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Wetzl C, Renero-Lecuna C, Cardo L, Liz-Marzán LM, Prato M. Temperature-Dependent Luminescence of Nd 3+-Doped Carbon Nanodots for Nanothermometry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:35484-35493. [PMID: 38934218 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Noncontact optical nanothermometers operating within the biological transparency windows are required to study temperature-sensitive biological phenomena at the nanoscale. Nanoparticles containing rare-earth ions such as Nd3+ have been reported to be efficient luminescence-based ratiometric thermometers, however often limited by poor water solubility and concentration-related quenching effects. Herein, we introduce a new type of nanothermometer, obtained by employing low-dimensional carbon nanodots (CNDs) as matrices to host Nd3+ ions (NdCNDs). By means of a one-pot procedure, small (∼7-12 nm), water-soluble nanoparticles were obtained, with high (15 wt %) Nd3+ loading. This stable metal-CND system features temperature-dependent photoluminescence in the second biological window (BW II) upon irradiation at 808 nm, thereby allowing accurate and reversible (heating/cooling) temperature measurements with good sensitivity and thermal resolution. The system possesses remarkable biocompatibility in vitro and promising performance at a high penetration depth in tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wetzl
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Carlos Renero-Lecuna
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Lucia Cardo
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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2
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Zhu H, Li K. A Facile One-Step Self-Assembly Strategy for Novel Carbon Dots Supramolecular Crystals with Ultralong Phosphorescence Controlled by NH 4. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402236. [PMID: 38970543 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
A new methodological design is proposed for carbon dots (CDs)-based crystallization-induced phosphorescence (CIP) materials via one-step self-assembled packaging controlled by NH4 +. O-phenylenediamine (o-PD) as a nitrogen/carbon source and the ammonium salts as oxidants are used to obtain CDs supramolecular crystals with a well-defined staircase-like morphology, pink fluorescence and ultralong green room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) (733.56 ms) that is the first highest value for CDs-based CIP materials using pure nitrogen/carbon source by one-step packaging. Wherein, NH4 + and o-PD-derived oxidative polymers are prerequisites for self-assembled crystallization so as to receive the ultralong RTP. Density functional theory calculation indicates that NH4 + tends to anchor to the dimer on the surface state of CDs and guides CDs to cross-arrange in an X-type stacking mode, leading to the spatially separated frontier orbitals and the through-space charge transfer (TSCT) excited state in turn. Such a self-assembled mode contributes to both the small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST) and the fast inter-system crossing (ISC) process that is directly related to ultralong RTP. This work not only proposes a new strategy to prepare CDs-based CIP materials in one step but also reveals the potential for the self-assembled behavior controlled by NH4 +.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanping Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Zhang Z, Wang D, Yan X, Yan Y, Lin L, Ren Y, Chen Y, Feng L. Efficient chiral hydrogel template based on supramolecular self-assembly driven by chiral carbon dots for circularly polarized luminescence. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 674:576-586. [PMID: 38945025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Since the chiral emission of excited states is observed on carbon dots (CDs), exploration towards the design and synthesis of chiral CDs nanomaterials with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties has been at a brisk pace. In this regard, the "host and guest" co-assembly strategy based on the combination of CDs and chiral templates has been of unique interest recently for its convenient operation, multicolor tunable CPL, and wide application of prepared CDs-composited materials in optoelectronic devices and information encryption. However, the existing chiral templates that match perfectly with chiral CDs exhibiting optical activity both in ground and excited states are rather scarce. In this work, we synthesize the chiral CDs that could induce the spontaneous supramolecular self-assembly of N-(9-fluorenylmethox-ycarbonyl) (Fmoc)-protected glutamic acid to form chiral hydrogels with helical nanostructure. The co-assembled hydrogels show powerful chiral template function, which not only enable chiral CDs with a luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) up to 10-2, but also have universal chiral transfer to inserted dye molecules, realizing full-color CPL and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) CPL as well as the distinction between left and right circularly polarized light. This CPL-active template based on chiral CDs enriches the design scenario of chiral functionalized nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Integrated Circuits and Advanced Display Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Integrated Circuits and Advanced Display Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xuetao Yan
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Integrated Circuits and Advanced Display Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yifang Yan
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Integrated Circuits and Advanced Display Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lixing Lin
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Integrated Circuits and Advanced Display Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuze Ren
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Integrated Circuits and Advanced Display Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Integrated Circuits and Advanced Display Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lingyan Feng
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Integrated Circuits and Advanced Display Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Organ Repair, Ministry of Education, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
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4
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Yang W, Leng T, Miao W, Cao X, Chen H, Xu F, Fang Y. Photo-Switchable Peroxidase/Catalase-Like Activity of Carbon Quantum Dots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403581. [PMID: 38514603 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Nanozymes possess multi-enzyme activities over the natural enzymes, which produce multi-pathway synergistic effects for varies of biomedical applications. Unfortunately, their multi-enzyme activities are in fighting, significantly reducing the synergistic effects. Dynamic regulation of their multi-enzyme activities is the bottleneck for intelligent therapies. Herein, we construct a novel oxygen-nitrogen functionalized carbon quantum dots (O/N-CQDs) with peroxidase-like (Reactive oxygen species (ROS) producer) activity. Interestingly, the peroxidase-like activity can be reversibly converted to catalase-like (ROS scavenger) activity under visible light irradiation. It is found that both the peroxidase/catalase-like activity of O/N-CQDs can be precisely manipulated by the light intensity. The mechanism of switchable enzyme activities is attributed to the polarization of quinoid nitrogen in polyaniline (PANI) precursor retained on O/N-CQDs under visible light, which consumes the ROS to produce O2 and H2O. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we are able to non-intrusively up and down regulate the ROS level in cells successfully by simply switching off and on the light respectively, potentially facilitating the precise medicine based on the development of the disease. Indeed, the photo-switchable peroxidase/catalase-like activity of O/N-CQDs opens a non-invasive strategy for better manipulations of the multi-activity of nanozymes, promising their wider and more intelligent biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tianchi Leng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weicheng Miao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haoran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Feifei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yimin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Massaro M, Cinà G, Cavallaro G, Lazzara G, Silvestri A, Barbosa RDM, Sànchez-Espejo R, Viseras-Iborra C, Notarbartolo M, Riela S. Comparison of Synthetic Pathways for Obtaining Fluorescent Nanomaterials Based on Halloysite and Carbon Dots for Potential Biological Sensing. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5370. [PMID: 38791408 PMCID: PMC11121483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, fluorescent sensors have gained considerable attention due to their high sensitivity, low cost and noninvasiveness. Among the different materials that can be used for this purpose, carbon dots (CDs) represent valuable candidates for applications in sensing. These, indeed, are easily synthesized, show high quantum yield and are highly biocompatible. However, it was pointed out that the photoluminescence properties of these nanomaterials are strictly dependent on the synthetic and purification methods adopted. The presence of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), a natural, low cost and biocompatible clay mineral, has been found to be efficient in obtaining small and highly monodispersed CDs without long and tedious purification techniques. Herein, we report the comparison of synthetic pathways for obtaining halloysite-N-doped CDs (HNTs-NCDs) that could be used in biological sensing. One was based on the synthesis of N-doped CDs by a bottom-up approach on HNTs' surface by a MW pyrolysis process; the other one was based on the post-modification of pristine N-doped CDs with halloysite derivatives. The evaluation of the best synthetic route was performed by different physico-chemical techniques. It was found that the bottom-up approach led to the formation of N-doped CDs with different functional groups onto the HNTs' surface. This evidence was also translated in the different fluorescence quantum yields and the existence of several functional groups in the obtained materials was investigated by potentiometric titrations. Furthermore, the ability of the synthesized nanomaterials as sensors for Fe3+ ions detection was assessed by spectroscopic measurements, and the cellular uptake was verified by confocal/fluorescence microscopies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Massaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d’Orleans II, Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (G.C.); (M.N.)
| | - Giuseppe Cinà
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d’Orleans II, Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (G.C.); (M.N.)
| | - Giuseppe Cavallaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica E. Segrè (DiFC), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d’Orleans II, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (G.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzara
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica E. Segrè (DiFC), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d’Orleans II, Ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.C.); (G.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Silvestri
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Raquel de Melo Barbosa
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/Professor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Rita Sànchez-Espejo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-E.); (C.V.-I.)
| | - César Viseras-Iborra
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (R.S.-E.); (C.V.-I.)
- Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, CSIC-UGR, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Monica Notarbartolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d’Orleans II, Ed. 16-17, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.M.); (G.C.); (M.N.)
| | - Serena Riela
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche (DSC), University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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6
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Yang M, Han Y, Bianco A, Ji DK. Recent Progress on Second Near-Infrared Emitting Carbon Dots in Biomedicine. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11560-11572. [PMID: 38682810 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Second near-infrared (NIR-II) carbon dots, with absorption or emission between 1000 and 1700 nm, are gaining increasing attention in the biomaterial field due to their distinctive properties, which include straightforward preparation processes, stable photophysical characteristics, excellent biocompatibility, and low cost. As a result, there is a growing focus on the controlled synthesis and modulation of the photochemical and photophysical properties of NIR-II carbon dots, with the aim to further expand their biomedical applications, a current research hotspot. This account aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in NIR-II carbon dots within the biomedical field. The review will cover the following topics: (i) the design, synthesis, and purification of NIR-II carbon dots, (ii) the surface modification strategies, and (iii) the biomedical applications, particularly in the domain of cancer theranostics. Additionally, this account addresses the challenges encountered by NIR-II carbon dots and will outline future directions in the realm of cancer theranostics. By exploring carbon-based NIR-II biomaterials, we can anticipate that this contribution will garner increased attention and contribute to the development of next-generation advanced functional carbon dots, thereby offering enhanced tools and strategies in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yongqi Han
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ding-Kun Ji
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Arimura S, Matsumoto I, Sekiya R, Haino T. Intermediate Color Emission via Nanographenes with Organic Fluorophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315508. [PMID: 38191241 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Photoluminescence (PL) color can be tuned by mixing fluorophores emitting the three primary colors in an appropriate ratio. When color tuning is achieved on a single substrate, we can simplify device structures. We demonstrated that nanographenes (NGs), which are graphene fragments with a size of tens of nanometers, could be utilized as carriers of fluorophores. The addition of red- and blue-light-emitting fluorophores on the edge successfully reproduced the purple light. The relative PL intensities of the fluorophores could be regulated by the excitation wavelength, enabling multicolor emission between blue and red light. Owing to the triphenylamine units of the fluorophores, the NGs showed PL enhancement due to aggregation. This characteristic was valuable for the fabrication of solid polymer materials. Specifically, the functionalized NGs can be dispersed into polyvinylidene difluoride. The resultant polymer films emitted red, blue, and purple color. Our study demonstrated the potential applicability of NGs for fluorophore carriers capable of reproducing intermediate colors of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Arimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ikuya Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ryo Sekiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
- International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM2), Hiroshima University, 2-313 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
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8
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Krasley A, Li E, Galeana JM, Bulumulla C, Beyene AG, Demirer GS. Carbon Nanomaterial Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3085-3185. [PMID: 38478064 PMCID: PMC10979413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have broadly useful chemical and photophysical attributes that are conducive to applications in biology. In this review, we focus on materials whose photophysics allow for the use of these materials in biomedical and environmental applications, with emphasis on imaging, biosensing, and cargo delivery. The review focuses primarily on graphitic carbon nanomaterials including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, as well as carbon dots and carbon nanohoops. Recent advances in and future prospects of these fields are discussed at depth, and where appropriate, references to reviews pertaining to older literature are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
T. Krasley
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Eugene Li
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jesus M. Galeana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chandima Bulumulla
