1
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Naranjo A, Garrido M, Martín Sabanés N, Pérez EM. Scope and Limitations of Using Microemulsions for the Covalent Patterning of Graphene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303809. [PMID: 38465520 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Patterning of graphene (functionalizing some areas while leaving others intact) is challenging, as all the C atoms in the basal plane are identical, but it is also desirable for a variety of applications, like opening a bandgap in the electronic structure of graphene. Several methods have been reported to pattern graphene, but most of them are very technologically intensive. Recently, we reported the use of microemulsions as templates to pattern graphene at the μm scale. This method is very simple and in principle tunable, as emulsions of different droplet size and composition can be prepared easily. Here, we explore in detail the scope of this methodology by applying it to all the combinations of four different emulsions and three different organic reagents, and characterizing the resulting substrates exhaustively through Raman, SEM and AFM. We find that the method is general, works better when the reactive species are outside the micelles, and requires reactive species that involve short reaction times.
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2
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Al-Fogra S, Rohde S, Speck M, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Wei T. Spatially resolved fluoroalkylation and alkylation of graphene by direct laser writing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:734-737. [PMID: 38115763 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05355e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Two classes of photoactive compounds containing fluoroalkyl- and alkyl silver carboxylates were utilized for graphene laser writing, affording a set of patterned graphene architectures bearing various functionalities. The laser patterning of graphene is accomplished by using laser-triggered decomposition of silver carboxylates to generate radicals confined to the irradiated area for the selective binding of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrin Al-Fogra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sofia Rohde
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Marcus Speck
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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3
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Huang Z. Chemical Patterning on Nanocarbons: Functionality Typewriting. Molecules 2023; 28:8104. [PMID: 38138593 PMCID: PMC10745949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocarbon materials have become extraordinarily compelling for their significant potential in the cutting-edge science and technology. These materials exhibit exceptional physicochemical properties due to their distinctive low-dimensional structures and tailored surface characteristics. An attractive direction at the forefront of this field involves the spatially resolved chemical functionalization of a diverse range of nanocarbons, encompassing carbon nanotubes, graphene, and a myriad of derivative structures. In tandem with the technological leaps in lithography, these endeavors have fostered the creation of a novel class of nanocarbon materials with finely tunable physical and chemical attributes, and programmable multi-functionalities, paving the way for new applications in fields such as nanoelectronics, sensing, photonics, and quantum technologies. Our review examines the swift and dynamic advancements in nanocarbon chemical patterning. Key breakthroughs and future opportunities are highlighted. This review not only provides an in-depth understanding of this fast-paced field but also helps to catalyze the rational design of advanced next-generation nanocarbon-based materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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4
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Liu X, Yang B, Zhou X, Wu M, Spiecker E, Bachmann J, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Wei T. Synergistic Combination of Reductive Covalent Functionalization and Atomic Layer Deposition-Towards Spatially Defined Graphene-Organic-Inorganic Heterostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314183. [PMID: 37815890 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensionally (3D) well-ordered and highly integrated graphene hybrid architectures are considered to be next-generation multifunctional graphene materials but still remain elusive. Here, we report the first realization of unprecedented 3D-patterned graphene nano-ensembles composed of a graphene monolayer, a tailor-made structured organophenyl layer, and three metal oxide films, providing the first example of such a hybrid nano-architecture. These spatially resolved and hierarchically structured quinary hybrids are generated via a two-dimensional (2D)-functionalization-mediated atomic layer deposition growth process, involving an initial lateral molecular programming of the graphene lattice via lithography-assisted 2D functionalization and a subsequent stepwise molecular assembly in these regions in the z-direction. Our breakthrough lays the foundation for the construction of emerging 3D-patterned graphene heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bowen Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mingjian Wu
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (IMN) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Li M, Yin B, Gao C, Guo J, Zhao C, Jia C, Guo X. Graphene: Preparation, tailoring, and modification. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20210233. [PMID: 37323621 PMCID: PMC10190957 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a 2D material with fruitful electrical properties, which can be efficiently prepared, tailored, and modified for a variety of applications, particularly in the field of optoelectronic devices thanks to its planar hexagonal lattice structure. To date, graphene has been prepared using a variety of bottom-up growth and top-down exfoliation techniques. To prepare high-quality graphene with high yield, a variety of physical exfoliation methods, such as mechanical exfoliation, anode bonding exfoliation, and metal-assisted exfoliation, have been developed. To adjust the properties of graphene, different tailoring processes have been emerged to precisely pattern graphene, such as gas etching and electron beam lithography. Due to the differences in reactivity and thermal stability of different regions, anisotropic tailoring of graphene can be achieved by using gases as the etchant. To meet practical requirements, further chemical functionalization at the edge and basal plane of graphene has been extensively utilized to modify its properties. The integration and application of graphene devices is facilitated by the combination of graphene preparation, tailoring, and modification. This review focuses on several important strategies for graphene preparation, tailoring, and modification that have recently been developed, providing a foundation for its potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Bing Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chunyan Gao
