1
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Sun GQ, Liao LL, Ran CK, Ye JH, Yu DG. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Carboxylation with CO 2. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 39226463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusCarbon dioxide (CO2) is recognized as a greenhouse gas and a common waste product. Simultaneously, it serves as an advantageous and commercially available C1 building block to generate valuable chemicals. Particularly, carboxylation with CO2 is considered a significant method for the direct and sustainable production of important carboxylic acids. However, the utilization of CO2 is challenging owing to its thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness. Recently, organic electrosynthesis has emerged as a promising approach that utilizes electrons or holes as environmentally friendly redox reagents to produce reactive intermediates in a controlled and selective manner. This technique holds great potential for the CO2 utilization.Since 2015, our group has been dedicated to exploring the utilization of CO2 in organic synthesis with a particular focus on electrochemical carboxylation. Despite the significant advancements made in this area, there are still many challenges, including the activation of inert substrates, regulation of selectivity, diversity in electrolysis modes, and activation strategies. Over the past 7 years, our team, with many great experts, has presented findings on electrochemical carboxylation with CO2 under mild conditions. In this context, we primarily highlight our contributions to selective electrocarboxylations, encompassing new reaction systems, selectivity control methods, and activation approaches.We commenced our research by establishing a Ni-catalyzed electrochemical carboxylation of unactivated aryl halides and alkyl bromides in conjunction with a useful paired anodic reaction. This approach eliminates the need for sacrificial anodes, rendering the carboxylation process sustainable. To further utilize the widely existing yet cost-effective alkyl chlorides, we have developed a deep electroreductive system to achieve carboxylation of unactivated alkyl chlorides and poly(vinyl chloride), allowing the direct modification and upgrading of waste polymers.Through precise adjustment of the electroreductive conditions, we successfully demonstrated the dicarboxylation of both strained carbocycles and acyclic polyarylethanes with CO2 via C-C bond cleavage. Furthermore, we have realized the dicarboxylative cyclization of unactivated skipped dienes to produce the valuable ring-tethered adipic acids through single-electron reduction of CO2 to the CO2 radical anion (CO2•-). In terms of the asymmetric carboxylation, Guo's and our groups have recently achieved the nickel-catalyzed enantioselective electroreductive carboxylation reaction using racemic propargylic carbonates and CO2, paving the way for the synthesis of enantioenriched propargylic carboxylic acids.In addition to the aforementioned advancements, Lin's and our groups have also developed new electrolysis modes to achieve regiodivergent C-H carboxylation of N-heteroarenes dictated by electrochemical reactors. The choice of reactors plays a crucial role in determining whether the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagents are formed anodically, consequently influencing the carboxylation pathways of N-heteroarene radical anions in the distinct electrolyzed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Quan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Liao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Kun Ran
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Heng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Da-Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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2
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Brunetti A, Garbini M, Autuori G, Zanardi C, Bertuzzi G, Bandini M. Electrochemical Synthesis of Itaconic Acid Derivatives via Chemodivergent Single and Double Carboxylation of Allenes with CO 2. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401754. [PMID: 38923037 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Leveraging electrochemistry, a new synthesis of non-natural derivatives of itaconic acid is proposed by utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2) as a valuable C1 synthon. An electrochemical cross-electrophile coupling between allenoates and CO2 was targeted, allowing for the synthesis of both mono- and di-carboxylation products in a catalyst- and additive-free environment (yields up to 87 %, 30 examples). Elaboration of the model mono-carboxylation product, and detailed cyclovoltammetric, as well as mechanistic analyses complete the present investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Garbini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Autuori
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanardi
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, via Torino, 155, 30170, Venezia (Mestre), Italy
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis, C3, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, via P. Gobetti, 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
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3
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Ustyuzhanin AO, Bityukov OV, Sokolovskiy PV, Merkulova VM, Ilovaisky AI, He LN, Vil' VA, Terent'ev AO. Electrochemical hydrocarboxylation of enol derivatives with CO 2: access to β-acetoxycarboxylic acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8099-8102. [PMID: 38993133 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02831g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical hydrocarboxylation of enol acetates with CO2 is developed. The disclosed process provides β-acetoxycarboxylic acids in 25-66% yields, in contrast to the electrolysis of ketones, silyl enol ethers and vinyl tosylates with CO2, which leads mainly to alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Ustyuzhanin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Oleg V Bityukov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Pavel V Sokolovskiy