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Abraham G. Beyene
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Gozde S. Demirer
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Bianco A, Bonchio M, Bonifazi D, Da Ros T, Maggini M, Mateo-Alonso A, Tecilla P. Celebrating Maurizio Prato's Passion, Talent and Imagination. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400127. [PMID: 38446047 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
This Editorial introduces a Special Collection of papers dedicated to Maurizio Prato, featuring prominent examples of his team's efforts to integrate complex frontier research with pioneering achievements in the field of carbon nanostructures and molecular nanoscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, University of Strasbourg, ISIS, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Tatiana Da Ros
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Maggini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de, Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paolo Tecilla
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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Ullal N, Mehta R, Sunil D. Separation and purification of fluorescent carbon dots - an unmet challenge. Analyst 2024; 149:1680-1700. [PMID: 38407365 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02134c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Literature reports demonstrate versatile optical applications of fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) in biological imaging, full-color solid-state lighting, optoelectronics, sensing, anticounterfeiting and so on. The fluorescence associated with CDs may originate significantly from byproducts generated during their synthesis, which need to be eliminated to achieve error-free results. The significance of purification, specifically for luminescence-based characterizations, is highly critical and imperative. Thus, there is a pressing demand to implement consistent and adequate purification strategies to reduce sample complexity and thereby realize reliable results that can provide a tactical steppingstone towards the advancement of CDs as next-generation optical materials. The article focuses on the mechanism of origin of fluorescence from CDs and further demonstrates the different purification approaches including dialysis, centrifugation, filtration, solvent extraction, chromatography, and electrophoresis that have been adopted by various researchers. Furthermore, the fundamental separation mechanism, as well as the advantages and limitations of each of these purification techniques are discussed. The article finally provides the critical challenges of these purification techniques that need to be overcome to obtain homogeneous CD fractions that demonstrate coherent and reliable optical features for suitable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namratha Ullal
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Riya Mehta
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Dhanya Sunil
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India.
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Wang B, Wang H, Hu Y, Waterhouse GIN, Lu S. Matrix-Free Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Carbon Dots-Based Electroluminescent Light-Emitting Diodes Exceeding 5.6% External Quantum Efficiency. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2904-2911. [PMID: 38385631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are promising luminescent emission layer materials for next generation electroluminescent light emitting diodes (EL-LEDs) due to their many advantages, such as environmental friendliness, low cost, and high stability. However, limited by the spin-forbidden properties of the triplet transition, it is difficult to improve the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of fluorescent CDs-based EL-LEDs. Meanwhile, traditional thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) CDs prepared using coating strategies are difficult to utilize in EL-LEDs due to the nonconductivity of the coating agent. Herein, we successfully developed matrix-free TADF CDs with yellow emission and achieved a device EQE of 5.68%, which is the highest value reported in CDs-based EL-LEDs. In addition, we also developed white EL-LEDs with an EQE of 1.70%. This study highlights the importance of interactions between precursors in modulating the electroluminescence properties of TADF emitters and provides an effective design principle for matrix-free TADF CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yongsheng Hu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | | | - Siyu Lu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
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12
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Guo Y, Wang Z, Chen Y, Chao F, Xu Y, Qu LL, Wu FG, Dong X. Ultrabright Green-Emissive Nanodots for Precise Biological Visualization. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2264-2272. [PMID: 38324803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Developing general methods to fabricate water-dispersible and biocompatible fluorescent probes will promote different biological visualization applications. Herein, we report a metal-facilitated method to fabricate ultrabright green-emissive nanodots via the one-step solvothermal treatment of rose bengal, ethanol, and various metal ions. These metal-doped nanodots show good water dispersity, ultrahigh photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) (e.g., the PLQY of Fe-doped nanodots (FeNDs) was ∼97%), and low phototoxicity. Owing to the coordination effect of metal ions, the FeNDs realize glutathione detection with outstanding properties. Benefiting from the high endoplasmic reticulum (ER) affinity of the chloride group, the FeNDs can act as an ER tracker with long ER imaging capacity (FeNDs: >24 h; commercial ER tracker: ∼1 h) and superb photostability and can achieve tissue visualization in living Caenorhabditis elegans. The metal-doped nanodots represent a general nanodot preparation method and may shed new light on diverse biological visualization uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Guo
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Furong Chao
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yin Xu
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Lu-Lu Qu
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
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13
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Wang J, Fu Y, Gu Z, Pan H, Zhou P, Gan Q, Yuan Y, Liu C. Multifunctional Carbon Dots for Biomedical Applications: Diagnosis, Therapy, and Theranostic. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2303773. [PMID: 37702145 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Designing suitable nanomaterials is an ideal strategy to enable early diagnosis and effective treatment of diseases. Carbon dots (CDs) are luminescent carbonaceous nanoparticles that have attracted considerable attention. Through facile synthesis, they process properties including tunable light emission, low toxicity, and light energy transformation, leading to diverse applications as optically functional materials in biomedical fields. Recently, their potentials have been further explored, such as enzyme-like activity and ability to promote osteogenic differentiation. Through refined synthesizing strategies carbon dots, a rich treasure trove for new discoveries, stand a chance to guide significant development in biomedical applications. In this review, the authors start with a brief introduction to CDs. By presenting mechanisms and examples, the authors focus on how they can be used in diagnosing and treating diseases, including bioimaging failure of tissues and cells, biosensing various pathogenic factors and biomarkers, tissue defect repair, anti-inflammation, antibacterial and antiviral, and novel oncology treatment. The introduction of the application of integrated diagnosis and treatment follows closely behind. Furthermore, the challenges and future directions of CDs are discussed. The authors hope this review will provide critical perspectives to inspire new discoveries on CDs and prompt their advances in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Zhangwu Road 100, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Zhanghao Gu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Hao Pan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Panyu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qi Gan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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14
