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Armbruster C, Sellin M, Seiler M, Würz T, Oesten F, Schmucker M, Sterbak T, Fischer J, Radtke V, Hunger J, Krossing I. Pushing redox potentials to highly positive values using inert fluorobenzenes and weakly coordinating anions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6721. [PMID: 39112470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
While the development of weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) received much attention, the progress on weakly coordinating and inert solvents almost stagnated. Here we study the effect of strategic F-substitution on the solvent properties of fluorobenzenes C6FxH6-x (xFB, x = 1-5). Asymmetric fluorination leads to dielectric constants as high as 22.1 for 3FB that exceeds acetone (20.7). Combined with the WCAs [Al(ORF)4]- or [(FRO)3Al-F-Al(ORF)3]- (RF = C(CF3)3), the xFB solvents push the potentials of Ag+ and NO+ ions to +1.50/+1.52 V vs. Fc+/Fc. The xFB/WCA-system has electrochemical xFB stability windows that exceed 5 V for all xFBs with positive upper limits between +1.82 V (1FB) and +2.67 V (5FB) vs. Fc+/Fc. High-level ab initio calculations with inclusion of solvation energies show that these high potentials result from weak interactions of the ions with solvent and counterion. To access the available positive xFB potential range with stable reagents, the innocent deelectronator salts [anthraceneF]+∙[WCA]- and [phenanthreneF]+∙[WCA]- with potentials of +1.47 and +1.89 V vs. Fc+/Fc are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Armbruster
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Malte Sellin
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthis Seiler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Würz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Oesten
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmucker
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tabea Sterbak
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max-Planck-Institut for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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2
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Sellin M, Willrett J, Röhner D, Heizmann T, Fischer J, Seiler M, Holzmann C, Engesser TA, Radtke V, Krossing I. Utilizing the Perfluoronaphthalene Radical Cation as a Selective Deelectronator to Access a Variety of Strongly Oxidizing Reactive Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202406742. [PMID: 38842522 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
A selective deelectronation reagent with very high potential of +2.00 (solution)/+2.41 V (solid-state) vs. Fc+/0 and based on a room temperature stable perfluoronaphthalene (naphthaleneF) radical cation salt was developed and applied. The solid-state deelectronation of commercial naphthaleneF with [NO]+[F{Al(ORF)3}2]- generates [naphthaleneF]+⋅[F{Al(ORF)3}2]- (ORF=OC(CF3)3) in gram scale. Thermochemical analysis unravels the solid-state deelectronation potential of the starting [NO]+-reagent to be +2.34 V vs. Fc+/0 with [F{Al(ORF)3}2]- counterion, but only +1.14 V vs. Fc+/0 with the small [SbF6]- ion. Selective reactions demonstrate the selectivity of [naphthaleneF]+⋅ for deelectronation of a multitude of organ(ometall)ic molecules and elements in solution: providing the molecular structures of the acene dications [tetracene]2+, [pentacene]2+ or spectroscopic evidence for the carbonyl complex of the ferrocene dication [Fc(CO)]2+, the [P9]+ cation from white phosphorus, the solvent-free copper(I) salt starting from copper metal and the dicationic Fe(IV)-scorpionate complex [Fe(sc)2]2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Sellin
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julie Willrett
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Röhner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Heizmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthis Seiler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Celia Holzmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias A Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Zubkov MO, Dilman AD. Radical reactions enabled by polyfluoroaryl fragments: photocatalysis and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4741-4785. [PMID: 38536104 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00889d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Polyfluoroarenes have been known for a long time, but they are most often used as fluorinated building blocks for the synthesis of aromatic compounds. At the same time, due to peculiar fluorine effect, they have unique properties that provide applications in various fields ranging from synthesis to materials science. This review summarizes advances in the radical chemistry of polyfluoroarenes, which have become possible mainly with the advent of photocatalysis. Transformations of the fluorinated ring via the C-F bond activation, as well as use of fluoroaryl fragments as activating groups and hydrogen atom transfer agents are discussed. The ability of fluoroarenes to serve as catalysts is also considred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail O Zubkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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4
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Saju A, Crawley MR, MacMillan SN, Lacy DC. Manganese(III) Nitrate Complexes as Bench-Stable Powerful Oxidants. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11616-11621. [PMID: 38639535 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
