bond bromination of (hetero)arenes. This protocol opens an alternative avenue for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun-Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire RE42 6EY, UK
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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18
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Zhang Y, Sun X, Su JH, Li T, Du C, Li K, Sun Q, Zha Z, Wang Z. Switchable Direct Oxygenative Arylation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds via Electrophotocatalysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:5067-5072. [PMID: 37387463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free electrophotochemical C(sp3)-H arylation was developed under mild conditions. This method enables a switchable synthesis of diaryl alcohols and diaryl alkanes from inactive benzylic carbons. More importantly, a cheap and safe mediator N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) was developed, which was employed for the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process of the benzylic C-H bond. In addition, this active radical was captured and identified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ji-Hu Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tong Li
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chengbin Du
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kuiliang Li
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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19
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Wesenberg LJ, Sivo A, Vilé G, Noël T. Ni-Catalyzed Electro-Reductive Cross-Electrophile Couplings of Alkyl Amine-Derived Radical Precursors with Aryl Iodides. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37220023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the "Escape-from-Flatland" trend has prompted the synthetic community to develop a set of cross-coupling strategies to introduce sp3-carbon-based fragments in organic compounds. This study presents a novel nickel-catalyzed electrochemical methodology for reductive cross-electrophile coupling. The method enables C(sp2)-C(sp3) linkages using inexpensive amine-derived radical precursors and aryl iodides. The use of electrochemistry as a power source reduces waste and avoids chemical reductants, making this approach a more sustainable alternative to traditional cross-coupling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars J Wesenberg
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Sivo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Vilé
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Timothy Noël
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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20
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Wang YZ, Wang ZH, Eshel IL, Sun B, Liu D, Gu YC, Milo A, Mei TS. Nickel/biimidazole-catalyzed electrochemical enantioselective reductive cross-coupling of aryl aziridines with aryl iodides. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2322. [PMID: 37087477 PMCID: PMC10122672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report an asymmetric electrochemical organonickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of aryl aziridines with aryl iodides in an undivided cell, affording β-phenethylamines in good to excellent enantioselectivity with broad functional group tolerance. The combination of cyclic voltammetry analysis of the catalyst reduction potential as well as an electrode potential study provides a convenient route for reaction optimization. Overall, the high efficiency of this method is credited to the electroreduction-mediated turnover of the nickel catalyst instead of a metal reductant-mediated turnover. Mechanistic studies suggest a radical pathway is involved in the ring opening of aziridines. The statistical analysis serves to compare the different design requirements for photochemically and electrochemically mediated reactions under this type of mechanistic manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Inbal L Eshel
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 841051, Israel
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire, RE42 6EY, UK
| | - Anat Milo
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 841051, Israel.
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Wang M, Zhang C, Ci C, Jiang H, Dixneuf PH, Zhang M. Room Temperature Construction of Vicinal Amino Alcohols via Electroreductive Cross-Coupling of N-Heteroarenes and Carbonyls. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10967-10973. [PMID: 37075201 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread applications of α-hydroxyalkyl cyclic amines, direct and diverse access to such a class of unique vicinal amino alcohols still remains, to date, a challenge. Here, through a strategy of electroreductive α-hydroxyalkylation of inactive N-heteroarenes with ketones or electron-rich arylaldehydes, we describe a room temperature approach for the direct construction of α-hydroxyalkyl cyclic amines, which features a broad substrate scope, operational simplicity, high chemoselectivity, and no need for pressurized H2 gas and transition metal catalysts. The zinc ion generated from anode oxidation plays a crucial role in the activation of both reactants by decreasing their reduction potentials. The strategy of electroreduction in combination with substrate activation by Lewis acids in this work is anticipated to develop more useful transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorui Wang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Chengqian Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Chenggang Ci
- Key Laboratory of Computational Catalytic Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | | | - Min Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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22
