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Zhu D, Li L, Ji Y, Wang P. Aqueous colloid flow batteries with nano Prussian blue. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 678:88-97. [PMID: 39182389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Flow battery is a safe and scalable energy storage technology in effectively utilizing clean power and mitigating carbon emissions from fossil fuel consumption. In the present work, we demonstrate an aqueous colloid flow battery (ACFB) with well-dispersed colloids based on nano-sized Prussian blue (PB) cubes, aiming at expanding the chosen area of various nano redox materials and lowering the cost of chemicals. Taking advantage of the two redox pairs of PB, the developed all-PB cell employing a low-cost dialysis membrane with the synthesized PB on both sides displays an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.74 V. Moreover, when paired with an organic tetra pyridine macrocycle the cell with PB as positive electrolyte exhibits an OCV of 1.33 V and a capacity fade rate of 0.039 %/cycle (0.8 %/day). Redox-active colloids exhibit enduring physicochemical stability, with no evident structural or morphological changes after extensive cycling, highlighting their potential for cost-effective and reliable ACFB energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China; Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China; Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yunlong Ji
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China; Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China; Division of Solar Energy Conversion and Catalysis at Westlake University, Zhejiang Baima Lake Laboratory Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Liu X, Zhang H, Liu C, Wang Z, Zhang X, Yu H, Zhao Y, Li MJ, Li Y, He YL, He G. Commercializable Naphthalene Diimide Anolytes for Neutral Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405427. [PMID: 38603586 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Neutral aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) hold the potential to facilitate the transition of renewable energy sources from auxiliary to primary energy, the commercial production of anolyte materials still suffers from insufficient performance of high-concentration and the high cost of the preparation problem. To overcome these challenges, this study provides a hydrothermal synthesis methodology and introduces the charged functional groups into hydrophobic naphthalene diimide cores, and prepares a series of high-performance naphthalene diimide anolytes. Under the synergistic effect of π-π stacking and H-bonding networks, the naphthalene diimide exhibits excellent structural stability and the highest water solubility (1.85 M for dex-NDI) reported to date. By employing the hydrothermal method, low-cost naphthalene diimides are successfully synthesized on a hundred-gram scale of $0.16 g-1 ($2.43 Ah-1), which is also the lowest price reported to date. The constructed full battery achieves a high electron concentration of 2.4 M, a high capacity of 54.4 Ah L-1, and a power density of 318 mW cm-2 with no significant capacity decay observed during long-duration cycling. These findings provide crucial support for the commercialization of AORFBs and pave the way for revolutionary developments in neutral AORFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Engineering Research Center of Key Materials for Efficient Utilization of Clean Energy of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Photoelectromagnetic Functional Materials International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Engineering Research Center of Key Materials for Efficient Utilization of Clean Energy of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Photoelectromagnetic Functional Materials International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Chenjing Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Engineering Research Center of Key Materials for Efficient Utilization of Clean Energy of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Photoelectromagnetic Functional Materials International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Zengrong Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Engineering Research Center of Key Materials for Efficient Utilization of Clean Energy of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Photoelectromagnetic Functional Materials International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Xuri Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Engineering Research Center of Key Materials for Efficient Utilization of Clean Energy of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Photoelectromagnetic Functional Materials International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Engineering Research Center of Key Materials for Efficient Utilization of Clean Energy of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Photoelectromagnetic Functional Materials International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Engineering Research Center of Key Materials for Efficient Utilization of Clean Energy of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Photoelectromagnetic Functional Materials International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Ming-Jia Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yinshi Li
- National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Ya-Ling He
- National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Engineering Research Center of Key Materials for Efficient Utilization of Clean Energy of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Photoelectromagnetic Functional Materials International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
- National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
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3
