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He M, Li J, Xu J, Wu L, Li N, Zhang S. Dynamic Recyclable High-Performance Epoxy Resins via Triazolinedione-Indole Click Reaction and Cation-π Interaction Synergistic Crosslinking. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1900. [PMID: 39000754 PMCID: PMC11243886 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermosetting plastics exhibit remarkable mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance, yet the permanent covalent crosslinked network renders these materials challenging for reshaping and recycling. In this study, a high-performance polymer film (EI25-TAD5-Mg) was synthesized by combining click chemistry and cation-π interactions. The internal network of the material was selectively constructed through flexible triazolinedione (TAD) and indole via a click reaction. Cation-π interactions were established between Mg2+ and electron-rich indole units, leading to network contraction and reinforcement. Dynamic non-covalent interactions improved the covalent crosslinked network, and the reversible dissociation of cation-π interactions during loading provided effective energy dissipation. Finally, the epoxy resin exhibited excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength of 91.2 MPa) and latent dynamic behavior. Additionally, the thermal reversibility of the C-N click reaction and dynamic cation-π interaction endowed the material with processability and recyclability. This strategy holds potential value in the field of modifying covalent thermosetting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shuai Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (M.H.); (J.L.); (J.X.); (L.W.); (N.L.)
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2
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Zhang J, Jiang C, Deng G, Luo M, Ye B, Zhang H, Miao M, Li T, Zhang D. Closed-loop recycling of tough epoxy supramolecular thermosets constructed with hyperbranched topological structure. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4869. [PMID: 38849328 PMCID: PMC11161517 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of topological structure of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) remains a challenge for epoxy CANs. Here, we report a strategy to develop strong and tough epoxy supramolecular thermosets with rapid reprocessability and room-temperature closed-loop recyclability. These thermosets were constructed from vanillin-based hyperbranched epoxy resin (VanEHBP) through the introduction of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and dual dynamic covalent bonds, as well as the formation of intramolecular and intermolecular cavities. The supramolecular structures confer remarkable energy dissipation capability of thermosets, leading to high toughness and strength. Due to the dynamic imine exchange and reversible noncovalent crosslinks, the thermosets can be rapidly and effectively reprocessed at 120 °C within 30 s. Importantly, the thermosets can be efficiently depolymerized at room temperature, and the recovered materials retain the structural integrity and mechanical properties of the original samples. This strategy may be employed to design tough, closed-loop recyclable epoxy thermosets for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junheng Zhang
- Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang, 515200, China.
| | - Can Jiang
- Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guoyan Deng
- Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Mi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bangjiao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Menghe Miao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tingcheng Li
- Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Daohong Zhang
- Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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3
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Shi CY, Qin WY, Qu DH. Semi-crystalline polymers with supramolecular synergistic interactions: from mechanical toughening to dynamic smart materials. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8295-8310. [PMID: 38846397 PMCID: PMC11151828 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02089h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Semi-crystalline polymers (SCPs) with anisotropic amorphous and crystalline domains as the basic skeleton are ubiquitous from natural products to synthetic polymers. The combination of chemically incompatible hard and soft phases contributes to unique thermal and mechanical properties. The further introduction of supramolecular interactions as noncovalently interacting crystal phases and soft dynamic crosslinking sites can synergize with covalent polymer chains, thereby enabling effective energy dissipation and dynamic rearrangement in hierarchical superstructures. Therefore, this review will focus on the design principles of SCPs by discussing supramolecular construction strategies and state-of-the-art functional applications from mechanical toughening to sophisticated functions such as dynamic adaptivity, shape memory, ion transport, etc. Current challenges and further opportunities are discussed to provide an overview of possible future directions and potential material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yu Qin
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
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4
