1
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Khazeber R, Pathak S, Sureshan KM. Simultaneous and in situ syntheses of an enantiomeric pair of homochiral polymers as their perfect stereocomplex in a crystal. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6639. [PMID: 39103331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Circumventing the issues of conventional stereocomplexation of preformed polymers, herein, we synthesize two enantiopure polymers of opposite chirality simultaneously and in situ as their 1:1 stereocomplex via topochemical polymerization. We design and synthesize an inositol-based achiral monomer for topochemical ene-azide cycloaddition (TEAC) polymerization. In the crystal, the monomer exhibits conformational enantiomerism, and its conformational enantiomers are self-sorted in an arrangement for TEAC polymerization to yield two enantiopure polymers of opposite chirality. Upon heating the monomer crystals, each self-sorted set of conformational enantiomers undergoes regio- and stereospecific polymerization in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal fashion, generating two 1, 4-triazolinyl-linked polymers of opposite chirality simultaneously. The new chiral carbons in all the triazoline rings of a particular polymer chain have the same absolute configuration. These homochiral polymer strands align parallelly, forming a layer, and such enantiopure layers of opposite chirality stack alternately, forming a perfect 1:1 stereocomplex, which we confirmed using single-crystal XRD analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Khazeber
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sourav Pathak
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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2
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Pramod T, Khazeber R, Athiyarath V, Sureshan KM. Topochemistry for Difficult Peptide-Polymer Synthesis: Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Synthesis of an Isoleucine-Based Polymer, a Hydrophobic Coating Material. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7257-7265. [PMID: 38253536 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Polymers of hydrophobic amino acids are predicted to be potential coating materials for the creation of hydrophobic surfaces. The oligopeptides of hydrophobic amino acids are called "difficult peptides"; as the name suggests, it is difficult to synthesize them by conventional methods. We circumvented this synthetic challenge by adopting topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) polymerization of a hydrophobic dipeptide monomer. We designed an Ile-based dipeptide, decorated with azide and alkyne, which arrange in the crystal in a head-to-tail fashion with the azide and alkyne of the adjacent molecules in a ready-to-react orientation. The monomer, on mild heating of its crystals, undergoes regiospecific TAAC polymerization to yield a 1,4-disubstituted-triazole-linked polymer in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal fashion. The solid obtained after evaporation of the monomer solution also maintained crystallinity and underwent regiospecific topochemical polymerization as in the case of crystals. This topochemical polymerization could be studied using different techniques such as FTIR, NMR, DSC, GPC, MALDI, PXRD, and SCXRD. Since the polymer is insoluble in common solvents and hence difficult to coat surfaces, the monomer was first sprayed and evaporated on various surfaces and polymerized on the surface. Such polymer-coated surfaces exhibited water contact angles of up to 134°, showing that this Ile-derived polymer is very hydrophobic and can potentially be used as a coating material for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thejus Pramod
- School of Chemistry, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Ravichandran Khazeber
- School of Chemistry, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Vignesh Athiyarath
- School of Chemistry, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
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3
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Khazeber R, Kana GS, Sureshan KM. Massive Molecular Motion in Crystal Leads to an Unexpected Helical Covalent Polymer in a Solid-state Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316513. [PMID: 38224551 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
We designed a proline-derived monomer with azide and alkene functional groups to enable topochemical ene-azide cycloaddition (TEAC) polymerization. In its crystal, the monomer forms supramolecular helices along the 'a' axis through various non-covalent interactions. Along the 'c' axis, the molecules arrange themselves head-to-tail in a wave-like pattern, positioning the azide and alkene groups of adjacent molecules in close proximity and anti-parallel orientation, complying with Schmidt's criteria for topochemical reaction. This prearranged configuration was expected to facilitate smooth topochemical polymerization, resulting in a 1,4-triazoline-linked polymer. Upon heating, the monomer underwent TEAC polymerization in a remarkable single-crystal-to-single-crystal fashion, but, to our surprise, it yielded an unexpected covalent helical polymer linked by 1,5-disubstituted triazoline units. Remarkably, the crystal avoids the ready-to-react arrangement for polymerization, but connects monomer molecules within the supramolecular helix through the cycloaddition of azide and alkene groups, even though they are not in close proximity nor in the expected orientation. This unexpected path, involving a substantial 134° rotation of the alkene group, yields hitherto unknown 1,5-disubstituted triazoline product regiospecifically. This study serves as a cautionary reminder that relying solely on topochemical postulates for predicting reactivity can sometimes be misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Khazeber
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Gautham S Kana
