1
|
Liu Y, Zhu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu S, Shen X. Stereoselective Synthesis of Silyl Enol Ethers with Acylsilanes and α,β-Unsaturated Ketones. Org Lett 2024; 26:5911-5916. [PMID: 38975934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Acylsilanes are emerging bench-stable reagents for the generation of electron-rich oxycarbenes that are difficult to access with unstable diazo compounds. Herein, we report a siloxycarbene-mediated stereoselective synthesis of silyl enol ethers through visible-light-induced intermolecular reactions between acylsilanes and α,β-unsaturated ketones. Both the solvent and low temperature are important for the success of the reaction. This approach features atomic economics, exclusive stereocontrol, and broad substrate scope. The synthetic potential of this methodology is demonstrated by gram-scale reaction and various downstream transformations including that requiring configuration purity of the silyl enol ethers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie ZY, Li QQ, Liu Y, Cai BG, Xuan J. Photoinduced Asymmetric Formal Siloxycarbene Insertion into sp 3 C-H Bonds Enabled by Chiral Phosphoric Acid. Org Lett 2024; 26:5827-5832. [PMID: 38954473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
We disclosed herein an enantioselective formal siloxycarbene insertion reaction enabled by chiral phosphoric acid and blue LED irradiation. This is the first time the asymmetric siloxycarbene insertion into an sp3 C-H bond under transition-metal free conditions has been realized. The reaction features good isolated yields (up to 92%), high enantioselectivity (up to 99:1 er), mild reaction conditions, and good compatibility. Moreover, this method also provides a green and efficient method to construct a chiral quaternary carbon center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Xie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Qiang-Qiang Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Bao-Gui Cai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Jun Xuan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Di Terlizzi L, Nicchio L, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Visible photons as ideal reagents for the activation of coloured organic compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4926-4975. [PMID: 38596901 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, the traceless nature of visible photons has been exploited for the development of efficient synthetic strategies for the photoconversion of colourless compounds, namely, photocatalysis, chromophore activation, and the formation of an electron donor/acceptor (EDA) complex. However, the use of photoreactive coloured organic compounds is the optimal strategy to boost visible photons as ideal reagents in synthetic protocols. In view of such premises, the present review aims to provide its readership with a collection of recent photochemical strategies facilitated via direct light absorption by coloured molecules. The protocols have been classified and presented according to the nature of the intermediate/excited state achieved during the transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Luca Nicchio
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Blázquez-Martín A, Bonardd S, Verde-Sesto E, Arbe A, Pomposo JA. Trimethylsilanol Cleaves Stable Azaylides As Revealed by Unfolding of Robust "Staudinger" Single-Chain Nanoparticles. ACS POLYMERS AU 2024; 4:140-148. [PMID: 38618005 PMCID: PMC11010256 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a unique and selective reagent for the cleavage of stable azaylides prepared by the nonhydrolysis Staudinger reaction, enabling the on-demand unfolding of robust single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs). SCNPs with promising use in catalysis, nanomedicine, and sensing are obtained through intrachain folding of discrete synthetic polymer chains. The unfolding of SCNPs involving reversible interactions triggered by a variety of external stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, light, and redox potential) or substances (e.g., competitive reagents, solvents, and anions) is well known. Conversely, methods for the unfolding (i.e., intrachain disassembly) of SCNPs with stronger covalent interactions are scarce. We show that trimethylsilanol (Me3SiOH) triggers the efficient unfolding of robust "Staudinger" SCNPs with stable azaylide (-N=P-) moieties as intrachain cross-linking units showing exceptional stability toward water, air, and CS2, a standard reagent for azaylides. As a consequence, Me3SiOH arises as a rare, exceptional, and valuable reagent for the cleavage of stable azaylides prepared by the nonhydrolysis Staudinger reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Blázquez-Martín
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC - UPV/EHU) − Materials
Physics Center MPC, P°
Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
| | - Sebastián Bonardd
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC - UPV/EHU) − Materials
Physics Center MPC, P°
Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología,University of the Basque
Country (UPV/EHU), P°
Manuel Lardizabal 3, E-20800 Donostia, Spain
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC - UPV/EHU) − Materials
Physics Center MPC, P°
Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE
− Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Arantxa Arbe
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC - UPV/EHU) − Materials
Physics Center MPC, P°
Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
| | - José A. Pomposo
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC - UPV/EHU) − Materials
Physics Center MPC, P°
Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología,University of the Basque
Country (UPV/EHU), P°
Manuel Lardizabal 3, E-20800 Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE
− Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Glotz G, Drusgala M, Hamm F, Fischer RC, Došlić N, Kelterer AM, Gescheidt G, Haas M. Wavelength-dependent rearrangements of an α-dione chromophore: a chemical pearl in a bis(hypersilyl) oyster. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4427-4433. [PMID: 38516088 PMCID: PMC10952070 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The symmetric bissilyl-dione 3 reveals two well-separated n → π* absorption bands at λmax = 637 nm (ε = 140 mol-1 dm3 cm-1) and 317 nm (ε = 2460 mol-1 dm3 cm-1). Whereas excitation of 3 at λ = 360/365 nm affords an isolable siloxyketene 4 in excellent yields, irradiation at λ = 590/630 nm leads to the stereo-selective and quantitative formation of the siloxyrane 5. These remarkable wavelength-dependent rearrangements are based on the electronic and steric properties provided by the hypersilyl groups. While the siloxyketene 4 is formed via a hitherto unknown 1,3-hypersilyl migration via the population of a second excited singlet state (S2, λmax = 317 nm, a rare case of anti-Kasha reactivity), the siloxyrane 5 emerges from the first excited triplet state (T1via S1λmax = 637 nm). These distinct reaction pathways can be traced back to specific energy differences between the S2, S1 and T1, an electronic consequence of the bissilyl substited α-dione (the "pearl"). The hypersilyl groups act as protective ''oyster shell", which are responsible for the clean formation of 4 and 5 basically omitting side products. We describe novel synthetic pathways to achieve hypersilyl substitution (3) and report an in-depth investigation of the photorearrangements of 3 using UV/vis, in situ IR, NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Glotz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Manfred Drusgala
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Florian Hamm
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Roland C Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Nađa Došlić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička 54 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/IV 8010 Graz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang W, Yang DN, Guo DD, Wang P, Han MY. Chemoselective Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Dithioacetals through Sequential Carbene Insertion and Acetal Exchange of Acylsilanes and Thiols under Visible Light Irradiation. Org Lett 2024; 26:1282-1286. [PMID: 38301045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Dithioacetals are a frequently used motif in synthetic organic chemistry, and most existing reports discuss only symmetrical dithioacetals. Examples of unsymmetrical dithioacetals are scarce, and few general methods for the selective synthesis of these compounds exists. An intriguing visible-light-induced strategy has been established in this work for sequential reactions of S-H insertion and acetal exchange between acylsilanes and two different thiols that deliver a wide variety of unsymmetrical dithioacetals in moderate yields. The unsymmetrical dithioacetals were obtained with high selectivity, and a great variety of functional groups were tolerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Ni Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China
| | - Dou-Dou Guo
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China
| | - Man-Yi Han
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou G, Guo Z, Liu S, Shen X. Divergent Synthesis of Fluoroalkyl Ketones through Controlling the Reactivity of Organoboronate Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4026-4035. [PMID: 38299789 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a divergent synthesis of fluoroalkyl ketones through visible-light-induced reactions between readily available organoboronic esters and fluoroalkyl acylsilanes. Selective control of the reactivity of the in situ generated organoboronate complexes is the key to achieving divergent transformations. Under basic conditions, the organoboronate complexes undergo deboronative fluoride elimination, resulting in the formation of enol silyl ethers as intermediates that react with various electrophiles to generate defluorinated ketones as the products. Moreover, in combination with peroxide, a 1,2-shift of fluoroalkyl group is favored over deboronative fluoride elimination to generate ketal intermediates, leading to the formation of ketones as the products. This transition-metal-free reaction is operationally simple, and aryl, alkenyl, and alkyl boronic esters are all suitable substrates. The synthetic potential has been demonstrated by gram-scale reactions and facile synthesis of bioactive molecules including zifrosilone and its fluoroalkyl analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Guo
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lind F, Markelov K, Studer A. Benzoyldiisopropylchlorosilane: a visible light photocleavable alcohol protecting group. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12615-12620. [PMID: 38020376 PMCID: PMC10646889 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04975b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Silyl chlorides are highly valuable and popular reagents for the protection of alcohols. In this edge article we introduce a photocleavable alcohol protecting group on the basis of acyl silanes. To achieve this, acylchlorosilanes that represent a new class of acylsilanes were developed. They can be easily synthesized in a concise sequence of three steps in high overall yield. Alcohol silyl protection takes place under established mild conditions, akin to those associated with classical silicon-based protecting groups. The removal of the Si-group is achieved at room temperature through exposure to visible light (456 nm) in methanol. We demonstrate a broad spectrum of substrates with remarkable tolerance toward diverse functional groups, highlighting a substantial level of orthogonality with respect to other protecting groups. Furthermore, we showcase the robustness of this approach against various transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lind