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Luo S, Wang N, Pan Y, Zheng B, Li F, Dong S. Supramolecular/Dynamic Covalent Design of High-Performance Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive from Natural Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310839. [PMID: 38225689 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Adhesive materials have played an essential role in the history of humanity. Natural adhesives composed of low-molecular-weight monomers have been overshadowed by modern petroleum-based glues. With the development of green economy, the demand for eco-friendly materials has increased. Herein, two natural biocompatible compounds, namely thioctic acid (TA) and malic acid (MA), are selected to prepare a high-performance pressure-sensitive adhesive poly[TA-MA]. This adhesive can be quantitatively obtained via a simple mixing and heating process. Poly[TA-MA] shows interesting and useful properties, including reversible flexibility, high elongation, and good self-healing, owing to its dynamic polymerization pattern and reversible cross-linking behavior. Poly[TA-MA] exhibits excellent adhesion performance under various extreme conditions, such as at low temperatures and in hot water. High values of shear strength (3.86 MPa), peel strength (7.90 N cm-1), loop tack (10.60 N cm-1), tensile strength (1.02 MPa), and shear resistance (1628 h) demonstrate the strong adhesive effect of poly[TA-MA]. Additionally, TA can be regenerated in the monomer forms from poly[TA-MA] with high recovery rate (>90%). Meanwhile, strong anti-bacterial behavior of poly[TA-MA] is recorded. This study not only reported a new pressure-sensitive adhesive but also fully displayed the feasibility of using natural small molecules to achieve robust surface adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Na Wang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yanjuan Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Fenfang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Shengyi Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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Upadhyay C, Ojha U. Carbohydrate-Based Reprocessable and Healable Covalent Adaptable Biofoams. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400239. [PMID: 38794989 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric foams derived from bio-based resources and capable of self-healing and recycling ability are of great demand to fulfill various applications and address environmental concerns related to accumulation of plastic wastes. In this article, a set of polyester-based covalent adaptable biofoams (CABs) synthesized from carbohydrates and other bio-derived precursors under catalyst free conditions to offer a sustainable alternative to conventional toxic isocyanate-based polyurethane foams is reported. The dynamic β-keto carboxylate linkages present in these biofoams impart self-healing ability and recyclability to these samples. These CABs display adequate tensile properties especially compressive strength (≤123 MPa) and hysteresis behavior. The CABs swiftly stress relax at 150 °C and are reprocessable under similar temperature conditions. These biofoams have displayed potential for use as attachment on solar photovoltaics to augment the output efficiency. These CABs with limited swellability in polar protic solvents and adequate mechanical resilience are suitable for other commodity applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Upadhyay
- Department of Sciences & Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh, 229304, India
| | - Umaprasana Ojha
- Department of Sciences & Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh, 229304, India
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
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6
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Deng Y, Huang Z, Feringa BL, Tian H, Zhang Q, Qu DH. Converting inorganic sulfur into degradable thermoplastics and adhesives by copolymerization with cyclic disulfides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3855. [PMID: 38719820 PMCID: PMC11079033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Converting elementary sulfur into sulfur-rich polymers provides a sustainable strategy to replace fossil-fuel-based plastics. However, the low ring strain of eight-membered rings, i.e., S8 monomers, compromises their ring-opening polymerization (ROP) due to lack of an enthalpic driving force and as a consequence, poly(sulfur) is inherently unstable. Here we report that copolymerization with cyclic disulfides, e.g., 1,2-dithiolanes, can enable a simple and energy-saving way to convert elementary sulfur into sulfur-rich thermoplastics. The key strategy is to combine two types of ROP-both mediated by disulfide bond exchange-to tackle the thermodynamic instability of poly(sulfur). Meanwhile, the readily modifiable sidechain of the cyclic disulfides provides chemical space to engineer the mechanical properties and dynamic functions over a large range, e.g., self-repairing ability and degradability. Thus, this simple and robust system is expected to be a starting point for the organic transformation of inorganic sulfur toward sulfur-rich functional and green plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Deng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhengtie Huang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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7