We report herein a convenient one-pot synthesis for the shelf-stable molecular complex [Mn(NO3)3(OPPh3)2] (2) and describe the properties that make it a powerful and selective one-electron oxidation (deelectronation) reagent. 2 has a high reduction potential of 1.02 V versus ferrocene (MeCN) (1.65 vs normal hydrogen electrode), which is one the highest known among readily available redox agents used in chemical synthesis. 2 exhibits stability toward air in the solid state, can be handled with relative ease, and is soluble in most common laboratory solvents such as MeCN, dichloromethane, and fluorobenzene. 2 is substitutionally labile with respect to the coordinated (pseudo)halide ions enabling the synthesis of other new Mn(III) nitrato complexes also with high reduction potentials ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 V versus ferrocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Saju
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Matthew R Crawley
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David C Lacy
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Schulte Y, Wölper C, Rupf SM, Malischewski M, SantaLucia DJ, Neese F, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Structural characterization and reactivity of a room-temperature-stable, antiaromatic cyclopentadienyl cation salt. Nat Chem 2024; 16:651-657. [PMID: 38225271 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The singlet states of cyclopentadienyl (Cp) cations are considered as true prototypes of an antiaromatic system. Unfortunately, their high intrinsic reactivity inhibited their isolation in the solid state as a salt, and controlled reactions are also scarce. Here we present the synthesis and solid state structure of the room-temperature-stable Cp cation salt [Cp(C6F5)5]+[Sb3F16]-. Although the aromatic triplet state of the [Cp(C6F5)5]+ cation is energetically favoured in the gas phase according to quantum chemical calculations, coordination of the cation by either [Sb3F16]- or C6F6 in the crystal lattice stabilizes the antiaromatic singlet state, which is present in the solid state. The calculated hydride and fluoride ion affinities of the [Cp(C6F5)5]+ cation are higher than those of the perfluorinated tritylium cation [C(C6F5)3]+. Reactions of [Cp(C6F5)5]+[Sb3F16]- with CO, which probably yields the corresponding carbonyl complex, and of radical Cp(C6F5)5∙ with selected model substrates (Cp2Fe, (Ph3C∙)2 and Cp*Al) are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Schulte
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Susanne M Rupf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany.
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6
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Wu MX, Hong QY, Li M, Jiang WL, Huang B, Lu S, Wang H, Yang HB, Zhao XL, Shi X. Self-assembly of conformation-adaptive dihydrophenazine-based coordination cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1184-1187. [PMID: 38193861 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04864k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we designed and synthesized three conformation-adaptive Pd2L4- and Pd3L6-type coordination cages based on three dihydrophenazine-based ligands with different lengths. Interestingly, the shorter ligands L1 and L2 self-assembled into Pd2L4-type coordination cages while the longer ligand L3 formed Pd3L6-type one, mainly driven by the anion template effect. All coordination cages were confirmed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and their structural conformations underwent great changes compared with those of their corresponding ligands. Moreover, the conformational changes also significantly affected their photophysical and electrochemical properties which were distinct from their parent ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xiang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Qiong-Yan Hong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Minghui Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Wei-Ling Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Huang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Li Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Xueliang Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
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7
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Kouchakzadeh G, Mahmoudzadeh G. The Pseudo Jahn-Teller effect and NBO analysis for untangling the symmetry breaking in the planar configurations of M 2X 4+ (M = Si, Ge and X = Cl, Br, I): effect on electronic structure and chemical properties. J Mol Model 2023; 30:1. [PMID: 38052766 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The Pseudo Jahn- Teller effect is a significant tool for evaluating molecular distortion and symmetry breaking. The PJT effect associated with NBO analysis can be a powerful method for studying the structural properties variations arising from D2h → C2h distortions. The theoretical studies on Si2X4+ and Ge2X4+ radical cations have been rare. The calculations have shown that C2h non-planar structures are more stable than planar structures with D2h symmetry. The [Formula: see text] PJTE problem of M2X4+ compounds is a result of the coupling between the ground B3u state and the exited B1u state in the Qb2g direction causes. Also, the difference in M and X atoms can affect the PJT instability of compounds. The findings of this work show that the energy gap between the ground and excited states that have D2h symmetry decreases from M2Cl4+ to M2I4+ and increases from Si2X4+ to Ge2X4+. In fact, there is a significant relationship between instability of high-symmetry configurations, geometric parameters, electron delocalization, chemical hardness, electronegativity, electrophilicity index, and PJT stabilization energies. These results may serve to evaluate the distortion of similar systems. METHODS The structures of Si2X4+ and Ge2X4+ are optimized by LC-BLYP, M06-2X, and B3LYP methods with def2-TZVPP basis set in GAMESS software. The details of the excited states of compounds are studied by the TD-DFT method. NBO analysis for planar and non-planar structures is carried out at B3LYP/def2-TZVPP level by the NBO 5. G program that demonstrates HOMO, LUMO, ED, bonding and antibonding orbital occupancies, bond order, and E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Kouchakzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran.
