1
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Sherwood J, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. N,N-Dimethyl Formamide European Restriction Demands Solvent Substitution in Research and Development. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301639. [PMID: 38200662 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
As of December 2023, the use of common solvent N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) will be restricted in the European Union because of its reproductive health hazard. Industrial facilities must comply with stricter exposure limits, and researchers are recommended to find alternative solvents. Here we explain the restrictions on DMF, which disciplines are affected, and how to substitute DMF to keep research and development commercially relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sherwood
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, UK., YO10 5DD
| | - Fernando Albericio
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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2
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Hansen PR, Oddo A. Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2821:33-55. [PMID: 38997478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3914-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic peptides are important as drugs and in research. Currently, the method of choice for producing these compounds is solid-phase peptide synthesis. Here, we describe the scope and limitations of Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. Furthermore, we provide a detailed protocol for Fmoc peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Robert Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Alberto Oddo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- , Måløv, Denmark
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3
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Uth C, Englert S, Avrutina O, Kolmar H, Knauer S. Novel amino-Li resin for water-based solid-phase peptide synthesis. J Pept Sci 2023; 29:e3527. [PMID: 37322567 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the first application of a novel amino-Li resin to water-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) applying the Smoc-protecting group approach. We demonstrated that it is a suitable support for the sustainable water-based alternative to a classical SPPS approach. The resin possesses good swelling properties in aqueous milieu, provides significant coupling sites, and may be applicable to the synthesis of difficult sequences and aggregation-prone peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olga Avrutina
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Clemens-Schöpf Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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4
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Castelletto V, de Mello L, da Silva ER, Seitsonen J, Hamley IW. Self-Assembly and Cytocompatibility of Amino Acid Conjugates Containing a Novel Water-Soluble Aromatic Protecting Group. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5403-5413. [PMID: 37914531 PMCID: PMC10646988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
There has been considerable interest in peptides in which the Fmoc (9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) protecting group is retained at the N-terminus, since this bulky aromatic group can drive self-assembly, and Fmoc-peptides are biocompatible and have applications in cell culture biomaterials. Recently, analogues of new amino acids with 2,7-disulfo-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Smoc) protecting groups have been developed for water-based peptide synthesis. Here, we report on the self-assembly and biocompatibility of Smoc-Ala, Smoc-Phe and Smoc-Arg as examples of Smoc conjugates to aliphatic, aromatic, and charged amino acids, respectively. Self-assembly occurs at concentrations above the critical aggregation concentration (CAC). Cryo-TEM imaging and SAXS reveal the presence of nanosheet, nanoribbon or nanotube structures, and spectroscopic methods (ThT fluorescence circular dichroism and FTIR) show the presence of β-sheet secondary structure, although Smoc-Ala solutions contain significant unaggregated monomer content. Smoc shows self-fluorescence, which was used to determine CAC values of the Smoc-amino acids from fluorescence assays. Smoc fluorescence was also exploited in confocal microscopy imaging with fibroblast cells, which revealed its uptake into the cytoplasm. The biocompatibility of these Smoc-amino acids was found to be excellent with zero cytotoxicity (in fact increased metabolism) to fibroblasts at low concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Castelletto
- School
of Chemistry, Food Biosciences and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas de Mello
- School
of Chemistry, Food Biosciences and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
- Departamento
de Biofísica, Universidade Federal
de São Paulo, São
Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | | | - Jani Seitsonen
- Nanomicroscopy
Center, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ian W Hamley
- School
of Chemistry, Food Biosciences and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
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5
