1
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Steffenfauseweh H, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, de Bruin B, Ghadwal RS. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Analogues of Wittig Hydrocarbon. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400879. [PMID: 38437163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) analogues of Wittig hydrocarbon, [(NHC)(Stil)(NHC)] (3a-c) (NHC = SIPr (1a) = C[N(Dipp)CH2]2, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; IPr (1b) = C[N(Dipp)CH]2; Me-IPr (1c) = C[N(Dipp)CMe]2 and Stil = C6H4CHCHC6H4) have been reported as crystalline solids. 3a-c are prepared by two-electron reductions of the corresponding bis-1,3-imidazoli(ni)um bromides [(NHC)(Stil)NHC)](Br)2 (2a-c) with KC8 in >94 % yields. 2a-c are accessible by the nickel catalyzed direct C-C coupling of NHCs (1a-c) with (E)-4,4'-dibromostilbene. One-electron oxidation of 3a,b yields the corresponding radical cations [(NHC)(Stil)NHC)]B(C6F5)4 4a,b. All compounds have been characterized by UV-Vis/NMR/EPR spectroscopy as well as 2a, 3a, and 3b by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The electronic structures of representative systems have been analyzed by quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henric Steffenfauseweh
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bas de Bruin
- University of Amsterdam (UvA), Faculty of Science, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Ludwig P, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. Stabilization of Acenes: "Geländer"-Pentacenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316902. [PMID: 38180106 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
We report soluble tetrakis-biphenylyl substituted pentacenes comprised of sp2 carbons and synthesized from pentacene-5,7,12,14-tetraone. Intramolecular Yamamoto coupling of two tetrakis(chlorobiphenylyl)pentacenes yields helical, doubly wrapped pentacenes, in which the quaterphenylene units solubilize the pentacenes and shield their central anthracene units to an unprecedented degree. The criss-cross-bridged pentacenes resist (photo)oxidation, Diels-Alder reactions and are much less reactive than TIPS-ethynylated pentacene. Extension of this concept might provide access to the larger acenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ludwig
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Wu H, Hanayama H, Coehlo M, Gu Y, Wu ZH, Takebayashi S, Jakob G, Vasylevskyi S, Schollmeyer D, Kläui M, Pieters G, Baumgarten M, Müllen K, Narita A, Qiu Z. Stable π-Extended Thio[7]helicene-Based Diradical with Predominant Through-Space Spin-Spin Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7480-7486. [PMID: 38446414 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a novel π-extended thio[7]helicene scaffold was synthesized, where the α-position of the thiophene unit could be functionalized with bulky phenoxy radicals after considerable synthetic attempts. This open-shell helical diradical, ET7H-R, possesses high stability in the air, nontrivial π conjugation, persistent chirality, and a high diradical character (y0 of 0.998). The key feature is a predominant through-space spin-spin coupling (TSC) between two radicals at the helical terminals. Variable-temperature continuous-wave electron spin resonance (cw-ESR) and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry in the solid state reveal a singlet ground state with a nearly degenerate triplet state of ET7H-R. These results highlight the significance of a stable helical diradicaloid as a promising platform for investigating intramolecular TSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hiroki Hanayama
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Max Coehlo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yanwei Gu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Hua Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Satoshi Takebayashi
- Science and Technology Group, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Gerhard Jakob
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- Engineering Section, Research Support Division, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Grégory Pieters
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Zijie Qiu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Guangdong 518172, P.R. China
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4
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Li J, Sun X, Dmitrieva E, Israel N, Wu F, Yang L, Liu R, Feng X, Plietker B. Tosylazide as N1-Synthon: Iron-Catalyzed Nitrogenative Dimerization of Indoles to p-Bisindolopyrazine Derivatives. Org Lett 2024; 26:1046-1050. [PMID: 38294841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
We present a straightforward one-step process to access a range of novel p-diindolepyrazines via an unprecedented [n-Bu4N][Fe(CO)3(NO)] (TBA[Fe])-catalyzed intermolecular nitrogenative dimerization of various indole derivatives. Remarkably, tosylazide functions as a N1-synthon forming the central pyrazine unit that joins the two indole subunits. The catalytic transformation shows a good substrate scope, and the obtained products show interesting electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Li
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, DE-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, DE-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, DE-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Noel Israel
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, DE-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fupeng Wu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, DE-01062 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Lin Yang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, DE-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Renxiang Liu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, DE-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, DE-01062 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Bernd Plietker
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, DE-01069 Dresden, Germany
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5
