1
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Noll N, Würthner F. Bioinspired Water Preorganization in Confined Space for Efficient Water Oxidation Catalysis in Metallosupramolecular Ruthenium Architectures. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1538-1549. [PMID: 38710509 PMCID: PMC11112732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusNature has established a sustainable way to maintain aerobic life on earth by inventing one of the most sophisticated biological processes, namely, natural photosynthesis, which delivers us with organic matter and molecular oxygen derived from the two abundant resources sunlight and water. The thermodynamically demanding photosynthetic water splitting is catalyzed by the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II (OEC-PSII), which comprises a distorted tetramanganese-calcium cluster (CaMn4O5) as catalytic core. As an ubiquitous concept for fine-tuning and regulating the reactivity of the active site of metalloenzymes, the surrounding protein domain creates a sophisticated environment that promotes substrate preorganization through secondary, noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions. Based on the high-resolution X-ray structure of PSII, several water channels were identified near the active site, which are filled with extensive hydrogen-bonding networks of preorganized water molecules, connecting the OEC with the protein surface. As an integral part of the outer coordination sphere of natural metalloenzymes, these channels control the substrate and product delivery, carefully regulate the proton flow by promoting pivotal proton-coupled electron transfer processes, and simultaneously stabilize short-lived oxidized intermediates, thus highlighting the importance of an ordered water network for the remarkable efficiency of the natural OEC.Transferring this concept from nature to the engineering of artificial metal catalysts for fuel production has fostered the fascinating field of metallosupramolecular chemistry by generating defined cavities that conceptually mimic enzymatic pockets. However, the application of supramolecular approaches to generate artificial water oxidation catalysts remained scarce prior to our initial reports, since such molecular design strategies for efficient activation of substrate water molecules in confined nanoenvironments were lacking. In this Account, we describe our research efforts on combining the state-of-the art Ru(bda) catalytic framework with structurally programmed ditopic ligands to guide the water oxidation process in defined metallosupramolecular assemblies in spatial proximity. We will elucidate the governing factors that control the quality of hydrogen-bonding water networks in multinuclear cavities of varying sizes and geometries to obtain high-performance, state-of-the-art water oxidation catalysts. Pushing the boundaries of artificial catalyst design, embedding a single catalytic Ru center into a well-defined molecular pocket enabled sophisticated water preorganization in front of the active site through an encoded basic recognition site, resulting in high catalytic rates comparable to those of the natural counterpart OEC-PSII.To fully explore their potential for solar fuel devices, the suitability of our metallosupramolecular assemblies was demonstrated under (electro)chemical and photocatalytic water oxidation conditions. In addition, testing the limits of structural diversity allowed the fabrication of self-assembled linear coordination oligomers as novel photocatalytic materials and long-range ordered covalent organic framework (COF) materials as recyclable and long-term stable solid-state materials for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Noll
- Institut für Organische Chemie
& Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie
& Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
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2
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Ceper T, Costabel D, Kowalczyk D, Peneva K, Schacher FH. Noble Metal-Free Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis in Polyampholytic Hydrogel Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:24796-24805. [PMID: 38700504 PMCID: PMC11103662 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Future technologies to harness solar energy and to convert this into chemical energy strongly rely on straightforward approaches to prepare versatile soft matter scaffolds for the immobilization of catalysts and sensitizers in a defined environment. In addition, particularly for light-driven hydrogen evolution, a transition to noble metal-free photosensitizers and catalysts is urgently required. Herein, we report a fully organic light-harvesting soft matter network based on a polyampholyte hydrogel where both photosensitizer (a perylene monoimide derivative) and a H2 evolution catalyst ([Mo3S13]2-) are electrostatically incorporated. The resulting material exhibits sustained visible-light-driven H2 evolution in aqueous ascorbic acid solution, even at rather low loadings of photosensitizer (0.4%) and catalyst (120 ppm). In addition, we provide initial insights into the long-term stability of the hybrid hydrogel. We believe that these results pave the way for a generalized route toward the incorporation of noble metal-free light-driven catalysis in soft matter networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Ceper
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich
Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Center
for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Costabel
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich
Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Center
for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Kowalczyk
- Institute
of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kalina Peneva
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich
Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Center
for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich
Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Center
for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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3
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Klingler S, Hlavatsch M, Bagemihl B, Mengele AK, Gaus AL, von Delius M, Rau S, Mizaikoff B. An Algebraic Blueprint for Predicting Turnover Numbers and Endpoints in Photocatalysis. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300767. [PMID: 38084394 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a contemporary research field given that the world's fossil energy resources including coal, mineral oil and natural gas are finite. The vast variety of photocatalytic systems demands for standardized protocols facilitating an objective comparison. While there are commonly accepted performance indicators such as the turnover number (TON) that are usually reported, to date there is no unified concept for the determination of TONs and the endpoint of the reaction during continuous measurements. Herein, we propose an algebraic approach using defined parameters and boundary conditions based on partial-least squares regression for generically calculating and predicting the turnover number and the endpoint of a photocatalytic experiment. Furthermore, the impact of the analysis period was evaluated with respect to the fidelity of the obtained TON, and the influence of the data point density along critical segments of the obtained fitting function is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Klingler