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Kirill Markelov
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Blazquez-Martín A, Verde-Sesto E, Arbe A, Pomposo JA. Metamorphosis of a Commodity Plastic like PVC to Efficient Catalytic Single-Chain Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313502. [PMID: 37792399 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
We perform the conversion of a commodity plastic of common use in pipes, window frames, medical devices, flexible hoses, etc. like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs). SCNPs are versatile, protein-mimetic soft nano-objects of growing interest for catalysis, sensing, and nanomedicine, among other uses. We demonstrate that the metamorphosis process -as induced through metal-free click chemistry- leads to well-defined, uniform SCNPs that are stable during storage in the solid state for months. All the conversion process (from PVC isolation to PVC-SCNPs synthesis) can be run in a green, dipolar aprotic solvent and involving, when required, a simple mixture of ethanol and water (1/1 vol.) as non-solvent. The resulting PVC-SCNPs are investigated as recyclable, metalloenzyme-mimetic catalysts for several representative Cu(II)-catalyzed organic reactions. The method could be valid for the metamorphosis and valorization of other commodity plastics in which it is feasible to install azide functional groups in their linear polymer chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Blazquez-Martín
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center MPC, P° Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018, Donostia, Spain
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center MPC, P° Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018, Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Arantxa Arbe
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center MPC, P° Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018, Donostia, Spain
| | - José A Pomposo
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center MPC, P° Manuel de Lardizabal 5, E-20018, Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009, Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química y Tecnología. University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 1072, E-20800, Donostia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pérez Sevillano R, Ferreira F, Jackowski O. Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of Enantioenriched Tertiary and Quaternary α-Chiral Allylsilanes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302227. [PMID: 37489288 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Access to enantioenriched tertiary and quaternary α-chiral allysilanes without any transition-metal catalyst is reported. This was achieved by enantioselective allylic displacement of γ-silylated allylic bromides through Lewis base activation of Grignard reagents by a bidentate chiral NHC ligand. The process afforded both high γ-regio- and enantioselectivity and is compatible with a wide range of silyl groups on the substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Pérez Sevillano
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Franck Ferreira
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Jackowski
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Atkin L, Ross HJ, Priebbenow DL. Acylsilanes in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed and Photochemical Reactions: Clarifying Product Formation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14205-14209. [PMID: 37738455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Acylsilanes are able to react as nucleophilic carbene precursors, electrophiles, and directing groups in C-H functionalization. To date, some of the products reportedly formed during transition-metal-catalyzed and photochemical reactions involving acylsilanes have been incorrectly assigned. To provide clarity, we herein address these structural misassignments and detail the revised structures. New insights into the reactivity of acylsilanes were also afforded via the discovery that light-induced siloxy carbenes participate in intramolecular 1,2-carbonyl addition to proximal esters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liselle Atkin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hannah J Ross