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8
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Rall JM, Lapersonne M, Schorpp M, Krossing I. Synthesis and Characterization of a Stable Nickelocenium Dication Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312374. [PMID: 37799005 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of the nickelocenium cations [NiCp2 ]⋅+ and [NiCp2 ]2+ as their [F-{Al(ORF )3 }2 ]- (Cp = C5 H5 ; RF =C(CF3 )3 ) salts. Diamagnetic [NiCp2 ]2+ represents the first example for the isolation of an unsubstituted parent metallocene dication. Both salts were generated by reacting neutral NiCp2 with [NO]+ [F-{Al(ORF )3 }2 ]- in 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene (4FB). The salts were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), indicating shorter metal-ligand bond lengths for the higher charged salt. Powder XRD shows the salts to be phase pure, cyclic voltammetry in 4FB gave quasi reversible redox waves at -0.44 (0→1) and +1.17 V (1→2) vs Fc/Fc+ . The 1 H NMR of [NiCp2 ]2+ is a singlet at 8.6 ppm, whereas paramagnetic [NiCp2 ]⋅+ is significantly shifted upfield to -103.1 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Rall
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Max Lapersonne
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Uni Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Davidson JJ, Gunther SO, Leong DW, Ozerov OV. Synthesis of fluorinated aminium cations coupled with carborane anions for use as strong one-electron oxidants. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16027-16031. [PMID: 37850380 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02127k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of a series of hydrocarbon-soluble triarylamines bearing F, CF3, and Br substituents showing quasi-reversible redox events in the 0.59-1.32 V range is reported. Chemical oxidation of the amines was carried out with 0.5PhI(OAc)2/Me3SiX/Na[RCB11Cl11] (X = Cl or OTf, R = H or Me), and a few aminium salts were isolated as pure solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian J Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842, USA.
| | - S Olivia Gunther
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842, USA.
| | - Derek W Leong
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842, USA.
| | - Oleg V Ozerov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842, USA.
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10
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Sellin M, Krossing I. Homoleptic Transition Metal Carbonyl Cations: Synthetic Approaches, Characterization and Follow-Up Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2776-2787. [PMID: 37668537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCarbon monoxide, CO, is one of the most important ligands in organometallic chemistry. It is an excellent π-acceptor and a moderate σ-donor. Therefore, most of the known transition metal carbonyls (TMCs) exhibit a zerovalent or even negative metal oxidation state (OS) of up to -4. However, given the right conditions, the carbonyl ligand also forms homoleptic cationic complexes with one or more transition metal atoms, the transition metal carbonyl cations (TMCCs), known with an OS of up to +3. Despite their long-standing history upon discovery of the first [M(CO)6]+ examples (M = Mn, Tc, Re) by E. O. Fischer in 1962 as well as their very fundamental nature, it took until the 1990s for the scope to be widened by Aubke, Strauss and Willner. Yet, many potential TMCC entries known from gas-phase mass spectrometry work remained unknown on preparative grounds. This is due to their high reactivity, which puts scientists to new challenges and encourages the development of suitable solvents, anions and oxidants, to cope with the demands of these fundamental salts─later referred to as pseudo-gas-phase conditions and innocent deelectronators and solvents.Hence, the utilization of extremely weakly coordinating perfluorinated alkoxyaluminates [Al(ORF)4]- and [F{Al(ORF)3}2]- (ORF = -OC(CF3)3) in combination with the polar but non- or weakly coordinating innocent solvents 1,2-difluorobenzene (oDFB) and 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene (TFB) yielded the first TMCC salts containing heptacoordinate [M(CO)7]+ (M = Nb, Ta) as well as paramagnetic [M(CO)6]+· (M = Cr, Mo, W) or [Ni(CO)4]+·. However, the use of typical inorganic oxidants Ag+, [NO]+ and Ag+/0.5 I2 regularly led to unwanted side reactions. For example, the Lewis acidic silver(I) cations form Lewis pairs with various Lewis basic TMCs yielding partly clustered [Agx{TMC}y]x+ complex salts, while nitrosonium cations may substitute for carbonyl ligands, forming [M(CO)x-1(NO)]+ complexes. The synergistic oxidizing reagent Ag+/0.5 X2 can add halonium ions X+ to the TMCs (X = Cl, Br, I). This prevented the synthesis of univalent group 8 TMCC salts. Yet, the application of radical cation salts of perfluorinated arenes as innocent deelectronators finally yielded salts of [Fe(CO)5]+· and [M3(CO)14]2+ (M = Ru, Os).TMCC salts are excellent starting materials, and the reaction of [Co(CO)5]+ and [Ni(CO)4]+· with benzene led to the previously unknown bis(benzene) sandwich complexes [Co(benzene)2]+ and [Ni(benzene)2]+·. Under the right conditions, even the very weakly bound oDFB-complex salts with [M(oDFB)2]+ (M = Co, Ni) cations form, useful as naked metal(I) synthons and for small-molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Sellin