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Bartolomei B, Sbacchi M, Rosso C, Günay-Gürer A, Zdražil L, Cadranel A, Kralj S, Guldi DM, Prato M. Synthetic Strategies for the Selective Functionalization of Carbon Nanodots Allow Optically Communicating Suprastructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202316915. [PMID: 38059678 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The surface of Carbon Nanodots (CNDs) stands as a rich chemical platform, able to regulate the interactions between particles and external species. Performing selective functionalization of these nanoscale entities is of practical importance, however, it still represents a considerable challenge. In this work, we exploited the organic chemistry toolbox to install target functionalities on the CND surface, while monitoring the chemical changes on the material's outer shell through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Following this, we investigated the use of click chemistry to covalently connect CNDs of different nature en-route towards covalent suprastructures with unprecedent molecular control. The different photophysical properties of the connected particles allowed their optical communication in the excited state. This work paves the way for the development of selective and addressable CND building blocks which can act as modular nanoscale synthons that mirror the long-established reactivity of molecular organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bartolomei
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Sbacchi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Current address: Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Ayse Günay-Gürer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukáš Zdražil
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 241/27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, (INQUIMAE), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Slavko Kralj
- Materials Synthesis Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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15
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Bian Z, Wallum A, Mehmood A, Gomez E, Wang Z, Pandit S, Nie S, Link S, Levine BG, Gruebele M. Properties of Carbon Dots versus Small Molecules from "Bottom-up" Synthesis. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22788-22799. [PMID: 37970787 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in the "bottom-up" solvothermal synthesis of carbon dots (CDs) is the removal of small-molecule byproducts, noncarbonized polyamides, or other impurities that confound the optical properties. In previously reported benzene diamine-based CDs, the observed fluorescence signal already has been shown to arise from free small molecules, not from nanosized carbonized dots. Here we have unambiguously identified the small-molecule species in the synthesis of CDs starting with several isomers of benzene diamine by directly matching their NMR, mass spectrometry, and optical data with commercially available small organic molecules. By combining dialysis and chromatography, we have sufficiently purified the CD reaction mixtures to measure the CD size by TEM and STM, elemental composition, optical absorption and emission, and single-particle blinking dynamics. The results can be rationalized by electronic structure calculations on small model CDs. Our results conclusively show that the purified benzene diamine-based CDs do not emit red fluorescence, so the quest for full-spectrum fluorescence from isomers of a single precursor molecule remains open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Bian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alison Wallum
- Department of Chemistry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Arshad Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Eric Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ziwen Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Subhendu Pandit
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shuming Nie
- Department of Chemistry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Benjamin G Levine
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Martin Gruebele
- Department of Chemistry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, and Carle-Illinois, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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16
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Casadevall C, Lage A, Mu M, Greer HF, Antón-García D, Butt JN, Jeuken LJC, Watson GW, García-Melchor M, Reisner E. Size-dependent activity of carbon dots for photocatalytic H 2 generation in combination with a molecular Ni cocatalyst. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15775-15784. [PMID: 37740380 PMCID: PMC10551879 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03300g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are low-cost light-absorbers in photocatalytic multicomponent systems, but their wide size distribution has hampered rational design and the identification of the factors that lead to their best performance. To address this challenge, we report herein the use of gel filtration size exclusion chromatography to separate amorphous, graphitic, and graphitic N-doped CDs depending on their lateral size to study the effect of their size on photocatalytic H2 evolution with a DuBois-type Ni cocatalyst. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering confirm the size-dependent separation of the CDs, whereas UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy of the more monodisperse fractions show a distinct response which computational modelling attributes to a complex interplay between CD size and optical properties. A size-dependent effect on the photocatalytic H2 evolution performance of the CDs in combination with a molecular Ni cocatalyst is demonstrated with a maximum activity at approximately 2-3 nm CD diameter. Overall, size separation leads to a two-fold increase in the specific photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution using the monodisperse CDs compared to the as synthesized polydisperse samples, highlighting the size-dependent effect on photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Casadevall
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Ava Lage
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Manting Mu
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Heather F Greer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Daniel Antón-García
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Julea N Butt
- School of Chemistry and School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lars J C Jeuken
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Graeme W Watson
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Max García-Melchor
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
- CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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17
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Warjurkar K, Panda S, Sharma V. Red emissive carbon dots: a promising next-generation material with intracellular applicability. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8848-8865. [PMID: 37650569 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01378b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The accidental discovery of carbon dots (CDs) back in 2004 has led to their widespread use in the biomedical field. CDs have demonstrated their effectiveness in reporting 3D structures of biological specimens, identifying normal and cancer cells, and even detecting analytes within cells. However, the limitations of blue-green emitting CDs, such as their shallow penetration, photodamage, and auto-fluorescence, have hindered their practical applications. To overcome these limitations, red emissive CDs (RCDs) have been developed, which have deep tissue penetration, minimal photo-damage, low auto-fluorescence, and high imaging contrast. In this article, we present a thorough review on the use of RCDs in biomedical applications, including in vivo and in vitro bioimaging, photoacoustic imaging, monitoring temperature and polarity changes in living cells, tumour therapy, and drug delivery. With the rapid progress being made in the development of RCDs for intracellular applications, their clinical application is expected to become a reality in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Warjurkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, Jammu-180012, India.