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He Z, Liu HL, Wang ZH, Jiao KJ, Li ZM, Li ZJ, Fang P, Mei TS. C(sp 3)-H Aerobic Alkenylation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines via Organic Electrosynthesis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6203-6208. [PMID: 37058587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A method for the C(sp3)-H alkenylation of N-aryl-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) has been developed by the combination of electrooxidation and a copper catalyst. The corresponding products were obtained with good to excellent yields under mild conditions. Besides, the addition of TEMPO as an electron mediator is crucial to this transformation, since the oxidative reaction could proceed under a low electrode potential. In addition, the catalytic asymmetric variant has also been demonstrated with good enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng He
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ke-Jing Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zi-Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhang-Jian Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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23
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Tang T, Hazra A, Min DS, Williams WL, Jones E, Doyle AG, Sigman MS. Interrogating the Mechanistic Features of Ni(I)-Mediated Aryl Iodide Oxidative Addition Using Electroanalytical and Statistical Modeling Techniques. J Am Chem Soc 2023:10.1021/jacs.3c01726. [PMID: 37014945 PMCID: PMC10548350 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
While the oxidative addition of Ni(I) to aryl iodides has been commonly proposed in catalytic methods, an in-depth mechanistic understanding of this fundamental process is still lacking. Herein, we describe a detailed mechanistic study of the oxidative addition process using electroanalytical and statistical modeling techniques. Electroanalytical techniques allowed rapid measurement of the oxidative addition rates for a diverse set of aryl iodide substrates and four classes of catalytically relevant complexes (Ni(MeBPy), Ni(MePhen), Ni(Terpy), and Ni(BPP)). With >200 experimental rate measurements, we were able to identify essential electronic and steric factors impacting the rate of oxidative addition through multivariate linear regression models. This has led to a classification of oxidative addition mechanisms, either through a three-center concerted or halogen-atom abstraction pathway based on the ligand type. A global heat map of predicted oxidative addition rates was created and shown applicable to a better understanding of the reaction outcome in a case study of a Ni-catalyzed coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Avijit Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Daniel S. Min
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wendy L. Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Eli Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Abigail G. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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24
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Wang Y, Zhao R, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Syntheses of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300760. [PMID: 36965124 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have surfaced as increasingly viable components in optoelectronics and material sciences. The development of highly efficient and atom-economic tools to prepare PAHs under exceedingly mild conditions constitutes a long-term goal. Traditional syntheses of PAHs have largely relied on multistep approaches or the conventional Scholl reaction. However, Scholl reactions are largely inefficient with electron-deficient substrates, require stoichiometric chemical oxidants, and typically occur in the presence of strong acid. In sharp contrast, electrochemistry has gained considerable momentum during the past decade as an alternative for the facile and straightforward PAHs assembly, generally via electro-oxidative dehydrogenative annulation, releasing molecular hydrogen as the sole stoichiometric byproduct by the hydrogen evolution reaction. This review provides an overview on the recent and significant advances in the field of electrochemical syntheses of various PAHs until January 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rong Zhao
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Hu X, Cheng-Sánchez I, Cuesta-Galisteo S, Nevado C. Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioselective Electrochemical Reductive Cross-Coupling of Aryl Aziridines with Alkenyl Bromides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6270-6279. [PMID: 36881734 PMCID: PMC10037331 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemically driven nickel-catalyzed enantioselective reductive cross-coupling of aryl aziridines with alkenyl bromides has been developed, affording enantioenriched β-aryl homoallylic amines with excellent E-selectivity. This electroreductive strategy proceeds in the absence of heterogeneous metal reductants and sacrificial anodes by employing constant current electrolysis in an undivided cell with triethylamine as a terminal reductant. The reaction features mild conditions, remarkable stereocontrol, broad substrate scope, and excellent functional group compatibility, which was illustrated by the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules. Mechanistic studies indicate that this transformation conforms with a stereoconvergent mechanism in which the aziridine is activated through a nucleophilic halide ring-opening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iván Cheng-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Cuesta-Galisteo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Li Y, Wen L, Guo W. A guide to organic electroreduction using sacrificial anodes. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1168-1188. [PMID: 36727623 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis is a green strategy for the synthesis of valuable molecules. Electrochemical reactions using sacrificial metal anodes enable new reactivity to be uncovered that could not be achieved with traditional non-electrochemical methods. Compared with reactions using metal powder as the reducing reagent, the mild electroreduction protocols usually exhibit diverse reactivity and excellent selectivity. The inexpensive metal anodes possess low oxidation potential, which could prevent undesired overoxidation of substrates, active intermediates and products. The in situ generated metal ions from sacrificial anodes could not only serve as Lewis acids to activate the reactants but also as a promoter or mediator. This tutorial review highlights the recent achievements in this rapidly growing area within the past five years. The sacrificial anode-enabled electroreductions are discussed according to the reaction type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Lirong Wen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Weisi Guo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