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Jana P, Koppayithodi S, Mahato S, Molla S, Bandyopadhyay S. Stable Diradical on the Dimethyldihydropyrene Scaffold. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7433-7439. [PMID: 37578893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The diradical character in a molecular architecture can be customized primarily in two ways: first, by employing a quinoidal pro-aromatic system with net energy gained by aromatization that compensates for the energy required to generate the diradical species and, second, by employing an antiaromatic system having easily accessible triplet states that impart a diradical character. We have chosen a 14π aromatic framework, Boekelheide's dimethyldihydropyrene, and perturbed its aromaticity through the construction of its quinoidal form. The perturbed aromaticity was evident from the bond alteration in the X-ray diffraction structure, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts, and quantum chemical calculations. The aromaticity was restored as the system underwent a transition to the biradical structure centered on two exocyclic carbons. In addition, upon photoexcitation and without using an external reducing reagent, the diradical could be converted to a radical anion and dianion form easily when dimethylformamide was used as a solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palash Jana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Sudeep Koppayithodi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Samyadeb Mahato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Sariful Molla
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Subhajit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
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6
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Sugiura S, Kubo T, Haketa Y, Hori Y, Shigeta Y, Sakai H, Hasobe T, Maeda H. Deprotonation-Induced and Ion-Pairing-Modulated Diradical Properties of Partially Conjugated Pyrrole-Quinone Conjunction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8122-8129. [PMID: 36976916 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Quinoidal molecules based on dipyrrolyldiketone boron complexes (QPBs), in which pyrrole units were connected by a partially conjugated system as a singlet spin coupler, were synthesized. QPB, which was stabilized by the introduction of a benzo unit at the pyrrole β-positions, formed a closed-shell tautomer conformation that showed near-infrared absorption. The deprotonated species, monoanion QPB- and dianion QPB2-, showing over 1000 nm absorption, were formed by the addition of bases, providing ion pairs in combination with countercations. Diradical properties were observed in QPB2-, whose hyperfine coupling constants were modulated by ion-pairing with π-electronic and aliphatic cations, demonstrating cation-dependent diradical properties. VT NMR and ESR along with a theoretical study revealed that the singlet diradical was more stable than the triplet diradical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sugiura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yohei Haketa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yuta Hori
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
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7
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Wang C, Hao H, Tajima K. Essential Role of Triplet Diradical Character for Large Magnetoresistance in Quinoidal Organic Semiconductor with High Electron Mobility. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201045. [PMID: 35347899 PMCID: PMC9165494 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A diradicaloid molecule with high semiconducting performance is synthesized based on the quinoidal benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene structure. The diradical character is investigated by quantum chemical calculations and variable temperature electron spin resonance. The diode devices based on this molecule show a large change in electric current in magnetic fields below 100 mT with a strong dependence on the measurement temperatures; as the population of the triplet diradicals increases at high temperatures, the magnetoconductance (MC) values increase. As a result, a MC of -19.4% is achieved at 120 °C, which is the largest negative MC observed for organic molecules to date. In contrast, a smaller diradicaloid molecule based on quinoidal thieno[3,2-b]thiophene without thermally accessible triplet state shows no MC, indicating the essential role of the triplet diradicals. The strong correlation between the MC and the triplet diradical concentrations suggests that the charge conduction in the diradicaloid is suppressed through a spin-blocking mechanism, which can be controlled through the magnetic modulation of the hyperfine fields. The compound forms high-crystallinity thin films and has high monopolar electron transport in organic field-effect transistors, with an average mobility of 1.01 cm2 V-1 s-1 for edge-cast films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS)2‐1 HirosawaWakoSaitama351‐0198Japan
| | - Hua Hao
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS)2‐1 HirosawaWakoSaitama351‐0198Japan
| | - Keisuke Tajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS)2‐1 HirosawaWakoSaitama351‐0198Japan
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8
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Beer H, Linke A, Bresien J, Mlostoń G, Celeda M, Villinger A, Schulz A. Synthesis of Bicyclic P,S-Heterocycles via the Addition of Thioketones to a Phosphorus-Centered Open-Shell Singlet Biradical. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2031-2038. [PMID: 35041414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Formal addition reactions between the open-shell singlet biradical [P(μ-NTer)]2 (1Ter) and xanthione, thioxanthione, as well as ferrocenyl naphthyl thioketone were studied in detail. Reactions were performed at room temperature and led to the formation of strained [2.1.1]-cage P,S-heterocycles (3). All addition products were isolated and fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, reversible cleavage of the xanthenthione-biradical addition product into the parent compounds (biradical and thioketone) could be demonstrated by 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The thermodynamic stability of all cyclization products with respect to the elimination of thioketone was studied by quantum-chemical computations including solvent effects. Regarding the dissociation of addition products 3 into the fragment molecules 1Ter and ketone/thioketone, calculations prove that a significantly larger distortion energy in ketones compared with thioketones causes lower thermodynamic stability of the ketone adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Beer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Linke