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Valentina M Merkulova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexey I Ilovaisky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Liang-Nian He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Vera A Vil'
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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4
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Sheta AM, Fernández S, Liu C, Dubed-Bandomo GC, Lloret-Fillol J. An Electrocatalytic Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Ketones Using CO 2 as a CO Surrogate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403674. [PMID: 38647344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The construction of carbonyl compounds via carbonylation reactions using safe CO sources remains a long-standing challenge to synthetic chemists. Herein, we propose a catalyst cascade Scheme in which CO2 is used as a CO surrogate in the carbonylation of benzyl chlorides. Our approach is based on the cooperation between two coexisting catalytic cycles: the CO2-to-CO electroreduction cycle promoted by [Fe(TPP)Cl] (TPP=meso-tetraphenylporphyrin) and an electrochemical carbonylation cycle catalyzed by [Ni(bpy)Br2] (2,2'-bipyridine). As a proof of concept, this protocol allows for the synthesis of symmetric ketones from good to excellent yields in an undivided cell with non-sacrificial electrodes. The reaction can be directly scaled up to gram-scale and operates effectively at a CO2 concentration of 10 %, demonstrating its robustness. Our mechanistic studies based on cyclic voltammetry, IR spectroelectrochemistry and Density Functional Theory calculations suggest a synergistic effect between the two catalysts. The CO produced from CO2 reduction is key in the formation of the [Ni(bpy)(CO)2], which is proposed as the catalytic intermediate responsible for the C-C bond formation in the carbonylation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Sheta
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel ⋅ lí Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Damietta University, Damietta El-Gadeeda City, Kafr Saad, Damietta Governorate, 34511, Egypt
| | - Sergio Fernández
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Changwei Liu
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel ⋅ lí Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Geyla C Dubed-Bandomo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Julio Lloret-Fillol
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Hu Q, Wei B, Wang M, Liu M, Chen XW, Ran CK, Wang G, Chen Z, Li H, Song J, Yu DG, Guo C. Enantioselective Nickel-Electrocatalyzed Reductive Propargylic Carboxylation with CO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14864-14874. [PMID: 38754389 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The exploitation of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a sustainable, plentiful, and harmless C1 source for the catalytic synthesis of enantioenriched carboxylic acids has long been acknowledged as a pivotal task in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we present a current-driven nickel-catalyzed reductive carboxylation reaction with CO2 fixation, facilitating the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds by circumventing the handling of moisture-sensitive organometallic reagents. This electroreductive protocol serves as a practical platform, paving the way for the synthesis of enantioenriched propargylic carboxylic acids (up to 98% enantiomeric excess) from racemic propargylic carbonates and CO2. The efficacy of this transformation is exemplified by its successful utilization in the asymmetric total synthesis of (S)-arundic acid, (R)-PIA, (S)-chizhine D, (S)-cochlearin G, and (S,S)-alexidine, thereby underscoring the potential of asymmetric electrosynthesis to achieve complex molecular architectures sustainably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdong Hu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Boyuan Wei
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Mingxu Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Minghao Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Wang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chuan-Kun Ran
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ziting Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Haoze Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jin Song
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Da-Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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6
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Zhang F, Wu XY, Gao PP, Zhang H, Li Z, Ai S, Li G. Visible-light-driven alkene dicarboxylation with formate and CO 2 under mild conditions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6178-6183. [PMID: 38665514 PMCID: PMC11041354 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-cost formate salt was used as the reductant and part of the carboxyl source in a visible-light-driven dicarboxylation of diverse alkenes, including simple styrenes. The highly competing hydrocarboxylation side reaction was successfully overridden. Good yields of products were obtained under mild reaction conditions at ambient temperature and pressure of CO2. The dual role of formate salt may stimulate the discovery of a range of new transformations under mild and friendly conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Xiao-Yang Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Pan-Pan Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zhu Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Shangde Ai
