1
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Ji P, Duan K, Li M, Wang Z, Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang W. Photochemical dearomative skeletal modifications of heteroaromatics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6600-6624. [PMID: 38817197 PMCID: PMC11181993 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization has emerged as a powerful tool for rapid construction of 3D molecular architectures from simple, abundant, and planar (hetero)arenes. The field has evolved beyond simple dearomatization driven by new synthetic technology development. With the renaissance of photocatalysis and expansion of the activation mode, the last few years have witnessed impressive developments in innovative photochemical dearomatization methodologies, enabling skeletal modifications of dearomatized structures. They offer truly efficient and useful tools for facile construction of highly complex structures, which are viable for natural product synthesis and drug discovery. In this review, we aim to provide a mechanistically insightful overview on these innovations based on the degree of skeletal alteration, categorized into dearomative functionalization and skeletal editing, and to highlight their synthetic utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Kuaikuai Duan
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Menglong Li
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
| | - Yueteng Zhang
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
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2
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Shimose A, Ishigaki S, Sato Y, Nogami J, Toriumi N, Uchiyama M, Tanaka K, Nagashima Y. Dearomative Construction of 2D/3D Frameworks from Quinolines via Nucleophilic Addition/Borate-Mediated Photocycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202403461. [PMID: 38803130 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative construction of multiply-fused 2D/3D frameworks, composed of aromatic two-dimensional (2D) rings and saturated three-dimensional (3D) rings, from readily available quinolines has greatly contributed to drug discovery. However, dearomative cycloadditions of quinolines in the presence of photocatalysts usually afford 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline (THQ)-based polycycles, and dearomative access to 1,2,3,4-THQ-based structures remains limited. Herein, we present a chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective dearomative transformation of quinolines into 1,2,3,4-THQ-based 6-6-4-membered rings without any catalyst, through a combination of nucleophilic addition and borate-mediated [2+2] photocycloaddition. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that the photoexcited borate complex, generated from quinoline, organolithium, and HB(pin), accelerates the cycloaddition and suppresses the rearomatization that usually occurs in conventional photocycloaddition. Based on our mechanistic analysis, we also developed further photoinduced cycloadditions affording other types of 2D/3D frameworks from isoquinoline and phenanthrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuha Shimose
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Shiho Ishigaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Juntaro Nogami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Toriumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagashima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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3
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Shen GB, Luo GZ, Qian BC, Zhu XQ. Evaluation of Organic Hydride/Acid Pairs as a Type of Thermodynamic-Potential-Regulated Multisite Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reagents. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6205-6221. [PMID: 38632842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Organic hydride/acid pairs have been reported as multisite proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) reagents in reductive MS-PCET reactions recently. Since the key step for an organic hydride/acid pair acting as an MS-PCET reagent is a chemical process of the organic hydride/acid pair releasing a formal hydrogen atom, the bond dissociation free energy of the organic hydride/acid pair releasing a formal hydrogen atom is a valuable thermodynamic parameter for objectively evaluating the thermodynamic potential for an organic hydride/acid pair to act as an MS-PCET reagent. Now, organic hydride/acid pairs of 216 organic hydrides have been demonstrated to be a potential type of thermodynamically potential-regulated MS-PCET reagent. Without a doubt, organic hydride/acid pairs reflect the change of N-substituted organic hydrides from simple hydride reductants to thermodynamically-regulated MS-PCET reagents, which could significantly expand the availability of novel MS-PCET reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Bin Shen
- College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Ze Luo
- College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Chen Qian
- College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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4
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Chi Z, Liao JB, Cheng X, Ye Z, Yuan W, Lin YM, Gong L. Asymmetric Cross-Coupling of Aldehydes with Diverse Carbonyl or Iminyl Compounds by Photoredox-Mediated Cobalt Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10857-10867. [PMID: 38587540 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The asymmetric cross-coupling of unsaturated bonds, hampered by their comparable polarity and reactivity, as well as the scarcity of efficient catalytic systems capable of diastereo- and enantiocontrol, presents a significant hurdle in organic synthesis. In this study, we introduce a highly adaptable photochemical cobalt catalysis framework that facilitates chemo- and stereoselective reductive cross-couplings between common aldehydes with a broad array of carbonyl and iminyl compounds, including N-acylhydrazones, aryl ketones, aldehydes, and α-keto esters. Our methodology hinges on a synergistic mechanism driven by photoredox-induced single-electron reduction and subsequent radical-radical coupling, all precisely guided by a chiral cobalt catalyst. Various optically enriched β-amino alcohols and unsymmetrical 1,2-diol derivatives (80 examples) have been synthesized with good yields (up to 90% yield) and high stereoselectivities (up to >20:1 dr, 99% ee). Of particular note, this approach accomplishes unattainable photochemical asymmetric transformations of aldehydes with disparate carbonyl partners without reliance on any external photosensitizer, thereby further emphasizing its versatility and cost-efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Chi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jia-Bin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xiuliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Ziqi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361005, China
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5