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Deng Y, Zhang Q, Feringa BL. Dynamic Chemistry Toolbox for Advanced Sustainable Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308666. [PMID: 38321810 PMCID: PMC11005721 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Developing dynamic chemistry for polymeric materials offers chemical solutions to solve key problems associated with current plastics. Mechanical performance and dynamic function are equally important in material design because the former determines the application scope and the latter enables chemical recycling and hence sustainability. However, it is a long-term challenge to balance the subtle trade-off between mechanical robustness and dynamic properties in a single material. The rise of dynamic chemistry, including supramolecular and dynamic covalent chemistry, provides many opportunities and versatile molecular tools for designing constitutionally dynamic materials that can adapt, repair, and recycle. Facing the growing social need for developing advanced sustainable materials without compromising properties, recent progress showing how the toolbox of dynamic chemistry can be explored to enable high-performance sustainable materials by molecular engineering strategies is discussed here. The state of the art and recent milestones are summarized and discussed, followed by an outlook toward future opportunities and challenges present in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Deng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CenterSchool of Chemistry and Technology130 Meilong RoadShanghai200237China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CenterSchool of Chemistry and Technology130 Meilong RoadShanghai200237China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CenterSchool of Chemistry and Technology130 Meilong RoadShanghai200237China
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsFaculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4Groningen9747 AGThe Netherlands
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8
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Huang X, Hu B, Zhang X, Fan P, Chen Z, Wang S. Recent advances in the application of clay-containing hydrogels for hemostasis and wound healing. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:457-477. [PMID: 38467560 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2329641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immediate control of bleeding and anti-infection play important roles in wound management. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death may occur if persistent bleeding, hemodynamic instability, and hypoxemia are not addressed. The combination of clay and hydrogel provides a new outlet for wound hemostasis. In this review, the current research progress of hydrogel/clay composite hemostatic agents was reviewed. AREAS COVERED This paper summarizes the characteristics of several kinds of clay including kaolinite, montmorillonite, laponite, sepiolite, and palygorskite. The advantages and disadvantages of its application in hemostasis were also summarized. Future directions for the application of hydrogel/clay composite hemostatic agents are presented. EXPERT OPINION Clay can activate the endogenous hemostatic pathway by increasing blood cell concentration and promoting plasma absorption to accelerate the hemostasis. Clay is antimicrobial due to the slow release of metal ions and has a rich surface charge with a high affinity for proteins and cells to promote tissue repair. Hydrogels have some properties such as good biocompatibility, strong adhesion, high stretchability, and good self-healing. Despite promising advances, hydrogel/clay composite hemostasis remains a limitation. Therefore, more evidence is needed to further elucidate the risk factors and therapeutic effects of hydrogel/clay in hemostasis and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Huang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Peng Fan
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Chen
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shige Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Janssen ML, Liu T, Özel M, Bril M, Prasad Thelu HV, E Kieltyka R. Dynamic Exchange in 3D Cell Culture Hydrogels Based on Crosslinking of Cyclic Thiosulfinates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314738. [PMID: 38055926 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic polymer materials are highly valued substrates for 3D cell culture due to their viscoelasticity, a time-dependent mechanical property that can be tuned to resemble the energy dissipation of native tissues. Herein, we report the coupling of a cyclic thiosulfinate, mono-S-oxo-4-methyl asparagusic acid, to a 4-arm PEG-OH to prepare a disulfide-based dynamic covalent hydrogel with the addition of 4-arm PEG-thiol. Ring opening of the cyclic thiosulfinate by nucleophilic substitution results in the rapid formation of a network showing a viscoelastic fluid-like behaviour and relaxation rates modulated by thiol content through thiol-disulfide exchange, whereas its viscoelastic behaviour upon application as a small molecule linear crosslinker is solid-like. Further introduction of 4-arm PEG-vinylsulfone in the network yields a hydrogel with weeks-long cell culture stability, permitting 3D culture of cell types that lack robust proliferation, such as human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs). These cells display native behaviours such as cell elongation and spontaneous beating as a function of the hydrogel's mechanical properties. We demonstrate that the mode of dynamic cyclic thiosulfinate crosslinker presentation within the network can result in different stress relaxation profiles, opening the door to model tissues with disparate mechanics in 3D cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel L Janssen
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tingxian Liu