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Gang Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 155 West Yang-Qiao Road Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
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7
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Zhao L, Xie WJ, Meng ZZ, Li HR, He LN. Electrochemical E-Selective Semireductive Dicarboxylation of Aryl Alkynes with CO 2. Org Lett 2024; 26:3241-3246. [PMID: 38578088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report an electrochemical protocol for the dicarboxylation of aryl alkynes using CO2. With a graphite rod as the cathode and Al as the sacrificial anode, a series of valuable butenedioic acids are obtained in moderate to excellent yields with an E/Z ratio up to 50:1. This method features high E-selectivity, high step and atom economy, easy scalability, and a nice substrate scope, which renders it appealing for promising applications in organic synthesis and materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30007, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30007, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Meng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30007, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ru Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30007, P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Nian He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 30007, P. R. China
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8
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Fan Y, Chen C, Zhang Z, Meng X, Liu X, Cao J, Jiang YY, Zhao Y. CO 2 Transient Promotion Function Enabled the Selective Electrochemical Transformation of Imines. Org Lett 2023; 25:9202-9206. [PMID: 38113053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented transient promotion function (TPF) of CO2 in the electrochemical hydrogenation/deuteration of imines (especially α-iminonitriles) is reported. The TPF influence of CO2 results from the introduction of CO2 that disperses the negative charges of the imine radical anion intermediate. The resulting redistribution of electrons leads to a lower reduction potential of the CO2-substituted imine radical anion and thus facilitates the succeeding one-electron reduction. CO2 is finally released via spontaneous decarboxylation to complete the transient promotion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Zhanshuo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohan Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonuo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Jun Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Ye Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Yulei Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
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9
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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10
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Zhang X, Li Z, Chen H, Shen C, Wu H, Dong K. Pairing Electrocarboxylation of Unsaturated Bonds with Oxidative Transformation of Alcohol and Amine. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300807. [PMID: 37366066 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A parallel paired electrosynthetic method, coupling electrocarboxylation incorporating CO2 into ketone, imine, and alkene with alcohol oxidation or oxidative cyanation of amine, was developed for the first time. Various carboxylic acids as well as aldehyde/ketone or α-nitrile amine were prepared at the cathode and anode respectively in a divided cell. Its utility and merits on simultaneously achieving high atom-economic CO2 utilization, elevated faradaic efficiency (FE, total FE of up to 166 %), and broad substrate scope were demonstrated. The preparation of pharmaceutical intermediates for Naproxen and Ibuprofen via this approach proved its potential application in green organic electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Zonghan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hongshuai Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Chaoren Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Haihong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Kaiwu Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
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11
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Alektiar SN, Han J, Dang Y, Rubel CZ, Wickens ZK. Radical Hydrocarboxylation of Unactivated Alkenes via Photocatalytic Formate Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10991-10997. [PMID: 37186951 PMCID: PMC10636750 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein we disclose a strategy to promote the hydrocarboxylation of unactivated alkenes using photochemical activation of formate salts. We illustrate that an alternative initiation mechanism circumvents the limitations of prior approaches and enables hydrocarboxylation of this challenging substrate class. Specifically, we found that accessing the requisite thiyl radical initiator without an exogenous chromophore eliminates major byproducts that have plagued attempts to exploit similar reactivity for unactivated alkene substrates. This redox-neutral method is technically simple to execute and effective across a broad range of alkene substrates. Feedstock alkenes, such as ethylene, are hydrocarboxylated at ambient temperature and pressure. A series of radical cyclization experiments indicate how the reactivity described in this report can be diverted by more complex radical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N. Alektiar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jimin Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Y Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Camille Z. Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Fan J, Koh AP, Zhou J, Zhang ZF, Wu CS, Webster RD, Su MD, So CW. Tetrakis( N-heterocyclic Carbene)-Diboron(0): Double Single-Electron-Transfer Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11669-11677. [PMID: 37201187 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMe) to coordinate with diatomic B2 species afforded a tetrakis(N-heterocyclic carbene)-diboron(0) [(IMe)2B-B(IMe)2] (2). The singly bonded B2 moiety therein possesses a valence electronic configuration 1σg21πu21πg*2 with four vacant molecular orbitals (1σu*, 2σg, 1πu', 1πg'*) coordinated with IMe. Its unprecedented electronic structure is analogous to the energetically unfavorable planar hydrazine with a D2h symmetry. The two highly reactive πg* antibonding electrons enable double single-electron-transfer (SET) reactivity in small-molecule activation. Compound 2 underwent a double SET reduction with CO2 to form two carbon dioxide radical anions CO2•-, which then reduced pyridine to yield a carboxylated pyridine reductive coupling dianion [O2CNC5(H)5-C5(H)5NCO2]2- and converted compound 2 to the tetrakis(N-heterocyclic carbene)-diborene dication [(IMe)2B═B(IMe)2]2+ (32+). This is a remarkable transition-metal-free SET reduction of CO2 without ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - An-Ping Koh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shiun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Richard D Webster
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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13
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Zhao F, Han L, Liu T. Mechanistic insight into the ligand-controlled regioselective hydrocarboxylation of aryl olefins with palladium catalyst: a computational study. J Organomet Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2023.122645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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14
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Chantarojsiri T, Soisuwan T, Kongkiatkrai P. Toward green syntheses of carboxylates: Considerations of mechanisms and reactions at the electrodes for electrocarboxylation of organohalides and alkenes. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Guan A, Quan Y, Chen Y, Liu Z, Zhang J, Kan M, Zhang Q, Huang H, Qian L, Zhang L, Zheng G. Efficient CO2 fixation with acetophenone on Ag-CeO2 electrocatalyst by a double activation strategy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Zhao Y, Guo X, Li S, Fan Y, Ji G, Jiang M, Yang Y, Jiang Y. Transient Stabilization Effect of CO
2
in the Electrochemical Hydrogenation of Azo Compounds and the Reductive Coupling of α‐Ketoesters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213636. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Ji Ning Shi, Qufu 273165 China
| | - Xuqiang Guo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Ji Ning Shi, Qufu 273165 China
| | - Shuai Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Ji Ning Shi, Qufu 273165 China
| | - Yuhang Fan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Ji Ning Shi, Qufu 273165 China
| | - Guo‐Cui Ji
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Ji Ning Shi, Qufu 273165 China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Ji Ning Shi, Qufu 273165 China
| | - Yin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yuan‐Ye Jiang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Ji Ning Shi, Qufu 273165 China
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17
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Wang Y, Tang S, Yang G, Wang S, Ma D, Qiu Y. Electrocarboxylation of Aryl Epoxides with CO
2
for the Facile and Selective Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207746. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shunyao Tang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Guoqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Siyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dengke Ma
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
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18
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Nandi S, Jana R. Toward Sustainable Photo‐/Electrocatalytic Carboxylation of Organic Substrates with CO2. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Nandi
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology CSIR Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division 4 Raja S C Mullick RoadJadavpur 700032 Kolkata INDIA
| | - Ranjan Jana
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology CSIR Chemistry Division 4, Raja S. C. Mullick RoadJadavpur 700032 Kolkata INDIA
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19
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Luo H, Ren J, Sun Y, Liu Y, Zhou F, Shi G, Zhou J. Recent advances in chemical fixation of CO2 based on flow chemistry. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Wang Y, Tang S, Yang G, Wang S, Ma D, Qiu Y. Electrocarboxylation of Aryl Epoxides with CO2 for the Facile and Selective Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Wang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | | | - Siyi Wang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Dengke Ma
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Youai Qiu
- Nankai University College of Chemistry 94 Weijin Road 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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21
