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Su X, Wu L, Chen G, Zheng C, Shan B, Tian Y, Ma J, Gu C. Organic conjugated polymer nanoparticles enhanced tyrosinase electrochemical biosensor for selective, sensitive and rapid detection of bisphenol A. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175765. [PMID: 39209166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) has been widely used in the production of polycarbonate (PC) plastics, flame retardants and epoxy resins, which is one of the most important endocrine disrupting chemicals and can cause damage to the estrogen system of human. In this work, organic conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNPs) were synthesized through nanoprecipitation method using liposome 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy (polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-mPEG2000) coated poly[(4,4'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-4,7-di(4-hexyl-2-thienyl)-5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole] (PDTS-hDTBT) and poly[(4,4'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-4,7-di(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-2-thienyl)-5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole] (PDTS-ehDTBT). These two polymers have different side chains, which can affect the configuration of the polymers, thereby affecting the π-π interaction between BPA and CPNPs. The resultant two CPNPs were explored as extremely attractive matrix for tyrosinase immobilization to construct electrochemical biosensing platforms for sensitive and rapid detection of BPA in water environments. The electrochemical performance of these two biosensors was significantly enhanced, benefiting from the large specific surface area and excellent biocompatibility of CPNPs, as well as the strong π-π interaction between CPNPs and BPA. The current response of PDTS-ehDTBT-Tyr-Chi/GCE exhibited a good linear relationship with BPA concentration ranging from 0.02 to 3.0 μM with a low detection limit of 11.83 nM and a high sensitivity of 0.9724 μA μM-1 cm-2. The fabricated biosensor was further used for BPA detection in actual samples with a recovery rate of 92.0 %-99.4 %. With the remarkable advantages, CPNPs-based biosensor provides a highly sensitive detection tool for rapid detection of BPA in actual samples, which has broad application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinze Su
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Lingxia Wu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Guangshuai Chen
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Chunying Zheng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Bin Shan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Yong Tian
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Jiping Ma
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Chuantao Gu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles (Qingdao University), Qingdao 266071, China.
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Geng R, Mena A, Pappas WJ, McCamey DR. Sub-micron spin-based magnetic field imaging with an organic light emitting diode. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1441. [PMID: 36922502 PMCID: PMC10017713 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum sensing and imaging of magnetic fields has attracted broad interests due to its potential for high sensitivity and spatial resolution. Common systems used for quantum sensing require either optical excitation (e.g., nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond, atomic vapor magnetometers), or cryogenic temperatures (e.g., SQUIDs, superconducting qubits), which pose challenges for chip-scale integration and commercial scalability. Here, we demonstrate an integrated organic light emitting diode (OLED) based solid-state sensor for magnetic field imaging, which employs spatially resolved magnetic resonance to provide a robust mapping of magnetic fields. By considering the monolithic OLED as an array of individual virtual sensors, we achieve sub-micron magnetic field mapping with field sensitivity of ~160 µT Hz-1/2 µm-2. Our work demonstrates a chip-scale OLED-based laser free magnetic field sensor and an approach to magnetic field mapping built on a commercially relevant and manufacturable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugang Geng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Adrian Mena
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - William J Pappas
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Dane R McCamey
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Application of Pyroelectric Sensors Based on PVDF Films for EPR Spectra Detection by Heat Release. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21248426. [PMID: 34960518 PMCID: PMC8708098 DOI: 10.3390/s21248426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Pyroelectrics are a wide class of materials that change their polarization when the system temperature varies. This effect is utilized for a number of different commercial and industrial applications ranging from simple thermal sensors and laser interferometers to water vapor harvesting. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying the structure and dynamics of materials with unpaired electrons. Since heating accompanies a resonant change of the orientation of electron spins in an external magnetic field, pyroelectrics can be utilized as versatile detectors for so-called indirect detection of the EPR signal. In this work, we investigated three different types of PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride) standard pyroelectric films with indium tin oxide, Cu/Ni, and Au coatings to determine their sensitivity for detecting EPR signals. All the films were shown to be able to detect the EPR spectra of about 1 μg of a standard stable free radical by heat release. A comparative study based on the calculation of the noise-equivalent power and specific detectivity from experimental spectra showed that the Au coated PVDF film is the most promising active element for measuring the EPR signal. Using the best achieved sensitivity, estimation is given whether this is sufficient for using a PVDF-based pyrodetector for indirectly detecting EPR spectra by recombination heat release or not.