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Billion A, Schorpp M, Feser R, Schmitt M, Eisele L, Scherer H, Sonoda T, Kawa H, Butschke B, Krossing I. The perfluoroadamantoxy aluminate as an ideal weakly coordinating anion? - synthesis and first applications. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4355-4370. [PMID: 36924178 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00199g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) facilitate the stabilization and isolation of highly reactive and almost "naked" cations. Alkoxyaluminate-based WCAs such as [Al(OC(CF3)3)4]- ([pf]-) are widely used due to their synthetic accessibility and their high stability. However, small cations are still able to coordinate the oxygen atoms of the [pf]- anion or even to abstract an alkoxy ligand. The novel WCA [Al(OC10F15)4]- ([pfAd]-; OC10F15 = perfluoro-1-adamantoxy) is characterized by a very rigid core framework, thus indicating a higher stability towards fluoride-ion abstraction (DFT calculations) and providing hope to generate less disordered crystal structures. The [pfAd]- anion was generated by the reaction of the highly acidic alcohol perfluoro-1-adamantanol C10F15OH with LiAlH4 in o-DFB. Li[pfAd] could not be synthesized free of impurities (and still contains unreacted alcohol). Yet, starting from contaminated Li[pfAd], the very useful pure salts Ag[pfAd], [Ph3C][pfAd] and [H(OEt2)2][pfAd] could be synthesized. The salts were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy. Additionally, [NO][pfAd] could be synthesized containing alcohol impurities but nonetheless enabled the synthesis of the salt P9+[pfAd]-. The synthesis of Tl[pfAd] in a mixture of H2O/acetone/o-DFB demonstrated the water stability of the [pfAd]- anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Billion
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Rebecca Feser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Manuel Schmitt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Lea Eisele
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Takaaki Sonoda
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga koen, Kasuga-shi, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hajimu Kawa
- Exfluor Research Corporation, 2350 Double Creek Drive, Round Rock, Texas 78664, USA
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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12
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Thorwart T, Hartmann D, Greb L. Dihydrogen Activation with a Neutral, Intermolecular Silicon(IV)-Amine Frustrated Lewis Pair. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202273. [PMID: 35861023 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The heterolytic cleavage of dihydrogen constitutes the hallmark reaction of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLP). While being well-established for planar Lewis acids, such as boranes or silylium ions, the observation of the primary H2 splitting products with non-planar Lewis acid FLPs remained elusive. In the present work, we report bis(perfluoro-N-phenyl-ortho-amidophenolato)silane and its application in dihydrogen activation to a fully characterized hydridosilicate. The strict design of the Lewis acid, the limited selection of the Lewis base, and the distinct reaction conditions emphasize the narrow tolerance to achieve this fascinating process with a tetrahedral Lewis acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Rall JM, Schorpp M, Keilwerth M, Mayländer M, Friedmann C, Daub M, Richert S, Meyer K, Krossing I. Synthesis and Characterization of Stable Iron Pentacarbonyl Radical Cation Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204080. [PMID: 35543697 PMCID: PMC9401057 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The open‐shell iron pentacarbonyl cation [Fe(CO)5].+ was isolated by deelectronation, i.e., the single‐electron oxidation of the parent neutral Fe(CO)5 using [phenazineF].+ as the [Al(ORF)4]− and [F‐{Al(ORF)3}2]− salt (RF=C(CF3)3; phenazineF=perfluoro‐5,10‐bis(perfluorophenyl)‐5,10‐dihydrophenazine). [Fe(CO)5].+[Al(ORF)4]− was fully characterized (scXRD analysis, IR, NMR, EPR, 57Fe spectroscopy, CV and SQUID magnetization study) and, apart from being a compound of fundamental interest, may serve as a precursor for low‐valent iron coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Rall
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Martin Keilwerth
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department für Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstrasse 1 91059 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maximilian Mayländer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Christian Friedmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Daub
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department für Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstrasse 1 91059 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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14
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Radtke V, Gebel N, Priester D, Ermantraut A, Bäuerle M, Himmel D, Stroh R, Koslowski T, Leito I, Krossing I. Measurements and Utilization of Consistent Gibbs Energies of Transfer of Single Ions: Towards a Unified Redox Potential Scale for All Solvents. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200509. [PMID: 35446995 PMCID: PMC9401597 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing the “ideal” ionic liquid salt bridge to measure Gibbs energies of transfer of silver ions between the solvents water, acetonitrile, propylene carbonate and dimethylformamide results in a consistent data set with a precision of 0.6 kJ mol−1 over 87 measurements in 10 half‐cells. This forms the basis for a coherent experimental thermodynamic framework of ion solvation chemistry. In addition, we define the solvent independent peabsH2O