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Escolano M, Gaviña D, Alzuet-Piña G, Díaz-Oltra S, Sánchez-Roselló M, Pozo CD. Recent Strategies in the Nucleophilic Dearomatization of Pyridines, Quinolines, and Isoquinolines. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1122-1246. [PMID: 38166390 PMCID: PMC10902862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions have become fundamental chemical transformations in organic synthesis since they allow for the generation of three-dimensional complexity from two-dimensional precursors, bridging arene feedstocks with alicyclic structures. When those processes are applied to pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, partially or fully saturated nitrogen heterocycles are formed, which are among the most significant structural components of pharmaceuticals and natural products. The inherent challenge of those transformations lies in the low reactivity of heteroaromatic substrates, which makes the dearomatization process thermodynamically unfavorable. Usually, connecting the dearomatization event to the irreversible formation of a strong C-C, C-H, or C-heteroatom bond compensates the energy required to disrupt the aromaticity. This aromaticity breakup normally results in a 1,2- or 1,4-functionalization of the heterocycle. Moreover, the combination of these dearomatization processes with subsequent transformations in tandem or stepwise protocols allows for multiple heterocycle functionalizations, giving access to complex molecular skeletons. The aim of this review, which covers the period from 2016 to 2022, is to update the state of the art of nucleophilic dearomatizations of pyridines, quinolines, and isoquinolines, showing the extraordinary ability of the dearomative methodology in organic synthesis and indicating their limitations and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Escolano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Gaviña
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Alzuet-Piña
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Díaz-Oltra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Roselló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Pozo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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6
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Sherborne GJ, Diène C, Kemmitt P, Smith AD. Access to a Diverse Array of Bridged Benzo[1,5]oxazocine and Benzo[1,4]diazepine Structures. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37996078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of bridged benzo[1,5]oxazocines and benzo[1,4]diazepines is demonstrated from simple aniline and aldehyde starting materials. A one-pot condensation/6π electrocyclization is followed by an intramolecular trapping of the 2,3-dihydroquinoline intermediate by nitrogen or oxygen nucleophiles to give bridged seven- and eight-membered products. Using 3-hydroxypyridinecarboxaldehydes results in a stable zwitterionic structure that can undergo a diastereoselective reduction under hydrogenative conditions. A similar cyclization/hydrogenation pathway with excellent diastereoselectivity is also demonstrated from 2-pyridyl-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Sherborne
- Medicinal Chemistry Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Coura Diène
- Medicinal Chemistry Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Paul Kemmitt
- Medicinal Chemistry Oncology R&D, Research and Early Development, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
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7
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Lisnyak VG, Tan Y, Ramirez A, Wisniewski SR, Sarjeant AA. Development of a Crystallization-Induced Diastereomer Transformation of Oxime Isomers for the Asymmetric Synthesis of (1 S,6 R)-3,9-Diazabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12493-12501. [PMID: 37610241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report a practical crystallization-induced diastereomer transformation (CIDT) of oxime isomers for the scalable asymmetric synthesis of the bicyclic diamine (1S,6R)-3,9-diazabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane derivative that serves as a valuable building block in medicinal chemistry. The developed approach utilizes (S)-phenylethylamine as a chiral auxiliary handle for CIDT, and the starting nortropinone derivative is prepared in one step from commercially available materials. The resulting E-oxime is subjected to a stereospecific Beckmann rearrangement, followed by reduction of the resulting lactam with LiAlH4 to afford the monoprotected (1S,6R)-3,9-diazabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane derivative. The development of the CIDT and understanding of the mechanistic implications leading to the high selectivity are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav G Lisnyak
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Yichen Tan
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Steven R Wisniewski
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Amy A Sarjeant
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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8
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Bhakat M, Khatua B, Biswas P, Guin J. Brønsted Acid-Promoted Intermolecular Dearomative Photocycloaddition of Bicyclic Azaarenes with Olefins under Aerobic Conditions. Org Lett 2023; 25:3089-3093. [PMID: 37096800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a simplified reaction protocol for the dearomatization of bicyclic azaarenes via photochemical cycloaddition with alkenes using an Ir(III) photosensitizer, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), dichloroethane, and a blue light-emitting diode. An efficient protonation of azaarenes with TFA enhances the reactivity of triplet azaarene toward olefins, enabling the photocycloaddition under aerobic conditions. The protocol applies to a broad range of substrates. Control experiments indicate a strong correlation between the degree of protonation of azaarene and the product yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manotosh Bhakat
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Bitasik Khatua
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Promita Biswas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Joyram Guin
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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9
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Oudeyer S, Levacher V, Beucher H, Brière JF. Recent Advances in Catalytic and Technology-Driven Radical Addition to N, N-Disubstituted Iminium Species. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031071. [PMID: 36770738 PMCID: PMC9921492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, radical chemistry has grown exponentially in the toolbox of organic synthetic chemists. Upon the (re)introduction of modern catalytic and technology-driven strategies, the implementation of highly reactive radical species is currently facilitated while expanding the scope of numerous synthetic methodologies. In this context, this review intends to cover the recent advances in radical-based transformations of N,N-disubstituted iminium substrates that encompass unique reactivities with respect to imines or protonated iminium salts. In particular, we have focused on the literature concerning the dipole type substrates, such as nitrones or azomethine imines, together with the chemistry of N+-X- (X = O, NR) azaarenium dipoles, which proved to be very versatile platforms in that field of research. The N-alkylazaarenium salts were been considered, which demonstrated specific reactivity profiles in radical chemistry.