- Center of Single‐Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Electronic Information and Optical EngineeringNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Jie Guo
- Center of Single‐Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Electronic Information and Optical EngineeringNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Cong Zhao
- Center of Single‐Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Electronic Information and Optical EngineeringNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Single‐Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Electronic Information and Optical EngineeringNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Single‐Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Electronic Information and Optical EngineeringNankai UniversityTianjinChina
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6
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Wetzl C, Silvestri A, Garrido M, Hou HL, Criado A, Prato M. The Covalent Functionalization of Surface-Supported Graphene: An Update. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212857. [PMID: 36279191 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of graphene supported on solid surfaces has broadened its scope and applications, and graphene has acquire a promising role as a major component of high-performance electronic devices. In this context, the chemical modification of graphene has become essential. In particular, covalent modification offers key benefits, including controllability, stability, and the facility to be integrated into manufacturing operations. In this Review, we critically comment on the latest advances in the covalent modification of supported graphene on substrates. We analyze the different chemical modifications with special attention to radical reactions. In this context, we review the latest achievements in reactivity control, tailoring electronic properties, and introducing active functionalities. Finally, we extended our analysis to other emerging 2D materials supported on surfaces, such as transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal oxides, and elemental analogs of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wetzl
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain.,University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alessandro Silvestri
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marina Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Hui-Lei Hou
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Rúa as Carballeiras, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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7
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Al-Fogra S, Yang B, Jurkiewicz L, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Wei T. Spatially Resolved Janus Patterning of Graphene by Direct Laser Writing. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19825-19831. [PMID: 36256880 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Covalently patterned Janus-functionalized graphene featuring a spatially defined asymmetric bifacial addend binding motif remains a challenging synthetic target. Here, a facile and universal laser writing approach for a one-step covalent Janus patterning of graphene is reported, leading to the formation of up to now elusive graphene architectures, solely consisting of antaratopically functionalized superlattices. The structurally defined covalent functionalization procedure is based on laser-triggered concurrent photolysis of two different photosensitizers situated on both sides of the graphene plane, generating radicals and subsequent addend binding in the laser-irradiated areas only. Careful structure analysis was performed by Raman spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy. In terms of the advantages of our newly established concept, including a simple/easy-to-operate patterning procedure, arbitrary pattern availability, and a high degree of addend binding, an easy access to tailor-designed Janus-functionalized graphene devices with spatially resolved functional entities can be envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrin Al-Fogra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bowen Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Jurkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Wei T, Liu X, Kohring M, Al‐Fogra S, Moritz M, Hemmeter D, Paap U, Papp C, Steinrück H, Bachmann J, Weber HB, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Molecular Stacking on Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201169. [PMID: 35647672 PMCID: PMC9540619 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Xin Liu
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Malte Kohring
- Department of Physics Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Staudtstr. 7 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sabrin Al‐Fogra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael Moritz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Chair of Physical Chemistry II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Daniel Hemmeter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Chair of Physical Chemistry II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ulrike Paap
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Chair of Physical Chemistry II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Chair of Physical Chemistry II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Hans‐Peter Steinrück
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Chair of Physical Chemistry II Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Cauerstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Saint-Petersburg State University Universitetskii pr. 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Heiko B. Weber
- Department of Physics Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Staudtstr. 7 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
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9