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mertcan Özel
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Bril
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hari Veera Prasad Thelu
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roxanne E Kieltyka
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Lyu J, Song G, Jung H, Park YI, Lee SH, Jeong JE, Kim JC. Solvent-Triggered Chemical Recycling of Ion-Conductive and Self-Healable Polyurethane Covalent Adaptive Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:1511-1520. [PMID: 38129176 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Given the substantial environmental challenge posed by global plastic waste, recycling technology for thermosetting polymers has become a huge research topic in the polymer industry. Covalent adaptive networks (CANs), which can reversibly dissociate and reconstruct their network structure, represent a key technology for the self-healing, reprocessing, and recycling of thermosetting polymers. In the present study, we introduce a new series of polyurethane CANs whose network structure can dissociate via the self-catalyzed formation of dithiolane from the CANs' polydisulfide linkages when the CANs are treated in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or dimethyl sulfoxide at 60 °C for 1 h. More interestingly, we found that this network dissociation even occurs in tetrahydrofuran-DMF solvent mixtures with low DMF concentrations. This feature enables a reduction in the use of high-boiling, toxic polar aprotic solvents. The dissociated network structure of the CANs was reconstructed under UV light at 365 nm with a high yield via ring-opening polydisulfide linkage formation from dithiolane pendant groups. These CAN films, which were prepared by a sequential organic synthesis and polymerization process, exhibited high thermal stability and good mechanical properties, recyclability, and self-healing performance. When lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt was added to the CAN films, the films exhibited a maximum ion conductivity of 7.48 × 10-4 S cm-1 because of the contribution of the high concentration of the pendant ethylene carbonate group in the CANs. The ion-conducting CAN films also showed excellent recyclability and a self-healing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Lyu
- Center for Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-Based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyujin Song
- Ulsan Advanced Energy Technology R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Ulsan 44776, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyocheol Jung
- Center for Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-Based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Il Park
- Center for Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-Based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Lee
- Center for Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-Based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jeong
- Center for Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-Based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chul Kim
- Center for Specialty Chemicals, Division of Specialty and Bio-Based Chemicals Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Republic of Korea
- Department of Advanced Materials & Chemical Engineering, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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11
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Saito K, Türel T, Eisenreich F, Tomović Ž. Closed-Loop Recyclable Poly(imine-acetal)s with Dual-Cleavable Bonds for Primary Building Block Recovery. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202301017. [PMID: 37518676 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling offers a promising solution for the end-of-life treatment of synthetic polymers. However, the efficient recovery of well-defined recycled building blocks continues to be a major challenge, especially for crosslinked thermosets. Here, we developed vanillin-based polymer networks functionalized with dual-cleavable imine and acetal bonds that facilitate chemical recycling to primary building blocks and their convenient separation at the molecular level. A library of crosslinked poly(imine-acetal)s was synthesized by combining the in-bulk synthesized liquid di-vanillin acetal monomer (DVA) with commercially available liquid di- and triamines under solvent-free conditions. These thermosets showed tailor-made thermal and mechanical properties along with outstanding chemical recyclability. Under aqueous acidic conditions, poly(imine-acetal)s selectively and completely disintegrate into small molecules. During the polymer design stage, these compounds were carefully selected to enable facile separation without tedious techniques. As a result, the primary building blocks were isolated in high yields and purity and immediately reused to produce fresh polymers with identical thermomechanical properties. Since our "design for recycling" concept aims at obtaining the primary building blocks rather than monomers after depolymerization, a plethora of possibilities are unlocked to utilize these chemical resources, including closed-loop recycling as portrayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Saito
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
| | - Tankut Türel
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
| | - Željko Tomović
- Polymer Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven (The, Netherlands
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12