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Daniel L Priebbenow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fu Y, Alachouzos G, Simeth NA, Di Donato M, Hilbers MF, Buma WJ, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. Establishing PQ-ERA photoclick reactions with unprecedented efficiency by engineering of the nature of the phenanthraquinone triplet state. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7465-7474. [PMID: 37449069 PMCID: PMC10337724 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01760e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The light-induced photocycloaddition of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) with electron-rich alkenes (ERA), known as the PQ-ERA reaction, is a highly attractive photoclick reaction characterized by high selectivity, external non-invasive control with light and biocompatibility. The conventionally used PQ compounds show limited reactivity, which hinders the overall efficiency of the PQ-ERA reaction. To address this issue, we present in this study a simple strategy to boost the reactivity of the PQ triplet state to further enhance the efficiency of the PQ-ERA reaction, enabled by thiophene substitution at the 3-position of the PQ scaffold. Our investigations show that this substitution pattern significantly increases the population of the reactive triplet state (3ππ*) during excitation of 3-thiophene PQs. This results in a superb photoreaction quantum yield (ΦP, up to 98%), high second order rate constants (k2, up to 1974 M-1 s-1), and notable oxygen tolerance for the PQ-ERA reaction system. These results have been supported by both experimental transient absorption data and theoretical calculations, providing further evidence for the effectiveness of this strategy, and offering fine prospects for fast and efficient photoclick transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youxin Fu
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Alachouzos
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) Via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- ICCOM-CNR Via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Michiel F Hilbers
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University Toernooiveld 7c 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fang S, Han J, Zhu C, Li W, Xie J. Gold-catalyzed four-component multifunctionalization of alkynes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3551. [PMID: 37322071 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The alkyne unit is a versatile building block in organic synthesis and the development of selective multifunctionalization of alkynes is an important object of research in this field. Herein, we report an interesting gold-catalyzed, four-component reaction that achieves the oxo-arylfluorination or oxo-arylalkenylation of internal aromatic or aliphatic alkynes, efficiently breaking a carbon-carbon triple bond and forming four new chemical bonds. The reaction divergence can be controlled by site-directing functional groups in the alkynes; the presence of a phosphonate unit favors the oxo-arylfluorination, while the carboxylate motif benefits oxo-arylalkenylation. This reaction is enabled by an Au(I)/Au(III) redox coupling process using Selectfluor as both an oxidant and a fluorinating reagent. A wide range of structurally diverse α,α-disubstituted ketones, and tri- or tetra-substituted unsaturated ketones have been prepared in synthetically valuable yields and with excellent chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity. The gram-scale preparation and late-stage application of complex alkynes have further enhanced their synthetic value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangwen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, 830017, Urumqi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Drennhaus T, Leifert D, Lammert J, Drennhaus JP, Bergander K, Daniliuc CG, Studer A. Enantioselective Copper-Catalyzed Fukuyama Indole Synthesis from 2-Vinylphenyl Isocyanides. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8665-8676. [PMID: 37029692 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Enantioenriched chiral indoles are of high interest for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Herein, we present an asymmetric Fukuyama indole synthesis through a mild and efficient radical cascade reaction to access 2-fluoroalkylated 3-(α-cyanobenzylated) indoles by stereochemical control with a chiral copper-bisoxazoline complex using 2-vinylphenyl arylisocyanides as radical acceptors and fluoroalkyl iodides as C-radical precursors. Radical addition to the isonitrile moiety, 5-exo-trig cyclization, and Cu-catalyzed stereoselective cyanation provide the targeted indoles with excellent enantioselectivity and good yields. Due to the similar electronic and steric properties of the two aryl substituents to be differentiated, the enantioselective construction of the cyano diaryl methane stereocenter is highly challenging. Mechanistic studies reveal a negative nonlinear effect which allows proposing a model to explain the stereochemical outcome. Scalability and potential utility of the enantioenriched 3-(α-cyanobenzylated) indoles as hubs for chiral tryptamines, indole-3-acetic acid derivatives, and triarylmethanes are demonstrated, and a formal synthesis of a natural product analogue is disclosed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Till Drennhaus
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jessika Lammert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Bergander
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou G, Guo Z, Shen X. Electron-Rich Oxycarbenes: New Synthetic and Catalytic Applications beyond Group 6 Fischer Carbene Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217189. [PMID: 36594672 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxycarbenes have emerged as useful intermediates in synthetic chemistry. Compared to the widely studied oxycarbene metal complexes bearing Group 6 metals, the synthetic and catalytic applications of oxycarbenes beyond Group 6 Fischer carbene complexes are less explored because of the difficulty in controlling their reactivity and the need to use a stoichiometric amount of a presynthesized Group 6 metal carbene complex as the starting material. This Minireview summarizes early synthetic and catalytic applications of late-transition-metal oxycarbene complexes and highlights recent advances in free oxycarbene reactions and transition-metal-catalyzed reactions involving oxycarbenes. We hope this Minireview will inspire further developments in this emerging area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Guo