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Hlavatsch
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benedikt Bagemihl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander K Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna-Laurine Gaus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Sedanstraße 14, 89077, Ulm, Germany
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4
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Batool S, Langer M, Myakala SN, Heiland M, Eder D, Streb C, Cherevan A. Thiomolybdate Clusters: From Homogeneous Catalysis to Heterogenization and Active Sites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305730. [PMID: 37899494 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Thiomolybdates are molecular molybdenum-sulfide clusters formed from Mo centers and sulfur-based ligands. For decades, they have attracted the interest of synthetic chemists due to their unique structures and their relevance in biological systems, e.g., as reactive sites in enzymes. More recently, thiomolybdates are explored from the catalytic point of view and applied as homogeneous and molecular mimics of heterogeneous molybdenum sulfide catalysts. This review summarizes prominent examples of thiomolybdate-based electro- and photocatalysis and provides a comprehensive analysis of their reactivities under homogeneous and heterogenized conditions. Active sites of thiomolybdates relevant for the hydrogen evolution reaction are examined, aiming to shed light on the link between cluster structure and performance. The shift from solution-phase to surface-supported thiomolybdates is discussed with a focus on applications in electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. The outlook highlights current trends and emerging areas of thiomolybdate research, ending with a summary of challenges and key takeaway messages based on the state-of-the-art research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Batool
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/02, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Marcel Langer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Magdalena Heiland
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominik Eder
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/02, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexey Cherevan
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/02, Vienna, 1060, Austria
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5
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Cerveri A, Scarica G, Sparascio S, Hoch M, Chiminelli M, Tegoni M, Protti S, Maestri G. Boosting Energy-Transfer Processes via Dispersion Interactions. Chemistry 2024:e202304010. [PMID: 38224554 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The generation of open-shell intermediates under mild conditions has opened broad synthetic opportunities during this century. However, these reactive species often require a case specific and tailored tuning of experimental parameters in order to efficiently convert substrates into products. We report a general approach that can overcome these ubiquitous limitations for several visible-light promoted energy-transfer processes. The use of either naphthalene (5-20 equiv.) or simple binaphthyl derivatives (10-30 mol %) greatly increases their efficiency, giving rise to a new strategy for catalysis. The trend is consistent among different media, photocatalysts, light sources and substrates, allowing one to improve existing methods, to more easily optimize conditions for new ones, and, moreover, to disclose otherwise inaccessible reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cerveri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Scarica
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Sparascio
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Hoch
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiminelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Tegoni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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6
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Raymenants F, Masson TM, Sanjosé-Orduna J, Noël T. Efficient C(sp 3 )-H Carbonylation of Light and Heavy Hydrocarbons with Carbon Monoxide via Hydrogen Atom Transfer Photocatalysis in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308563. [PMID: 37459232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite their abundance in organic molecules, considerable limitations still exist in synthetic methods that target the direct C-H functionalization at sp3 -hybridized carbon atoms. This is even more the case for light alkanes, which bear some of the strongest C-H bonds known in Nature, requiring extreme activation conditions that are not tolerant to most organic molecules. To bypass these issues, synthetic chemists rely on prefunctionalized alkyl halides or organometallic coupling partners. However, new synthetic methods that target regioselectively C-H bonds in a variety of different organic scaffolds would be of great added value, not only for the late-stage functionalization of biologically active molecules but also for the catalytic upgrading of cheap and abundant hydrocarbon feedstocks. Here, we describe a general, mild and scalable protocol which enables the direct C(sp3 )-H carbonylation of saturated hydrocarbons, including natural products and light alkanes, using photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and gaseous carbon monoxide (CO). Flow technology was deemed crucial to enable high gas-liquid mass transfer rates and fast reaction kinetics, needed to outpace deleterious reaction pathways, but also to leverage a scalable and safe process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Raymenants
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom M Masson
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús Sanjosé-Orduna
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Changsong S, Xu R, Suo T, Yun R. Palladium particles dispersed on hollow structural support improve CO 2 conversion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9904-9906. [PMID: 37498580 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02665e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an effective Pd/NHS catalyst has been designed and facilely synthesized with extraordinary CO2 fixation performance, which is superior to that of Pd/NS catalysts, owing to the hollow structures facilitating mass transfer and product release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Changsong
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 214001, P. R. China.
| | - Ruiming Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 214001, P. R. China.
| | - Ting Suo
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 214001, P. R. China.
| | - Ruirui Yun
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 214001, P. R. China.
