1
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Zeng X. The Strategies Towards Electrochemical Generation of Aryl Radicals. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402220. [PMID: 39012680 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The advancement in electrochemical techniques has unlocked a new path for achieving unprecedented oxidations and reductions of aryl radical precursors in a controlled and selective manner. This approach facilitates the construction of aromatic carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. In light of the green merits and the growing importance of this technique in aryl radical chemistry, this review aims to provide an overview of the recent advance in the electrochemical generation of aryl radicals organized by the aryl radical precursor type, with a focus on the substrate scope, limitation, and underlying mechanism, thereby inspiring future work on electrochemical aryl radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Zeng
- School of Pharmacy and Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
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2
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Zhong Q, Wang PL, Gao H, Liu F, Li H. Manganaelectro-Catalyzed Cyclization of o-Aminoarylketones with Ammonia: An Approach to 1,2-Dihydroquinazolines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:13253-13262. [PMID: 39264296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
A manganaelectro-catalyzed cyclization reaction of 2-aminoarylketones with simple alcohols and ammonia under mild conditions is reported for the first time. The cooperative catalysis effectively enhances the oxidation of primary alcohols into aldehydes, thus enabling the synthesis of substituted 1,2-dihydroquinazolines in good to excellent yields. In addition, the utilities of this method are highlighted in the construction of biologically active molecules that would otherwise be difficult to access through a traditional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Fanghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
| | - Hongji Li
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P. R. China
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3
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Santana CG, Teoh YS, Evarts MM, Shezaf JZ, Krische MJ. Formate-Mediated Reductive Cross-Coupling of Vinyl Halides and Aryl Iodides: cine-Substitution via Palladium(I) Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:7055-7059. [PMID: 39133807 PMCID: PMC11445720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Formate-mediated reductive cross-couplings of vinyl halides with aryl iodides via palladium(I) catalysis occur with highly uncommon cine-substitution. The active dianionic palladium(I) catalyst, [Pd2I4][NBu4]2, is generated in situ from Pd(OAc)2, Bu4NI, and formate. Oxidative addition of aryl iodide followed by dissociation of the dimer provides the monomeric anionic T-shaped arylpalladium(II) species, [Pd(Ar)(I)2(NBu4)], which, upon vinyl halide carbopalladation, forms products of cine-substitution by way of palladium(IV) carbenes, as corroborated by deuterium-labeling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yhin Sarah Teoh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Madeline M Evarts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan Z Shezaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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4
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Lan L, Xu K, Zeng C. The merger of electro-reduction and hydrogen bonding activation for a radical Smiles rearrangement. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13459-13465. [PMID: 39183920 PMCID: PMC11339951 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02821j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The reductive activation of chemical bonds at less negative potentials provides a foundation for high functional group tolerance and selectivity, and it is one of the central topics in organic electrosynthesis. Along this line, we report the design of a dual-activation mode by merging electro-reduction with hydrogen bonding activation. As a proof of principle, the reduction potential of N-phenylpropiolamide was shifted positively by 218 mV. Enabled by this strategy, the radical Smiles rearrangement of N-arylpropiolamides without external radical precursors and prefunctionalization steps was accomplished. [DBU][HOAc], a readily accessible ionic liquid, was exploited for the first time both as a hydrogen bonding donor and as a supporting electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Lan
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
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5
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Hirbawi N, Raffman ETA, Pedroarena JR, McGinnis TM, Jarvo ER. Sacrificial Anode-Free Electrochemical Cross-Electrophile Coupling of 1,3-Diol Derivatives to Form Aliphatic and Aryl Cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:6556-6561. [PMID: 39082621 PMCID: PMC11320640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling reactions that forge C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds are strategic methods for the synthesis of molecules with high F(sp3), yet very few employ electrochemical conditions as the necessary reductant. Herein, we report an electrochemical intramolecular cross-electrophile coupling reaction of 1,3-diol derivatives to access aliphatic and aryl cyclopropanes, including spirocyclic and fused bicyclic cyclopropanes. The scalable electrochemical cross-electrophile coupling (eXEC) reaction employs a nonsacrificial anode in an undivided cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James R. Pedroarena