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zheng L, Guo X, Li YC, Wu Y, Xue XS, Wang P. Cu/SaBox-Catalyzed Photoinduced Coupling of Acylsilanes with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216373. [PMID: 36465061 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction with Fischer metal carbene intermediates bearing an electron-rich alkoxyl or siloxyl group remains a big challenge due to the lack of readily available corresponding carbene precursors. Herein, we report the coupling of alkynes with the Fischer-type copper carbene species bearing a α-siloxyl group, which could be in situ generated from acylsilanes catalytically under photoirradiation and redox-neutral conditions. The side-arm modified bisoxazoline (SaBox) ligands prove to be crucial for this coupling reaction, which provides the corresponding alkynyl alcohol in high yields with remarkable heterocycle tolerance and broad substrate scope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xueying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yichen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mondal S, Mondal S, Midya SP, Das S, Mondal S, Ghosh P. Merging Photocatalytic C-O Cross-Coupling for α-Oxycarbonyl-β-ketones: Esterification of Carboxylic Acids via a Decarboxylative Pathway. Org Lett 2023; 25:184-189. [PMID: 36562790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the first merged photocatalytic pathway for the C-O cross-coupled esterification of carboxylic acids to α-oxycarbonyl-β-ketones has been demonstrated. Decarboxylation of α,β-unsaturated acids promotes the formation of the β-ketone fragment of the desired product. Water as the source of oxygen for the ketone segment and aerial oxygen as an oxidant make the present synthetic methodology green and sustainable. This new C═O and C-O bond-forming methodology takes place in a cascade manner under a dual Ir/Pd-catalytic pathway, with the liberation of H2O and CO2 as the only byproducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Subal Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Siba P Midya
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Suman Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Sahidul Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Pradyut Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li Y, Zhang H, Li J, Shen D, Liu Z. Ru-Catalyzed Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Acylsilanes and Its Applications in C–N Bond Formation. Org Lett 2022; 24:9163-9167. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Dalong Shen
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhenxing Liu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wiesner T, Heurix M, Fischer RC, Torvisco A, Haas M. Synthesis and Characterization of a Variety of α,ω-Bisacylpolysilanes-A Study on Reactivity and Accessibility. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38025-38036. [PMID: 36312430 PMCID: PMC9609067 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a variety of α,ω-bisacylpolysilanes were synthesized via two synthetic protocols. The first method for obtaining these compounds is based on the substitution reaction of bromine either on silica gel or by the use of silver salts. Surprisingly, instead of the expected bromine substitution product PhC(O)(SiMe2)2C(O)Ph 4a, we found the formation of the diastereomer PhC(O)(SiMe2)2CBrPhOCBrPh(SiMe2)2C(O)Ph 4b indicating a more complex reaction cascade. On the other hand, the phenylated compound 3b yielded the expected bromine substitution product PhC(O)(SiPh2)2C(O)Ph 4c. For the second protocol, we utilized the Corey-Seebach approach to isolate other representatives of this compound class. We found that the substituents at the α-silicon atoms influence the selectivity of the dethioketalization. While the ethylated and phenylated disilanes 5b,c yield the expected bisacyldisilanes 6a,b, the methylated disilane 4a undergoes a BF3-induced Si-Si bond breakage followed by an intermolecular sila-aldol reaction. This hitherto unknown sila-aldol reaction results in the formation of the enantiomer PhC(O)SiMe2C(OMe)PhSiMe2F 6c in excellent yields. All isolated compounds were analyzed by a combination of NMR spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the photochemical pathways of two representative examples (4b,c) were examined.
Collapse
|
20
|
Cascade cyclization of alkene-tethered acylsilanes and allylic sulfones enabled by unproductive energy transfer photocatalysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6111. [PMID: 36245017 PMCID: PMC9573877 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing photo-induced cascade cyclization of alkene-tethered acylsilanes is challenging, because acylsilanes are unstable under light irradiation. Herein, we report that the energy transfer from excited acylsilanes to a photocatalyst that possesses lower triplet energy can inhibit the undesired decomposition of acylsilanes. With neutral Eosin Y as the photocatalyst, an efficient synthesis of cyclopentanol derivatives is achieved with alkene-tethered acylsilanes and allylic sulfones. The reaction shows broad substrate scope and the synthetic potential of this transformation is highlighted by the construction of cyclopentanol derivatives which contain fused-ring or bridged-ring. Acylsilanes decompose under light irradiation, and this limits their use in light-induced organic transformations. Here the authors report a strategy to inhibit the light-induced decomposition of acylsilanes, enabling the photochemical synthesis of cyclopentanol derivatives from alkene-tethered acylsilanes and allylic sulfones.