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10
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Ji P, Davies CC, Gao F, Chen J, Meng X, Houk KN, Chen S, Wang W. Selective skeletal editing of polycyclic arenes using organophotoredox dearomative functionalization. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4565. [PMID: 35931700 PMCID: PMC9355940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions that lead to destruction of aromatic ring systems often require harsh conditions and, thus, take place with poor selectivities. Selective partial dearomatization of fused arenes is even more challenging but can be a strategic approach to creating versatile, complex polycyclic frameworks. Herein we describe a general organophotoredox approach for the chemo- and regioselective dearomatization of structurally diverse polycyclic aromatics, including quinolines, isoquinolines, quinoxalines, naphthalenes, anthracenes and phenanthrenes. The success of the method for chemoselective oxidative rupture of aromatic moieties relies on precise manipulation of the electronic nature of the fused polycyclic arenes. Mechanistic studies show that the addition of a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agent helps favor the dearomatization pathway over the more thermodynamically downhill aromatization pathway. We show that this strategy can be applied to rapid synthesis of biologically valued targets and late-stage skeletal remodeling en route to complex structures. The synthesis of polycyclic structures bearing partially saturated (hetero)arenes is important as many of these structures have biological relevance. Here the authors develop a one-step method for selective dearomative functionalization of feedstock (hetero)arenes via organophotocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Cassondra C Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Xiang Meng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA.
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA.
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11
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Fu YH, Geng C, Shen GB, Wang K, Zhu XQ. Kinetic Studies of Hantzsch Ester and Dihydrogen Donors Releasing Two Hydrogen Atoms in Acetonitrile. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:26416-26424. [PMID: 35936422 PMCID: PMC9352257 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, kinetic studies on HEH2, 2-benzylmalononitrile, 2-benzyl-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione, 5-benzyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione, 5-benzyl-1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, 2-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)malononitrile, ethyl 2-cyano-2-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)acetate, diethyl 2-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)malonate, and the derivatives (28 XH2) releasing two hydrogen atoms were carried out. The thermokinetic parameters ΔG ⧧° of 28 dihydrogen donors (XH2) and the corresponding hydrogen atom acceptors (XH•) in acetonitrile at 298 K were determined. The abilities of releasing two hydrogen atoms for these organic dihydrogen donors were researched using their thermokinetic parameters ΔG ⧧°(XH2), which can be used not only to compare the H-donating ability of different XH2 qualitatively and quantitatively but also to predict the rates of HAT reactions. Predictions of rate constants for 12 HAT reactions using thermokinetic parameters were determined, and the reliabilities of the predicted results were also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Fu
- College
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan 455000, P.R. China
| | - Cuihuan Geng
- College
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan 455000, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Bin Shen
- School
of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan 455000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai
University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
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12
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Kischkewitz M, Marinic B, Kratena N, Lai Y, Hepburn HB, Dow M, Christensen KE, Donohoe TJ. Evolution of the Dearomative Functionalization of Activated Quinolines and Isoquinolines: Expansion of the Electrophile Scope. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204682. [PMID: 35560761 PMCID: PMC9321684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein we disclose a mild protocol for the reductive functionalisation of quinolinium and isoquinolinium salts. The reaction proceeds under transition-metal-free conditions as well as under rhodium catalysis with very low catalyst loadings (0.01 mol %) and uses inexpensive formic acid as the terminal reductant. A wide range of electrophiles, including enones, imides, unsaturated esters and sulfones, β-nitro styrenes and aldehydes are intercepted by the in situ formed enamine species forming a large variety of substituted tetrahydro(iso)quinolines. Electrophiles are incorporated at the C-3 and C-4 position for quinolines and isoquinolines respectively, providing access to substitution patterns which are not favoured in electrophilic or nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Finally, this reactivity was exploited to facilitate three types of annulation reactions, giving rise to complex polycyclic products of a formal [3+3] or [4+2] cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kischkewitz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Bruno Marinic
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Nicolas Kratena
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Yonglin Lai
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Hamish B. Hepburn
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Mark Dow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & DevelopmentOperations, AstraZenecaMacclesfieldSK10 2NAUK
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Timothy J. Donohoe
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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13
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Kischkewitz M, Marinic B, Kratena N, Lai Y, Hepburn HB, Dow M, Christensen KE, Donohoe TJ. Evolution of the Dearomative Functionalization of Activated Quinolines and Isoquinolines: Expansion of the Electrophile Scope. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202204682. [PMID: 38505668 PMCID: PMC10946825 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Herein we disclose a mild protocol for the reductive functionalisation of quinolinium and isoquinolinium salts. The reaction proceeds under transition-metal-free conditions as well as under rhodium catalysis with very low catalyst loadings (0.01 mol %) and uses inexpensive formic acid as the terminal reductant. A wide range of electrophiles, including enones, imides, unsaturated esters and sulfones, β-nitro styrenes and aldehydes are intercepted by the in situ formed enamine species forming a large variety of substituted tetrahydro(iso)quinolines. Electrophiles are incorporated at the C-3 and C-4 position for quinolines and isoquinolines respectively, providing access to substitution patterns which are not favoured in electrophilic or nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Finally, this reactivity was exploited to facilitate three types of annulation reactions, giving rise to complex polycyclic products of a formal [3+3] or [4+2] cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kischkewitz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Bruno Marinic
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Nicolas Kratena