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Zhou Y, Li H, Huang Y, Li J, Deng G, Chen G, Xi Z, Zhou C. Suppression of alpha-carbon racemization in peptide synthesis based on a thiol-labile amino protecting group. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5324. [PMID: 37658053 PMCID: PMC10474026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In conventional solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), α-amino groups are protected with alkoxycarbonyl groups (e.g., 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl [Fmoc]). However, during SPPS, inherent side reactions of the protected amino acids (e.g., α-C racemization and aspartimide formation) generate by-products that are hard to remove. Herein, we report a thiol-labile amino protecting group for SPPS, the 2,4-dinitro-6-phenyl-benzene sulfenyl (DNPBS) group, which is attached to the α-amino group via a S-N bond and can be quantitatively removed in minutes under nearly neutral conditions (1 M p-toluenethiol/pyridine). The use of DNPBS greatly suppresses the main side reactions observed during conventional SPPS. Although DNPBS SPPS is not as efficient as Fmoc SPPS, especially for synthesis of long peptides, DNPBS and Fmoc are orthogonal protecting groups; and thus DNPBS SPPS and Fmoc SPPS can be combined to synthesize peptides that are otherwise difficult to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guiyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chuanzheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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6
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Meziadi A, Greschner AA, Gauthier MA. Microwave-Induced Transient Heating Accelerates Protein PEGylation. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37130073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation is one of the most widely employed strategies to increase the circulatory half-life of proteins and to reduce immune responses. However, conventional PEGylation protocols often require excess reagents and extended reaction times because of their inefficiency. This study demonstrates that a microwave-induced transient heating phenomenon can be exploited to significantly accelerate protein PEGylation and even increase the degree of PEGylation achievable beyond what is possible at room temperature. This can be accomplished under conditions that do not compromise protein integrity. Several PEGylation chemistries and proteins are tested, and mechanistic insight is provided. Under certain conditions, extremely high levels of PEGylation were achieved in a matter of minutes. Moreover, considering the significantly reduced reaction times, the microwave-induced transient heating concept was adapted for continuous flow manufacturing of bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlem Meziadi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, 1650 boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Andrea A Greschner
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, 1650 boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Marc A Gauthier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, 1650 boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1P7, Canada
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7
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Haji Abbasi Somehsaraie M, Fathi Vavsari V, Kamangar M, Balalaie S. Chemical Wastes in the Peptide Synthesis Process and Ways to Reduce Them. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2022; 21:e123879. [PMID: 36942077 PMCID: PMC10024322 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-123879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, a growing interest has been observed among pharmaceutical companies in producing and selling 80 FDA-approved therapeutic peptides. However, there are many drawbacks to peptide synthesis at the academic and industrial scales, involving the use of large amounts of highly hazardous coupling reagents and solvents. This review focuses on hideous and observant wastes produced before, during, and after peptide synthesis and proposes some solutions to reduce them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaezeh Fathi Vavsari
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kamangar
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Lee HJ, Choi ES, Maruoka K. Development of a catalytic ester activation protocol for the efficient formation of amide bonds using an Ar‐I/HF•pyridine/mCPBA system. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jun Lee
- Kunsan National University Department of Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Eun-Sol Choi
- Kunsan National University Department of Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sakyo 606-8501 Kyoto JAPAN
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9
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Lu X, Luo Z, Huang R, Lo DC, Huang W. High-Throughput Platform for Novel Reaction Discovery. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201421. [PMID: 35766989 PMCID: PMC11033702 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Detecting the formation of new chemical bonds in high-throughput synthesis is limited by the efficiency and scalability of reaction product detection, as conventional methods for isolating product from reaction mixtures are time consuming and labor intensive. Here, we report a miniaturizable purification method that enables the rapid, high-throughput isolation of quaternary ammonium-tagged products from reaction mixtures with excellent purity using inexpensive equipment that easily can be set up in a typical organic chemistry laboratory. This novel purification technique enabled us to establish a high-throughput reaction discovery platform. We validated this platform in a screen of 1536 reactions, and one previously unreported transformation was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lu
- Therapeutic Development Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Zhiji Luo
- Therapeutic Development Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- Chemical Genomics Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Donald C. Lo