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang Y, Chen J, Huang H. Radical Brook Rearrangements: Concept and Recent Developments. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205671. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
| | - Jun‐Jie Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
| | - Huan‐Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vale J, Gomes RF, Afonso CAM, Candeias NR. Functionalized Cyclopentenes via the Formal [4+1] Cycloaddition of Photogenerated Siloxycarbenes from Acyl Silanes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8910-8920. [PMID: 35736215 PMCID: PMC9776530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the first formal cycloaddition reaction of photogenerated nucleophilic carbenes derived from acylsilanes with electrophilic dienes. The resulting transient donor-acceptor cyclopropane rearranges to its stable and highly functionalized cyclopentene isomer in an unprecedented metal-free process. The cyclopropanation-vinyl cyclopropane rearrangement sequence was corroborated by computational calculations. The cyclopropane formation corresponds to a higher energetic barrier, and the vinylcyclopropane-cyclopentene rearrangement proceeds through different mechanisms, although of comparable energies, depending on the stereochemistry of the cyclopropane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João
R. Vale
- iMed.ULisboa,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisbon 1649-003, Portugal,Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere
University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, Tampere 33101, Finland
| | - Rafael F. Gomes
- iMed.ULisboa,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisbon 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- iMed.ULisboa,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisbon 1649-003, Portugal,
| | - Nuno R. Candeias
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere
University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, Tampere 33101, Finland,LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Noji M, Ishimaru S, Obata H, Kumaki A, Seki T, Hayashi S, Takanami T. Facile electrochemical synthesis of silyl acetals: An air-stable precursor to formylsilane. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
24
|
Zhang Y, Chen JJ, Huang HM. Radical Brook Rearrangement: Concept and Recent Developments. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- ShanghaiTech University School of Physical Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Jun-Jie Chen
- ShanghaiTech University School of Physical Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- ShanghaiTech University School of Physical Science and Technology 393 Middle Huaxia RoadPudong 201210 Shanghai CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang Y, Zhou G, Gong X, Guo Z, Qi X, Shen X. Diastereoselective Transfer of Tri(di)fluoroacetylsilanes-Derived Carbenes to Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202175. [PMID: 35415937 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective cyclopropanation reaction of alkenes is usually achieved by metal complexes via singlet-metal-carbene intermediates. However, previous transition-metal-catalyzed cyclopropanation of alkenes with acylsilanes afforded low diastereoselectivity. Herein, we report the first visible-light-induced transition-metal-free cyclopropanation reaction of terminal alkenes with trifluoroacetylsilanes and difluoroacetylsilanes. Both aromatic and aliphatic alkenes as well as electron-deficient alkenes are suitable substrates for the highly cis-selective [2+1] cyclization reaction. A combination of experimental and computational studies identified triplet carbenes as being key intermediates in this transformation. The gram scale reaction and late-stage functionalization demonstrated the synthetic potential of this strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xingxing Gong
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Guo
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhou G, Shen X. Visible-Light-Induced Organocatalyzed [2+1] Cyclization of Alkynes and Trifluoroacetylsilanes. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1840-5199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of common cyclopropenes has been widely studied, but the synthesis of cyclopropenols is a significant challenge. Herein, we highlight our recent work on the synthesis of trifluoromethylated cyclopropenols through [2+1] cycloaddition reaction between alkynes and trifluoroacetylsilanes under visible-light-induced organocatalysis. The novel amphiphilic donor-acceptor carbenes derived from trifluoroacetylsilanes can react effectively with both activated and unactivated alkynes. Broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance have been achieved. Besides, the synthetic potential of this reaction was highlighted by a gram-scale reaction and the one-pot diastereoselective synthesis of trifluoromethylated cyclopropanols.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang Y, Zhou G, Gong X, Guo Z, Qi X, Shen X. Diastereoselective Transfer of Tri(di)fluoroacetylsilanes‐Derived Carbenes to Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Studies Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials Ministry of Education Wuhan University 299 Bayi Road Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Studies Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials Ministry of Education Wuhan University 299 Bayi Road Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xingxing Gong
- Institute for Advanced Studies Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials Ministry of Education Wuhan University 299 Bayi Road Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Guo
- Institute for Advanced Studies Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials Ministry of Education Wuhan University 299 Bayi Road Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University 299 Bayi Road Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xiao Shen