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27
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Huang L, Szewczyk M, Kancherla R, Maity B, Zhu C, Cavallo L, Rueping M. Modulating stereoselectivity in allylic C(sp 3)-H bond arylations via nickel and photoredox catalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:548. [PMID: 36725849 PMCID: PMC9892578 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While significant progress has been made in developing selective C-H bond cross-couplings in the field of radical chemistry, the site and stereoselectivity remain a long-standing challenge. Here, we present the successful development of stereodivergent allylic C(sp3)-H bond arylations through a systematic investigation of the direction and degree of stereoselectivity in the cross-coupling process. In contrast to the signature photosensitized geometrical isomerization of alkenes, the catalytic reaction demonstrates the feasibility of switching the C-C double bond stereoselectivity by means of ligand control as well as steric and electronic effects. Computational studies explain the stereochemical outcome and indicate that excitation of a Ni-allyl complex from singlet to a triplet state results in a spontaneous change of the allyl group coordination and that the subsequent isomerization can be directed by the choice of the ligand to achieve E/Z selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Huang
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XInstitute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcin Szewczyk
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XInstitute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rajesh Kancherla
- grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Bholanath Maity
- grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Chen Zhu
- grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia ,grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XInstitute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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28
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Han D, Sun J, Jin J. Picolinamide Ligands: Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Cross-Coupling of Aryl Bromides with Bromocyclopropane and Beyond. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201132. [PMID: 36479828 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The arylcyclopropane motif as the combination of aryl and cyclopropyl ring systems can be found in an increasing amount of approved and investigational drugs. Herein, we have developed a mild, efficient nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling protocol, featuring a simple Ni(II) precatalyst and a novel picolinamide NN2 pincer ligand. A variety of (hetero)aryl bromides could successfully couple with cyclopropyl bromide to furnish the valued arylcyclopropanes in good to excellent yields. This method is applicable to other alkyl bromides as well. Notably, the reaction is tolerant of a broad range of functionalities including free amines. Furthermore, the synthesis of several significant intermediates of bioactive molecules was achieved in grams, proving the practicability of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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29
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Wu H, Li X, Yang L, Chen W, Zou C, Deng W, Wang Z, Hu J, Li Y, Huang Y. Cathodic Carbonyl Alkylation of Aryl Ketones or Aldehydes with Unactivated Alkyl Halides. Org Lett 2022; 24:9342-9347. [PMID: 36484503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An efficient cathodic carbonyl alkylation of aryl ketones or aldehydes with unactivated alkyl halides has been realized through the electrochemical activation of iron. The protocol is believed to include a radical-radical coupling or nucleophilic addition process, and the formation of ketyl radicals and alkyl radicals has been demonstrated. The protocol provides various tertiary or secondary alcohols by the formation of intermolecular C-C bonds under safe and mild conditions, is scalable, consumes little energy, and exhibits a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Xinling Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Weihao Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Canlin Zou
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Deng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Hu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Yubing Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
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30
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Klein M, Waldvogel SR. Counter Electrode Reactions-Important Stumbling Blocks on the Way to a Working Electro-organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204140. [PMID: 35668714 PMCID: PMC9828107 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, electro-organic synthesis has gained significant interest, both in technical and academic research as well as in terms of applications. The omission of stoichiometric oxidizers or reducing agents enables a more sustainable route for redox reactions in organic chemistry. Even if it is well-known that every electrochemical oxidation is only viable with an associated reduction reaction and vice versa, the relevance of the counter reaction is often less addressed. In this Review, the importance of the corresponding counter reaction in electro-organic synthesis is highlighted and how it can affect the performance and selectivity of the electrolytic conversion. A selection of common strategies and unique concepts to tackle this issue are surveyed to provide a guide to select appropriate counter reactions for electro-organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klein
