1
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Bokotial D, Bhattacharyya S, Arunkumar S, Das T, Mini Rajendran GR, Chowdhury A. Multi Stimuli Responsive Dual Aggregation-Induced Emission and Photochromic Behavior of a Tetraphenyl Substituted Triphenylamine Derivative and its Application as Anti-counterfeiting Agent. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402086. [PMID: 38865099 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
A multi-stimuli responsive tetraphenyl substituted tripehnylamine-based aggregation induced emissive (AIE) material coupled with spiropyran was prepared. Owing to the presence of AIE and photochromic moiety, the molecule exhibits emissive aggregates, photochromism, and acidochromism. The multiple stimuli sensitive behavior of the molecule was explored for anti-counterfeiting behavior on TLC plate and commercial banknotes. The fluorogenic and photogenic response under UV and visible light established the potential of the candidate as a new generation encryption material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikshit Bokotial
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, India
| | - Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - S Arunkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, India
| | - Trisha Das
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, India
| | - Gokul Raj Mini Rajendran
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Aniket Chowdhury
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, India
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2
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Scholes AM, Kershaw Cook LJ, Szczypiński FT, Luzyanin KV, Egleston BD, Greenaway RL, Slater AG. Dynamic and solid-state behaviour of bromoisotrianglimine. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04207g. [PMID: 39149217 PMCID: PMC11320023 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04207g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid-state materials formed from discrete imine macrocycles have potential in industrial separations, but dynamic behaviour during both synthesis and crystallisation makes them challenging to exploit. Here, we explore opportunities for structural control by investigating the dynamic nature of a C-5 brominated isotrianglimine in solution and under crystallisation conditions. In solution, the equilibrium between the [3 + 3] and the less reported [2 + 2] macrocycle was investigated, and both macrocycles were fully characterised. Solvent templating during crystallisation was used to form new packing motifs for the [3 + 3] macrocycle and a previously unreported [4 + 4] macrocycle. Finally, chiral self-sorting was used to demonstrate how crystallisation conditions can not only influence packing arrangements but also shift the macrocycle equilibrium to yield new structures. This work thus exemplifies three strategies for exploiting dynamic behaviour to form isotrianglimine materials, and highlights the importance of understanding the dynamic behaviour of a system when designing and crystallising functional materials formed using dynamic covalent chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie M Scholes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, School of Physical Sciences, University of Liverpool UK
| | - Laurence J Kershaw Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, School of Physical Sciences, University of Liverpool UK
| | - Filip T Szczypiński
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, School of Physical Sciences, University of Liverpool UK
| | - Konstantin V Luzyanin
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, School of Physical Sciences, University of Liverpool UK
| | - Benjamin D Egleston
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London London UK
| | - Rebecca L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London London UK
| | - Anna G Slater
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, School of Physical Sciences, University of Liverpool UK
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3
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Li P, Jiang X, Gu R, Tian H, Qu DH. Catalyst-Free Dynamic Covalent C=C/C=N Metathesis Reaction for Associative Covalent Adaptable Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406708. [PMID: 38828797 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs), leveraging the dynamic exchange of covalent bonds, emerge as a promising material to address the challenge of irreversible cross-linking in thermosetting polymers. In this work, we explore the introduction of a catalyst-free and associative C=C/C=N metathesis reaction into thermosetting polyurethanes, creating CANs with superior stability, solvent resistance, and thermal/mechanical properties. By incorporating this dynamic exchange reaction, stress-relaxation is significantly accelerated compared to imine-bond-only networks, with the rate adjustable by modifying substituents in the ortho position of the dynamic double bonds. The obtained plasticity enables recycle without altering the chemical structure or mechanical properties, and is also found to be vital for achieving shape memory functions with complex spatial structures. This metathesis reaction as a new dynamic crosslinker of polymer networks has the potential to accelerate the ongoing exploration of malleable and functional thermoset polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyun Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ruirui Gu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Da-Hui Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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4
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Wu J, Greenfield JL. Photoswitchable Imines Drive Dynamic Covalent Systems to Nonequilibrium Steady States. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:20720-20727. [PMID: 39025474 PMCID: PMC11295185 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Coupling a photochemical reaction to a thermal exchange process can drive the latter to a nonequilibrium steady state (NESS) under photoirradiation. Typically, systems use separate motifs for photoresponse and equilibrium-related processes. Here, we show that photoswitchable imines can fulfill both roles simultaneously, autonomously driving a dynamic covalent system into a NESS under continuous light irradiation. We demonstrate this using transimination reactions, where E-to-Z photoisomerism generates a more kinetically labile species. At the NESS, energy is stored both in the metastable Z-isomer of the imine and in the system's nonequilibrium constitution; when the light is switched off, this stored energy is released as the system reverts to its equilibrium state. The system operates autonomously under continuous light irradiation and exhibits characteristics of a light-driven information ratchet. This is enabled by the dual-role of the imine linkage as both the photochromic and dynamic covalent bond. This work highlights the ability and application of these imines to drive systems to NESSs, thus offering a novel approach in the field of systems chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Wu