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse eV, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jonas Bresien
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, PL-91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Małgorzata Celeda
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, PL-91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse eV, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse eV, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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9
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Schulz A, Beer H, Linke A, Bresien J, Villinger A. A Cyclic Thioketone as Biradical Heterocyclopentane-1,3-diyl: Synthesis, Structure and Activation Chemistry. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00482h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the biradical [(m-NTer)P·]2 (1) with thiophosgene, SCCl2, leads to a cyclic phospha-aza thiourea derivative (7) in very good yields. This synthetic approach represents a new possibility to...
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10
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Hu J, Xiang Q, Xu J, Xu Z, Chen G, Sun Z. Stable and twisted 5,6:12,13-dinaphthozethrene from angular π-extension. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9712-9715. [PMID: 34472550 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a concise and efficient synthesis of an angularly extended stable zethrene derivative 1, designed to have more benzenoid rings in the closed-shell resonance form. This compound exhibited enantiomeric structures in the solid state derived from the benzo[4]helicene structure and rapid interconversion in solution. Its far-red absorption, near-infrared emission and amphoteric redox properties were also revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlian Hu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhanqiang Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Guang Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian 710021, China.
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
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11
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Mutoh K, Toshimitsu S, Kobayashi Y, Abe J. Dynamic Spin-Spin Interaction Observed as Interconversion of Chemical Bonds in Stepwise Two-Photon Induced Photochromic Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13917-13928. [PMID: 34427084 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biradicaloids in π-conjugated organic molecules have been extensively studied in recent years because of the fundamental insights into the chemical bonds and unique optical, electrical, and magnetic properties. Several studies have reported that the spin-spin interactions of biradicaloids with flexible molecular frameworks dynamically evolve correlating with molecular structural changes. Although these dynamic behaviors will provide important insights into the relationship between molecular structures and spin properties, studies on such behaviors have been limited to two-spin systems. Here, we investigated the stepwise photochromic properties of biphotochromic molecules involving multiple spin interactions by double-pulse laser flash photolysis. The one-photon photochromic reaction generates the o-biradical form as the open-closed form, which thermally isomerizes to the o-quinoidal form and reaches the thermal equilibrium state between them. The additional absorption of a photon by the open-closed form leads to the photochromic reaction of the other photochromic unit, resulting in the generation of unpaired spins at the p-position of the central aromatic bridge of the biradical or quinoidal form. Under the situation, while the interaction between the unpaired spins and the o-biradical preferentially produces the p-quinoidal form in which the antiferromagnetic interaction at the p-position is dominant, that between the spins and the o-quinoidal form kinetically produces the bis(o-quinoidal) form followed by the thermal isomerization to the thermodynamically stable p-quinoidal form. These dynamic spin-spin interactions along with the rearrangement of chemical bonds will give a deeper understanding of the singlet biradicaloids and that to bridge organic multiradicals in molecular systems to cooperative spin behaviors in bulk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Shota Toshimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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12
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Nishijima M, Mutoh K, Abe J. A Qualitative Measure of Diradical Character Based on Radical–Radical Coupling Reaction. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moe Nishijima
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Katsuya Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Jiro Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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13
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Plasser F, Glöcklhofer F. Visualisation of Chemical Shielding Tensors (VIST) to Elucidate Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:2529-2539. [PMID: 34248413 PMCID: PMC8251739 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aromaticity is a central concept in chemistry, pervading areas from biochemistry to materials science. Recently, chemists also started to exploit intricate phenomena such as the interplay of local and global (anti)aromaticity or aromaticity in non-planar systems and three dimensions. These phenomena pose new challenges in terms of our fundamental understanding and the practical visualisation of aromaticity. To overcome these challenges, a method for the visualisation of chemical shielding tensors (VIST) is developed here that allows for a 3D visualisation with quantitative information about the local variations and anisotropy of the chemical shielding. After exemplifying the method in different planar hydrocarbons, we study two non-planar macrocycles to show the unique benefits of the VIST method for molecules with competing π-conjugated systems and conclude with a norcorrole dimer showing clear evidence of through-space aromaticity. We believe that the VIST method will be a highly valuable addition to the computational toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Plasser