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Qu L, Gou Q, Deng J, Zheng Y, Li M. A Perspective of Bioinspired Interfaces Applied in Renewable Energy Storage and Conversion Devices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6601-6611. [PMID: 38478901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The natural world renders a large number of opportunities to design intriguing structures and fascinating functions for innovations of advanced surfaces and interfaces. Currently, bioinspired interfaces have attracted much attention in practical applications of renewable energy storage and conversion devices including rechargeable batteries, fuel cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, and supercapacitors. By mimicking miscellaneous natural creatures, many novel bioinspired interfaces with various components, structures, morphology, and configurations are exerted on the devices' electrodes, electrolytes, additives, separators, and catalyst matrixes, resorting to their wonderful mechanical, optical, electrical, physical, chemical, and electrochemical features compared with the corresponding traditional modes. In this Perspective, the principles of designing bioinspired interfaces are discussed with respect to biomimetic chemical components, physical morphologies, biochemical reactions, and macrobiomimetic assembly configurations. A brief summary, subsequently, is mainly focused on the recent progress on bioinspired interfaces applied in key materials for rechargeable batteries. Ultimately, a critical comment is projected on significant opportunities and challenges existing in the future development course of bioinspired interfaces. It is expected that this Perspective is able to provide a profound perception into some underlying artificial intelligent energy storage and conversion device design as a promising candidate to resolve the global energy crisis and environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, No. 20, East University Town Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Qianzhi Gou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Jiangbin Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
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4
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Ahn S, Son M, Singh V, Yun A, Baik MH, Byon HR. Stabilization of Naphthalene Diimide Anions by Ion Pair Formation in Nonaqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4521-4531. [PMID: 38346143 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
In redox flow batteries, a compelling strategy for enhancing the charge capacity of redox-active organic molecules involves storing multiple electrons within a single molecule. However, this approach poses unique challenges such as chemical instability by forming radicals, elevated energy requirements, and unsustainable charge concentration. Ion pairing is a possible solution to achieve charge neutrality and engineer redox potential shifts but has received limited attention. In this study, we demonstrate that Li+ can stabilize naphthalene diimide (NDI) anions dissolved in acetonitrile and significantly shift the second cathodic potential close to the first. Our findings, supported by density functional theory calculations and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, indicate that dimeric NDI species form stable ion pairs with Li+. Conversely, K+ ions exhibit weak interactions, and cyclic voltammograms confirm significant potential shifts when stronger Lewis acids and solvents with lower donor numbers are employed. Galvanostatic examinations reveal a single voltage plateau with Li+, which indicates a rapid redox process involving doubly charged NDI2- with Li+. These aggregated ion pairs offer the additional benefits of hindering crossover events, contributing to excellent cyclability, and suppressing undesirable side reactions even after 1000 redox cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmo Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Son
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ariyeong Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryung Byon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Liu Y, Zhang P, Wu Z, Wei J, Ding G, Song X, Ma J, Wang W, Jin Z. Screening Ultra-Stable (Phenazine)dioxyalkanocic Acids with Varied Water-Solubilizing Chain Lengths for High-Capacity Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3293-3302. [PMID: 38277694 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) hold great potential for large-scale energy storage. Recently, research on aqueous flow batteries has shifted toward water-soluble organic molecules with redox capabilities to reduce the use of mineral resources. The chemical and electrochemical stabilities of organic compounds are heavily influenced by their functional groups and reaction sites. In this study, we present a low-cost synthesis of the O-alkyl-carboxylate-functionalized derivatives of 2,3-dihydroxyphenazine, namely, phenazine-(2,3-diyl) dioxy dibutyric acid (DBEP) and phenazine-(2,3-diyl)dioxy diacetic acid (DAEP), which serve as negolytes and exhibit good reversibility and high redox kinetics. The evidence is provided to clarify the capacity degradation mechanisms of DAEP and DBEP by a series of comprehensive characterizations. Similar to anthraquinones functionalized with alkyl chains, the main degradation mechanism of DAEP modified with acetic acid is due to side chain loss. Longer side chains are more stable and can withstand long-term electrochemical reactions. DBEP modified with butyric acid exhibits superior chemical and electrochemical stability. Our results demonstrate that rational molecular design and suitable membranes, such as the alkaline ARFBs based on DBEP negolyte, potassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)6) posolyte, and custom sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membrane, can deliver a high open-circuit voltage of 1.17 V and high capacity retention of 99.997% per cycle for over 1000 cycles at 50 mA cm-2. This study highlights the importance of not only considering the modification position of the molecules but also focusing on the influence of various side chains on the redox core's stability toward sustainable grid-scale energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Pengbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zuoao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Guochun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xinmei Song
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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6
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Kong T, Li J, Wang W, Zhou X, Xie Y, Ma J, Li X, Wang Y. Enabling Long-Life Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries with a Highly Stable, Low Redox Potential Phenazine Anolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:752-760. [PMID: 38132704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are considered a promising energy storage technology due to the sustainability and designability of organic active molecules. Despite this, most of AORFBs suffer from limited stability and low voltage because of the chemical instability and high redox potential of organic molecules in anolyte. Herein, we propose a new phenazine derivative, 4,4'-(phenazine-2,3-diylbis(oxy))dibutyric acid (2,3-O-DBAP), as a water-soluble and chemically stable anodic active molecules. By combining calculations and experiments, we demonstrate that 2,3-O-DBAP exhibits a higher solubility, a lower redox potential (-0.699 V vs SHE), and greater chemical stability than other O-DBAP isomers. Then, we demonstrate a long-lasting flow cell with an average discharge voltage of 1.12 V, a low