| | - Satyajit Panda
- Department of Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha-769008, India
| | - Vinay Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti, Jammu-180012, India.
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18
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Kumara BN, Kalimuthu P, Prasad KS. Synthesis, properties and potential applications of photoluminescent carbon nanoparticles: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1268:341430. [PMID: 37268342 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescent-carbon nanoparticles (PL-CNPs) are a new class of materials that received immense interest among researchers due to their distinct characteristics, including photoluminescence, high surface-to-volume ratio, low cost, ease of synthesis, high quantum yield, and biocompatibility. By exploiting these outstanding properties, many studies have been reported on its utility as sensors, photocatalysts, probes for bio-imaging, and optoelectronics applications. From clinical applications to point-of-care test devices, drug loading to tracking of drug delivery, and other research innovations demonstrated PL-CNPs as an emerging material that could substitute conventional approaches. However, some of the PL-CNPs have poor PL properties and selectivity due to the presence of impurities (e.g., molecular fluorophores) and unfavourable surface charges by the passivation molecules, which impede their applications in many fields. To address these issues, many researchers have been paying great attention to developing new PL-CNPs with different composite combinations to achieve high PL properties and selectivity. Herein, we thoroughly discussed the recent development of various synthetic strategies employed to prepare PL-CNPs, doping effects, photostability, biocompatibility, and applications in sensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery fields. Moreover, the review discussed the limitations, future direction, and perspectives of PL-CNPs in possible potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Kumara
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory (NMRL), Nano Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575 018, India
| | - Palraj Kalimuthu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
| | - K S Prasad
- Centre for Nutrition Studies, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575 018, India.
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19
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Gentile G, Mamone M, Rosso C, Amato F, Lanfrit C, Filippini G, Prato M. Tailoring the Chemical Structure of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots for Nano-Aminocatalysis in Aqueous Media. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202399. [PMID: 36633395 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Amine-rich carbon dots (NCDs) have become promising nano-aminocatalytic platforms in organic synthesis. These nanomaterials can be effectively produced through straightforward bottom-up approaches using inexpensive nitrogen-containing molecular precursors as a starting material. However, to date, there is still a limited understanding of how the molecular features of these precursors affect the catalytic activity of the resulting nanoparticles. This study concerns the production of a new family of NCDs, which use l-arginine and different alkyl diamines as starting materials. The surface amines of all these NCDs were comprehensively characterized, thus allowing us to provide a correlation between the structural features of the nanoparticles and their catalytic performance with a selected amino-catalyzed organic transformation. Importantly, the most active nano-aminocatalysts, namely, NCDs-3, were then used as a basis for the formation of a wide variety of functionalized organic compounds in water under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gentile
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Mamone
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Present address: Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Amato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, University La Sapienza, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Lanfrit
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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20
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Liang W, Sonkar SK, Saini D, Sheriff K, Singh B, Yang L, Wang P, Sun YP. Carbon Dots: Classically Defined versus Organic Hybrids on Shared Properties, Divergences, and Myths. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206680. [PMID: 36932892 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are defined as small carbon nanoparticles with effective surface passivation via organic functionalization. The definition is literally a description of what carbon dots are originally found for the functionalized carbon nanoparticles displaying bright and colorful fluorescence emissions, mirroring those from similarly functionalized defects in carbon nanotubes. In literature more popular than classical carbon dots are the diverse variety of dot samples from "one-pot" carbonization of organic precursors. On the two different kinds of samples from the different synthetic approaches, namely, the classical carbon dots versus those from the carbonization method, highlighted in this article are their shared properties and apparent divergences, including also explorations of the relevant sample structural and mechanistic origins for the shared properties and divergences. Echoing the growing evidence and concerns in the carbon dots research community on the major presence of organic molecular dyes/chromophores in carbonization produced dot samples, demonstrated and discussed in this article are some representative cases of dominating spectroscopic interferences due to the organic dye contamination that have led to unfound claims and erroneous conclusions. Mitigation strategies to address the contamination issues, including especially the use of more vigorous processing conditions in the carbonization synthesis, are proposed and justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiong Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Sumit Kumar Sonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India
| | - Deepika Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India
| | - Kirkland Sheriff
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Buta Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Liju Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Ya-Ping Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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21