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
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4
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Rohmer M, Ebbinghaus SG, Busse K, Radicke J, Kressler J, Binder WH. A Living Topochemical Ring-Opening Polymerization of Achiral Amino Acid N-Carboxy-Anhydrides in Single Crystals. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302585. [PMID: 37698241 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
A living topochemical ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of achiral amino-acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) is reported. Single crystals of the NCAs of α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) and 1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid (ACHC) were grown, allowing a ring-opening polymerization macroscopically induced by amines. The single crystals could be polymerized at temperatures from 25-50 °C after physically contacting the amine-based initiator with the crystals. Topochemical polymerization of the crystals was proven by MALDI-ToF MS and XRD, generating polymers with chain lengths of up to 40 units and a complete affixation of the initiating amine at the polymer's head. Due to the proper alignment of the reacting groups in the crystal, longer polymer chains with improved purities can be reached, as chain-transfer is reduced as compared to solution polymerization. Simple purification of the polymers can be achieved by separation of the unreacted NCA via dispersion in acetonitrile. Overall, this method enables the preparation of polymers with higher chain length and purities at mild conditions, finally demonstrating a crystal-based ring opening polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rohmer
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan G Ebbinghaus
- Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Karsten Busse
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julian Radicke
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jörg Kressler
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
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5
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Wang M, Jin Y, Zhang W, Zhao Y. Single-crystal polymers (SCPs): from 1D to 3D architectures. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8165-8193. [PMID: 37929665 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00553d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystal polymers (SCPs) with unambiguous chemical structures at atomic-level resolutions have attracted great attention. Obtaining precise structural information of these materials is critical as it enables a deeper understanding of the potential driving forces for specific packing and long-range order, secondary interactions, and kinetic and thermodynamic factors. Such information can ultimately lead to success in controlling the synthesis or engineering of their crystal structures for targeted applications, which could have far-reaching impact. Successful synthesis of SCPs with atomic level control of the structures, especially for those with 2D and 3D architectures, is rare. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis of SCPs, including 1D, 2D, and 3D architectures. Solution synthesis, topochemical synthesis, and extreme condition synthesis are summarized and compared. Around 70 examples of SCPs with unambiguous structure information are presented, and their synthesis methods and structural analysis are discussed. This review offers critical insights into the structure-property relationships, providing guidance for the future rational design and bottom-up synthesis of a variety of highly ordered polymers with unprecedented functions and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsen Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China.
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Itoh T, Kondo F, Suzuki T, Inayoshi K, Uno T, Kubo M, Tohnai N, Miyata M. Elucidation of Substituent-Responsive Reactivities via Hierarchical and Asymmetric Assemblies in Crystalline p-Quinodimethane Derivatives. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301327. [PMID: 37439484 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a mechanism for substituent-responsive reactivities of p-quinodimethane derivatives with four ester groups through their hierarchical and asymmetric assembly modes. Four asymmetric 7,8,8-tris(methoxycarbonyl)-p-quinodimethanes with a 7-positioned ethoxycarbonyl (2 a(H)), 2'-fluoroethoxycarbonyl (2 b(F)), 2'-chloroethoxycarbonyl (2 c(Cl)), or 2'-bromoethoxycarbonyl (2 d(Br)) were synthesized and crystallized. 2 a(H), 2 b(F) and 2 d(Br) afforded only one shape crystal, while 2 c(Cl) did two polymorphic 2 c(Cl)-α and 2 c(Cl)-β. UV-irradiation induced topochemical polymerization for 2 a(H), no reactions for 2 b(F) and 2 c(Cl)-α, and [6+6] photocycloaddition dimerization for 2 c(Cl)-β and 2 d(Br). Such substituent-responsive reactivities and crystal structures were compared with those of the known symmetric 7,7,8,8-tetrakis(alkoxycarbonyl)-p-quinodimethanes such as 7,7,8,8-tetrakis(methoxycarbonyl)- (1 a(Me)-α and 1 a(Me)-β), 7,7,8,8-tetrakis(ethoxycarbonyl)- (1 b(Et)), and 7,7,8,8-tetrakis(bromoethoxycarbonyl)- (1 c(BrEt)). The comparative study clarified that the reactivities and crystal structures are classified into four types that link to each other. This linkage is understandable when we analyze the crystal structures through the following hierarchical and asymmetric assemblies; conformers, dimers, one dimensional (1D)-columns, two dimensional (2D)-sheets, and three dimensional (3D)-stacked sheets (3D-crystals). This supramolecular viewpoint is supported by intermolecular interaction energies among neighbored molecules with the density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Such research enables us to elucidate the substituent-responsive reactivities of the crystals, and reminds us of the selection of the right path in a so-called "maze game".