‐ and the EabsH2O
values that account for the electronating potential of any redox system similar to the pHabsH2O
value of a medium that accounts for its protonating potential. This EabsH2O
scale is thermodynamically well‐defined enabling a straightforward comparison of the redox potentials (reducities) of all media with respect to the aqueous redox potential scale, hence unifying all conventional solvents′ redox potential scales. Thus, using the Gibbs energy of transfer of the silver ion published herein, one can convert and unify all hitherto published redox potentials measured, for example, against ferrocene, to the EabsH2O
scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Niklas Gebel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Denis Priester
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Andreas Ermantraut
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Monika Bäuerle
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Regina Stroh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Koslowski
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 23a 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry University of Tartu Ravila 14a Str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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15
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Hoffmann KF, Battke D, Golz P, Rupf SM, Malischewski M, Riedel S. The Tris(pentafluorophenyl)methylium Cation: Isolation and Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203777. [PMID: 35416383 PMCID: PMC9401592 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present two different routes for the synthesis of the perfluorinated trityl cation, which allowed the handling of the free, uncoordinated species in organic solvents for the first time. The usage of the weakly coordinating anion [Al(OTeF5)4]− and its derivatives allows the characterization of this species by NMR spectroscopy and most importantly by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The high hydride ion affinity of the cation is shown by hydrogen abstraction from isobutane. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry reveals its oxidative potential which is supported by the reaction with tris(4‐bromophenyl)amine, giving rise to the formation of the ammoniumyl radical cation, also known as “magic blue”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F. Hoffmann
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - David Battke
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Paul Golz
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Susanne M. Rupf
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Moritz Malischewski
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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16
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Rall JM, Schorpp M, Keilwerth M, Mayländer M, Friedmann C, Daub M, Richert S, Meyer K, Krossing I. Synthesis and Characterization of Stable Iron Pentacarbonyl Radical Cation Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Rall
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Martin Keilwerth
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department für Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstrasse 1 91059 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maximilian Mayländer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Christian Friedmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Daub
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department für Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstrasse 1 91059 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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17
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Hoffmann KF, Battke D, Golz P, Rupf SM, Malischewski M, Riedel S. Das Tris(pentafluorophenyl)methylium‐Kation: Isolation und Reaktivität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F. Hoffmann
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - David Battke
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Paul Golz
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Susanne M. Rupf
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Moritz Malischewski
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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18
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Böttcher T, Schmidlin NMC, Radtke V, Schmidt A, Lökov M, Leito I. Electronic Modification of a Sterically Demanding Anionic Pyridine Ligand. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Böttcher
- Universität Freiburg Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. GERMANY
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19
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Albrecht PA, Rupf SM, Sellin M, Schlögl J, Riedel S, Malischewski M. Increasing the oxidation power of TCNQ by coordination of B(C 6F 5) 3. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4958-4961. [PMID: 35380574 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00314g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation power of the cyanocarbon TCNQ (tetracyano-quinodimethane) can be significantly increased to approximately E = +0.9 V vs. Cp2Fe by coordination of up to four equivalents of the strong fluorinated Lewis acid B(C6F5)3, resulting in a highly reactive but easy-to-use oxidation system. Thianthrene and tris(4-bromophenyl)amine were oxidized to the corresponding radical cations. Dianionic [TCNQ·4 B(C6F5)3]2- was formed upon reduction with two equivalents of ferrocene or decamethylcobaltocene. [TCNQ·4 B(C6F5)3]- and [TCNQ·4 B(C6F5)3]2- are rare cases of redox-active weakly-coordinating anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Anton Albrecht