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Cardo L, Martínez-Parra L, Cesco M, Echeverría-Beistegui BM, Martínez-Moro M, Herrero-Álvarez N, Cabrerizo MB, Carregal-Romero S, Ramos-Cabrer P, Ruiz-Cabello J, Prato M. Luminescent Carbon Nanodots Doped with Gadolinium (III): Purification Criteria, Chemical and Biological Characterization of a New Dual Fluorescence/MR Imaging Agent. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206442. [PMID: 36840669 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon Dots (CDs) are luminescent quasi-spherical nanoparticles, possessing water solubility, high biocompatibility, and tunable chemical and physical properties for a wide range of applications, including nanomedicine and theranostics. The evaluation of new purification criteria, useful to achieve more reliable CDs, free from the interference of artifacts, is currently an object of debate in the field. Here, new CDs doped with gadolinium (Gd (III)), named Gd@CNDs, are presented as multifunctional probes for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This new system is a case of study, to evaluate and/or combine different purification strategies, as a crucial approach to generate CDs with a better performance. Indeed, these new amorphous Gd@CNDs display good homogeneity, and they are free from emissive side products. Gd@CNDs (7-10 nm) contain 7% of Gd (III) w/w, display suitable and stable longitudinal relaxivity (r1 ) and with emissive behavior, therefore potentially useful for both MR and fluorescence imaging. They show good biocompatibility in both cellular and in vivo studies, cell permeability, and the ability to generate contrast in cellular pellets. Finally, MRI recording T1 -weighted images on mice after intravenous injection of Gd@CNDs, show signal enhancement in the liver, spleen, and kidney 30 min postinjection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cardo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Lydia Martínez-Parra
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Michele Cesco
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Begoña M Echeverría-Beistegui
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Moro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Natalia Herrero-Álvarez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Marta-Beraza Cabrerizo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Susana Carregal-Romero
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Pedro Ramos-Cabrer
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruiz-Cabello
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
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22
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Bartolomei B, Prato M. The Importance of the Purification Step and the Characterization of the Products in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanodots. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206714. [PMID: 36808805 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the synthesis of carbon nanodots (CNDs), the critical step of the purification from the starting materials and unwanted side products is faced. In the exciting race toward new and interesting CNDs, this problem is often underestimated, leading to false properties and erroneous reports. In fact, on many occasions, the properties described for novel CNDs derive from impurities not completely eliminated during the purification process. Dialysis, for instance, is not always helpful, especially if the side products are not soluble in water. In this Perspective, the importance of the purification and characterization steps, in order to obtain solid reports and reliable procedures, is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bartolomei
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for the Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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23
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Maniappan S, Reddy KL, Kumar J. Transmitting biomolecular chirality into carbon nanodots: a facile approach to acquire chiral light emission at the nanoscale. Chem Sci 2023; 14:491-498. [PMID: 36741532 PMCID: PMC9847681 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05794h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the observation of chirality at the nanoscale, research focused towards the design and synthesis of optically active nanomaterials has been at a brisk pace. In this regard, carbon based zero dimensional nanomaterials have attracted vast attention due to their rich optical properties, abundance of raw materials, minimal environmental hazardousness, good solubility, and ease of surface modification. However, efforts focused towards the synthesis of chiral carbon nanodots exhibiting optical activity both in their ground and excited states are rather scarce. Herein, we report a facile synthetic approach for the preparation of three sets of intrinsically chiral carbon nanodots that exhibit intense circularly polarized luminescence. Synthesis under optimized conditions using l- and d-isomers of the chiral precursors led to the formation of carbon nanodots that displayed mirror image circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence signals revealing their ground and excited state chirality. The experimental results are supportive of the reported core-shell model comprising an achiral carbon core that is enclosed within an amorphous shell contributing to the chiral luminescence. The luminescence anisotropy and wavelength could be tuned by varying the experimental conditions such as temperature and pH. The chiral emissive properties of the nanoparticles could be demonstrated in free-standing polymeric films revealing their potential to be used as chiral light emitting agents in optical devices, data storage and security tags. Being the first observation of intrinsic circularly polarized luminescence from a range of carbon nanodots, both in the solution and solid state, we envisage that the work will open new avenues for the investigation of excited stated chirality at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Maniappan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) TirupatiTirupati – 517507India
| | - Kumbam Lingeshwar Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) TirupatiTirupati – 517507India
| | - Jatish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) TirupatiTirupati – 517507India
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24
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Stable Carbon Dots from Microwave-Heated Carbon Nanoparticles Generating Organic Radicals for In Situ Additions. Mol Vis 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/c9010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDots) are small carbon nanoparticles with effective surface passivation by organic functionalization. In the reported work, the surface functionalization of preexisting small carbon nanoparticles with N-ethylcarbazole (NEC) was achieved by the NEC radical addition. Due to the major difference in microwave absorption between the carbon nanoparticles and organic species such as NEC, the nanoparticles could be selectively heated via microwave irradiation to enable the hydrogen abstraction in NEC to generate NEC radicals, followed by in situ additions of the radicals to the nanoparticles. The resulting NEC-CDots were characterized by microscopy and spectroscopy techniques including quantitative proton and 13C NMR methods. The optical spectroscopic properties of the dot sample were found to be largely the same as those of CDots from other organic functionalization schemes. The high structural stability of NEC-CDots benefiting from the radical addition functionalization is highlighted and discussed.