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Zhang K, Ren BH, Liu XF, Wang LL, Zhang M, Ren WM, Lu XB, Zhang WZ. Direct and Selective Electrocarboxylation of Styrene Oxides with CO2 for Accessing β‐Hydroxy Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals CHINA
| | - Bai-Hao Ren
- Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals CHINA
| | - Xiao-Fei Liu
- Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals CHINA
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals CHINA
| | - Min Zhang
- Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals CHINA
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals CHINA
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals CHINA
| | - Wen-Zhen Zhang
- Dalian University of Technology State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals E-330 West Campus, No.2 Linggong Road, High-Tech Zone 116024 Dalian CHINA
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22
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Zhang K, Ren BH, Liu XF, Wang LL, Zhang M, Ren WM, Lu XB, Zhang WZ. Direct and Selective Electrocarboxylation of Styrene Oxides with CO2 for Accessing β-Hydroxy Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207660. [PMID: 35862121 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Highly selective and direct electroreductive ring-opening carboxylation of epoxides with CO2 in an undivided cell is reported. This reaction shows broad substrate scopes within styrene oxides under mild conditions, providing practical and scalable access to important synthetic intermediate β-hydroxy acids. Mechanistic studies show that CO2 functions not only as a carboxylative reagent in this reaction but also as a promoter to enable efficient and chemoselective transformation of epoxides under additive-free electrochemical conditions. Cathodically generated α-radical and α-carbanion intermediates lead to the regioselective formation of α-carboxylation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Dalian University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, CHINA
| | - Bai-Hao Ren
- Dalian University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, CHINA
| | - Xiao-Fei Liu
- Dalian University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, CHINA
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- Dalian University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, CHINA
| | - Min Zhang
- Dalian University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, CHINA
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- Dalian University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, CHINA
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- Dalian University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, CHINA
| | - Wen-Zhen Zhang
- Dalian University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, E-330 West Campus, No.2 Linggong Road, High-Tech Zone, 116024, Dalian, CHINA
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23
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Wang S, Feng T, Wang Y, Qiu Y. Recent Advances in Electrocarboxylation with CO2. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200543. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Wang
- China University of Mining and Technology School of Chemical Engineering & Technology CHINA
| | - Tian Feng
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Youai Qiu
- Nankai University College of Chemistry 94 Weijin Road 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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24
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Zhang K, Liu XF, Zhang WZ, Ren WM, Lu XB. Electrocarboxylation of N-Acylimines with Carbon Dioxide: Access to Substituted α-Amino Acids. Org Lett 2022; 24:3565-3569. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Xiao-Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Wen-Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
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25
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Claraz A, Masson G. Recent Advances in C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) and C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Bond Formation through Cathodic Reactions: Reductive and Convergent Paired Electrolyses. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:126-147. [PMID: 36855458 PMCID: PMC9954344 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds is one of the major research goals of synthetic chemists. Electrochemistry is commonly considered to be an appealing means to drive redox reactions in a safe and sustainable fashion and has been utilized for C-C bond-forming reactions. Compared to anodic oxidative methods, which have been extensively explored, cathodic processes are much less investigated, whereas it can pave the way to alternative retrosynthetic disconnections of target molecules and to the discovery of new transformations. This review provides an overview on the recent achievements in the construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds via cathodic reactions since 2017. It includes electrochemical reductions and convergent paired electrolyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
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26