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Yonglin Lai
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Hamish B. Hepburn
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Mark Dow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & DevelopmentOperations, AstraZenecaMacclesfieldSK10 2NAUK
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Timothy J. Donohoe
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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14
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Gao Y, Mao Y, Miao Z. Enantioselective 1,3-Dipolar (5+3) Cycloadditions of Oxidopyrylium Ylides and Vinylcyclopropanes toward 9-Oxabicyclononanes. Org Lett 2022; 24:3064-3068. [PMID: 35420826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient and mild enantioselective palladium-catalyzed (5+3) cycloaddition of vinylcyclopropanes and oxidopyrylium ylides generated in situ from benzopyranones, in the presence of a chiral PHOX ligand. These reactions afford various highly functionalized bridged oxa-[3.3.1]carbocycles with three stereogenic centers that are challenging to synthesize, in moderate to good yields and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuanhao Mao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhiwei Miao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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15
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Gu LJ, Han HB, Bu ZW, Wang QL. Dearomative Periphery Modification of Quinolinium Salts to Assemble Ring-Encumbered Pyrrolidine-Tetrahydroquinoline Polycycles. Org Lett 2022; 24:2008-2013. [PMID: 35266396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report an unexpected dearomative periphery modification strategy for transforming quinolinium salts into structurally crowded pyrrolidine-tetrahydroquinoline polycyclic systems with complete regio- and diastereoselectivity. Importantly, the reaction pathway was regulated by simply tuning the substituents, achieving substituent-directed divergent synthesis. The notable features of this transformation include readily available starting materials, green conditions, a simple workup procedure, high bond- and ring-forming efficiency, and substituent-directed diverse synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jie Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Bin Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Wei Bu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Lin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
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16
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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17
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Shen GB, Qian BC, Zhang GS, Luo GZ, Fu YH, Zhu XQ. Thermodynamics regulated organic hydride/acid pairs as novel organic hydrogen reductants. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01605b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Organic hydride/acid pairs could realize transformation of N-substituted organic hydrides from hydride reductants to thermodynamics regulated hydrogen reductants on conveniently choosing suitable organic hydrides and acids with various acidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Bin Shen
- School of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Chen Qian
- School of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Shuai Zhang
- School of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Ze Luo
- School of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hua Fu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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18
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Wang D, Zhang L, Xiao F, Mao GJ, Deng GJ. Electrochemical Selective C3-Thiolation of Quinolines. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical method has been developed to achieve C3-thiolation of quinoline compounds. This new strategy highlights the maximum atom economy, direct conversion and also the use of simple and readily...
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19
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Chen JJ, Zhang Y, Huang HM. Radical umpolung chemistry enabled by dual catalysis: concept and recent advances. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a perspective on recent advances in radical umpolung chemistry; some selected examples in this area have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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20
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Lou SJ, Luo G, Yamaguchi S, An K, Nishiura M, Hou Z. Modular Access to Spiro-dihydroquinolines via Scandium-Catalyzed Dearomative Annulation of Quinolines with Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20462-20471. [PMID: 34813697 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic enantioselective construction of three-dimensional molecular architectures from planar aromatics such as quinolines is of great interest and importance from the viewpoint of both organic synthesis and drug discovery, but there still exist many challenges. Here, we report the scandium-catalyzed asymmetric dearomative spiro-annulation of quinolines with alkynes. This protocol offers an efficient and selective route for the synthesis of spiro-dihydroquinoline derivatives containing a quaternary carbon stereocenter with an unprotected N-H group from readily accessible quinolines and diverse alkynes, featuring high yields, high enantioselectivity, 100% atom-efficiency, and broad substrate scope. Experimental and density functional theory studies revealed that the reaction proceeded through the C-H activation of the 2-aryl substituent in a quinoline substrate by a scandium alkyl (or amido) species followed by alkyne insertion into the Sc-aryl bond and the subsequent dearomative 1,2-addition of the resulting scandium alkenyl species to the C═N unit in the quinoline moiety. This work opens a new avenue for the dearomatization of quinolines, leading to efficient and selective construction of spiro molecular architectures that were previously difficult to access by other means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jie Lou
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Gen Luo
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shigeru Yamaguchi
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kun An
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiura
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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21
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Boldrini C, Harutyunyan SR. Pd-catalyzed allylative dearomatisation using Grignard reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11807-11810. [PMID: 34693941 PMCID: PMC8577247 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05609c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed allylative dearomatisation of naphthyl halides is shown to be feasible by employing Grignard reagents. The high reactivity of the nucleophile allows for fast reactions and low catalyst loading, while a plethora of successfully substituted compounds illustrate the broad scope. Five membered heteroaromatic compounds are also demonstrated to be reactive under similar conditions. Dearomatisation of benzylic halides have been achieved using Grignard reagents resulting in good isolated yields in short reaction times.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Boldrini
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands.
| | - Syuzanna R Harutyunyan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands.