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLE11 3TUUnited Kingdom
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry andCentre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubLondonW12 0BZUnited Kingdom
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14
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Lombardi F, Ma J, Alexandropoulos DI, Komber H, Liu J, Myers WK, Feng X, Bogani L. Synthetic tuning of the quantum properties of open-shell radicaloids. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Exploitation of Baird Aromaticity and Clar’s Rule for Tuning the Triplet Energies of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are a prominent substance class with a variety of applications in molecular materials science. Their electronic properties crucially depend on the bond topology in ways that are often highly non-intuitive. Here, we study, using density functional theory, the triplet states of four biphenylene-derived PAHs finding dramatically different triplet excitation energies for closely related isomeric structures. These differences are rationalised using a qualitative description of Clar sextets and Baird quartets, quantified in terms of nucleus independent chemical shifts, and represented graphically through a recently developed method for visualising chemical shielding tensors (VIST). The results are further interpreted in terms of a 2D rigid rotor model of aromaticity and through an analysis of the natural transition orbitals involved in the triplet excited states showing good consistency between the different viewpoints. We believe that this work constitutes an important step in consolidating these varying viewpoints of electronically excited states.
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16
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Wang ZY, Dai YZ, Ding L, Dong BW, Jiang SD, Wang JY, Pei J. A Stable Triplet-Ground-State Conjugated Diradical Based on a Diindenopyrazine Skeleton. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4594-4598. [PMID: 33241615 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
High-spin conjugated radicals have great potential in magnetic materials and organic spintronics. However, to obtain high-spin conjugated radicals is still quite challenging due to their poor stability. We report the successful synthesis and isolation of a stable triplet conjugated diradical, 10,12-diaryldiindeno[1,2-b:2',1'-e]pyrazine (m-DIP). With the m-xylylene analogue skeleton containing electron-deficient sp2 -nitrogen atoms, m-DIP displays significant aromatic character within its pyrazine ring and its spin density mainly delocalizes on the meta-pyrazine unit, making it a triplet ground state conjugated diradical. Our work provides an effective "spin density tuning" strategy for stable high-spin conjugated radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ya-Zhong Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo-Wei Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shang-Da Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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17
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Thomas A, Ji C, Siddlingeshwar B, Manohar PU, Ying F, Wu W. Revealing the biradicaloid nature inherited in the derivatives of thieno[3,4- c][1,2,5]thiadiazole: a computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:1050-1061. [PMID: 33346279 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05106c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies were performed on non-classical thieno[3,4-c][1,2,5] thiadiazole and its pi donor derivatives (TT dyes) so as to delineate the factors responsible for their near-infrared (NIR) absorption. For all dyes except the unsubstituted bare dye, adiabatic singlet-triplet energy gaps (estimated through the ΔSCF procedure using the B3LYP and M062X DFT methods and SFTDDFT with the 5050 functional) were less than 1eV. Percentage calculations of the biradicaloid character suggested a moderate biradicaloid nature in all derivatives. There was a resemblance between the frontier molecular orbital (MO) picture of the TT bicyclic ring and the degenerate non-bonding molecular orbitals of Trimethyleneethane (TME, a known biradical). Inter-fragment charge transfer analysis revealed not only a considerable donation of charge to the central ring (Acceptor, TT part) but also substantial charge redistribution within the ring itself. From these results, it was inferred that NIR absorption, in these dyes, was due to: (1) a reduced HOMO-LUMO gap (HLG) as a TME biradical substructure forms its chromophoric part; and (2) charge transfer from the donor substituents. The non-bonding nature of the S atom, in the bare dye, with its neighbouring N/C atom (of the highest occupied π-MOs), led to an examination of its electronic structure using the ab initio valence bond method. The relatively large weight and energetic stability of the biradicaloid VB structures compared to those of the ylidic structures clearly disclosed the importance of biradicaloid structures in the overall resonance of the bare dye. Their utility as singlet fission materials was screened using singlet and triplet energy-based molecular structure activity criteria. The results were encouraging, demanding experiments to reaffirm the materials' usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Thomas
- Center for Computational Research in Clean Energy Technologies, Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering, Pappanamcode, Trivandrum 695018, India
| | - Chenru Ji
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - B Siddlingeshwar
- Department of Physics, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560054, India.