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You Y, Kanna W, Takano H, Hayashi H, Maeda S, Mita T. Electrochemical Dearomative Dicarboxylation of Heterocycles with Highly Negative Reduction Potentials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3685-3695. [PMID: 35189683 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The dearomative dicarboxylation of stable heteroaromatics using CO2 is highly challenging but represents a very powerful method for producing synthetically useful dicarboxylic acids, which can potentially be employed as intermediates of biologically active molecules such as natural products and drug leads. However, these types of transformations are still underdeveloped, and concise methodologies with high efficiency (e.g., high yield and high selectivity for dicarboxylations) have not been reported. We herein describe a new electrochemical protocol using the CO2 radical anion (E1/2 of CO2 = -2.2 V in DMF and -2.3 V in CH3CN vs SCE) that produces unprecedented trans-oriented 2,3-dicarboxylic acids from N-Ac-, Boc-, and Ph-protected indoles that exhibit highly negative reduction potentials (-2.50 to -2.94 V). On the basis of the calculated reduction potentials, N-protected indoles with reduction potentials up to -3 V smoothly undergo the desired dicarboxylation. Other heteroaromatics, including benzofuran, benzothiophene, electron-deficient furans, thiophenes, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, and N-Boc-pyrazole, also exhibit reduction potentials more positive than -3 V and served as effective substrates for such dicarboxylations. The dicarboxylated products thus obtained can be derivatized into useful synthetic intermediates for biologically active compounds in few steps. We also show how the dearomative monocarboxylation can be achieved selectively by choice of the electrolyte, solvent, and protic additive; this strategy was then applied to the synthesis of an octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid (Oic) derivative, which is a useful proline analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong You
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Wataru Kanna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takano
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.,Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mita
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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27
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Liao LL, Wang ZH, Cao KG, Sun GQ, Zhang W, Ran CK, Li Y, Chen L, Cao GM, Yu DG. Electrochemical Ring-Opening Dicarboxylation of Strained Carbon-Carbon Single Bonds with CO 2: Facile Synthesis of Diacids and Derivatization into Polyesters. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2062-2068. [PMID: 35084189 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diacids are important monomers in the polymer industry to construct valuable materials. Dicarboxylation of unsaturated bonds, such as alkenes and alkynes, with CO2 has been demonstrated as a promising synthetic method. However, dicarboxylation of C─C single bonds with CO2 has rarely been investigated. Herein we report a novel electrochemical ring-opening dicarboxylation of C─C single bonds in strained rings with CO2. Structurally diverse glutaric acid and adipic acid derivatives were synthesized from substituted cyclopropanes and cyclobutanes in moderate to high yields. In contrast to oxidative ring openings, this is also the first realization of an electroreductive ring-opening reaction of strained rings, including commercialized ones. Control experiments suggested that radical anions and carbanions might be the key intermediates in this reaction. Moreover, this process features high step and atom economy, mild reaction conditions (1 atm, room temperature), good chemoselectivity and functional group tolerance, low electrolyte concentration, and easy derivatization of the products. Furthermore, we conducted polymerization of the corresponding diesters with diols to obtain a potential UV-shielding material with a self-healing function and a fluorine-containing polyester, whose performance tests showed promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Liao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Hao Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Gong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Quan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Kun Ran
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Mei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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28
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Buckley BR. Electrosynthetic routes toward carbon dioxide activation and utilization. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acat.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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29
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Franceschi P, Nicoletti C, Bonetto R, Bonchio M, Natali M, Dell'Amico L, Sartorel A. Basicity as a Thermodynamic Descriptor of Carbanions Reactivity with Carbon Dioxide: Application to the Carboxylation of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones. Front Chem 2021; 9:783993. [PMID: 34900942 PMCID: PMC8652261 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.783993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of carbon dioxide as a raw material represents nowadays an appealing strategy in the renewable energy, organic synthesis, and green chemistry fields. Besides reduction strategies, carbon dioxide can be exploited as a single-carbon-atom building block through its fixation into organic scaffolds with the formation of new C-C bonds (carboxylation processes). In this case, activation of the organic substrate is commonly required, upon formation of a carbanion C-, being sufficiently reactive toward the addition of CO2. However, the prediction of the reactivity of C- with CO2 is often problematic with the process being possibly associated with unfavorable thermodynamics. In this contribution, we present a thermodynamic analysis combined with density functional theory calculations on 50 organic molecules enabling the achievement of a linear correlation of the standard