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Liu C, Si J, Cao M, Zhao P, Dai Y, Xu H. Visualizing Chain Growth of Polytelluoxane via Polymerization Induced Emission. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304518. [PMID: 37715281 PMCID: PMC10625080 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing polymer chain growth is always a hot topic for tailoring structure-function properties in polymer chemistry. However, current characterization methods are limited in their ability to differentiate the degree of polymerization in real-time without isolating the samples from the reaction vessel, let alone to detect insoluble polymers. Herein, a reliable relationship is established between polymer chain growth and fluorescence properties through polymerization induced emission. (TPE-C2)2 -Te is used to realize in situ oxidative polymerization, leading to the aggregation of fluorophores. The relationship between polymerization degree of growing polytelluoxane (PTeO) and fluorescence intensity is constructed, enabling real-time monitoring of the polymerization reaction. More importantly, this novel method can be further applied to the observation of the polymerization process for growing insoluble polymer via surface polymerization. Therefore, the development of visualization technology will open a new avenue for visualizing polymer chain growth in real-time, regardless of polymer solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Liu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Tsinghua‐Peking Joint Center for Life SciencesBeijing100084China
| | - Jinyan Si
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Muqing Cao
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yiheng Dai
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Huaping Xu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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13
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You L. Dual reactivity based dynamic covalent chemistry: mechanisms and applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12943-12958. [PMID: 37772969 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) focuses on the reversible formation, breakage, and exchange of covalent bonds and assemblies, setting a bridge between irreversible organic synthesis and supramolecular chemistry and finding wide utility. In order to enhance structural and functional diversity and complexity, different types of dynamic covalent reactions (DCRs) are placed in one vessel, encompassing orthogonal DCC without crosstalk and communicating DCC with a shared reactive functional group. As a means of adding tautomers, widespread in chemistry, to interconnected DCRs and combining the features of orthogonal and communicating DCRs, a concept of dual reactivity based DCC and underlying structural and mechanistic insights are summarized. The manipulation of the distinct reactivity of structurally diverse ring-chain tautomers allows selective activation and switching of reaction pathways and corresponding DCRs (C-N, C-O, and C-S) and assemblies. The coupling with photoswitches further enables light-mediated formation and scission of multiple types of reversible covalent bonds. To showcase the capability of dual reactivity based DCC, the versatile applications in dynamic polymers and luminescent materials are presented, paving the way for future functionalization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei You
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, China
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14
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Qin B, Liu S, Xu JF. Reversible Amidation Chemistry Enables Closed-Loop Chemical Recycling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites to Monomers and Fibers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311856. [PMID: 37675859 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient recycling of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites into monomers and fibers is a formidable challenge. Herein, we present a closed-loop recycling approach for carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites using reversible amidation chemistry, which enables the complete recovery of intact carbon fibers and pure monomers. The polymer network, synthesized by amidation between a macromonomer linear polyethyleneimine and a bifunctional maleic anhydride cross-linker, serves as a matrix for the construction of composites with exceptional mechanical properties, thermal stability and solvent resistance. The matrices can be fully depolymerized under the acidic condition at ambient temperature, allowing the effective separation and recovery of both carbon fibers and the two monomers. The reclaimed carbon fibers retain nearly identical mechanical properties to pristine ones, while pure monomers are recycled with high separation yields (>93 %). They can be reused in for multiple cycles for the manufacture of new composites, whose mechanical properties recover over 95 % of their original properties. This line of research presents a promising approach for the design of high-performance and sustainable thermoset composites, offering significant environmental and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiang-Fei Xu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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15