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22
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Hu Y, Nan J, Yin J, Huang G, Ren X, Ma Y. Rhodium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Annulation of N-Arylmethanimines with Vinylene Carbonate for Synthesizing Quinolines. Org Lett 2021; 23:8527-8532. [PMID: 34670369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a novel Rh-catalyzed C-H/C-H alkenylation of N-arylmethanimines with vinylene carbonate acting as a vinylene unit. Forty examples of C3,C4-nonsubstituted quinolines were achieved from commercially available starting materials. This identified process features an exceedingly simple system, a lower loading of catalyst, and the capacity for postfunctionalization with bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jiang Nan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jiacheng Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Guanjie Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xin Ren
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yangmin Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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23
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Maitland JAP, Leitch JA, Yamazaki K, Christensen KE, Cassar DJ, Hamlin TA, Dixon DJ. Switchable, Reagent‐Controlled Diastereodivergent Photocatalytic Carbocyclisation of Imine‐Derived α‐Amino Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Andrew P. Maitland
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Current address: Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry UCL (University College London) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | | | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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24
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Maitland JAP, Leitch JA, Yamazaki K, Christensen KE, Cassar DJ, Hamlin TA, Dixon DJ. Switchable, Reagent-Controlled Diastereodivergent Photocatalytic Carbocyclisation of Imine-Derived α-Amino Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24116-24123. [PMID: 34449968 PMCID: PMC8597041 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A reagent‐controlled stereodivergent carbocyclisation of aryl aldimine‐derived, photocatalytically generated, α‐amino radicals possessing adjacent conjugated alkenes, affording either bicyclic or tetracyclic products, is described. Under net reductive conditions using commercial Hantzsch ester, the α‐amino radical species underwent a single stereoselective cyclisation to give trans‐configured amino‐indane structures in good yield, whereas using a substituted Hantzsch ester as a milder reductant afforded cis‐fused tetracyclic tetrahydroquinoline frameworks, resulting from two consecutive radical cyclisations. Judicious choice of the reaction conditions allowed libraries of both single and dual cyclisation products to be synthesised with high selectivity, notable predictability, and good‐to‐excellent yields. Computational analysis employing DFT revealed the reaction pathway and mechanistic rationale behind this finely balanced yet readily controlled photocatalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew P Maitland
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Current address: Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL (University College London), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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25
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Weiss R, Golisano T, Pale P, Mamane V. Insight into the Modes of Activation of Pyridinium and Bipyridinium Salts in Non‐Covalent Organocatalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Weiss
- Institute of Chemistry of Strasbourg, UMR 7177 – LASYROC CNRS Strasbourg University 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Tamara Golisano
- Institute of Chemistry of Strasbourg, UMR 7177 – LASYROC CNRS Strasbourg University 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Patrick Pale
- Institute of Chemistry of Strasbourg, UMR 7177 – LASYROC CNRS Strasbourg University 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Victor Mamane
- Institute of Chemistry of Strasbourg, UMR 7177 – LASYROC CNRS Strasbourg University 4 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
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26
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Sar S, Guha S, Prabakar T, Maiti D, Sen S. Blue Light-Emitting Diode-Mediated In Situ Generation of Pyridinium and Isoquinolinium Ylides from Aryl Diazoesters: Their Application in the Synthesis of Diverse Dihydroindolizine. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11736-11747. [PMID: 34369766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Blue light-emitting diode-mediated environmentally sustainable three component reactions among pyridine/isoquinoline 1/2, aryl diazoesters 3, and acrylic ester/3-alkenyl oxindoles 5/6 provide various dihydroindolizines 7 to 9 in excellent yield. The principle of the strategy is photolytic generation of nitrogen ylides from N-heteroarenes and aryl diazoesters and their subsequent [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction with dipolarophiles. Detailed mechanistic analysis of the transformation through control experiments establishes this strategy as the foundation for the photolytic multicomponent reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Sar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Souvik Guha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Tejas Prabakar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Debajit Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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27
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Morofuji T, Nagai S, Chitose Y, Abe M, Kano N. Protonation-Enhanced Reactivity of Triplet State in Dearomative Photocycloaddition of Quinolines to Olefins. Org Lett 2021; 23:6257-6261. [PMID: 34324819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intermolecular dearomative cycloaddition of acidified bicyclic azaarenes with olefins was recently reported. We report here the crucial role of the acid in the dearomative photocycloaddition of quinolines to olefins. Experimental and theoretical results show that the key role of the protonation of quinolines is not to promote the energy transfer but to enhance the reactivity of the triplet state of quinolines toward olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Morofuji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Shota Nagai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Youhei Chitose
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Naokazu Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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28
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Jing C, Farndon JJ, Bower JF. Dearomatizing Amination Reactions. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2909-2926. [PMID: 34240537 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions allow the direct synthesis of structurally complex sp3 -rich molecules from readily available "flat" precursors. Established dearomatization processes commonly involve the formation of new C-C bonds, whereas methods that enable the introduction of C-N bonds have received less attention. Because of the privileged position of nitrogen in drug discovery, significant recent methodological efforts have been directed towards addressing this deficiency. Consequently, a variety of new processes are now available that allow the direct preparation of sp3 -rich amino-containing building blocks and scaffolds. This review gives an overview of C-N bond forming dearomatization reactions, particularly with respect to scaffold assembly processes. The discussion gives historical context, but the main focus is on selected methods that have been reported recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Jing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Joshua J Farndon
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - John F Bower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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29