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Itoh
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kondo
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takumi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kohji Inayoshi
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiro Uno
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masataka Kubo
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Tohnai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikiji Miyata
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
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7
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Hema K, Raju C, Bhandary S, Sureshan KM. Tuning the Regioselectivity of Topochemical Polymerization through Cocrystallization of the Monomer with an Inert Isostere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210733. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
- Present address: Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Cijil Raju
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | | | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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8
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Raju C, Kunnikuruvan S, Sureshan KM. Topochemical Cycloaddition Reaction between an Azide and an Internal Alkyne. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210453. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cijil Raju
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Kerala-695551 India
| | - Sooraj Kunnikuruvan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Kerala-695551 India
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9
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Hema K, Raju C, Bhandary S, Sureshan KM. Tuning the Regioselectivity of Topochemical Polymerization through Cocrystallization of the Monomer with an Inert Isostere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
- Present address: Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Cijil Raju
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | | | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry IISER Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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10
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Luo X, Wei Z, Seo B, Hu Q, Wang X, Romo JA, Jain M, Cakmak M, Boudouris BW, Zhao K, Mei J, Savoie BM, Dou L. Circularly Recyclable Polymers Featuring Topochemically Weakened Carbon-Carbon Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16588-16597. [PMID: 35994519 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Closed-loop circular utilization of plastics is of manifold significance, yet energy-intensive and poorly selective scission of the ubiquitous carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds in contemporary commercial polymers pose tremendous challenges to envisioned recycling and upcycling scenarios. Here, we demonstrate a topochemical approach for creating elongated C-C bonds with a bond length of 1.57∼1.63 Å between repeating units in the solid state with decreased bond dissociation energies. Elongated bonds were introduced between the repeating units of 12 distinct polymers from three classes. In all cases, the materials exhibit rapid depolymerization via breakage of the elongated bond within a desirable temperature range (140∼260 °C) while otherwise remaining remarkably stable under harsh conditions. Furthermore, the topochemically prepared polymers are processable and 3D-printable while maintaining a high depolymerization yield and tunable mechanical properties. These results suggest that the crystalline polymers synthesized from simple photochemistry and without expensive catalysts are promising for practical applications with complete materials' circularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Luo
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zitang Wei
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bumjoon Seo
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Qixuan Hu
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaokang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Joseph A Romo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mayank Jain
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mukerrem Cakmak
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W Boudouris
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Letian Dou
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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11
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Topochemical Cycloaddition Reaction between an Azide and an Internal Alkyne. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Single-crystal-to-single-crystal translation of a helical supramolecular polymer to a helical covalent polymer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205320119. [PMID: 35858342 PMCID: PMC9303982 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205320119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers possessing helical conformation in the solid state are in high demand. We report a helical peptide-polymer via the topochemical ene-azide cycloaddition (TEAC) polymerization. The molecules of the designed Gly-Phe-based dipeptide, decorated with ene and azide, assemble in its crystals as β-sheets and as supramolecular helices in two mutually perpendicular directions. While the NH…O H-bonding facilitates β-sheet-like stacking along one direction, weak CH…N H-bonding between the azide-nitrogen and vinylic-hydrogen of molecules belonging to the adjacent stacks arranges them in a head-to-tail manner as supramolecular helices. In the crystal lattice, the azide and alkene of adjacent molecules in the supramolecular helix are suitably preorganized for their TEAC reaction. The dipeptide underwent regio- and stereospecific polymerization upon mild heating in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal fashion, yielding a triazoline-linked helical covalent polymer that could be characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Upon heating, the triazoline-linked polymer undergoes denitrogenation to aziridine-linked polymer, as evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and solid-state NMR analyses.