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Investigation of supercapacitor properties of chlorine-containing functional groups doped graphene electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Xia Y, Sun L, Eyley S, Daelemans B, Thielemans W, Seibel J, De Feyter S. Grafting Ink for Direct Writing: Solvation Activated Covalent Functionalization of Graphene. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105017. [PMID: 35419972 PMCID: PMC9259721 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of graphene (CFG) has shown attractive advantages in tuning the electronic, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of graphene. However, facile, large-scale, controllable, and highly efficient CFG remains challenging and often involves highly reactive and volatile compounds, requiring complex control of the reaction conditions. Here, a diazonium-based grafting ink consisting of only two components, i.e., an aryl diazonium salt and the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is presented. The efficient functionalization is attributed to the combination of the solvation of the diazonium cations by DMSO and n-doping of graphene by DMSO, thereby promoting electron transfer (ET) from graphene to the diazonium cations, resulting in the generation of aryl radicals which subsequently react with the graphene. The grafting density of CFG is controlled by the reaction time and very high levels of functionalization, up to the failing of the Tuinstra-Koenig (T-K) relation, while the functionalization layer remains at monolayer height. The grafting ink, effective for days at room temperature, can be used at ambient conditions and renders the patterning CFG by direct writing as easy as writing on paper. In combination with thermal sample treatment, reversible functionalization is possible by subsequent writing/erasing cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Xia
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Li Sun
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Department of Chemical EngineeringSustainable Materials LabKU LeuvenCampus Kulak Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53Kortrijk8500Belgium
| | - Brent Daelemans
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Department of Chemical EngineeringSustainable Materials LabKU LeuvenCampus Kulak Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53Kortrijk8500Belgium
| | - Johannes Seibel
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
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11
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Wei T, Liu X, Kohring M, Al-Fogra S, Moritz M, Hemmeter D, Paap U, Papp C, Steinrück HP, Bachmann J, Weber HB, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Molecular Stacking on Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP) Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Xin Liu
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Malte Kohring
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Physics Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Sabrin Al-Fogra
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP) Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Michael Moritz
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Physical Chemistry II GERMANY
| | - Daniel Hemmeter
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Physical Chemistry II GERMANY
| | - Ulrike Paap
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Physical Chemistry II GERMANY
| | - Christian Papp
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Physical Chemistry II GERMANY
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Physical Chemistry II GERMANY
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Heiko B. Weber
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Physics Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Frank Hauke
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP) Erlangen GERMANY
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen GERMANY
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12
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Lombardi L, Kovtun A, Mantovani S, Bertuzzi G, Favaretto L, Bettini C, Palermo V, Melucci M, Bandini M. Visible-Light Assisted Covalent Surface Functionalization of Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets with Arylazo Sulfones. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200333. [PMID: 35319124 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an environmentally benign methodology for the covalent functionalization (arylation) of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets with arylazo sulfones. A variety of tagged aryl units were conveniently accommodated at the rGO surface via visible-light irradiation of suspensions of carbon nanostructured materials in aqueous media. Mild reaction conditions, absence of photosensitizers, functional group tolerance and high atomic fractions (XPS analysis) represent some of the salient features characterizing the present methodology. Control experiments for the mechanistic elucidation (Raman analysis) and chemical nanomanipulation of the tagged rGO surfaces are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Kovtun
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Mantovani
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Favaretto
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristian Bettini
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palermo
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Melucci
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Toyouchi S, Wolf M, Feng G, Fujita Y, Fortuni B, Inose T, Hirai K, De Feyter S, Uji-I H. All-Optical and One-Color Rewritable Chemical Patterning on Pristine Graphene under Water. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3796-3803. [PMID: 35452245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile all-optical method for spatially resolved and reversible chemical modification of a graphene monolayer. A tightly focused laser on graphene under water introduces an sp3-type chemical defect by photo-oxidation. The sp3-type defects can be reversibly restored to sp2 carbon centers by the same laser with higher intensity. The photoreduction occurs due to laser-induced local heating on the graphene. These optical methods combined with a laser direct writing technique allow photowriting and erasing of a well-defined chemical pattern on a graphene canvas with a spatial resolution of about 300 nm. The pattern is visualized by Raman mapping with the same excitation laser, enabling an optical read-out of the chemical information on the graphene. Here, we successfully demonstrate all-optical Write/Read-out/Erase of chemical functionalization patterns on graphene by simply adjusting the one-color laser intensity. The all-optical method enables flexible and efficient tailoring of physicochemical properties in nanoscale for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Toyouchi
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathias Wolf
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guilin Feng
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Kita ward, Sapporo, 001-0020 Hokkaido, Japan
- Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N14W9, Kita ward, Sapporo, 060-0814 Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Fujita