fade rate of 0.0127%, and a lifespan of 62 days at pH 14 using 2,3-O-DBAP paired with ferri/ferrocyanide. The negligible self-discharge behavior also verifies the high stability of 2,3-O-DBAP. These results highlight the importance of molecular engineering for AORFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyi Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yihua Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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George TY, Thomas IC, Haya NO, Deneen JP, Wang C, Aziz MJ. Membrane-Electrolyte System Approach to Understanding Ionic Conductivity and Crossover in Alkaline Flow Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 38050967 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transport properties are crucial for electrochemical devices, and these properties are influenced by the composition and concentration of the electrolyte in contact with the membrane. We apply this general membrane-electrolyte system approach to alkaline flow batteries, studying the conductivity and ferricyanide crossover of Nafion and E-620. We report undetectable crossover for as-received Nafion and E-620 after both sodium and potassium exchange but high ferricyanide permeability of 10-7 to 10-8 cm2 s-1 for Nafion subjected to pretreatment prevalent in the flow battery literature. We show how the electrolyte mass fraction in hydrated membranes regulates the influence of ion concentration on membrane conductivity, identifying that increasing electrolyte concentration may not increase membrane conductivity even when it increases electrolyte conductivity. To illustrate this behavior, we introduce a new metric, the membrane penalty, as the ratio of the conductivity of the electrolyte to that of the membrane equilibrated with the electrolyte. We discuss the trade-off between flow battery volumetric capacity and areal power density that arises from these findings. Finally, we apply insights from this approach to provide recommendations for use of membranes in alkaline flow cells and electrochemical reactors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Y George
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Isabelle C Thomas
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K
| | - Naphtal O Haya
- Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - John P Deneen
- Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Cliffton Wang
- Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael J Aziz
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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8
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Zhu F, Guo W, Fu Y. Functional materials for aqueous redox flow batteries: merits and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8410-8446. [PMID: 37947236 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00703k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising electrochemical energy storage systems, offering vast potential for large-scale applications. Their unique configuration allows energy and power to be decoupled, making them highly scalable and flexible in design. Aqueous RFBs stand out as the most promising technologies, primarily due to their inexpensive supporting electrolytes and high safety. For aqueous RFBs, there has been a skyrocketing increase in studies focusing on the development of advanced functional materials that offer exceptional merits. They include redox-active materials with high solubility and stability, electrodes with excellent mechanical and chemical stability, and membranes with high ion selectivity and conductivity. This review summarizes the types of aqueous RFBs currently studied, providing an outline of the merits needed for functional materials from a practical perspective. We discuss design principles for redox-active candidates that can exhibit excellent performance, ranging from inorganic to organic active materials, and summarize the development of and need for electrode and membrane materials. Additionally, we analyze the mechanisms that cause battery performance decay from intrinsic features to external influences. We also describe current research priorities and development trends, concluding with a summary of future development directions for functional materials with valuable insights for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulong Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Yongzhu Fu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
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9
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Emmel D, Kunz S, Blume N, Kwon Y, Turek T, Minke C, Schröder D. Benchmarking organic active materials for aqueous redox flow batteries in terms of lifetime and cost. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6672. [PMID: 37865696 PMCID: PMC10590391 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow batteries are one option for future, low-cost stationary energy storage. We present a perspective overview of the potential cost of organic active materials for aqueous flow batteries based on a comprehensive mathematical model. The battery capital costs for 38 different organic active materials, as well as the state-of-the-art vanadium system are elucidated. We reveal that only a small number of organic molecules would result in costs close to the vanadium reference system. We identify the most promising candidate as the phenazine 3,3'-(phenazine-1,6-diylbis(azanediyl))dipropionic acid) [1,6-DPAP], suggesting costs even below that of the vanadium reference. Additional cost-saving potential can be expected by mass production of these active materials; major benefits lie in the reduced electrolyte costs as well as power costs, although plant maintenance is a major challenge when applying organic materials. Moreover, this work is designed to be expandable. The developed calculation tool (ReFlowLab) accompanying this publication is open for updates with new data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Emmel
- Institute of Energy and Process Systems Engineering (InES), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Simon Kunz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nick Blume
- Institute of Mineral and Waste Processing, Recycling and Circular Economy Systems, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
- Research Center Energy Storage Technologies, Goslar, Germany
| | - Yongchai Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas Turek
- Research Center Energy Storage Technologies, Goslar, Germany
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Christine Minke
- Institute of Mineral and Waste Processing, Recycling and Circular Economy Systems, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
- Research Center Energy Storage Technologies, Goslar, Germany.