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13
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Itoh T, Suzuki T, Kondo F, Suzuki T, Uno T, Kubo M, Tohnai N, Sanda F, Miyata M. Preservation of the Conformational Structures of Single-Polymer Crystals in Solution. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Itoh
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kondo
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takumi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiro Uno
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masataka Kubo
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Tohnai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumio Sanda
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Mikiji Miyata
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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14
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Ravi A, Hassan SZ, Bhandary S, Sureshan KM. Topochemical Postulates: Are They Relevant for Topochemical Reactions Occurring at Elevated Temperatures? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200954. [PMID: 35258143 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A rigid inositol-derived monomer functionalized with azide and alkyne as the complementary reactive groups (CRGs) crystallized as three distinct polymorphs I-III. Despite the unsuitable orientation of CRGs in the crystals for complete polymerization, all the three polymorphs underwent regiospecific and quantitative topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) polymerization upon heating to yield three different polymorphs of 1,2,3-triazol-1,4-diyl-linked-poly-neo-inositol. The molecules in these polymorphs exploit the weak intermolecular interactions, free space in the crystal lattice, and heat energy for their large and cooperative molecular motion to attain a transient reactive orientation, ultimately leading to the regiospecific TAAC reaction yielding distinct crystalline polymers. This study cautions that the overreliance on topochemical postulates for the prediction of topochemical reactivity at high temperatures could be misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthi Ravi
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Vithura, India
| | - Syed Zahid Hassan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Vithura, India.,Present Address: Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Vithura, India.,Present Address: Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kana M Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, Vithura, India
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15
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Bhandary S, Pathigoolla A, Madhusudhanan MC, Sureshan KM. Azide–Alkyne Interactions: A Crucial Attractive Force for Their Preorganization for Topochemical Cycloaddition Reaction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200820. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Atchutarao Pathigoolla
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Mithun C. Madhusudhanan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695551 India
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Paolino M, Saletti M, Reale A, Razzano V, Giuliani G, Donati A, Bonechi C, Giorgi G, Atrei A, Mauro M, Scamporrino A, Samperi F, Fois E, Tabacchi G, Botta C, Cappelli A. Spontaneous polymerization of benzofulvene derivatives bearing complexed or un-complexed pyridine rings. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ravi A, Hassan SZ, Bhandary S, Sureshan KM. Topochemical Postulates: Are They Relevant for Topochemical Reactions Occurring at Elevated Temperatures? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthi Ravi
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram 695551 Vithura India
| | - Syed Zahid Hassan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram 695551 Vithura India
- Present Address: Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram 695551 Vithura India
- Present Address: Department of Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram 695551 Vithura India
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Anderson CL, Li H, Jones CG, Teat SJ, Settineri NS, Dailing EA, Liang J, Mao H, Yang C, Klivansky LM, Li X, Reimer JA, Nelson HM, Liu Y. Solution-processable and functionalizable ultra-high molecular weight polymers via topochemical synthesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6818. [PMID: 34819494 PMCID: PMC8613210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Topochemical polymerization reactions hold the promise of producing ultra-high molecular weight crystalline polymers. However, the totality of topochemical polymerization reactions has failed to produce ultra-high molecular weight polymers that are both soluble and display variable functionality, which are restrained by the crystal-packing and reactivity requirements on their respective monomers in the solid state. Herein, we demonstrate the topochemical polymerization reaction of a family of para-azaquinodimethane compounds that undergo facile visible light and thermally initiated polymerization in the solid state, allowing for the first determination of a topochemical polymer crystal structure resolved via the cryoelectron microscopy technique of microcrystal electron diffraction. The topochemical polymerization reaction also displays excellent functional group tolerance, accommodating both solubilizing side chains and reactive groups that allow for post-polymerization functionalization. The thus-produced soluble ultra-high molecular weight polymers display superior capacitive energy storage properties. This study overcomes several synthetic and characterization challenges amongst topochemical polymerization reactions, representing a critical step toward their broader application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Anderson
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - He Li
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christopher G Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Eric A Dailing
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jiatao Liang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chongqing Yang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Liana M Klivansky
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xinle Li
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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