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Zhang Z, Han H, Wang L, Bu Z, Xie Y, Wang Q. Construction of bridged polycycles through dearomatization strategies. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3960-3982. [PMID: 33978039 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bridged polycycles are privileged molecular skeletons with wide occurrence in bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, they have been the pursing target molecules of numerous chemists. The rapid and convenient generation of sp3-rich complex three-dimensional molecular skeletons from simple and easily available aromatics has made dearomatization a highly valuable synthetic tool for the construction of rigid and challenging bridged rings. This review summarizes the-state-of-the-art advances of dearomatization strategies in the application of bridged ring formation, discusses their advantages and limitations and the in-depth mechanism, and highlights their synthetic value in the total synthesis of natural products. We wish this review will provide an important reference for medicinal and synthetic chemists and will inspire further development in this intriguing research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Huabin Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Lele Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Zhanwei Bu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Yan Xie
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Qilin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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30
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Hu W, Zhan Q, Zhou H, Cao S, Jiang Z. Radical-based functionalization-oriented construction: rapid assembly of azaarene-substituted highly functionalized pyrroles. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6543-6550. [PMID: 34040730 PMCID: PMC8132952 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01470f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Totally different functionalization and construction as two fundamental synthetic protocols have long been applied to furnish azaarene variants. Here, a novel radical-based functionalization-oriented construction strategy by exploiting the electronic properties of azaarenes and the high reactivity of radicals is developed. Under a photoredox catalysis platform, the robust ability of such an artful combination of functionalization with construction is disclosed in the synthesis of valuable 3-azaarene-substituted densely functionalized pyrroles. In addition to the ability to use the readily accessible feedstocks, the high synthetic efficiency and the good functional group tolerance, the substrate scope is broad (81 examples) resulting from the capability to flexibly replace the types of azaarenes and other substituents. Control experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate the plausible mechanism involving the reaction pathways and the important role of NaH2PO4 as an additive in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigao Hu
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 P. R. China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhan
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 P. R. China
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University Jiaxing Zhejiang P. R. China 314001
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University Jiaxing Zhejiang P. R. China 314001
| | - Shanshan Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University Kaifeng Henan 475004 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
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31
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Ma J, Chen S, Bellotti P, Guo R, Schäfer F, Heusler A, Zhang X, Daniliuc C, Brown MK, Houk KN, Glorius F. Photochemical intermolecular dearomative cycloaddition of bicyclic azaarenes with alkenes. Science 2021; 371:1338-1345. [PMID: 33766881 PMCID: PMC7610643 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dearomative cycloaddition reactions represent an ideal means of converting flat arenes into three-dimensional architectures of increasing interest in medicinal chemistry. Quinolines, isoquinolines, and quinazolines, despite containing latent diene and alkene subunits, are scarcely applied in cycloaddition reactions because of the inherent low reactivity of aromatic systems and selectivity challenges. Here, we disclose an energy transfer-mediated, highly regio- and diastereoselective intermolecular [4 + 2] dearomative cycloaddition reaction of these bicyclic azaarenes with a plethora of electronically diverse alkenes. This approach bypasses the general reactivity and selectivity issues, thereby providing various bridged polycycles that previously have been inaccessible or required elaborate synthetic efforts. Computational studies with density functional theory elucidate the mechanism and origins of the observed regio- and diastereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Ma
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Renyu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Felix Schäfer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Arne Heusler
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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32
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Ali S, Khan AT. Copper(ii) triflate catalyzed three-component reaction for the synthesis of 2,3-diarylquinoline derivatives using aryl amines, aryl aldehydes and styrene oxides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3255-3262. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00125f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and expedient synthetic protocol is reported for the synthesis of 2,3-diarylquinoline derivatives from readily available aryl amines, aryl aldehydes and styrene oxides using 10 mol% copper(ii) triflate by employing three-component reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Ali
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati-781039
- India
| | - Abu T. Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati-781039
- India
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33
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Shao Z, Zhou Q, Wang J, Tang R, Shen Y. Sodium Iodide-Triphenylphosphine-Mediated Photoredox Alkylation of Aldimines. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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34
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Miao H, Bai X, Wang L, Yu J, Bu Z, Wang Q. Diastereoselective construction of cage-like and bridged azaheterocycles through dearomative maximization of the reactive sites of azaarenes. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01196g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A highly diastereoselective multicomponent dearomative multifunctionalization of N-alkyl activated azaarenes with 1,5-diazapentadienium salts has been developed to access structurally rigid and synthetically challenging cage-like and bridged azaheterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Miao
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- PR China
| | - Xuguan Bai
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- PR China
| | - Lele Wang
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- PR China
| | - Junhui Yu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- PR China
| | - Zhanwei Bu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- PR China
| | - Qilin Wang
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University
- Kaifeng 475004
- PR China
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35
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Kukhta NA, Bryce MR. Dual emission in purely organic materials for optoelectronic applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:33-55. [PMID: 34821289 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Purely organic molecules, which emit light by dual emissive (DE) pathways, have received increased attention in the last decade. These materials are now being utilized in practical optoelectronic, sensing and biomedical applications. In order to further extend the application of the DE emitters, it is crucial to gain a fundamental understanding of the links between the molecular structure and the underlying photophysical processes. This review categorizes the types of DE according to the spin multiplicity and time range of the emission, with emphasis on recent experimental advances. The design rules towards novel DE molecular candidates, the most perspective types of DE and possible future applications are outlined. These exciting developments highlight the opportunities for new materials synthesis and pave the way for accelerated future innovation and developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya A Kukhta