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Toray Research Center, Inc., Sonoyama 3-3-7, Otsu, 520-8567 Shiga, Japan
| | - Beatrice Fortuni
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomoko Inose
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Bldg, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirai
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Kita ward, Sapporo, 001-0020 Hokkaido, Japan
- Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N14W9, Kita ward, Sapporo, 060-0814 Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Kita ward, Sapporo, 001-0020 Hokkaido, Japan
- Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N14W9, Kita ward, Sapporo, 060-0814 Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Bldg, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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14
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Dai C, Liu Y, Wei D. Two-Dimensional Field-Effect Transistor Sensors: The Road toward Commercialization. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10319-10392. [PMID: 35412802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary success in information technology has been sustained by the rapid growth of sensor technology. Recently, advances in sensor technology have promoted the ambitious requirement to build intelligent systems that can be controlled by external stimuli along with independent operation, adaptivity, and low energy expenditure. Among various sensing techniques, field-effect transistors (FETs) with channels made of two-dimensional (2D) materials attract increasing attention for advantages such as label-free detection, fast response, easy operation, and capability of integration. With atomic thickness, 2D materials restrict the carrier flow within the material surface and expose it directly to the external environment, leading to efficient signal acquisition and conversion. This review summarizes the latest advances of 2D-materials-based FET (2D FET) sensors in a comprehensive manner that contains the material, operating principles, fabrication technologies, proof-of-concept applications, and prototypes. First, a brief description of the background and fundamentals is provided. The subsequent contents summarize physical, chemical, and biological 2D FET sensors and their applications. Then, we highlight the challenges of their commercialization and discuss corresponding solution techniques. The following section presents a systematic survey of recent progress in developing commercial prototypes. Lastly, we summarize the long-standing efforts and prospective future development of 2D FET-based sensing systems toward commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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15
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Li Z, Li K, Wang S, Teng C. Covalent Patterning of Graphene for Controllable Functionalization from Microscale to Nanoscale: A Mini-Review. Front Chem 2022; 10:829614. [PMID: 35360538 PMCID: PMC8963783 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.829614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent patterning of graphene opens many application possibilities in the field of photonics, electronics, sensors, and catalysis due to order-dependent optical properties, band structure engineering, and processibility and reactivity improvement. Owing to the low reactivity of the graphene basal plane, harsh reagents (e.g., radicals) used for covalent functionalization normally result in poor spatial control, which largely compromises the intrinsic properties of graphene. Therefore, precisely spatial control on covalent patterning of graphene is of great importance. Herein, we summarize recent advances for covalent patterning of graphene from the microscale to nanoscale resolution using different techniques such as laser or electrochemical writing, template-directed growth, and tip-induced nanoshaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Li, ; Chao Teng,
| | - Kai Li
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Teng
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Li, ; Chao Teng,
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16
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Wei T, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Evolution of Graphene Patterning: From Dimension Regulation to Molecular Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104060. [PMID: 34569112 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The realization that nanostructured graphene featuring nanoscale width can confine electrons to open its bandgap has aroused scientists' attention to the regulation of graphene structures, where the concept of graphene patterns emerged. Exploring various effective methods for creating graphene patterns has led to the birth of a new field termed graphene patterning, which has evolved into the most vigorous and intriguing branch of graphene research during the past decade. The efforts in this field have resulted in the development of numerous strategies to structure graphene, affording a variety of graphene patterns with tailored shapes and sizes. The established patterning approaches combined with graphene chemistry yields a novel chemical patterning route via molecular engineering, which opens up a new era in graphene research. In this review, the currently developed graphene patterning strategies is systematically outlined, with emphasis on the chemical patterning. In addition to introducing the basic concepts and the important progress of traditional methods, which are generally categorized into top-down, bottom-up technologies, an exhaustive review of established protocols for emerging chemical patterning is presented. At the end, an outlook for future development and challenges is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Bao L, Zhao B, Yang B, Halik M, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Hypervalent Iodine Compounds as Versatile Reagents for Extremely Efficient and Reversible Patterning of Graphene with Nanoscale Precision. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101653. [PMID: 34173280 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rational patterning and tailoring of graphene relies on the disclosure of suitable reagents for structuring the target functionalities on the 2D-carbon network. Here, a series of hypervalent iodine compounds, namely, 1-chloro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one, 1,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-benziodoxole, and 3,3-dimethyl-1-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-benziodoxole is reported to be extremely efficient for a diversified graphene patterning. The decomposition of these compounds generates highly reactive Cl, OH, and CF3 radicals exclusively in the irradiated areas, which subsequently attach onto the graphene leading to locally controlled chlorination, hydroxylation, and trifluoromethylation, respectively. This is the first realization of a patterned hydroxylation of graphene, and the degrees of functionalization of the patterned chlorination and trifluoromethylation are both unprecedented. The usage of these mild reagents here is reasonably facile compared to the reported methods using hazardous Cl2 or ICl and allows for sophisticated pattern designs with nanoscale precision, promising for arbitrary nanomanipulation of graphene's properties like hydrophilicity and conductivity by the three distinct functionalities (Cl, OH, and CF3 ). Moreover, the attachment of functional entities to these highly functionalized graphene nanoarchitectures is fully reversible upon thermal annealing, enabling a full writing/storing/reading/erasing control over the chemical information stored within graphene. This work provides an exciting clue for target 2D functionalization and modulation of graphene by using suitable hypervalent iodine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipiao Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Baolin Zhao
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute for Polymer Materials, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bowen Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute for Polymer Materials, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Brown A, Greenwood J, Lockhart de la Rosa CJ, Rodríguez González MC, Verguts K, Brems S, Zhang H, Hirsch BE, De Gendt S, Delabie A, Caymax M, Teyssandier J, De Feyter S. A chemisorbed interfacial layer for seeding atomic layer deposition on graphite. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12327-12341. [PMID: 34254598 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06959k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The integration of graphene, and more broadly two-dimensional materials, into devices and hybrid materials often requires the deposition of thin films on their usually inert surface. As a result, strategies for the introduction of surface reactive sites have been developed but currently pose a dilemma between robustness and preservation of the graphene properties. A method is reported here for covalently modifying graphitic surfaces, introducing functional groups that act as reactive sites for the growth of high quality dielectric layers. Aryl diazonium species containing tri-methoxy groups are covalently bonded (grafted) to highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and graphene, acting as seeding species for atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3, a high-κ dielectric material. A smooth and uniform dielectric film growth is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrical measurements. Raman spectroscopy showed that the aryl groups gradually detach from the graphitic surface during the Al2O3 ALD process at 150 °C, with the surface reverting back to the original sp2-hybridized state and without damaging the dielectric layer. Thus, the grafted aryl groups can act as a sacrificial seeding layer after healing the defects of the graphitic surface with annealing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Brown
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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19
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Rodríguez González MC, Leonhardt A, Stadler H, Eyley S, Thielemans W, De Gendt S, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Multicomponent Covalent Chemical Patterning of Graphene. ACS NANO 2021; 15:10618-10627. [PMID: 34047547 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemical patterning of graphene is being pursued tenaciously due to exciting possibilities in electronics, catalysis, sensing, and photonics. Despite the intense efforts, spatially controlled, multifunctional covalent patterning of graphene has not been achieved. The lack of control originates from the inherently poor reactivity of the basal plane of graphene, which necessitates the use of harsh chemistries. Here, we demonstrate spatially resolved multicomponent covalent chemical patterning of single layer graphene using a facile and efficient method. Three different functional groups could be covalently attached to the basal plane in dense, well-defined patterns using a combination of lithography and a self-limiting variant of diazonium chemistry requiring no need for graphene activation. The layer thickness of the covalent films could be controlled down to 1 nm. This work provides a solid foundation for the fabrication of chemically patterned multifunctional graphene interfaces for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam C Rodríguez González
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Leonhardt
- Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum (imec) vzw, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hartmut Stadler
- Bruker Nanoscience Division, Östliche Rheinbrückenstr. 49, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Materials Lab, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Materials Lab, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Stefan De Gendt
- Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica Centrum (imec) vzw, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Bao L, Zhao B, Assebban M, Halik M, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Covalent 2D Patterning, Local Electronic Structure and Polarization Switching of Graphene at the Nanometer Level. Chemistry 2021; 27:8709-8713. [PMID: 33769649 PMCID: PMC8252423 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A very facile and efficient protocol for the covalent patterning and properties tuning of graphene is reported. Highly reactive fluorine radicals were added to confined regions of graphene directed by laser writing on graphene coated with 1‐fluoro‐3,3‐dimethylbenziodoxole. This process allows for the realization of exquisite patterns on graphene with resolutions down to 200 nm. The degree of functionalization, ranging from the unfunctionalized graphene to extremely high functionalized graphene, can be precisely tuned by controlling the laser irradiation time. Subsequent substitution of the initially patterned fluorine atoms afforded an unprecedented graphene nanostructure bearing thiophene groups. This substitution led to a complete switch of both the electronic structure and the polarization within the patterned graphene regions. This approach paves the way towards the precise modulation of the structure and properties of nanostructured graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipiao Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Baolin Zhao
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute of Polymer Material, Interdisziplinären Zentrums für Nanostrukturierte Filme (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mhamed Assebban