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25
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Li J, Zhao H, Zhao X, Gong X. Boosting efficiency of luminescent solar concentrators using ultra-bright carbon dots with large Stokes shift. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 8:83-94. [PMID: 36321503 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00360k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are able to collect sunlight from a large-area to generate electric power with a low cost, showing great potential in building-integrated photovoltaics. However, the low efficiency of large-area LSCs caused by the reabsorption losses is a critical issue that hampers their practical applications. In this work, we synthesized novel yellow emissive carbon dots (CDs) with a large Stokes shift of 193 nm, which exhibit nearly zero reabsorption. The quantum yield (QY) of the yellow emitting CDs is up to 61%. The yellow emitting CDs can be employed to fabricate high-performance large-area LSCs due to successful suppression of the reabsorption losses. The as-prepared LSCs are able to absorb 14% of the sunlight as the absorption of the CDs matches well with the sun's spectrum. The large-area LSC (10 × 10 cm2) with a laminated structure based on the yellow emitting CDs achieves an optical conversion efficiency (ηopt) of 4.56% and power conversion efficiency (ηPCE) of 4.1% under natural sunlight (45 mW cm-2), which are significantly higher than other previously reported works with similar sizes. Furthermore, the prepared high-performance LSCs show good stability. This method of synthesizing novel CDs for high-efficiency LSCs provides a useful platform for future study and practical application of LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiurong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Haiguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles & College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China.
| | - Xiujian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
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26
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Visheratina A, Hesami L, Wilson AK, Baalbaki N, Noginova N, Noginov MA, Kotov NA. Hydrothermal synthesis of chiral carbon dots. Chirality 2022; 34:1503-1514. [PMID: 36300866 PMCID: PMC9828721 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanocolloids that are cumulatively referred to as nanocarbons, attracted significant attention during the last decade because of facile synthesis methods, water solubility, tunable photoluminescence, easy surface modification, and high biocompatibility. Among the latest development in this reserach area are chiral nanocarbons exemplified by chiral carbon dots (CDots). They are expected to have applications in sensing, catalysis, imaging, and nanomedicine. However, the current methods of CDots synthesis show often contradictory chemical/optical properties and structural information that required a systematic study with careful structural evaluation. Here, we investigate and optimize chiroptical activity and photoluminescence of L- and D-CDots obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of L- and D-cysteine, respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrates that they are formed via gradual dehydrogenation and condensation reactions of the starting amino acid leading to particles with a wide spectrum of functional groups including aromatic cycles. We found that the chiroptical activity of CDots has an inverse correlation with the synthesis duration and temperature, whereas the photoluminescence intensity has a direct one, which is associated with degree of carbonization. Also, our studies show that the hydrothermal synthesis of cysteine in the presence of boric acid leads to the formation of CDots rather than boron nitride nanoparticles as was previously proposed in several reports. These results can be used to design chiral carbon-based nanoparticles with optimal chemical, chiroptical, and photoluminescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leila Hesami
- Center for Materials ResearchNorfolk State UniversityNorfolkVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Nicole Baalbaki
- Biointerfaces InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Natalia Noginova
- Center for Materials ResearchNorfolk State UniversityNorfolkVirginiaUSA
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27
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Corti V, Bartolomei B, Mamone M, Gentile G, Prato M, Filippini G. Amine-Rich Carbon Dots as Novel Nano-Aminocatalytic Platforms in Organic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2022; 2022:e202200879. [PMID: 36632560 PMCID: PMC9826489 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel and effective metal-free catalytic systems, which can drive value-added organic transformations in environmentally benign solvents (for instance, water), is highly desirable. Moreover, these new catalysts need to be harmless, easy-to-prepare, and potentially recyclable. In this context, amine-rich carbon dots (CDs) have recently emerged as promising nano-catalytic platforms. These nitrogen-doped nanoparticles, which show dimensions smaller than 10 nm, generally consist of carbon cores that are surrounded by shells containing numerous amino groups. In recent years, organic chemists have used these surface amines to guide the design of several synthetic methodologies under mild operative conditions. This Concept highlights the recent advances in the synthesis of amine-rich carbon dots and their applications in organic catalysis, including forward-looking opportunities within this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Corti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Beatrice Bartolomei
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Martina Mamone
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Giuseppe Gentile
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly,Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Paseo de Miramón 19420014Donostia San SebastiánSpain,Basque Fdn SciIkerbasque48013BilbaoSpain
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesINSTM UdR TriesteUniversity of TriesteVia Licio Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
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28
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Wang B, Waterhouse GI, Lu S. Carbon dots: mysterious past, vibrant present, and expansive future. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Han T, Wang Y, Ma S, Li M, Zhu N, Tao S, Xu J, Sun B, Jia Y, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Yang B. Near-Infrared Carbonized Polymer Dots for NIR-II Bioimaging. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203474. [PMID: 36047633 PMCID: PMC9596834 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) or carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) are an emerging class of optical materials that have exceptional applications in optoelectronic devices, catalysis, detection, and bioimaging. Although cell studies of CPDs have produced impressive results, in vivo imaging requires available CPDs to fluoresce in the near-infrared-II (NIR-II) window (1000-1700 nm). Here, a two-step bottom-up strategy is developed to synthesize NIR-CPDs that provide bright emissions in both NIR-I and NIR-II transparent imaging windows. The designed strategy includes a hydrothermal reaction to form a stable carbon core with aldehyde groups, followed by the Knoevenagel reaction to tether the molecular emission centers. This procedure is labor-saving, cost-efficient, and produces a high yield. The NIR-CPDs enable high-performance NIR-II angiography and real-time imaging of the disease degree of colitis noninvasively. This technology may therefore provide a next-generation synthesis strategy for CPDs with rational molecular engineering that can accurately tune the absorption/emission properties of NIR-emissive CPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Yajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