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8
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Costabel D, Nabiyan A, Chettri A, Jacobi F, Heiland M, Guthmuller J, Kupfer S, Wächtler M, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Streb C, Schacher FH, Peneva K. Diiodo-BODIPY Sensitizing of the [Mo 3S 13] 2- Cluster for Noble-Metal-Free Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution within a Polyampholytic Matrix. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20833-20842. [PMID: 37026740 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on a photocatalytic setup that utilizes the organic photosensitizer (PS) diiodo-BODIPY and the non-precious-metal-based hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst (NH4)2[Mo3S13] together with a polyampholytic unimolecular matrix poly(dehydroalanine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PDha-g-PEG) in aqueous media. The system shows exceptionally high performance with turnover numbers (TON > 7300) and turnover frequencies (TOF > 450 h-1) that are typical for noble-metal-containing systems. Excited-state absorption spectra reveal the formation of a long-lived triplet state of the PS in both aqueous and organic media. The system is a blueprint for developing noble-metal-free HER in water. Component optimization, e.g., by modification of the meso substituent of the PS and the composition of the HER catalyst, is further possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Costabel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Afshin Nabiyan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Avinash Chettri
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Franz Jacobi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Magdalena Heiland
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Julien Guthmuller
- Institute of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry and Jena Center of Soft Matter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry and Jena Center of Soft Matter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kalina Peneva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry and Jena Center of Soft Matter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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9
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Andrei V, Wang Q, Uekert T, Bhattacharjee S, Reisner E. Solar Panel Technologies for Light-to-Chemical Conversion. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3376-3386. [PMID: 36395337 PMCID: PMC9730848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The sustainable synthesis of fuels and chemicals is key to attaining a carbon-neutral economy. This can be achieved by mimicking the light-harvesting and catalytic processes occurring in plants. Solar fuel production is commonly performed via established approaches, including photovoltaic-electrochemical (PV-EC), photoelectrochemical (PEC), and photocatalytic (PC) systems. A recent shift saw these systems evolve into integrated, compact panels, which suit practical applications through their simplicity, scalability, and ease of operation. This advance has resulted in a suite of apparently similar technologies, including the so-called artificial leaves and PC sheets. In this Account, we compare these different thin film technologies based on their micro- and nanostructure (i.e., layered vs particulate), operation principle (products occurring on the same or different sides of the panel), and product/reaction scope (overall water splitting and CO2 reduction, or organics, biomass, and waste conversion).For this purpose, we give an overview of developments established over the past few years in our laboratory. Two light absorbers are generally required to overcome the thermodynamic challenges of coupling water oxidation to proton or CO2 reduction with good efficiency. Hence, tandem artificial leaves combine a lead halide perovskite photocathode with a BiVO4 photoanode to generate syngas (a mixture of H2 and CO), whereas PC sheets involve metal-ion-doped SrTiO3 and BiVO4 particles for selective formate synthesis from CO2 and water. On the other hand, only a single light absorber is needed for coupling H2 evolution to organics oxidation in the thermodynamically less demanding photoreforming process. This can be performed by immobilized carbon nitride (CNx) in the case of PC sheets or by a single perovskite light absorber in the case of PEC reforming leaves. Such systems can be integrated with a range of inorganic, molecular, and biological catalysts, including metal alloys, molecular cobalt complexes, enzymes, and bacteria, with low overpotentials and high catalytic activities toward selective product formation.This wide reaction scope introduces new challenges toward quantifying and comparing the performance of different systems. To this end, we propose new metrics to evaluate the performance of solar fuel panels based on the areal product rates and commercial product value. We further explore the key opportunities and challenges facing the commercialization of thin film technologies for solar fuels research, including performance losses over larger areas and catalyst/device recyclability. Finally, we identify emerging applications beyond fuels, where such light-driven panels can make a difference, including the waste management, chemical synthesis, and pharmaceutical industries. In the long term, these aspects may facilitate a transition toward a light-driven circular economy.
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10
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Sender M, Huber FL, Moersch MCG, Kowalczyk D, Hniopek J, Klingler S, Schmitt M, Kaufhold S, Siewerth K, Popp J, Mizaikoff B, Ziegenbalg D, Rau S. Boosting Efficiency in Light-Driven Water Splitting by Dynamic Irradiation through Synchronizing Reaction and Transport Processes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200708. [PMID: 35415957 PMCID: PMC9322455 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work elaborates the effect of dynamic irradiation on light-driven molecular water oxidation to counteract deactivation. It highlights the importance of overall reaction engineering to overcome limiting factors in artificial photosynthesis reactions. Systematic investigation of a homogeneous three-component ruthenium-based water oxidation system revealed significant potential to enhance the overall catalytic efficiency by synchronizing the timescales of photoreaction and mass transport in a capillary flow reactor. The overall activity could be improved by a factor of more than 10 with respect to the turnover number and a factor of 31 referring to the external energy efficiency by controlling the local availability of photons. Detailed insights into the mechanism of light driven water oxidation could be obtained using complementary methods of investigation like Raman, IR, and UV/Vis/emission spectroscopy, unraveling the importance of avoiding high concentrations of excited photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sender
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Fabian L. Huber
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Maximilian C. G. Moersch
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Daniel Kowalczyk
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Julian Hniopek
- Department Spectroscopy & ImagingLeibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Sarah Klingler
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Simon Kaufhold
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Kevin Siewerth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Department Spectroscopy & ImagingLeibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
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