free energy (ΔG0) of the carboxylation reaction with the basicity of the carbanion C-, expressed as the pKa of the CH/C- couple. The analysis identifies a threshold pKa of ca 36 (in CH3CN) for the CH/C- couple, above which the ΔG0 of the carboxylation reaction is negative and indicative of a favorable process. We then apply the model to a real case involving electrochemical carboxylation of flavone and chalcone as model compounds of α,β-unsaturated ketones. Carboxylation occurs in the β-position from the doubly reduced dianion intermediates of flavone and chalcone (calculated ΔG0 of carboxylation in β = -12.8 and -20.0 Kcalmol-1 for flavone and chalcone, respectively, associated with pKa values for the conjugate acids of 50.6 and 51.8, respectively). Conversely, the one-electron reduced radical anions are not reactive toward carboxylation (ΔG0 > +20 Kcalmol-1 for both substrates, in either α or β position, consistent with pKa of the conjugate acids < 18.5). For all the possible intermediates, the plot of calculated ΔG0 of carboxylation vs. pKa is consistent with the linear correlation model developed. The application of the ΔG0 vs. pKa correlation is finally discussed for alternative reaction mechanisms and for carboxylation of other C=C and C=O double bonds. These results offer a new mechanistic tool for the interpretation of the reactivity of CO2 with organic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Franceschi
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Catia Nicoletti
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bonetto
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, and Centro Interuniversitario per La Conversione Chimica Dell'Energia Solare (SOLARCHEM), Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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30
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Huang Y, Hou J, Zhan LW, Zhang Q, Tang WY, Li BD. Photoredox Activation of Formate Salts: Hydrocarboxylation of Alkenes via Carboxyl Group Transfer. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jing Hou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Le-Wu Zhan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wan-Ying Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Bin-Dong Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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31
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Sheta AM, Alkayal A, Mashaly MA, Said SB, Elmorsy SS, Malkov AV, Buckley BR. Selective Electrosynthetic Hydrocarboxylation of α,β-Unsaturated Esters with Carbon Dioxide*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21832-21837. [PMID: 34339592 PMCID: PMC8518608 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The carboxylation of low-value commodity chemicals to provide higher-value carboxylic acids is of significant interest. Recently alternative routes to the traditional hydroformylation processes that used potentially toxic carbon monoxide and a transition metal catalyst have appeared. A significant challenge has been the selectivity observed for olefin carboxylation. Photochemical methods have shown a viable route towards the hydrocarboxylation of α,β-unsaturated alkenes but rely on the use of an excess reducing or amine reagent. Herein we report our investigations of an electrochemical approach that is able to hydrocarboxylate α,β-unsaturated alkenes with excellent regioselectivity and the ability to carboxylate hindered substrates to afford α-quaternary center carboxylic acids. The reported process requires no chromatography and the products are purified by simple crystallization from the reaction mixture after work-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Sheta
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireLE11 3TUUK
- Department of ChemistryDamietta UniversityDamietta El-Gadeeda City, Kafr Saad, Damietta Governorate34511Egypt
| | - Anas Alkayal
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireLE11 3TUUK
| | - Mohammad A. Mashaly
- Department of ChemistryDamietta UniversityDamietta El-Gadeeda City, Kafr Saad, Damietta Governorate34511Egypt
| | - Samy B. Said
- Department of ChemistryDamietta UniversityDamietta El-Gadeeda City, Kafr Saad, Damietta Governorate34511Egypt
| | - Saad S. Elmorsy
- Department of ChemistryMansoura University25 El Gomhouria StDakahlia Governorate35516Egypt
| | - Andrei V. Malkov
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireLE11 3TUUK
| | - Benjamin R. Buckley
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireLE11 3TUUK
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32
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Alektiar SN, Wickens ZK. Photoinduced Hydrocarboxylation via Thiol-Catalyzed Delivery of Formate Across Activated Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13022-13028. [PMID: 34380308 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein we disclose a new photochemical process to prepare carboxylic acids from formate salts and alkenes. This redox-neutral hydrocarboxylation proceeds in high yields across diverse functionalized alkene substrates with excellent regioselectivity. This operationally simple procedure can be readily scaled in batch at low photocatalyst loading (0.01% photocatalyst). Furthermore, this new reaction can leverage commercially available formate carbon isotologues to enable the direct synthesis of isotopically labeled carboxylic acids. Mechanistic studies support the working model involving a thiol-catalyzed radical chain process wherein the atoms from formate are delivered across the alkene substrate via CO2•- as a key reactive intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Alektiar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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