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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31
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Zhang X, Cheng X. Electrochemical Reductive Functionalization of Alkenes with Deuterochloroform as a One-Carbon Deuteration Block. Org Lett 2022; 24:8645-8650. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijing Road 93, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
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32
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Chen G, Zhou R, Zhang X, Xiao X, Kramer S, Cheng GJ, Lian Z. Carbonylative Cross-Electrophile Coupling between Aryl Bromides and Aryl Triflates Enabled by Palladium and Rhodium Cooperative Catalysis and CO as Reductant. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ruoxin Zhou
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Søren Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gui-Juan Cheng
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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33
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Franke MC, Longley VR, Rafiee M, Stahl SS, Hansen EC, Weix DJ. Zinc-Free, Scalable Reductive Cross-Electrophile Coupling Driven by Electrochemistry in an Undivided Cell. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12617-12626. [PMID: 37065181 PMCID: PMC10101217 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-electrophile coupling reactions are becoming increasingly important in organic synthesis, but application at scale is limited by three interconnected challenges: a reliance on amide solvents (complicated workup, regulated), the generation of stoichiometric Zn salts (complicated isolation, waste disposal issue), and mixing/activation challenges of zinc powder. We show here an electrochemical approach that addresses these three issues: the reaction works in acetonitrile with diisopropylethylamine as the terminal reductant in a simple undivided cell (graphite(+)/nickel foam(-)). The reaction utilizes a combination of two ligands, 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine and 4,4',4''-tri-tert-butyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine. Studies show that, alone, the bipyridine nickel catalyst predominantly forms protodehalogenated aryl and aryl dimer, whereas the terpyridine nickel catalyst predominantly forms bialkyl and product. By combining these two unselective catalysts, a tunable, general system results because excess radical formed by the terpyridine catalyst can be converted to product by the bipyridine catalyst. As the aryl bromide becomes more electron rich, the optimal ratio shifts to have more of the bipyridine nickel catalyst. Lastly, examination of a variety of flow-cell configurations establishes that batch recirculation can achieve higher productivity (mmol product/time/electrode area) than single-pass, that high flow rates are essential to maximizing current, and that two flow cells in parallel can nearly halve the reaction time. The resulting reaction is demonstrated on gram scale and should be scalable to kilogram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareena C. Franke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Victoria R. Longley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Eric C. Hansen
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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34
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Hu P, Guo L, Zhao L, Yang C, Xia W. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Dicarbofunctionalization of Vinylarenes Enabled by Electrochemical Process. Org Lett 2022; 24:7583-7588. [PMID: 36205709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An intermolecular alkene dicarbofunctionalization via electrochemical reduction that combines alkyl and aryl iodides with styrene derivatives was herein reported. The multicomponent reaction exhibited several synthetic advantages including simple operation, wide substrate scope, and convenience of amplification. Mechanistic investigations, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and radical trapping reactions, support the electrochemical nickel catalytic cycle and formation of alkyl radical species from alkyl iodides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Hu
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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35
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Kerackian T, Bouyssi D, Pilet G, Médebielle M, Monteiro N, Vantourout JC, Amgoune A. Nickel-Catalyzed Electro-Reductive Cross-Coupling of Aliphatic N-Acyl Imides with Alkyl Halides as a Strategy for Dialkyl Ketone Synthesis: Scope and Mechanistic Investigations. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taline Kerackian
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Didier Bouyssi
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guillaume Pilet
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (LMI, UMR 5615 du CNRS), 6 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nuno Monteiro
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien C. Vantourout
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abderrahmane Amgoune
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
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36
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Huang L, Kancherla R, Rueping M. Nickel Catalyzed Regiodivergent Cross-Coupling Alkylation of Aryl Halides with Redox-Active Imines. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Huang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rajesh Kancherla
- Kaust Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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37