| | - Daniel Schröder
- Institute of Energy and Process Systems Engineering (InES), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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10
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Hashemi A, Khakpour R, Mahdian A, Busch M, Peljo P, Laasonen K. Density functional theory and machine learning for electrochemical square-scheme prediction: an application to quinone-type molecules relevant to redox flow batteries. DIGITAL DISCOVERY 2023; 2:1565-1576. [PMID: 38013904 PMCID: PMC10561546 DOI: 10.1039/d3dd00091e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Proton-electron transfer (PET) reactions are rather common in chemistry and crucial in energy storage applications. How electrons and protons are involved or which mechanism dominates is strongly molecule and pH dependent. Quantum chemical methods can be used to assess redox potential (Ered.) and acidity constant (pKa) values but the computations are rather time consuming. In this work, supervised machine learning (ML) models are used to predict PET reactions and analyze molecular space. The data for ML have been created by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Random forest regression models are trained and tested on a dataset that we created. The dataset contains more than 8200 quinone-type organic molecules that each underwent two proton and two electron transfer reactions. Both structural and chemical descriptors are used. The HOMO of the reactant and LUMO of the product participating in the oxidation reaction appeared to be strongly associated with Ered.. Trained models using a SMILES-based structural descriptor can efficiently predict the pKa and Ered. with a mean absolute error of less than 1 and 66 mV, respectively. Good prediction accuracy of R2 > 0.76 and >0.90 was also obtained on the external test set for Ered. and pKa, respectively. This hybrid DFT-ML study can be applied to speed up the screening of quinone-type molecules for energy storage and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University 02150 Espoo Finland
| | - Reza Khakpour
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University 02150 Espoo Finland
| | - Amir Mahdian
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University 02150 Espoo Finland
| | - Michael Busch
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University Albert-Einstein Allee 11 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Pekka Peljo
- Research Group of Battery Materials and Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku 20014 Turun Yliopisto Finland
| | - Kari Laasonen
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University 02150 Espoo Finland
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11
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Zhang W, Walser-Kuntz R, Tracy JS, Schramm TK, Shee J, Head-Gordon M, Chen G, Helms BA, Sanford MS, Toste FD. Indolo[2,3- b]quinoxaline as a Low Reduction Potential and High Stability Anolyte Scaffold for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18877-18887. [PMID: 37585274 PMCID: PMC10472437 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a promising stationary energy storage technology for leveling power supply from intermittent renewable energy sources with demand. A central objective for the development of practical, scalable RFBs is to identify affordable and high-performance redox-active molecules as storage materials. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a new organic scaffold, indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline, for highly stable, low-reduction potential, and high-solubility anolytes for nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs). The mixture of 2- and 3-(tert-butyl)-6-(2-methoxyethyl)-6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline exhibits a low reduction potential (-2.01 V vs Fc/Fc+), high solubility (>2.7 M in acetonitrile), and remarkable stability (99.86% capacity retention over 49.5 h (202 cycles) of H-cell cycling). This anolyte was paired with N-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-ethyl)phenothiazine (MEEPT) to achieve a 2.3 V all-organic NARFB exhibiting 95.8% capacity retention over 75.1 h (120 cycles) of cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhang
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ryan Walser-Kuntz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jacob S. Tracy
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tim K. Schramm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - James Shee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gan Chen
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brett A. Helms
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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12
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Zhao Z, Liu X, Zhang M, Zhang L, Zhang C, Li X, Yu G. Development of flow battery technologies using the principles of sustainable chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6031-6074. [PMID: 37539656 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00765g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Realizing decarbonization and sustainable energy supply by the integration of variable renewable energies has become an important direction for energy development. Flow batteries (FBs) are currently one of the most promising technologies for large-scale energy storage. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art progress in FBs from the new perspectives of technological and environmental sustainability, thus guiding the future development of FB technologies. More importantly, we evaluate the current situation and future development of key materials with key aspects of green economy and decarbonization to promote sustainable development and improve the novel energy framework. Finally, we present an analysis of the current challenges and prospects on how to effectively construct low-carbon and sustainable FB materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Zhao
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xianghui Liu
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Leyuan Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
| | - Changkun Zhang