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Susanne Margot Rupf
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Malte Sellin
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany. .,Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Schlögl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Moritz Malischewski
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Donath M, Schwedtmann K, Schneider T, Hennersdorf F, Bauzá A, Frontera A, Weigand JJ. Direct conversion of white phosphorus to versatile phosphorus transfer reagents via oxidative onioation. Nat Chem 2022; 14:384-391. [PMID: 35379968 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The main feedstock for the value-added phosphorus chemicals used in industry and research is white phosphorus (P4), from which the key intermediate for forming P(III) compounds is PCl3. Owing to its high reactivity, syntheses based on PCl3 are often accompanied by product mixtures and laborious work-up procedures, so an alternative process to form a viable P(III) transfer reagent is desirable. Our concept of oxidative onioation, where white phosphorus is selectively converted into triflate salts of versatile P1 transfer reagents such as [P(LN)3][OTf]3 (LN is a cationic, N-based substituent; that is, 4-dimethylaminopyridinio), provides a convenient alternative for the implementation of P-O, P-N and P-C bonds while circumventing the use of PCl3. We use p-block element compounds of type RnE (for example, Ph3As or PhI) to access weak adducts between nitrogen Lewis bases LN and the corresponding dications [RnELN]2+. The proposed equilibrium between [RnELN]2+ + LN and [RnE(LN)2]2+ allows for the complete oxidative onioation of all six P-P bonds in P4 to yield highly reactive and versatile trications [P(LN)3]3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Donath
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kai Schwedtmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Schneider
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Hennersdorf
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jan J Weigand
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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21
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Roy M, Walton JH, Fettinger JC, Balch AL. Direct Crystallization of Diamine Radical Cations: Carbon‐Nitrogen Bond Formation from the Reaction of Triphenylamine with TiCl
4
, TiBr
4
, or SnCl
4
versus Carbon‐Carbon Bond Formation with SbCl
5
**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104631. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mrittika Roy
- Department of Chemistry, NMR Facility University of California Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, NMR Facility University of California Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, NMR Facility University of California Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Alan L. Balch
- Department of Chemistry, NMR Facility University of California Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 USA
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22
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Jiang WL, Huang B, Wu MX, Zhu YK, Zhao XL, Shi X, Yang HB. Post-Synthetic Modification of Metal-Organic Frameworks Bearing Phenazine Radical Cations for aza-Diels-Alder Reactions. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3985-3992. [PMID: 34652071 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) consisting of organic radicals are of great interest because they have exhibited unique and intriguing optical, electronic, magnetic, and chemo-catalytic properties, and thus have demonstrated great potential applications in optical, electronic, and magnetic devices, and as catalysts. However, the preparation of MOFs bearing stable organic radicals is very challenging because most organic radicals are highly reactive and difficult to incorporate into the framework of MOFs. Herein we reported a post-synthetic modification strategy to prepare a novel MOF containing phenazine radical cations, which was used as heterogeneous catalyst for aza-Diels-Alder reaction. The zinc-based metal-organic framework Zn2 (PHZ)2 (dabco) (N) was successfully synthesized from 5,10-di(4-benzoic acid)-5,10-dihydrophenazine (PHZ), triethylene diamine (dabco) with Zn(NO3 )2 ⋅ 6H2 O by solvothermal method. The as-synthesized MOF N was partially oxidized by AgSbF6 to form MOF R containing ∼10% phenazine radical cation species. The resultant MOF R was found to keep the original crystal type of N and very persistent under ambient conditions. Consequently, MOF R was successfully employed in radical cation-catalyzed aza-Diels-Alder reactions with various imine substrates at room temperature with high reaction conversion. Moreover, heterogeneous catalyst MOF R was reusable up to five times without much loss of catalytic activity, demonstrating its excellent stability and recyclability. Therefore, the post-synthetic modification developed in this work is expected to become a versatile strategy to prepare radical-based MOFs for the application of heterogeneous catalysts in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ling Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Xiang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Ye-Kai Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xueliang Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