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Zhu C, Lee S, Chen H, Yue H, Rueping M. Reductive Cross‐Coupling of α‐Oxy Halides Enabled by Thermal Catalysis, Photocatalysis, Electrocatalysis, or Mechanochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204212. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Shao‐Chi Lee
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifeng Chen
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Huifeng Yue
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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38
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Tian X, Kaur J, Yakubov S, Barham JP. α-Amino Radical Halogen Atom Transfer Agents for Metallaphotoredox-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Couplings of Distinct Organic Halides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200906. [PMID: 35587725 PMCID: PMC9541218 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
α-Amino radicals from simple tertiary amines were employed as halogen atom transfer (XAT) agents in metallaphotoredox catalysis for cross-electrophile couplings of organic bromides with organic iodides. This XAT strategy proved to be efficient for the generation of carbon radicals from a range of partners (alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl iodides). The reactivities of these radical intermediates were captured by nickel catalysis with organobromides including aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, and alkyl bromides, enabling six diverse C-C bond formations. Classic named reactions including Negishi, Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira reactions were readily achieved in a net-reductive fashion under mild conditions. More importantly, the cross coupling was viable with either organic bromide or iodide as limiting reactant based on the availability of substrates, which is beneficial to the late-stage functionalization of complex molecules. The scalability of this method in batch and flow was investigated, further demonstrating its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
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39
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Zhu C, Lee S, Chen H, Yue H, Rueping M. Reductive Cross‐Coupling of α‐Oxy Halides Enabled by Thermal Catalysis, Photocatalysis, Electrocatalysis, or Mechanochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Shao‐Chi Lee
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifeng Chen
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Huifeng Yue
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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40
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Wu X, Li J, Xia S, Zhu C, Xie J. Nickel-catalyzed Thioester Transfer Reaction with sp 2-Hybridized Electrophiles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10003-10017. [PMID: 35815594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a thioacylation transfer reaction based on nickel-catalyzed C-C bond cleavage of thioesters with sp2-hybridized electrophiles. Aryl bromides, iodides, and alkenyl triflates can participate in thioester transfer reaction of aryl thioesters, affording a wide range of structurally diverse new thioesters in yields of up to 98% under mild reaction conditions. With this protocol, it is possible to construct alkenyl thioesters from the corresponding ketones through the generation of alkenyl triflates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Siyu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
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41
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Li P, Guo C, Wang S, Ma D, Feng T, Wang Y, Qiu Y. Facile and general electrochemical deuteration of unactivated alkyl halides. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3774. [PMID: 35773255 PMCID: PMC9247074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a facile and general electroreductive deuteration of unactivated alkyl halides (X = Cl, Br, I) or pseudo-halides (X = OMs) using D2O as the economical deuterium source was reported. In addition to primary and secondary alkyl halides, sterically hindered tertiary chlorides also work very well, affording the target deuterodehalogenated products with excellent efficiency and deuterium incorporation. More than 60 examples are provided, including late-stage dehalogenative deuteration of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and their derivatives, all with excellent deuterium incorporation (up to 99% D), demonstrating the potential utility of the developed method in organic synthesis. Furthermore, the method does not require external catalysts and tolerates high current, showing possible use in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chengcheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dengke Ma
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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42
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Kaeffer N, Leitner W. Electrocatalysis with Molecular Transition-Metal Complexes for Reductive Organic Synthesis. JACS AU 2022; 2:1266-1289. [PMID: 35783173 PMCID: PMC9241009 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis enables the formation or cleavage of chemical bonds by a genuine use of electrons or holes from an electrical energy input. As such, electrocatalysis offers resource-economical alternative pathways that bypass sacrificial, waste-generating reagents often required in classical thermal redox reactions. In this Perspective, we showcase the exploitation of molecular electrocatalysts for electrosynthesis, in particular for reductive conversion of organic substrates. Selected case studies illustrate that efficient molecular electrocatalysts not only are appropriate redox shuttles but also embrace the features of organometallic catalysis to facilitate and control chemical steps. From these examples, guidelines are proposed for the design of molecular electrocatalysts suited to the reduction of organic substrates. We finally expose opportunities brought by catalyzed electrosynthesis to functionalize organic backbones, namely using sustainable building blocks.