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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13
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Liu X, Li T, Zhang C, Li X. Benzidine Derivatives: A Class of High Redox Potential Molecules for Aqueous Organic Flow Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307796. [PMID: 37389543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of water-soluble redox-active molecules with high potentials is one of the effective ways to enhance the energy density of aqueous organic flow batteries (AOFBs). Herein, a series of promising N-substituted benzidine analogues as water-soluble catholyte candidates with controllable redox potentials (0.78-1.01 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)) were obtained by the molecular engineering of aqueous irreversible benzidines. Theoretical calculations reveal that the redox potentials of these benzidine derivatives in acidic solution are determined by their electronic structure and alkalinity. Among these benzidine derivatives, N,N,N',N'-tetraethylbenzidine(TEB) shows both high redox potential (0.82 V vs. SHE) and good solubility (1.1 M). Pairing with H4 [Si(W3 O10 )4 ] anolyte, the cell displayed discharge capacity retention of 99.4 % per cycle and a high coulombic efficiency (CE) of ∼100 % over 1200 cycles. The stable discharge capacity of 41.8 Ah L-1 was achieved at the 1.0 M TEB catholyte with a CE of 97.2 % and energy efficiency (EE) of 91.2 %, demonstrating that N-substituted benzidines could be promising for AOFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Liu
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Changkun Zhang
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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14
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Yang G, Zhu Y, Hao Z, Lu Y, Zhao Q, Zhang K, Chen J. Organic Electroactive Materials for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301898. [PMID: 37158492 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic electroactive materials take advantage of potentially sustainable production and structural tunability compared to present commercial inorganic materials. Unfortunately, traditional redox flow batteries based on toxic redox-active metal ions have certain deficiencies in resource utilization and environmental protection. In comparison, organic electroactive materials in aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) have received extensive attention in recent years for low-cost and sustainable energy storage systems due to their inherent safety. This review aims to provide the recent progress in organic electroactive materials for ARFBs. The main reaction types of organic electroactive materials are classified in ARFBs to provide an overview of how to regulate their solubility, potential, stability, and viscosity. Then, the organic anolyte and catholyte in ARFBs are summarized according to the types of quinones, viologens, nitroxide radicals, hydroquinones, etc, and how to increase the solubility by designing various functional groups is emphasized. The research advances are presented next in the characterization of organic electroactive materials for ARFBs. Future efforts are finally suggested to focus on building neutral ARFBs, designing advanced electroactive materials through molecular engineering, and resolving problems of commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojing Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yaxun Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhimeng Hao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yong Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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15
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Munteanu T, Mazan V, Elhabiri M, Benbouziyane C, Canard G, Jacquemin D, Siri O, Pascal S. A Strategy to Design Substituted Tetraamino-Phenazine Dyes and Access to an NIR-Absorbing Benzoquinonediimine-Fused Quinoxaline. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37216490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The straightforward access to N- or C-substituted dinitro-tetraamino-phenazines (P1-P5) is enabled in oxidative conditions via formation of two intermolecular C-N bonds from accessible 5-nitrobenzene-1,2,4-triamine precursors. The photophysical studies revealed green absorbing and orange-red emitting dyes, with enhanced fluorescence in the solid state. Further reduction of the nitro functions led to the isolation of a benzoquinonediimine-fused quinoxaline (P6), which undergoes diprotonation to form a dicationic coupled trimethine dye absorbing beyond 800 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Munteanu
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, UMR 7325, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Mazan
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Médicinale, ECPM, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Médicinale, ECPM, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Gabriel Canard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, UMR 7325, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Université de Nantes, CEISAM, UMR 6230, CNRS, 44322 Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Siri
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, UMR 7325, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Simon Pascal
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, UMR 7325, 13009 Marseille, France
- Université de Nantes, CEISAM, UMR 6230, CNRS, 44322 Nantes, France
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16
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de la Cruz C, Sanz R, Suárez A, Ventosa E, Marcilla R, Mavrandonakis A. A Systematic Study on the Redox Potentials of Phenazine-Derivatives in Aqueous Media: A Combined Computational and Experimental Work. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201984. [PMID: 36753400 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenazines are an emerging class of organic compounds that have been recently utilized in aqueous redox flow batteries, a promising technology for large-scale energy storage. A virtual screening based on density functional theory calculations is used to investigate the redox potentials of around 100 phenazine derivatives in aqueous media containing various electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups at different positions. The calculations identify the crucial positions that should be functionalized with multiple hydroxy groups to design new anolytes. The combined experimental-computational methodology reported herein guides the development of a new molecule with a record low reversible redox potential as a potential anolyte for aqueous redox flow batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos de la Cruz