| | - Prashant Uday Manohar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Fuming Ying
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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18
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Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kim YA, Jung E, Mok Y, Kim K, Hwang H, Park JJ, Kim MG, Mathur S, Kim DY. Open-Shell and Closed-Shell Quinoid-Aromatic Conjugated Polymers: Unusual Spin Magnetic and High Charge Transport Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:2887-2898. [PMID: 33404212 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While quinoidal moieties are considered as emerging platforms showing efficient charge transport and interesting open-shell diradical characteristics, whether these properties could be changed by extension to the conjugated polymer structure remains as a fundamental question. Here, we developed and characterized two conjugated polymers incorporating quinoids with different lengths, which have a stable close- and open-shell diradical character, respectively, namely, poly(quinoidal thiophene-thienylene vinylene) (PQuT-TV) and poly(quinoidal bithiophene-thienylene vinylene) (PQuBT-TV). A longer length of a quinoidal core led to enhanced diradical characteristics. Therefore, the longer core length of QuBT was favorable for the formation of an open-shell diradical structure in its monomer and in the quinoidal polymer. PQuBT-TV exhibited high spin characteristics observed by the strong ESR signal, a low band gap, and improved electrochemical stability. On the other hand, as QuT maintained a closed-shell quinoid structure, PQuT-TV exhibited high backbone coplanarity and strong intermolecular interaction, which was beneficial for charge transport and led to high hole mobility (up to 2.40 cm2 V-1 s-1) in organic field-effect transistors. This work successfully demonstrated how the control of the closed/open-shell character of quinoidal building blocks changes charge transport and spin properties of quinoidal conjugated polymers via quinoid-aromatic interconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunseul Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-A Kim
- Basic Materials and Chemicals R&D, LG Chem, Jeonnam 59611, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhwan Jung
- Inorganic and Materials Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50939, Germany
| | - Yoonjung Mok
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansu Hwang
- Division of Technical Supervision, Green Technology Center (GTC), Seoul 04554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Jin Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjay Mathur
- Inorganic and Materials Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50939, Germany
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (SMSE), Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies (RISE), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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19
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Wang Z, Dai Y, Ding L, Dong B, Jiang S, Wang J, Pei J. A Stable Triplet‐Ground‐State Conjugated Diradical Based on a Diindenopyrazine Skeleton. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi‐Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ya‐Zhong Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Li Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Bo‐Wei Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Shang‐Da Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS) Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jie‐Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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20
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Dressler JJ, Haley MM. Learning how to fine‐tune diradical properties by structure refinement. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Dressler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
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21
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Intorp SN, Hodecker M, Müller M, Tverskoy O, Rosenkranz M, Dmitrieva E, Popov AA, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Dreuw A, Bunz UHF. Quinoidal Azaacenes: 99 % Diradical Character. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12396-12401. [PMID: 32190951 PMCID: PMC7384067 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quinoidal azaacenes with almost pure diradical character (y=0.95 to y=0.99) were synthesized. All compounds exhibit paramagnetic behavior investigated by EPR and NMR spectroscopy, and SQUID measurements, revealing thermally populated triplet states with an extremely low-energy gap ΔEST' of 0.58 to 1.0 kcal mol-1 . The species are persistent in solution (half-life≈14-21 h) and in the solid state they are stable for weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian N. Intorp
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Manuel Hodecker
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches RechnenRuprecht Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 20569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Olena Tverskoy
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Center of SpectroelectrochemistryLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Center of SpectroelectrochemistryLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Center of SpectroelectrochemistryLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) DresdenHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches RechnenRuprecht Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 20569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-UniversitätIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
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