- Institute for Advanced Studies Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials Ministry of Education Wuhan University 299 Bayi Road Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Page ACS, Scholz SO, Keenan KN, Spradlin JN, Belcher BP, Brittain SM, Tallarico JA, McKenna JM, Schirle M, Nomura DK, Toste FD. Photo-Brook rearrangement of acyl silanes as a strategy for photoaffinity probe design. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3851-3856. [PMID: 35432890 PMCID: PMC8966736 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00426g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoaffinity labeling (PAL) is a powerful tool for the identification of non-covalent small molecule–protein interactions that are critical to drug discovery and medicinal chemistry, but this approach is limited to only a small subset of robust photocrosslinkers. The identification of new photoreactive motifs capable of covalent target capture is therefore highly desirable. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a new class of PAL warheads based on the UV-triggered 1,2-photo-Brook rearrangement of acyl silanes, which hitherto have not been explored for PAL workflows. Irradiation of a series of probes in cell lysate revealed an iPr-substituted acyl silane with superior photolabeling and minimal thermal background labeling compared to other substituted acyl silanes. Further, small molecule (+)-JQ1- and rapamycin-derived iPr acyl silanes were shown to selectively label recombinant BRD4-BD1 and FKBP12, respectively, with minimal background. Together, these data highlight the untapped potential of acyl silanes as a novel, tunable scaffold for photoaffinity labeling. Irradiation initiated 1,2-photo Brook rearrangement of acyl silanes generated α-siloxycarbene intermediates that were used for photoaffinity labeling. Optimization of the acyl silane group produced a probe capable of capturing small molecule–protein interactions.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika C S Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Spencer O Scholz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Katherine N Keenan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Jessica N Spradlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Bridget P Belcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA .,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Scott M Brittain
- Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - John A Tallarico
- Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Jeffrey M McKenna
- Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Markus Schirle
- Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA .,Novartis-Berkeley Center for Proteomics and Chemistry Technologies, University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhou G, Shen X. Synthesis of Cyclopropenols Enabled by Visible-Light-Induced Organocatalyzed [2+1] Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115334. [PMID: 34994996 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the synthesis of common cyclopropenes has been well studied, the access to cyclopropenols is rather limited. Herein, we report the first synthesis of α-trifluoromethylated cyclopropenols via 2+1 cycloaddition reactions between alkynes and trifluoroacylsilanes, enabled by visible-light-induced organocatalysis. The novel ambiphilic donor-acceptor carbenes derived from trifluoroacetylsilanes reacted efficiently with both activated and non-activated alkynes. The reaction features simple operation, mild conditions, broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. The synthetic potential of the reaction is highlighted by the gram-scale reactions and first synthesis of α-trifluoromethylated cyclopropanols through the combination of the 2+1 cyclization and high diastereoselective hydrogenation reaction in one pot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ishida K, Kusama H. Generation of (amino)(boryloxy)carbenes from carbamoylboranes and their coupling reaction with aldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1625-1628. [PMID: 35022628 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06377d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbamoylboranes were found to react with various aldehydes under heating conditions to give α-hydroxycarboxamides in good yields. A DFT study supports the mechanism, which involves thermally generated (amino)(boryloxy)carbene intermediates. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the generation of (amino)(boryloxy)carbene intermediates from carbamoylboranes and its application to carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kento Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kusama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhou G, Shen X. Synthesis of Cyclopropenols Enabled by Visible‐Light‐Induced Organocatalyzed [2+1] Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Wuhan University Institute for Advanced Studies CHINA
| | - Xiao Shen
- Wuhan University Institute for Advanced Studies 299 Bayi Road 430072 Wuhan CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bunyamin A, Hua C, Polyzos A, Priebbenow DL. Intramolecular Photochemical [2+1]-Cycloadditions of Nucleophilic Siloxy Carbenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3273-3280. [PMID: 35414869 PMCID: PMC8926286 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00203e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible light induced singlet nucleophilic carbenes undergo rapid [2 + 1]-cycloaddition with tethered olefins to afford unique bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane and bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane scaffolds. This cyclopropanation process requires only visible light irradiation to proceed, circumventing the use of exogenous (photo)catalysts, sensitisers or additives and showcases a vastly underexplored mode of reactivity for nucleophilic carbenes in chemical synthesis. The discovery of additional transformations including a cyclopropanation/retro-Michael/Michael cascade process to afford chromanones and a photochemical C–H insertion reaction are also described. Visible light induced singlet nucleophilic carbenes undergo rapid [2 + 1]-cycloaddition with tethered olefins to afford unique bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane and bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane scaffolds.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Bunyamin
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Carol Hua
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Daniel L Priebbenow