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avenida Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Roberto Sanz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos, E-09001, Spain
| | - Anisley Suárez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos, E-09001, Spain
| | - Edgar Ventosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, Burgos, E-09001, Spain
| | - Rebeca Marcilla
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avenida Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Andreas Mavrandonakis
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy, Avenida Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935, Móstoles, Spain
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17
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Li L, Su Y, Ji Y, Wang P. A Long-Lived Water-Soluble Phenazine Radical Cation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5778-5785. [PMID: 36791217 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived water-soluble organic radical species have long been desired for applications in bioimaging and aqueous energy storage technologies. In the present work, we report a phenazine radical cation sodium 3,3'-(phenazine-5,10-diyl)bis(propane-1-sulfonate) (PSPR) with a high solubility of 1.4 M and high stability in water. Collaboratively demonstrated by experiments and theoretical calculations, PSPR is not prone to undergo dimerization or disproportionation reactions, and its appropriate electron density avoids reactions with oxygen or water, which contribute together to its long lifetime in water under air. With an open-shell configuration, PSPR shows interesting magnetic activity with a narrow linewidth in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra and a magnetic circular dichroism response. PSPR exhibits an ambipolar redox activity in water. By pairing with a cheap zinc negative electrolyte, a high-performance aqueous organic redox flow battery based on PSPR as a positive electrolyte with an open-circuit voltage of 1.0 V is established, which shows no obvious capacity fade after cycling for 2500 cycles (∼27 days), demonstrating the great promise of PSPR for large-scale energy-storage technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yihang Su
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yunlong Ji
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
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18
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Izumi S, Inoue K, Nitta Y, Enjou T, Ami T, Oka K, Tohnai N, Minakata S, Fukushima T, Ishiwari F, Takeda Y. 3,11-Diaminodibenzo[a,j]phenazine: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications to Tröger's Base-Forming Ladder Polymerization. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202702. [PMID: 36520052 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new class of diamino-substituted π-extended phenazine compound was synthesized, and its photophysical properties were investigated. The U-shaped diaminophenazine displayed photoluminescence in solution with moderate quantum yield. The diamino aromatic compound was found applicable to the poly-condensation with formaldehyde to form Tröger's base ladder polymer. The obtained microporous ladder polymer features high CO2 adsorption selectivity against N2 , most likely due to the presence of basic nitrogen atoms in the phenazine rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saika Izumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiki Inoue
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuya Nitta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoya Enjou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kouki Oka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Tohnai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ishiwari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.,Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Youhei Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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19
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Kong T, Liu J, Zhou X, Xu J, Xie Y, Chen J, Li X, Wang Y. Stable Operation of Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries in Air Atmosphere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214819. [PMID: 36495124 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a green route for large-scale energy storage, aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are attracting extensive attention. However, most of the reported AORFBs were operated in an inert atmosphere. Herein, we clarify this issue by using the reported AORFB (i.e., 3, 3'-(9,10-anthraquinone-diyl)bis(3-methylbutanoicacid) (DPivOHAQ)||Ferrocyanide) as an example. We demonstrate that the dissolved O2 can oxidize the discharged DPivOHAQ in anolyte, leading to capacity-imbalance between anolyte and catholyte. Therefore, this cell shows continuous capacity fading when operated in an air atmosphere. We propose a simple strategy for this challenge, in which the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in catholyte is employed to balance oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in anolyte. When using the Ni(OH)2 -modifed carbon felt (CF) as a current collector for catholyte, this cell shows an excellent stability in air atmosphere because the Ni(OH)2 -induced OER capacity in catholyte exactly balances the ORR capacity in anolyte. Such O2 -balance strategy facilitates AORFBs' practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyi Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yihua Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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20