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität
Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität
Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Jake L. Greenfield
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität
Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität
Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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5
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Nakamura T, Yano S, Liu YF, Nabeshima T. Formation of a Metallomacrocycle Possessing Nitrogen Donors Assembled in the Cavity and Unique Water Clusters. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12697-12702. [PMID: 38950409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
2,2'-Bipyridyl (bpy) is widely used as a chelating unit for metal complexation but is not usually considered as a hydrogen-bonding unit. This is because the metal-free bpy units are usually in a transoid conformation, and the two nitrogen lone pairs are pointed to the opposite sides. We now report a metallomacrocycle whose three metal-free bpy units are in a cisoid conformation and are fixed in the cavity. The complexation of nickel(II) only at the salen units of the triangular bpytrisalen ligand produced this rigid and planar macrocycle. Its cavity is surrounded by hydrogen-bond acceptors (N of bpy and O of salen), and it was found that unique pentagonal prism clusters of water molecules templated by the cavity were formed in the crystal. This study has not only increased the variation of the synthetic methodologies of multinuclear complexes but has also provided the structural platform on which multiple bpy units exert hydrogen-bonding functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Syuhei Yano
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yi-Fu Liu
- Degree Programs in Pure and Applied Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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6
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Lv Y, Ye H, You L. Multiple control of azoquinoline based molecular photoswitches. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3290-3299. [PMID: 38425524 PMCID: PMC10901508 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05879d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-addressable molecular switches with high sophistication are creating intensive interest, but are challenging to control. Herein, we incorporated ring-chain dynamic covalent sites into azoquinoline scaffolds for the construction of multi-responsive and multi-state switching systems. The manipulation of ring-chain equilibrium by acid/base and dynamic covalent reactions with primary/secondary amines allowed the regulation of E/Z photoisomerization. Moreover, the carboxyl and quinoline motifs provided recognition handles for the chelation of metal ions and turning off photoswitching, with otherwise inaccessible Z-isomer complexes obtained via the change of stimulation sequence. Particularly, the distinct metal binding behaviors of primary amine and secondary amine products offered a facile way for modulating E/Z switching and dynamic covalent reactivity. As a result, multiple control of azoarene photoswitches was accomplished, including light, pH, metal ions, and amine nucleophiles, with interplay between diverse stimuli further enabling addressable multi-state switching within reaction networks. The underlying structural and mechanistic insights were elucidated, paving the way for the creation of complex switching systems, molecular assemblies, and intelligent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youming Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hebo Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Lei You
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China Fuzhou 350108 China
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7
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Cougnon FBL, Stefankiewicz AR, Ulrich S. Dynamic covalent synthesis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:879-895. [PMID: 38239698 PMCID: PMC10793650 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic covalent synthesis aims to precisely control the assembly of simple building blocks linked by reversible covalent bonds to generate a single, structurally complex, product. In recent years, considerable progress in the programmability of dynamic covalent systems has enabled easy access to a broad range of assemblies, including macrocycles, shape-persistent cages, unconventional foldamers and mechanically-interlocked species (catenanes, knots, etc.). The reversibility of the covalent linkages can be either switched off to yield stable, isolable products or activated by specific physico-chemical stimuli, allowing the assemblies to adapt and respond to environmental changes in a controlled manner. This activatable dynamic property makes dynamic covalent assemblies particularly attractive for the design of complex matter, smart chemical systems, out-of-equilibrium systems, and molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien B L Cougnon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Artur R Stefankiewicz
- Centre for Advanced Technology and Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
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8
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Benchimol E, Tessarolo J, Clever GH. Photoswitchable coordination cages. Nat Chem 2024; 16:13-21. [PMID: 38182764 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive behaviour is key to the design of smart materials, surfaces, nano-systems and effector molecules, allowing their application as switchable catalysts, molecular transporters, bioimaging probes or caged drugs. Supramolecular chemistry has embraced the widespread integration of photoswitches because of their precise spatiotemporal addressability and waste-free nature. In the vibrant area of discrete metal-mediated self-assembly, however, photoswitches are still rarely employed. Only recently has it been shown that embedding photoswitches into the organic backbones of coordination cages enables control of their host and material properties and thus unlocks the hitherto unexploited dynamic adaptivity of such systems. Here we discuss four cases where triggering ligand-integrated photoswitches leads to (1) control over disassembly/reassembly, (2) bi-stable switching between defined states, (3) interplay with thermal processes in metastable systems and (4) light-fuelled dissipative self-assembly. We highlight first clues concerning the relationship between fundamental photophysics and dynamic assembly equilibria and propose directions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Benchimol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