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Liu J, Li X, Chen K, Li Y, Feng S, Su P, Zou Y, Li Y, Wang W. Super Adhesive Fluorescent Materials for Encrypted Messages, Underwater Leak Repair, and Their Potential Application in Fluorescent Tattoos. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300282. [PMID: 37461805 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Achieving high-performance luminescence for underwater bonding remains a significant challenge in materials science. This study addresses this issue by synthesizing a luminescent material based on an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) monomer and copolymerizing it with lipoic acid (LA) to create an AIE supramolecular polymer. The resulting copolymer exhibits strong fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 365 nm due to the AIE of TPEE and enables underwater adhesion. The P(LA-TPEE) polymer demonstrates potential for digital encryption and decryption of quick response (QR) codes underwater. Furthermore, it can dissolve well in anhydrous ethanol, producing an environment-friendly and super waterproof adhesive. Most notably, the P(LA-TPEE) solution can be sprayed on human skin, creating an invisible tattoo that only became visible under UV light due to the hydrogen bond (H-bond) and π-π structures. This smart tattoo can be quickly wiped away with alcohol, avoiding the painful and harmful process of tattoo removal. It can also be repeatedly applied to draw the preferred tattoo pattern. This AIE supramolecular polymer shows great potential in underwater adhesion and repair, underwater message encryption, and non-toxic and painless invisible tattooing. Overall, this study provides a valuable approach for material design in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Liu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kangbo Chen
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yaping Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - ShuaiShuai Feng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Peipei Su
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yang Zou
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yi Li
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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16
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Deng Z, Gillies ER. Emerging Trends in the Chemistry of End-to-End Depolymerization. JACS AU 2023; 3:2436-2450. [PMID: 37772181 PMCID: PMC10523501 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past couple of decades, polymers that depolymerize end-to-end upon cleavage of their backbone or activation of a terminal functional group, sometimes referred to as "self-immolative" polymers, have been attracting increasing attention. They are of growing interest in the context of enhancing polymer degradability but also in polymer recycling as they allow monomers to be regenerated in a controlled manner under mild conditions. Furthermore, they are highly promising for applications as smart materials due to their ability to provide an amplified response to a specific signal, as a single sensing event is translated into the generation of many small molecules through a cascade of reactions. From a chemistry perspective, end-to-end depolymerization relies on the principles of self-immolative linkers and polymer ceiling temperature (Tc). In this article, we will introduce the key chemical concepts and foundations of the field and then provide our perspective on recent exciting developments. For example, over the past few years, new depolymerizable backbones, including polyacetals, polydisulfides, polyesters, polythioesters, and polyalkenamers, have been developed, while modern approaches to depolymerize conventional backbones such as polymethacrylates have also been introduced. Progress has also been made on the topological evolution of depolymerizable systems, including the introduction of fully depolymerizable block copolymers, hyperbranched polymers, and polymer networks. Furthermore, precision sequence-defined oligomers have been synthesized and studied for data storage and encryption. Finally, our perspectives on future opportunities and challenges in the field will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Deng
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western
Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western
Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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17
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Chiba Y, Tanabe T, Koizumi K, Toyoda R, Iguchi H, Takaishi S, Sakamoto R. Single-Crystal Structures of Benzenehexathiol and Its Disulfide Forms. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:11731-11736. [PMID: 37436954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Oligothiols are useful as building blocks in the construction of disulfide-based macrocycles and polymers or as ligands for coordination polymers. Above all, benzenehexathiol (BHT) is a particularly important molecule, as it is used to construct conductive two-dimensional MOFs. Despite the desire to clarify its structure and isolate it to high purity, the chemical instability of BHT has hampered single-crystal X-ray structure analysis of intact BHT. In addition, the synthesis of discrete disulfide molecules of BHT has not been reported. Here, we succeed in obtaining the single crystals of intact BHT, which is analyzed by single crystal X-ray structure analysis. Furthermore, the structures of a group of molecules with intermolecular disulfide bonds (BHT·4im and BHT2·2TBA, im = imidazole, TBA = tetrabutylammonium cation) obtained by processing BHT in the presence of bases are determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Chiba