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23
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Bell JD, Murphy JA. Recent advances in visible light-activated radical coupling reactions triggered by (i) ruthenium, (ii) iridium and (iii) organic photoredox agents. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9540-9685. [PMID: 34309610 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox chemistry with organic or transition metal agents has been reviewed in earlier years, but such is the pace of progress that we will overlap very little with earlier comprehensive reviews. This review first presents an overview of the area of research and then examines recent examples of C-C, C-N, C-O and C-S bond formations via radical intermediates with transition metal and organic radical promoters. Recent successes with Birch reductions are also included. The transition metal chemistry will be restricted to photocatalysts based on the most widely used metals, Ru and Ir, but includes coupling chemistries that take advantage of low-valent nickel, or occasionally copper, complexes to process the radicals that are formed. Our focus is on developments in the past 10 years (2011-2021). This period has also seen great advances in the chemistry of organic photoredox reagents and the review covers this area. The review is intended to present highlights and is not comprehensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Bell
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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24
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Dabringhaus P, Barthélemy A, Krossing I. The Coordination Chemistry and Clustering of Subvalent Ga
+
and In
+
upon Addition of σ‐Donor Ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Dabringhaus
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
| | - Antoine Barthélemy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
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25
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Hermann M, Böttcher T, Schorpp M, Richert S, Wassy D, Krossing I, Esser B. Cations and Anions of Dibenzo[a,e]pentalene and Reduction of a Dibenzo[a,e]pentalenophane. Chemistry 2021; 27:4964-4970. [PMID: 33443300 PMCID: PMC7986162 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dibenzo[a,e]pentalene (DBP) is a non-alternant conjugated hydrocarbon with antiaromatic character and ambipolar electrochemical behavior. Upon both reduction and oxidation, it becomes aromatic. We herein study the chemical oxidation and reduction of a planar DBP derivative and a bent DBP-phane. The molecular structures of its planar dication, cation radical and anion radical in the solid state demonstrate the gained aromaticity through bond length equalization, which is supported by nucleus independent chemical shift-calculations. EPR spectra on the cation radical confirm the spin delocalization over the DBP framework. A similar delocalization was not possible in the reduced bent DBP-phane, which stabilized itself by proton abstraction from a solvent molecule upon reduction. This is the first report on structures of a DBP cation radical and dication in the solid state and of a reduced bent DBP derivative. Our study provides valuable insight into the charged species of DBP for its application as semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hermann
- Institute for Organic ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Tobias Böttcher
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Daniel Wassy
- Institute for Organic ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research CenterUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute for Organic ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Materials Research CenterUniversity of FreiburgStefan-Meier-Str. 2179104FreiburgGermany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges-Köhler-Allee 10579110FreiburgGermany
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26
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Schorpp M, Heizmann T, Schmucker M, Rein S, Weber S, Krossing I. Synthesis and Application of a Perfluorinated Ammoniumyl Radical Cation as a Very Strong Deelectronator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9453-9459. [PMID: 32187797 PMCID: PMC7317951 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The perfluorinated dihydrophenazine derivative (perfluoro-5,10-bis(perfluorophenyl)-5,10-dihydrophenazine) ("phenazineF ") can be easily transformed to a stable and weighable radical cation salt by deelectronation (i.e. oxidation) with Ag[Al(ORF )4 ]/ Br2 mixtures (RF =C(CF3 )3 ). As an innocent deelectronator it has a strong and fully reversible half-wave potential versus Fc+ /Fc in the coordinating solvent MeCN (E°'=1.21 V), but also in almost non-coordinating oDFB (=1,2-F2 C6 H4 ; E°'=1.29 V). It allows for the deelectronation of [FeIII Cp*2 ]+ to [FeIV (CO)Cp*2 ]2+ and [FeIV (CN-t Bu)Cp*2 ]2+ in common laboratory solvents and is compatible with good σ-donor ligands, such as L=trispyrazolylmethane, to generate novel [M(L)x ]n+ complex salts from the respective elemental metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Heizmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximillian Schmucker
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Rein
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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