- Joint Laboratory of Opto‐Functional Theranostics in Medicine and ChemistryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021P. R. China
| | - Shengjie Ma
- Joint Laboratory of Opto‐Functional Theranostics in Medicine and ChemistryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021P. R. China
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021P. R. China
| | - Mengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Ningning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Songyuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Bin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
- Joint Laboratory of Opto‐Functional Theranostics in Medicine and ChemistryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Jia
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringJilin Institute of Chemical TechnologyJilin132022P. R. China
| | - Yuewei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringJilin Institute of Chemical TechnologyJilin132022P. R. China
| | - Shoujun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
- Joint Laboratory of Opto‐Functional Theranostics in Medicine and ChemistryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021P. R. China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
- Joint Laboratory of Opto‐Functional Theranostics in Medicine and ChemistryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130021P. R. China
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30
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Di Noja S, Amato F, Zinna F, Di Bari L, Ragazzon G, Prato M. Transfer of Axial Chirality to the Nanoscale Endows Carbon Nanodots with Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202397. [PMID: 35417611 PMCID: PMC9320872 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, purification and characterization of chiral carbon nanodots starting from atropoisomeric precursors. The obtained atropoisomeric carbon nanodots are soluble in organic solvents and have good thermal stability, which are desirable features for technological applications. The synthetic protocol is robust, as it supports a number of variations in terms of molecular doping agents. Remarkably, the combination of axially chiral precursors and 1,4‐benzoquinone as doping agent results in green‐emissive carbon dots displaying circularly polarized luminescence. Dissymmetry factors of |3.5|×10−4 are obtained in solution, without the need of any additional element of chirality. Introducing axial chirality expands the strategies available to tailor the properties of carbon nanodots, paving the way for carbon nanoparticles that combine good processability in organic solvents with engineered advanced chiroptical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Di Noja
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Amato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingégnierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), University of Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain.,Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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31
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Sekiya R, Haino T. Integration of Nanographenes and Organic Chemistry - Toward Nanographene-based Two-Dimensional Materials. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200311. [PMID: 35650010 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and its relatives have received considerable attention from the fields of physics and chemistry since the isolation of pristine graphene sheets. Nanographenes (NGs) are graphene fragments that are a few to tens of nanometers in diameter. Compared to graphene and its relatives, such as graphene oxides, NGs can be handled more easily, and their large π surface and oxygen functional groups on the edge allow postsynthetic modifications. The study of NGs is gradually shifting from the development of synthetic procedures to postsynthetic modification. From the structural point of view, NGs can be regarded as two-dimensional carbon polymers. Their unique structures and affinity for organic molecules make NGs excellent scaffolds for two-dimensional materials, which are now an important topic in organic and polymer chemistry. In this conceptual article, we introduce the position of NGs from the perspective of two-dimensional substances and briefly summarize both the structural features of NGs and the effects of functionalization on their physical properties. These are valuable when producing reasonable strategies for their postsynthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sekiya
- Hiroshima Daigaku - Higashihiroshima Campus: Hiroshima Daigaku, chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Hiroshima Daigaku - Higashihiroshima Campus: Hiroshima Daigaku, Department of Chemistry, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, 739-8526, Higashi-Hiroshima, JAPAN
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32
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Bartolomei B, Bogo A, Amato F, Ragazzon G, Prato M. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Reveals Molecular Species in Carbon Nanodot Samples Disclosing Flaws. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200038. [PMID: 35157359 PMCID: PMC9304307 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots are currently one of the hot topics in the nanomaterials world, due to their accessible synthesis and promising features. However, the purification of these materials is still a critical aspect, especially for syntheses involving molecular precursors. Indeed, the presence of unreacted species or small organic molecules formed during solvothermal treatments can affect the properties of the synthesized nanomaterials. To illustrate the extreme importance of this issue, we present two case studies in which insufficient purification results in misleading conclusions regarding the chiral and fluorescent properties of the investigated materials. Key to identify molecular species is the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, which proves to be an effective tool. Our work highlights the need to include nuclear magnetic resonance as a standard characterization technique for carbon-based nanomaterials, to minimize the risk of observing properties that arise from molecular species, rather than the target carbon nanodots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bartolomei
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Bogo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Amato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires UMR7006, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain.,Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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33
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Prato M, Di Noja S, Amato F, Zinna F, Di Bari L, Ragazzon G. Transfer of Axial Chirality to the Nanoscale Endows Carbon Nanodots with Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Prato
- Università di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Piazzale Europa 1 34127 Trieste ITALY
| | - Simone Di Noja
- Universita degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche ITALY
| | - Francesco Amato
- Universita degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche ITALY
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Università di Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche ITALY
| | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Università di Pisa: Universita degli Studi di Pisa Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche ITALY
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- ISIS: Institut de Science et d'Ingenierie Supramoleculaires Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche FRANCE
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