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Nikiforov D, Ehrenfreund E. Magnetic Field Effects of Charge Transfer Excitons in Organic Semiconductor Devices. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nikiforov
- Physics Department and Solid State Institute Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Eitan Ehrenfreund
- Physics Department and Solid State Institute Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
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Tang J, Xie T, Geng J, Hua J, Wang Z. Rearrangement Strategy for the Preparation of Polymers With π-Conjugated Structures. Front Chem 2021; 9:665877. [PMID: 33869147 PMCID: PMC8049560 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.665877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
π-Conjugated polymers are usually prepared by polymerization only. In this perspective article, typical synthesis methods of conjugated polymers are briefly summarized, and a novel strategy for preparing conjugated polymers by rearrangement is proposed. During the metalation process, many conjugated structures were generated in polybutadiene by double bond migration. The effects of reaction time, temperature, and catalyst dosage on the product structure were investigated. Moreover, the structure of the products was confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 2D HSQC NMR spectra. Thus, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed, in which polybutadiene generates allylic carbanions in the presence of n-butyllithium, and then the double bonds migrate through the carbanions rearrangement to generate many conjugated structures in the backbone chain. The method shows promise in facile and low-cost synthesis of conjugated polymers without the need for precious metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tinghao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, Shandong Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Jing Hua
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, Shandong Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaobo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, Shandong Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Jamali S, Mkhitaryan VV, Malissa H, Nahlawi A, Popli H, Grünbaum T, Bange S, Milster S, Stoltzfus DM, Leung AE, Darwish TA, Burn PL, Lupton JM, Boehme C. Floquet spin states in OLEDs. Nat Commun 2021; 12:465. [PMID: 33469009 PMCID: PMC7815916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron and hole spins in organic light-emitting diodes constitute prototypical two-level systems for the exploration of the ultrastrong-drive regime of light-matter interactions. Floquet solutions to the time-dependent Hamiltonian of pairs of electron and hole spins reveal that, under non-perturbative resonant drive, when spin-Rabi frequencies become comparable to the Larmor frequencies, hybrid light-matter states emerge that enable dipole-forbidden multi-quantum transitions at integer and fractional g-factors. To probe these phenomena experimentally, we develop an electrically detected magnetic-resonance experiment supporting oscillating driving fields comparable in amplitude to the static field defining the Zeeman splitting; and an organic semiconductor characterized by minimal local hyperfine fields allowing the non-perturbative light-matter interactions to be resolved. The experimental confirmation of the predicted Floquet states under strong-drive conditions demonstrates the presence of hybrid light-matter spin excitations at room temperature. These dressed states are insensitive to power broadening, display Bloch-Siegert-like shifts, and are suggestive of long spin coherence times, implying potential applicability for quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jamali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - V V Mkhitaryan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - H Malissa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - A Nahlawi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - H Popli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - T Grünbaum
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Bange
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Milster
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - D M Stoltzfus
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - A E Leung
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
- Scientific Activities Division, European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, 224 84, Sweden
| | - T A Darwish
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - P L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - J M Lupton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - C Boehme
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Milster S, Grünbaum T, Bange S, Kurrmann S, Kraus H, Stoltzfus DM, Leung AE, Darwish TA, Burn PL, Boehme C, Lupton JM. Perdeuterated Conjugated Polymers for Ultralow-Frequency Magnetic Resonance of OLEDs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9388-9392. [PMID: 32167645 PMCID: PMC7317727 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The formation of excitons in OLEDs is spin dependent and can be controlled by electron-paramagnetic resonance, affecting device resistance and electroluminescence yield. We explore electrically detected magnetic resonance in the regime of very low magnetic fields (<1 mT). A pronounced feature emerges at zero field in addition to the conventional spin- 1 / 2 Zeeman resonance for which the Larmor frequency matches that of the incident radiation. By comparing a conventional π-conjugated polymer as the active material to a perdeuterated analogue, we demonstrate the interplay between the zero-field feature and local hyperfine fields. The zero-field peak results from a quasistatic magnetic-field effect of the RF radiation for periods comparable to the carrier-pair lifetime. Zeeman resonances are resolved down to 3.2 MHz, approximately twice the Larmor frequency of an electron in Earth's field. However, since reducing hyperfine fields sharpens the Zeeman peak at the cost of an increased zero-field peak, we suggest that this result may constitute a fundamental low-field limit of magnetic resonance in carrier-pair-based systems. OLEDs offer an alternative solid-state platform to investigate the radical-pair mechanism of magnetic-field effects in photochemical reactions, allowing models of biological magnetoreception to be tested by measuring spin decoherence directly in the time domain by pulsed experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Milster
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Grünbaum
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bange
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Kurrmann
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Kraus
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dani M Stoltzfus
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Anna E Leung
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Tamim A Darwish
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Christoph Boehme
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, 115 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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