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Zhu F, Guo W, Fu Y. Molecular Engineering of Organic Species for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201098. [PMID: 36454229 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) due to their unique architecture that can decouple energy and power. Aqueous RFBs based on organic molecules (AORFBs) work with a non-flammable and intrinsically safe aqueous electrolyte, and organic compounds are performed as redox couples. The application of redox-active organics tremendously expands the development space of RFBs owing to the highly tunable molecule structure. Molecular engineering enables the exceptional merits in solubility, stability, and redox potential of different organic molecules. Herein, this review summarizes the application of molecular engineering to several organic compounds, focusing on the fundamental overview of their physicochemical properties and design strategies. We discuss the electrochemical merits and performances along with the intrinsic properties of the designed organic components. Finally, we outline the requirements for rational design of innovative organics to motivate more valuable research and present the prospect of molecule engineering used in AORFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulong Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhu Fu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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21
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In situ electrochemical recomposition of decomposed redox-active species in aqueous organic flow batteries. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1103-1109. [PMID: 35710986 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries offer a safe and potentially inexpensive solution to the problem of storing massive amounts of electricity produced from intermittent renewables. However, molecular decomposition represents a major barrier to commercialization-and although structural modifications can improve stability, it comes at the expense of synthetic cost and molecular weight. Now, utilizing 2,6-dihydroxy-anthraquinone (DHAQ) without further structural modification, we demonstrate that the regeneration of the original molecule after decomposition represents a viable route to achieve low-cost, long-lifetime aqueous organic redox flow batteries. We used in situ (online) NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance, and complementary electrochemical analyses to show that the decomposition compound 2,6-dihydroxy-anthrone (DHA) and its tautomer, 2,6-dihydroxy-anthranol (DHAL) can be recomposed to DHAQ electrochemically through two steps: oxidation of DHA(L)2- to the dimer (DHA)24- by one-electron transfer followed by oxidation of (DHA)24- to DHAQ2- by three-electron transfer per DHAQ molecule. This electrochemical regeneration process also rejuvenates the positive electrolyte-rebalancing the states of charge of both electrolytes without introducing extra ions.
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Tang G, Liu Y, Li Y, Peng K, Zuo P, Yang Z, Xu T. Designing Robust Two-Electron Storage Extended Bipyridinium Anolytes for pH-Neutral Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries. JACS AU 2022; 2:1214-1222. [PMID: 35647585 PMCID: PMC9131478 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bipyridinium derivatives represent the most extensively explored anolyte materials for pH-neutral aqueous organic redox flow batteries, and most derivatives feature two separate electron-transfer steps that cause a sharp decrease in cell voltage during discharge. Here, we propose a strategy to fulfill the concurrent two-electron electrochemical reaction by designing extended bipyridinium derivatives (exBPs) with a reduced energy difference between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of exBPs and the β-highest occupied molecular orbital of the singly reduced form. To demonstrate, a series of exBPs are synthesized and exhibit a single peak at redox potentials of -0.75 to -0.91 V (vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)), as opposed to the two peaks of most bipyridinium derivatives. Cyclic voltammetry along with diffusion-ordered spectroscopy and rotating disk electrode experiments confirm that this peak corresponds to a concurrent two-electron transfer. When examined in full-flowing cells, all exBPs demonstrate one charge/discharge plateau and two-electron storage. Continuous galvanostatic cell cycling reveals the side reactions leading to capacity fading, and we disclose the underlying mechanism by identifying the degradation products. By prohibiting the dimerization/β-elimination side reactions, we acquire a 0.5 M (1 M e-) exDMeBP/FcNCl cell with a high capacity of 22.35 Ah L-1 and a capacity retention rate of 99.95% per cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonggen Tang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yahua Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei
University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kang Peng
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Peipei Zuo
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhengjin Yang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
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23
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Bai C, Ning F, Pan S, Wang H, Li Y, Shen M, Zhou X. Plasma treated carbon paper electrode greatly improves the performance of iron-hydrogen battery for low-cost energy storage. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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24
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Zhang W, Chen Y, Wu TR, Xia X, Xu J, Chen Z, Cao J, Wu DY. Computational design of phenazine derivative molecules as redox-active electrolyte materials in alkaline aqueous organic flow batteries. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01769e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phenazine derivatives represent an important class of emerging redox-active organic electrolyte materials in aqueous flow batteries for sustainable energy storage applications. But when serving as the anolyte or catholyte, the...