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Takeuchi T, Aoyama T, Orihara K, Ishida K, Kusama H. Visible-Light-Induced In Situ Generation of Fischer-Type Copper Carbene Complexes from Acylsilanes and Its Application to Catalytic [4 + 1] Cycloaddition with Siloxydienes. Org Lett 2021; 23:9490-9494. [PMID: 34846907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel methodology for in situ generation of Fischer-type metal-carbene complexes was developed. Photoirradiation to a mixture of an acylsilane and a cationic copper complex cleanly gave a Fischer-type copper-siloxycarbene complex, which was detected by spectroscopic methods. This carbene complex reacted with siloxydienes in a [4 + 1] cycloaddition manner to give cyclopentene derivatives. It is noteworthy that this reaction proceeds with a catalytic amount of copper through in situ generation of a Fischer-type copper-siloxycarbene complex intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiichi Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Aoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kurumi Orihara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kento Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chandrasekaran R, Pulikkottil FT, Elama KS, Rasappan R. Direct synthesis and applications of solid silylzinc reagents. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15719-15726. [PMID: 35003603 PMCID: PMC8654096 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06038d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased synthetic utility of organosilanes has motivated researchers to develop milder and more practical synthetic methods. Silylzinc reagents, which are typically the most functional group tolerant, are notoriously difficult to synthesize because they are obtained by a pyrophoric reaction of silyllithium, particularly Me3SiLi which is itself prepared by the reaction of MeLi and disilane. Furthermore, the dissolved LiCl in silylzinc may have a detrimental effect. A synthetic method that can avoid silyllithium and involves a direct synthesis of silylzinc reagents from silyl halides is arguably the simplest and most economical strategy. We describe, for the first time, the direct synthesis of PhMe2SiZnI and Me3SiZnI reagents by employing a coordinating TMEDA ligand, as well as single crystal XRD structures. Importantly, they can be obtained as solids and stored for longer periods at 4 °C. We also demonstrate their significance in cross-coupling of various free alkyl/aryl/alkenyl carboxylic acids with broader functional group tolerance and API derivatives. The general applicability and efficiency of solid Me3SiZnI are shown in a wide variety of reactions including alkylation, arylation, allylation, 1,4-addition, acylation and more.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Chandrasekaran
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Vithura Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Feba Thomas Pulikkottil
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Vithura Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Krishna Suresh Elama
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Vithura Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Ramesh Rasappan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Vithura Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cai BG, Li Q, Li L, Xuan J. Carbon-oxygen bond formation via visible-light-induced O–H insertion between acylsilanes and oximes. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
|
36
|
Reimler J, Studer A. Visible-Light Mediated Tryptophan Modification in Oligopeptides Employing Acylsilanes. Chemistry 2021; 27:15392-15395. [PMID: 34498756 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A method for the selective tryptophan modification and labelling of tryptophan-containing peptides is described. Photoirradiation of acylsilanes generates reactive siloxycarbenes which undergo H-N-insertion into the indole moiety of tryptophan to give stable silyl protected hemiaminals. This method is successfully applied to chemically modify various tryptophan containing oligopeptides. The method enables the selective introduction of alkynes to peptides that are eligible for further alkyne-azide click chemistry. In addition, the dansyl fluorophore can be conjugated to a peptide using this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Reimler
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Huang B, Wei M, Vargo E, Qian Y, Xu T, Toste FD. Backbone-Photodegradable Polymers by Incorporating Acylsilane Monomers via Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17920-17925. [PMID: 34677051 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Materials capable of degradation upon exposure to light hold promise in a diverse range of applications including biomedical devices and smart coatings. Despite the rapid access to macromolecules with diverse compositions and architectures enabled by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), a general strategy to introduce facile photodegradability into these polymers is lacking. Here, we report copolymers synthesized via ROMP that can be degraded by cleaving the backbone in both solution and solid states under irradiation with a 52 W, 390 nm Kessil LED to generate heterotelechelic low-molecular-weight fragments. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first instance of the incorporation of acylsilanes into a polymer backbone. Mechanistic investigation of the degradation process supports the intermediacy of an α-siloxy carbene, formed via a 1,2-photo Brook rearrangement, which undergoes insertion into water followed by cleavage of the resulting hemiacetal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banruo Huang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mufeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emma Vargo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yiwen Qian
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - F Dean Toste
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Stuckhardt C, Wissing M, Studer A. Photo Click Reaction of Acylsilanes with Indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18605-18611. [PMID: 34129264 PMCID: PMC8456837 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Light-mediated coupling of acylsilanes with indoles is reported. This photo click reaction occurs under mild conditions (415 nm) mostly in quantitative yield and provides stable silylated N,O-acetals via light mediated siloxycarbene generation with subsequent indole-N-H insertion. We show that this very efficient and fully atom economic coupling process can be applied to conjugate complex systems, as documented by the clicking of carbohydrates with indole alkaloids. The method is also applicable to the conjugation of polymer chains. The linking acetal moiety can be readily cleaved and it is also shown that wavelength-selective coupling and cleavage with acyl silanes bearing a second photoactive moiety is possible. This is documented by a successful polymerization/depolymerization sequence and by a polymer folding/unfolding process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Stuckhardt
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Maren Wissing
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstrasse 4048149MünsterGermany
| |
Collapse
|