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tappei Tanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazuma Koizumi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iguchi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shinya Takaishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryota Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of Organization for Advanced Studies at Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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18
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Kariyawasam LS, Highmoore JF, Yang Y. Chemically Recyclable Dithioacetal Polymers via Reversible Entropy-Driven Ring-Opening Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303039. [PMID: 36988027 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
In a sustainable circular economy, polymers capable of chemical recycling to monomers are highly desirable. We report an efficient monomer-polymer recycling of polydithioacetal (PDTA). Pristine PDTAs were readily synthesized from 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde and alkyl dithiols. They then exhibited depolymerizability via ring-closing depolymerization into macrocycles, followed by entropy-driven ring-opening polymerization (ED-ROP) to reform the virgin polymers. High conversions were obtained for both the forward and reverse reactions. Once crosslinked, the network exhibited thermal reprocessability enabled by acid-catalyzed dithioacetal exchange. The network retained the recyclability into macrocyclic monomers in solvent which can repolymerize to regenerate the crosslinked network. These results demonstrated PDTA as a new molecular platform for the design of recyclable polymers and the advantages of ED-ROP for which polymerization is favored at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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19
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Shi C, Zhang Z, Scoti M, Yan XY, Chen EYX. Endowing Polythioester Vitrimer with Intrinsic Crystallinity and Chemical Recyclability. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300008. [PMID: 36638158 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Technologically important thermosets face a long-standing end-of-life (EoL) problem of non-reprocessability, a more sustainable solution of which has resolved to nascent vitrimers that can merge the robust material properties of thermosets and the reprocessability of thermoplastics. However, the lifecycle of vitrimers is still finite, as they often suffer from significant deterioration of mechanical performance following multiple reprocessing cycles, analogous to mechanical recycling, and they often show undesired creep under working conditions. To address these two key limitations, we have developed a cross-linked semi-crystalline polythioester with both dynamic covalent bonds and intrinsic crystallinity and chemical recyclability, affording a vitrimeric system that exhibits not only reprocessability and crystallinity-restricted creep but also complete chemical recyclability to initial monomer by catalyzed depolymerization in solution or bulk. Therefore, reported herein is an "infinite" vitrimer system that is empowered with a facile closed-loop EoL option once serial reprocessing deteriorates performance and the material can no longer meet the application requirements. Specifically, the polythioester vitrimer was constructed by copolymerization of a bicyclic thioester with a bis-dithiolane, producing dynamically cross-linked polythioesters with excellent property tunability, from amorphous to semi-crystalline states and melting transition temperatures from 91 to 178 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1872, United States
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1872, United States
| | - Miriam Scoti
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1872, United States
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Xiao-Yun Yan
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 44325-3909, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1872, United States
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20
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Lan MH, Guan X, Zhu DY, Chen ZP, Liu T, Tang Z. Highly Elastic, Self-Healing, Recyclable Interlocking Double-Network Liquid-Free Ionic Conductive Elastomers via Facile Fabrication for Wearable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19447-19458. [PMID: 37037788 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-free ionic conductive elastomers (ICEs) are ideal materials for wearable strain sensors in increasingly flexible electronic devices. However, developing recyclable ICEs with high elasticity, self-healability, and recyclability is still a great challenge. In this study, we fabricated a series of novel ICEs by in situ polymerization of lipoic acid (LA) in poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) solution and cross-linking by coordination bonding and hydrogen bonding. One of the obtained dynamically cross-linked interlocking double-network ICEs, PLA-PAA4-1% ICE, showed excellent mechanical properties, with high elasticity (90%) and stretchability (610%), as well as rapid self-healability (mechanical self-healing within 2 h and electrical recovery within 0.3 s). The PLA-PAA4-1% ICE was used as a strain sensor and possessed excellent linear sensitivity and highly cyclic stability, effectively monitoring diverse human motions with both stretched and compressed deformations. Notably, the PLA-PAA4-1% ICE can be fully recycled and reused as a new strain sensor without any structure change or degradation in performance. This work provided a viable path to fabricate conductive materials by solving the two contradictions of high mechanical property and self-healability, and structure stability and recyclability. We believe that the superior overall performance and feasible fabrication make the developed PLA-PAA4-1% ICE hold great promise as a multifunctional strain sensor for practical applications in flexible wearable electronic devices and humanoid robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hui Lan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guan