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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36
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Wu J, Darcel C. Iron-Catalyzed Hydrogen Transfer Reduction of Nitroarenes with Alcohols: Synthesis of Imines and Aza Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2020; 86:1023-1036. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wu
- UnivRennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christophe Darcel
- UnivRennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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37
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Kulish K, Boldrini C, Castiñeira Reis M, Pérez JM, Harutyunyan SR. Lewis Acid Promoted Dearomatization of Naphthols. Chemistry 2020; 26:15843-15846. [PMID: 32960476 PMCID: PMC7894535 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-step dearomative functionalization of naphthols promoted by Lewis acids and copper(I) catalysis was developed. Initially, Lewis acid complexation inverted the electronic properties of the ring and established an equilibrium with the dearomatized counterpart. Subsequent trapping of the dearomatized intermediate with organometallics as well as organophosphines was demonstrated and provided the corresponding dearomatized products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Kulish
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cosimo Boldrini
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Castiñeira Reis
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juana M Pérez
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Syuzanna R Harutyunyan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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38
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Marinic B, Hepburn HB, Grozavu A, Dow M, Donohoe TJ. Single point activation of pyridines enables reductive hydroxymethylation. Chem Sci 2020; 12:742-746. [PMID: 34163807 PMCID: PMC8178984 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05656a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The single point activation of pyridines, using an electron-deficient benzyl group, facilitates the ruthenium-catalysed dearomative functionalisation of a range of electronically diverse pyridine derivatives. This transformation delivers hydroxymethylated piperidines in good yields, allowing rapid access to medicinally relevant small heterocycles. A noteworthy feature of this work is that paraformaldehyde acts as both a hydride donor and an electrophile in the reaction, enabling the use of cheap and readily available feedstock chemicals. Removal of the activating group can be achieved readily, furnishing the free NH compound in only 2 steps. The synthetic utility of the method was illustrated with a synthesis of (±)-Paroxetine. Pyridines can be activated at a single point with a new benzyl group, followed by dearomative functionalisation at C3 using formaldehyde.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Marinic
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Hamish B Hepburn
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Alexandru Grozavu
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Mark Dow
- AstraZeneca Silk Road Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Timothy J Donohoe
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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39
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Liu MS, Shu W. Catalytic, Metal-Free Amide Synthesis from Aldehydes and Imines Enabled by a Dual-Catalyzed Umpolung Strategy under Redox-Neutral Conditions. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shang Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Shu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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40
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Shen GB, Fu YH, Zhu XQ. Thermodynamic Network Cards of Hantzsch Ester, Benzothiazoline, and Dihydrophenanthridine Releasing Two Hydrogen Atoms or Ions on 20 Elementary Steps. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12535-12543. [PMID: 32880175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, thermodynamic driving forces on 20 possible elementary steps of Hantzsch ester (HEH2), benzothiazoline (BTH2), and dihydrophenanthridine (PDH2) releasing two hydrogen atoms or ions were measured or derived from the related thermodynamic data using Hess' law in acetonitrile. Furthermore, thermodynamic network cards of HEH2, BTH2, and PDH2 releasing two hydrogen atoms or ions on 20 elementary steps were first established. Based on the thermodynamic network cards, hydride-donating, hydrogen-atom-donating, and electron-donating abilities of XH2 and XH-, and two hydrogen-atom(ion)-donating abilities of XH2 are discussed in detail. Obviously, the thermodynamic network cards of HEH2, BTH2, and PDH2 not only offer rational data guidance for organic synthetic chemists to properly choose an appropriate reducer among the three reducing agents to hydrogenate various unsaturated compounds but also strongly promote elucidatation of the detailed hydrogenation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Bin Shen
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,School of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, China
| | - Yan-Hua Fu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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41
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Song X, Yan RJ, Du W, Chen YC. Asymmetric Dearomative Cascade Multiple Functionalizations of Activated N-Alkylpyridinium and N-Alkylquinolinium Salts. Org Lett 2020; 22:7617-7621. [PMID: 32940478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective cascade reaction of N-alkylpyridinium and -quinolinium salts with o-hydroxybenzylideneacetones to access fused polyheterocycles through cross dienamine-mediated addition followed by trapping of the dearomatized enamine-type intermediates and aminal formation has been developed. A cascade assembly of N-benzyl-4-methylpyridinium salt and cyclic 2,4-dienones is further disclosed to give bridged frameworks via repetitive dearomatization and aromatization activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ru-Jie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China
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42
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Leitch JA, Rossolini T, Rogova T, Dixon DJ. α-Tertiary Dialkyl Ether Synthesis via Reductive Photocatalytic α-Functionalization of Alkyl Enol Ethers. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research
Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Rossolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research
Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Rogova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research
Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research
Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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43
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Rogova T, Gabriel P, Zavitsanou S, Leitch JA, Duarte F, Dixon DJ. Reverse Polarity Reductive Functionalization of Tertiary Amides via a Dual Iridium-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation and Single Electron Transfer Strategy. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Rogova
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Gabriel
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Stamatia Zavitsanou
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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44
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Shen GB, Xie L, Yu HY, Liu J, Fu YH, Yan M. Theoretical investigation on the nature of 4-substituted Hantzsch esters as alkylation agents. RSC Adv 2020; 10:31425-31434. [PMID: 35520635 PMCID: PMC9056415 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06745h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a variety of 4-substituted Hantzsch esters (XRH) with different structures have been widely researched as alkylation reagents in chemical reactions, and the key step of the chemical process is the elementary step of XRH˙+ releasing R˙. The purpose of this work is to investigate the essential factors which determine whether or not an XRH is a great alkylation reagent using density functional theory (DFT). This study shows that the ability of an XRH acting as an alkylation reagent can be reasonably estimated by its ΔG≠RD(XRH˙+) value, which can be conveniently obtained through DFT computations. Moreover, the data also show that ΔG≠RD(XRH˙+) has no simple correlation with the structural features of XRH, including the electronegativity of the R substituent group and the magnitude of steric resistance; therefore, it is difficult to judge whether an XRH can provide R˙ solely by experience. Thus, these results are helpful for chemists to design 4-substituted Hantzsch esters (XRH) with novel structures and to guide the application of XRH as a free radical precursor in organic synthesis. This work presents a convenient computation method to estimate whether a 4-substituted Hantzsch ester can be a good alkyl radical donor.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Bin Shen