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Che Y, Qi X, Qu W, Shi B, Lin Q, Yao H, Zhang Y, Wei T. Synthetic strategies of phenazine derivatives: a review. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Xin Che
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment‐Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Xiao‐Ni Qi
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment‐Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Wen‐Juan Qu
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment‐Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Bing‐Bing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment‐Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Qi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment‐Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Hong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment‐Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - You‐Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment‐Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Tai‐Bao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment‐Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu China
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Huang J, Hu S, Yuan X, Xiang Z, Huang M, Wan K, Piao J, Fu Z, Liang Z. Radical Stabilization of a Tripyridinium–Triazine Molecule Enables Reversible Storage of Multiple Electrons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Shuzhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Xianzhi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Mingbao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Kai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Piao
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P. R. China
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Huang J, Hu S, Yuan X, Xiang Z, Huang M, Wan K, Piao J, Fu Z, Liang Z. Radical Stabilization of a Tripyridinium-Triazine Molecule Enables Reversible Storage of Multiple Electrons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20921-20925. [PMID: 34288300 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel organic molecule, 2,4,6-tris[1-(trimethylamonium)propyl-4-pyridiniumyl]-1,3,5-triazine hexachloride, was developed as a reversible six-electron storage electrolyte for use in an aqueous redox flow battery (ARFB). Physicochemical characterization reveals that the molecule evolves from a radical to a biradical and finally to a quinoid structure upon accepting four electrons. Both the diffusion coefficient and the rate constant were sufficiently high to run a flow battery with low concentration and kinetics polarization losses. In a demonstration unit, the assembled flow battery affords a high specific capacity of 33.0 Ah L-1 and a peak power density of 273 mW cm-2 . This work highlights the rational design of electroactive organics that can manipulate multi-electron transfer in a reversible way, which will pave the way to development of energy-dense, manageable and low-cost ARFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Shuzhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xianzhi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Mingbao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Piao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
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28
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Electrochemical Characterization of Aromatic Molecules with 1,4-Diaza Groups for Flow Battery Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082227. [PMID: 33921498 PMCID: PMC8069459 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aqueous redox flow battery is a promising technology for large-scale low cost energy storage. The rich possibilities for the tailoring of organic molecules and the possibility to discover active materials of lower cost and decreased environmental impact continue to drive research and development of organic compounds suitable for redox flow battery applications. In this work, we focus on the characterization of aromatic molecules with 1,4-diaza groups for flow battery applications. We examine the influence of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents and the effect of the relative position of the substituent(s) on the molecule. We found that electron-withdrawing substituents increased the potential, while electron-donating decreased it, in agreement with expectations. The number of carboxy-groups on the pyrazinic ring was found to have a strong impact on the heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics, with the slowest kinetics observed for pyrazine-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic acid. The stability of quinoxaline was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and in a flow cell configuration. Substitution at the 2,3-positions in quinoxaline was found to decrease the capacity fade rate significantly. Furthermore, we demonstrated how molecular aggregation reduces the effective number of electrons involved in the redox process for quinoxalines. This translates to a significant reduction of the achievable volumetric capacity at higher concentrations, yielding values significantly lower than the theoretical capacity. Finally, we demonstrate that such capacity-limiting molecular aggregation may be reduced by introducing flexible side chains with bulky charged groups in order to increase electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance.
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