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials and Devices (OMD), Institute of Polymer Material, Interdisziplinären Zentrums für Nanostrukturierte Filme (IZNF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Wei T, Liu X, Al-Fogra S, Bachmann J, Hauke F, Hirsch A. A general concept for highly efficient covalent laser patterning of graphene based on silver carboxylates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4654-4657. [PMID: 33977981 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00902h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Three novel types of spatially resolved graphene architectures GA, GB, and GC respectively bearing CH3-, C6H5- and C3F7 groups are efficiently constructed by newly developed laser-writing concepts using silver carboxylates as corresponding photosensitizers. These 2D-structured samples are unequivocally characterized by Raman spectroscopy and SEM-EDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Xin Liu
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstr. 3, Erlangen 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabrin Al-Fogra
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstr. 3, Erlangen 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstr. 3, Erlangen 91058, Erlangen, Germany and Saint-Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Frank Hauke
- Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Cauerstr. 3, Erlangen 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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22
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Abstract
Structured covalent two-dimensional patterning of graphene with different chemical functionalities constitutes a major challenge in nanotechnology. At the same time, it opens enormous opportunities towards tailoring of physical and chemical properties with limitless combinations of spatially defined surface functionalities. However, such highly integrated carbon-based architectures (graphene embroidery) are so far elusive. Here, we report a practical realization of molecular graphene embroidery by generating regular multiply functionalized patterns consisting of concentric regions of covalent addend binding. These spatially resolved hetero-architectures are generated by repetitive electron-beam lithography/reduction/covalent-binding sequences starting with polymethyl methacrylate covered graphene deposited on a Si/SiO2 substrate. The corresponding functionalization zones carry bromobenzene-, deutero-, and chloro-addends. We employ statistical Raman spectroscopy together with scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for an unambiguous characterization. The exquisitely ordered nanoarchitectures of these covalently multi-patterned graphene sheets are clearly visualized. Covalently 2D-patterning graphene with different chemical functionalities is an attractive way to tailor its physical and chemical properties. Here, the authors realize spatially defined 2D-hetereoarchitectures of graphene via a strategy of molecular embroidering.
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23
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Wei T, Al-Fogra S, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Direct Laser Writing on Graphene with Unprecedented Efficiency of Covalent Two-Dimensional Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21926-21931. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Sabrin Al-Fogra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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Edelthalhammer KF, Dasler D, Jurkiewicz L, Nagel T, Al‐Fogra S, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Kovalente 2D‐Strukturierung von Graphen durch räumlich aufgelöstes Laserschreiben/Lesen/Löschen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Felix Edelthalhammer
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Daniela Dasler
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Lisa Jurkiewicz
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Tamara Nagel
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Sabrin Al‐Fogra
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
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25
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Edelthalhammer KF, Dasler D, Jurkiewicz L, Nagel T, Al‐Fogra S, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Covalent 2D-Engineering of Graphene by Spatially Resolved Laser Writing/Reading/Erasing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23329-23334. [PMID: 32808699 PMCID: PMC7756404 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile and efficient method for the covalent 2D‐patterning of monolayer graphene via laser irradiation. We utilized the photo‐cleavage of dibenzoylperoxide (DBPO) and optimized the subsequent radical additions to non‐activated graphene up to that level where controlled covalent 2D‐patterning of graphene initiated by spatially resolved laser writing is possible. The covalent 2D‐functionalization of graphene, which is monitored by scanning Raman microscopy (SRM) is completely reversible. This new concept enables write/read/erase control over the covalent chemical information stored on the graphene surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Felix Edelthalhammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Daniela Dasler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Lisa Jurkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tamara Nagel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Sabrin Al‐Fogra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
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26
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Clancy AJ, Au H, Rubio N, Coulter GO, Shaffer MSP. Understanding and controlling the covalent functionalisation of graphene. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10308-10318. [PMID: 32643711 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01589j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical functionalisation is one of the most active areas of graphene research, motivated by fundamental science, the opportunities to adjust or supplement intrinsic properties, and the need to assemble materials for a broad array of applications. Historically, the primary consideration has been the degree of functionalisation but there is growing interest in understanding how and where modification occurs. Reactions may proceed preferentially at edges, defects, or on graphitic faces; they may be correlated, uncorrelated, or anti-correlated with previously grafted sites. A detailed collation of existing literature data indicates that steric effects play a strong role in limiting the extent of reaction. However, the pattern of functionalisation may have important effects on the resulting properties. This article addresses the unifying principles of current graphene functionalisation technologies, with emphasis on understanding and controlling the locus of functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Clancy