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43
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Li Z, Shuai B, Ma C, Fang P, Mei T. Nickel‐Catalyzed
Electroreductive Syntheses of Triphenylenes Using
ortho
‐Dihalobenzene‐Derived
Benzynes. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao‐Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Bin Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian‐Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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44
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Peng M, Li H, Qin Z, Li J, Sun Y, Zhang X, Jiang L, Do H, An J. Pentafluorophenyl Group as Activating Group: Synthesis of α‐Deuterio Carboxylic Acid Derivatives via Et
3
N Catalyzed H/D Exchange. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Health China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Hengzhao Li
- Department of Nutrition and Health China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Innovation Center of Pesticide Research China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Junyu Li
- Department of Nutrition and Health China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Health China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Health China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 People's Republic of China
| | - Hainam Do
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intesification Research of Zhejiang Province University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo 315100 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nutrition and Health China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
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45
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Charboneau DJ, Hazari N, Huang H, Uehling MR, Zultanski SL. Homogeneous Organic Electron Donors in Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Transformations. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7589-7609. [PMID: 35671350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many contemporary organic transformations, such as Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), require a reductant. Typically, heterogeneous reductants, such as Zn0 or Mn0, are used as the electron source in these reactions. Although heterogeneous reductants are highly practical for preparative-scale batch reactions, they can lead to complications in performing reactions on process scale and are not easily compatible with modern applications, such as flow chemistry. In principle, homogeneous organic reductants can address some of the challenges associated with heterogeneous reductants and also provide greater control of the reductant strength, which can lead to new reactivity. Nevertheless, homogeneous organic reductants have rarely been used in XEC. In this Perspective, we summarize recent progress in the use of homogeneous organic electron donors in Ni-catalyzed XEC and related reactions, discuss potential synthetic and mechanistic benefits, describe the limitations that inhibit their implementation, and outline challenges that need to be solved in order for homogeneous organic reductants to be widely utilized in synthetic chemistry. Although our focus is on XEC, our discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of different methods for introducing electrons is general to other reductive transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Charboneau
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Haotian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mycah R Uehling
- Discovery Chemistry, HTE and Lead Discovery Capabilities, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Susan L Zultanski
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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46
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Arepally S, Nandhakumar P, González-Montiel GA, Dzhaparova A, Kim G, Ma A, Nam KM, Yang H, Ha-Yeon Cheong P, Park JK. Unified Electrochemical Synthetic Strategy for [2 + 2 + 2] Cyclotrimerizations: Construction of 1,3,5- and 1,2,4-Trisubstituted Benzenes from Ni(I)-Mediated Reduction of Alkynes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Arepally
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ponnusamy Nandhakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | | | - Alina Dzhaparova
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Gyeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ahyeon Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ki Min Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, United States
| | - Jin Kyoon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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47
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Chen W, Ni S, Wang Y, Pan Y. Electrochemical-Promoted Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Allylation of Aryl Halides. Org Lett 2022; 24:3647-3651. [PMID: 35579336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Compared with conventional reductive coupling, reductive coupling under electrochemical conditions without external reductants is greener, milder, and more efficient and is of increasing interest to organic chemists. In this work, we report the sacrificial anode, nickel-catalyzed electrochemical allylation reaction of aryl and alkyl halides. The reaction can be applied to a range of allylation reagents such as trifluoroalkenes, oxalates, and acetates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangzhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shengyang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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48
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Xu G, Gao P, Colacot TJ. Tunable Unsymmetrical Ferrocene Ligands Bearing a Bulky Di-1-adamantylphosphino Motif for Many Kinds of C sp2–C sp3 Couplings. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Xu
- Research and Development, Life Science Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 N. Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, United States
| | - Peng Gao
- Research and Development, Life Science Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 N. Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, United States
| | - Thomas J. Colacot
- Research and Development, Life Science Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 N. Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53209, United States
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49
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Claraz A, Masson G. Recent Advances in C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) and C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Bond Formation through Cathodic Reactions: Reductive and Convergent Paired Electrolyses. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:126-147. [PMID: 36855458 PMCID: PMC9954344 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds is one of the major research goals of synthetic chemists. Electrochemistry is commonly considered to be an appealing means to drive redox reactions in a safe and sustainable fashion and has been utilized for C-C bond-forming reactions. Compared to anodic oxidative methods, which have been extensively explored, cathodic processes are much less investigated, whereas it can pave the way to alternative retrosynthetic disconnections of target molecules and to the discovery of new transformations. This review provides an overview on the recent achievements in the construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds via cathodic reactions since 2017. It includes electrochemical reductions and convergent paired electrolyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
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50
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Zhou X, Guo L, Zhang H, Xia RY, Yang C, Xia W. Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Acylation of Carboxylic Acids with Alkyl Halides and
N
‐Hydroxyphthalimide Esters Enabled by Electrochemical Process. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxiang Zhang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Raymond Yang Xia
- The Affiliated International School of Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518054 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
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