- School of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University Jining Shandong 272000 P. R. China
| | - Li Xie
- School of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University Jining Shandong 272000 P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yun Yu
- School of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University Jining Shandong 272000 P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University Jining Shandong 272000 P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hua Fu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology Anyang Henan 455000 P. R. China
| | - Maocai Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University Rizhao Shandong 276800 P. R. China
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45
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Lux MC, Jurczyk J, Lam YH, Song ZJ, Ma C, Roque JB, Ham JS, Sciammetta N, Adpressa D, Sarpong R, Yeung CS. Synthesis of Bridged Bicyclic Amines by Intramolecular Amination of Remote C–H Bonds: Synergistic Activation by Light and Heat. Org Lett 2020; 22:6578-6583. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaelyn C. Lux
- MRL Postdoctoral Fellow, Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Justin Jurczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhiguo J. Song
- External Discovery Process Chemistry, Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Chao Ma
- WuXi Apptec Co., Ltd., 168 Nanhai Road, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development
Area, Tianjin 330457, China
| | - Jose B. Roque
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jin Su Ham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nunzio Sciammetta
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Donovon Adpressa
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Charles S. Yeung
- Disruptive Chemistry Fellow, Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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46
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Wang J, Shao Z, Tan K, Tang R, Zhou Q, Xu M, Li YM, Shen Y. Synthesis of Amino Acids by Base-Enhanced Photoredox Decarboxylative Alkylation of Aldimines. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9944-9954. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ziyan Shao
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Kai Tan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qingli Zhou
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Min Xu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ya-Min Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuehai Shen
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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47
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Huck CJ, Sarlah D. Shaping Molecular Landscapes: Recent Advances, Opportunities, and Challenges in Dearomatization. Chem 2020; 6:1589-1603. [PMID: 32715154 PMCID: PMC7380651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dearomatization is a fundamental chemical transformation, and it underlies some of the most efficient tactics for generating three-dimensional complexity from basic two-dimensional precursors. The dearomative toolbox, once restricted to only a handful of reactions, has begun to grow more sophisticated as novel methods are added, introducing more functionality under milder conditions and with more control over chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity than ever before. Over the past two decades, major developments in dearomative processes have bolstered significant total-synthesis endeavors and greatly expanded the scope and complexity of chemical building blocks accessible from feedstock arenes. In this Perspective, we highlight some of the recent advances and key challenges that remain in this vibrant area of organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Huck
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, Universita di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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48
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Abstract
The innate electrophilicity of imine building blocks has been exploited in organic synthetic chemistry for decades. Inspired by the resurgence in photocatalysis, imine reactivity has now been redesigned through the generation of unconventional and versatile radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. While novel photocatalytic approaches have broadened the range and applicability of conventional radical additions to imine acceptors, the possibility to use these imines as latent nucleophiles via single-electron reduction has also been uncovered. Thus, multiple research programs have converged on this issue, delivering creative and practical strategies to achieve racemic and asymmetric α-functionalizations of imines under visible light photoredox catalysis.
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Walker MM, Koronkiewicz B, Chen S, Houk KN, Mayer JM, Ellman JA. Highly Diastereoselective Functionalization of Piperidines by Photoredox-Catalyzed α-Amino C-H Arylation and Epimerization. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8194-8202. [PMID: 32286827 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a photoredox-catalyzed α-amino C-H arylation reaction of highly substituted piperidine derivatives with electron-deficient cyano(hetero)arenes. The scope and limitations of the reaction were explored, with piperidines bearing multiple substitution patterns providing the arylated products in good yields and with high diastereoselectivity. To probe the mechanism of the overall transformation, optical and fluorescent spectroscopic methods were used to investigate the reaction. By employing flash-quench transient absorption spectroscopy, we were able to observe electron transfer processes associated with radical formation beyond the initial excited-state Ir(ppy)3 oxidation. Following the rapid and unselective C-H arylation reaction, a slower epimerization occurs to provide the high diastereomer ratio observed for a majority of the products. Several stereoisomerically pure products were resubjected to the reaction conditions, each of which converged to the experimentally observed diastereomer ratios. The observed distribution of diastereomers corresponds to a thermodynamic ratio of isomers based upon their calculated relative energies using density functional theory (DFT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - James M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jonathan A Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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50
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Li T, Liang K, Zhang Y, Hu D, Ma Z, Xia C. Three-Component Minisci Reaction with 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds Induced by Visible Light. Org Lett 2020; 22:2386-2390. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province), School of Chemical Science and Technology, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Kangjiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province), School of Chemical Science and Technology, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province), School of Chemical Science and Technology, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Dongyan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province), School of Chemical Science and Technology, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Zhixian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province), School of Chemical Science and Technology, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province), School of Chemical Science and Technology, and Yunnan University Library, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming 650091, China
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