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9
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Nieland E, Voss J, Schmidt BM. Photoresponsive Supramolecular Cages and Macrocycles. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300353. [PMID: 37638597 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The utilisation of light to achieve precise manipulation and control over the structure and function of supramolecular assemblies has emerged as a highly promising approach in the development of complex, configurable, or multifunctional systems and nanoscopic machine-like entities. In this minireview, we highlight recent examples of self-assembled and covalently bound cages and macrocycles with a focus on the external and internal functionalisation of a structure with a photoswitchable unit or the embedment of a photoswitch into the framework of a structure. Functionalising the interior or exterior of a supramolecular cage or macrocycle with a photoresponsive group enables control over different properties, such as guest binding or assembly in the solid-state, while the overall shape of the assembly often undergoes no significant change. By directly integrating a photoswitchable unit into the framework of a supramolecular structure, the isomerisation can either induce a geometry change, the disassembly, or the disassembly and reassembly of the structure. Historical and recent examples covered in this review are based on azobenzene, diarylethene, stilbene photoswitches, or alkene motors that were incorporated into macrocycles and cages constructed by metal-organic, dynamic covalent, or covalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nieland
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jona Voss
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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10
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Zhu J, Sun XW, Yang X, Yu SN, Liang L, Chen YZ, Zheng X, Yu M, Yan L, Tang J, Zhao W, Yang XJ, Wu B. In Situ Photoisomerization of an Azobenzene-Based Triple Helicate with a Prolonged Thermal Relaxation Time. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202314510. [PMID: 37926915 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The phosphate-coordination triple helicates A2 L3 (A=anion) with azobenzene-spaced bis-bis(urea) ligands (L) have proven to undergo a rare in situ photoisomerization (without disassembly of the structure) rather than the typically known, stepwise "disassembly-isomerization-reassembly" process. This is enabled by the structural self-adaptability of the "aniono" assembly arising from multiple relatively weak and flexible hydrogen bonds between the phosphate anion and bis(urea) units. Notably, the Z→E thermal relaxation rate of the isomerized azobenzene unit is significantly decreased (up to 20-fold) for the triple helicates compared to the free ligands. Moreover, the binding of chiral guest cations inside the cavity of the Z-isomerized triple helicate can induce optically pure diastereomers, thus demonstrating a new strategy for making light-activated chiroptical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xintong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Shu-Na Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ya-Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Li Yan
- Analysis & Testing Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
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11
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Ovalle M, Kathan M, Toyoda R, Stindt CN, Crespi S, Feringa BL. Light-Fueled Transformations of a Dynamic Cage-Based Molecular System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214495. [PMID: 36453623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In a chemical equilibrium, the formation of high-energy species-in a closed system-is inefficient due to microscopic reversibility. Here, we demonstrate how this restriction can be circumvented by coupling a dynamic equilibrium to a light-induced E/Z isomerization of an azobenzene imine cage. The stable E-cage resists intermolecular imine exchange reactions that would "open" it. Upon switching, the strained Z-cage isomers undergo imine exchange spontaneously, thus opening the cage. Subsequent isomerization of the Z-open compounds yields a high-energy, kinetically trapped E-open species, which cannot be efficiently obtained from the initial E-cage, thus shifting an imine equilibrium energetically uphill in a closed system. Upon heating, the nucleophile is displaced back into solution and an opening/closing cycle is completed by regenerating the stable all-E-cage. Using this principle, a light-induced cage-to-cage transformation is performed by the addition of a ditopic aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ovalle
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Michael Kathan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Charlotte N Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
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12
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Nieland E, Voss J, Mix A, Schmidt BM. Photoresponsive Dissipative Macrocycles Using Visible-Light-Switchable Azobenzenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212745. [PMID: 36165240 PMCID: PMC9828355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Visible light can be used to shift dynamic covalent imine assemblies out of equilibrium. We studied a fluorinated azobenzene building block that reliably undergoes geometric isomerism upon irradiation. The building block was used in combination with two different amines, ethylenediamine and R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexane, to create a library of imine macrocycles. Whereas the simple amine can be used to access a polymeric state and a defined bowl-shaped macrocycle, the chiral amine gives access to a rich network of macrocycles that undergo both isomerisation as well as interconversion between different macrocyclic species, thereby allowing for control over the number of monomers involved in the cyclo-oligomerization; 1 H- and 19 F-DOSY NMR, MALDI-MS measurements, and UV/Vis spectroscopy were used to study the processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nieland
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jona Voss
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Andreas Mix
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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