- Therapeutic Development Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Wenwei Huang
- Therapeutic Development Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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10
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Sharma K, Aaghaz S, Maurya IK, Rudramurthy SM, Singh S, Kumar V, Tikoo K, Jain R. Antifungal evaluation and mechanistic investigations of membrane active short synthetic peptides-based amphiphiles. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:106002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Mackay AS, Payne RJ, Malins LR. Electrochemistry for the Chemoselective Modification of Peptides and Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23-41. [PMID: 34968405 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although electrochemical strategies for small-molecule synthesis are flourishing, this technology has yet to be fully exploited for the mild and chemoselective modification of peptides and proteins. With the growing number of diverse peptide natural products being identified and the emergence of modified proteins as therapeutic and diagnostic agents, methods for electrochemical modification stand as alluring prospects for harnessing the reactivity of polypeptides to build molecular complexity. As a mild and inherently tunable reaction platform, electrochemistry is arguably well-suited to overcome the chemo- and regioselectivity issues which limit existing bioconjugation strategies. This Perspective will showcase recently developed electrochemical approaches to peptide and protein modification. The article also highlights the wealth of untapped opportunities for the production of homogeneously modified biomolecules, with an eye toward realizing the enormous potential of electrochemistry for chemoselective bioconjugation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus S Mackay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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12
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Pawlas J, Rasmussen JH. Circular Aqueous Fmoc/t-Bu Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3231-3236. [PMID: 34270883 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Circular economy and aqueous synthesis are attractive concepts for sustainable chemistry. Here it is reported that the two can be combined in the universal method for peptide chemistry, fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl(Fmoc)/t-Bu solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). It was demonstrated that Fmoc/t-Bu SPPS could be performed under aqueous conditions using standard Fmoc amino acids (AAs) employing TentaGel S as resin and 4 : 1 mixture of water with inexpensive green solvent PolarClean. This resin/solvent combination played a crucial dual role by virtue of improving resin swelling and solubility of starting materials. In a model coupling, TCFH and 2,4,6-collidine afforded a full conversion at only 1.3 equiv. AA, and these conditions were used in SPPS of Leu enkephaline amide affording the model peptide in 85 % yield and 86 % purity. A method to recycle the waste by filtration through a mixed ion exchange resin was developed, allowing reusing the waste without affecting quality of the peptide. The method herein obviates the use of unconventional or processed AAs in aqueous SPPS while using lower amounts of starting materials. By recycling/reusing SPPS waste the hazardous dipolar aprotic solvents used in SPPS were not only replaced with an aqueous medium, solvent use was also significantly reduced. This opens up a new direction in aqueous peptide chemistry in which efficient use of inexpensive starting materials and waste minimization is coupled with the universal Fmoc/t-Bu SPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pawlas
- PolyPeptide Group, Limhamnsvägen 108, PO BOX 30089, 20061, Limhamn, Sweden
| | - Jon H Rasmussen
- PolyPeptide Group, Limhamnsvägen 108, PO BOX 30089, 20061, Limhamn, Sweden
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13
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Usage of Synthetic Peptides in Cosmetics for Sensitive Skin. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080702. [PMID: 34451799 PMCID: PMC8400021 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive skin is characterized by symptoms of discomfort when exposed to environmental factors. Peptides are used in cosmetics for sensitive skin and stand out as active ingredients for their ability to interact with skin cells by multiple mechanisms, high potency at low dosage and the ability to penetrate the stratum corneum. This study aimed to analyze the composition of 88 facial cosmetics for sensitive skin from multinational brands regarding usage of peptides, reviewing their synthetic pathways and the scientific evidence that supports their efficacy. Peptides were found in 17% of the products analyzed, namely: acetyl dipeptide-1 cetyl ester, palmitoyl tripeptide-8, acetyl tetrapeptide-15, palmitoyl tripeptide-5, acetyl hexapeptide-49, palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 and palmitoyl oligopeptide. Three out of seven peptides have a neurotransmitter-inhibiting mechanism of action, while another three are signal peptides. Only five peptides present evidence supporting their use in sensitive skin, with only one clinical study including volunteers having this condition. Noteworthy, the available data is mostly found in patents and supplier brochures, and not in randomized placebo-controlled studies. Peptides are useful active ingredients in cosmetics for sensitive skin. Knowing their efficacy and synthetic pathways provides meaningful insight for the development of new and more effective ingredients.