- Dept. Chemistry, UCL, Gower Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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27
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Bao L, Kohring M, Weber HB, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Covalently Doped Graphene Superlattices: Spatially Resolved Supratopic- and Janus-Binding. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16016-16022. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lipiao Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Malte Kohring
- Department of Applied Physics & Institue of Condensed Matter Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 7/Bau A3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiko B. Weber
- Department of Applied Physics & Institue of Condensed Matter Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 7/Bau A3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Wei T, Bao L, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Recent Advances in Graphene Patterning. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1655-1668. [PMID: 32757359 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging field of research, graphene patterning has received considerable attention because of its ability to tailor the structure of graphene and the respective properties, aiming at practical applications such as electronic devices, catalysts, and sensors. Recent efforts in this field have led to the development of a variety of different approaches to pattern graphene sheets, providing a multitude of graphene patterns with different shapes and sizes. These established patterning techniques in combination with graphene chemistry have paved the road towards highly attractive chemical patterning approaches, establishing a very promising and vigorously developing research topic. In this review, an overview of commonly used strategies is presented that are categorized into top-down and bottom-up routes for graphene patterning, focusing mainly on new advances. Other than the introduction of basic concepts of each method, the advantages/disadvantages are compared as well. In addition, for the first time, an overview of chemical patterning techniques is outlined. At the end, the challenges and future perspectives in the field are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lipiao Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Xia Y, Martin C, Seibel J, Eyley S, Thielemans W, van der Auweraer M, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Iodide mediated reductive decomposition of diazonium salts: towards mild and efficient covalent functionalization of surface-supported graphene. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:11916-11926. [PMID: 32478349 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03309j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of graphene is highly sought after, not only in view of the potential applications of the chemically modified material, but also because it brings fundamental insight into the chemistry of graphene. Thus, strategies that yield chemically modified graphene with densely grafted films of aryl groups via simple experimental protocols have been the focus of intense research. Here we report a mild, straightforward and efficient approach to graphene/graphite functionalization using iodide mediated reductive dediazoniation of aryldiazonium salts. The experimental protocol employs aqueous solutions of the reagents. The reaction proceeds rapidly at room temperature without the need of any environmental or electrochemical control. The covalently modified surfaces were characterized at the nanometer scale using a combination of complementary surface analytical techniques. The degree of covalent functionalization, and the morphology, as well as the thickness of the grafted films were studied at the molecular level using Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy, respectively. Furthermore, solution phase UV-Vis spectroscopy was employed to understand the mechanistic aspects. This work demonstrates a facile and scalable covalent modification method compatible for both bulk and monolayer functionalization of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Cristina Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Johannes Seibel
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Materials Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sustainable Materials Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Mark van der Auweraer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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30
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Wei T, Kohring M, Chen M, Yang S, Weber HB, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Highly Efficient and Reversible Covalent Patterning of Graphene: 2D-Management of Chemical Information. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5602-5606. [PMID: 31833618 PMCID: PMC7154694 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Patterned graphene-functionalization with a tunable degree of functionalization can tailor the properties of graphene. Here, we present a new reductive functionalization approach combined with lithography rendering patterned graphene-functionalization easily accessible. Two types of covalent patterning of graphene were prepared and their structures were unambiguously characterized by statistical Raman spectroscopy together with scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The reversible defunctionalization processes, as revealed by temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy, enable the possibility to accurately modulate the degree of functionalization by annealing. This allows for the management of chemical information through complete write/store/erase cycles. Based on our strategy, controllable and efficient patterning graphene-functionalization is no longer a challenge and facilitates the development of graphene-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Process (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Malte Kohring
- Department of Applied Physics & Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrsse 7/ Bau A3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Muqing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Heiko B Weber
- Department of Applied Physics & Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrsse 7/ Bau A3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Process (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Process (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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