- China Electronic Product Reliability and Environmental Testing Research Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510507, P. R. China
| | - Dong Yu Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Peng Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Tingsu Liu
- School of Physics and Optoeletronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Tang
- School of Physics and Optoeletronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P. R. China
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21
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Zhang Z, Lei D, Zhang C, Wang Z, Jin Y, Zhang W, Liu X, Sun J. Strong and Tough Supramolecular Covalent Adaptable Networks with Room-Temperature Closed-Loop Recyclability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208619. [PMID: 36367361 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Development of closed-loop chemically recyclable plastics (CCRPs) that can be widely used in daily life can be a fundamental solution to the global plastic waste crisis. Hence, it is of great significance to develop easy-to-recycle CCRPs that possess superior or comparable material properties to the commodity plastics. Here, a novel dual crosslinked CCRP, namely, supramolecular covalent adaptable networks (supra-CANs), is reported, which not only displays mechanical properties higher than the strong and tough commodity polycarbonate, but also exhibits excellent solvent resistance as thermosets. The supra-CANs are constructed by introducing reversible noncovalent crosslinks into the dynamic covalent polymer networks, resulting in highly stiff and strong thermosets that also exhibit thermoplastic-like ductile and tough behaviors as well as reprocessability and rehealability. In great contrast, the analogs that do not have noncovalent crosslinks (CANs) show elastomeric properties with significantly decreased mechanical strength. Importantly, the developed supra-CANs and CANs can be converted back into the initial monomers in high yields and purity at room temperature, even with additives, which enables the sustainable polymer-monomer-polymer circulation. This work provides new design principles for high-performance chemically recyclable polymers as sustainable substitutes for the conventional plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Dong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chenxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Xiaokong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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22
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Nelson BR, Kirkpatrick BE, Miksch CE, Davidson MD, Skillin NP, Hach GK, Khang A, Hummel SN, Fairbanks BD, Burdick JA, Bowman CN, Anseth KS. Photoinduced Dithiolane Crosslinking for Multiresponsive Dynamic Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2211209. [PMID: 36715698 PMCID: PMC10387131 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While many hydrogels are elastic networks crosslinked by covalent bonds, viscoelastic hydrogels with adaptable crosslinks are increasingly being developed to better recapitulate time and position-dependent processes found in many tissues. In this work, 1,2-dithiolanes are presented as dynamic covalent photocrosslinkers of hydrogels, resulting in disulfide bonds throughout the hydrogel that respond to multiple stimuli. Using lipoic acid as a model dithiolane, disulfide crosslinks are formed under physiological conditions, enabling cell encapsulation via an initiator-free light-induced dithiolane ring-opening photopolymerization. The resulting hydrogels allow for multiple photoinduced dynamic responses including stress relaxation, stiffening, softening, and network functionalization using a single chemistry, which can be supplemented by permanent reaction with alkenes to further control network properties and connectivity using irreversible thioether crosslinks. Moreover, complementary photochemical approaches are used to achieve rapid and complete sample degradation via radical scission and post-gelation network stiffening when irradiated in the presence of reactive gel precursor. The results herein demonstrate the versatility of this material chemistry to study and direct 2D and 3D cell-material interactions. This work highlights dithiolane-based hydrogel photocrosslinking as a robust method for generating adaptable hydrogels with a range of biologically relevant mechanical and chemical properties that are varied on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Bruce E Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Connor E Miksch
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Matthew D Davidson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Nathaniel P Skillin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Grace K Hach
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Alex Khang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Sydney N Hummel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Benjamin D Fairbanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
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