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14
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Liebich VJ, Avrutina O, Habermann J, Hillscher LM, Langhans M, Meckel T, Biesalski M, Kolmar H. Toward Fabrication of Bioactive Papers: Covalent Immobilization of Peptides and Proteins. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2954-2962. [PMID: 34101458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel two-step method for the covalent, site-directed, and efficient immobilization of proteins on lab-made paper sheets. First, paper fibers were modified with a peptidic anchor comprising enzyme recognition motifs. Four different conjugation strategies for peptide immobilization were evaluated with respect to reproducibility and fiber loading efficiency. After manufacturing of the peptide-preconditioned paper, oriented conjugation of the model protein tGFP containing a C-terminal recognition sequence for either sortase A or microbial transglutaminase was assessed semiquantitatively by fluorescence measurement and inspected by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The two enzymes utilized for protein conjugation used the same oligoglycine peptide anchor, and both proved to be suitable for controlled oriented linkage of substrate proteins at physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina J Liebich
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Habermann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura M Hillscher
- Institute for Macromolecular and Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ TU Darmstadt, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Langhans
- Institute for Macromolecular and Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Institute for Macromolecular and Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Biesalski
- Institute for Macromolecular and Paper Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ TU Darmstadt, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ TU Darmstadt, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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Xiong Y, Shi C, Li L, Tang Y, Zhang X, Liao S, Zhang B, Sun C, Ren C. A review on recent advances in amino acid and peptide-based fluorescence and its potential applications. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02230j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence is widely used to detect functional groups and ions, and peptides are used in various fields due to their excellent biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshuo Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Changxin Shi
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lingyi Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yuanhan Tang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Sisi Liao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Changmei Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
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16
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Sabatino G, D’Ercole A, Pacini L, Zini M, Ribecai A, Paio A, Rovero P, Papini AM. An Optimized Scalable Fully Automated Solid-Phase Microwave-Assisted cGMP-Ready Process for the Preparation of Eptifibatide. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Sabatino
- MoD&LS Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- CNR-IC Istituto di Cristallografia, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Annunziata D’Ercole
- MoD&LS Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- FIS - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A., Viale Milano 26, 36075 Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pacini
- MoD&LS Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- FIS - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A., Viale Milano 26, 36075 Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Matteo Zini
- FIS - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A., Viale Milano 26, 36075 Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Arianna Ribecai
- MoD&LS Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- FIS - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A., Viale Milano 26, 36075 Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alfredo Paio
- MoD&LS Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- FIS - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A., Viale Milano 26, 36075 Montecchio Maggiore, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Rovero
- MoD&LS Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- CNR-IC Istituto di Cristallografia, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- MoD&LS Laboratory, University of Florence, Centre of Competences RISE, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- CNR-IC Istituto di Cristallografia, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
- PeptLab@UCP Platform of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Neuville Campus, CY Cergy Paris Université, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
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17
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Martin V, Egelund PHG, Johansson H, Thordal Le Quement S, Wojcik F, Sejer Pedersen D. Greening the synthesis of peptide therapeutics: an industrial perspective. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42457-42492. [PMID: 35516773 PMCID: PMC9057961 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07204d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is generally the method of choice for the chemical synthesis of peptides, allowing routine synthesis of virtually any type of peptide sequence, including complex or cyclic peptide products. Importantly, SPPS can be automated and is scalable, which has led to its widespread adoption in the pharmaceutical industry, and a variety of marketed peptide-based drugs are now manufactured using this approach. However, SPPS-based synthetic strategies suffer from a negative environmental footprint mainly due to extensive solvent use. Moreover, most of the solvents used in peptide chemistry are classified as problematic by environmental agencies around the world and will soon need to be replaced, which in recent years has spurred a movement in academia and industry to make peptide synthesis greener. These efforts have been centred around solvent substitution, recycling and reduction, as well as exploring alternative synthetic methods. In this review, we focus on methods pertaining to solvent substitution and reduction with large-scale industrial production in mind, and further outline emerging technologies for peptide synthesis. Specifically, the technical requirements for large-scale manufacturing of peptide therapeutics are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Martin
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Peter H G Egelund
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | | | - Felix Wojcik
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P. Gates
- p53 Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Singapore
| | - Nina Hartrampf
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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19
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Knauer S, Koch N, Uth C, Meusinger R, Avrutina O, Kolmar H. Sustainable Peptide Synthesis Enabled by a Transient Protecting Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12984-12990. [PMID: 32324944 PMCID: PMC7496111 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in synthetic peptides has prompted the development of viable methods for their sustainable production. Currently, large amounts of toxic solvents are required for peptide assembly from protected building blocks, and switching to water as a reaction medium remains a major hurdle in peptide chemistry. We report an aqueous solid‐phase peptide synthesis strategy that is based on a water‐compatible 2,7‐disulfo‐9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Smoc) protecting group. This approach enables peptide assembly under aqueous conditions, real‐time monitoring of building block coupling, and efficient postsynthetic purification. The procedure for the synthesis of all natural and several non‐natural Smoc‐protected amino acids is described, as well as the assembly of 22 peptide sequences and the fundamental issues of SPPS, including the protecting group strategy, coupling and cleavage efficiency, stability under aqueous conditions, and crucial side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Knauer
- Sulfotools GmbH, In der Niederwiesen 24a, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Niklas Koch
- Sulfotools GmbH, In der Niederwiesen 24a, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christina Uth
- Sulfotools GmbH, In der Niederwiesen 24a, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Reinhard Meusinger
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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