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Tristan M. McGinnis
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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6
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Zhang X, Ye Z, Li Y, Zhao Z, Ma W, Zhang F. Electrochemical Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Alkenyl Triflates with α-Chloroamides. Org Lett 2024; 26:6364-6369. [PMID: 39051850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling reactions of different electrophiles have been extensively studied but mainly limited to bromides and iodides. Here, we report an electrochemically induced nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling strategy between alkenyl triflates and α-chloroamides in an undivided cell under mild reaction conditions, affording the α-functionalized amide derivatives in good to excellent yields with broad substrate scopes and good functional group tolerance. The control experiments were conducted, and a plausible mechanism was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yicai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ziqiang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
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7
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Sun D, Gong Y, Wu Y, Chen Y, Gong H. Bis(pinacolato)diboron-Enabled Ni-Catalyzed Reductive Arylation/Vinylation of Alkyl Electrophiles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2404301. [PMID: 38887210 PMCID: PMC11336967 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the use of economically and environmentally friendly bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2Pin2) is described as a non-metallic reductant in mediating Ni-catalyzed C(sp3)-C(sp2) reductive cross-coupling of alkyl electrophiles with aryl/vinyl halides. This method exhibits excellent suitability for heteroaryl halides and alkyl halides/Katritzky salts. The present study is compatible with an in situ halogenation of alcohol method, allowing for selective mono-functionalization of diols and bio-relevant alcohols (e.g., carbohydrates). The use of B2Pin2 shows potential for easy scalability without introducing additional metal impurities into the products. It is observed for the first time in the realm of cross-electrophile coupling chemistry that B2Pin2 can sever as a reductant to reduce NiII to Ni0. This mechanistic insight may inspire the development of new reductive bond-forming methodologies that can otherwise be difficult to achieve with a metal reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Sun
- School of Resources and Environmental EngineeringShanghai Polytechnic UniversityNo. 2360 Jinhai RoadShanghai201209China
| | - Yuxin Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and CatalysisDepartment of ChemistryShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yu Wu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and CatalysisDepartment of ChemistryShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Yunrong Chen
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and CatalysisDepartment of ChemistryShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and CatalysisDepartment of ChemistryShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
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8
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Zhao Z, Zhang H, Yan H, Yu X, Gu L, Zhang S. Electrophotocatalytic Tellurosulfonylation of Alkynes for the Synthesis of β-(Telluro)vinyl Sulfones. Org Lett 2024; 26:6114-6119. [PMID: 38968081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Difunctionalization of alkynes has gained a lot of interest in current organic chemistry. Herein, we developed an electrophotocatalytic multicomponent cascade reaction of alkynes and indoles with sulfinic acid sodium salts using elemental tellurium as the tellurium source. Using synergistic anodic oxidation and visible-light irradiation, various β-(telluro)vinyl sulfones have been prepared. This strategy features mild reaction conditions, excellent substrate scope, readily available starting materials, and great functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu, Shandong 273155, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Xixi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
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9
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Michiyuki T, Homölle SL, Pandit NK, Ackermann L. Electrocatalytic Formal C(sp 2)-H Alkylations via Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling with Versatile Arylsulfonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401198. [PMID: 38695843 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Producing sp3-hybridized carbon-enriched molecules is of particular interest due to their high success rate in clinical trials. The installation of aliphatic chains onto aromatic scaffolds was accomplished by nickel-catalyzed C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-electrophile coupling with arylsulfonium salts. Thus, simple non-prefunctionalized arenes could be alkylated through the formation of aryldibenzothiophenium salts. The reaction employs an electrochemical approach to avoid potentially hazardous chemical redox agents, and importantly, the one-pot alkylation proved also viable, highlighting the robustness of our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Michiyuki
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simon L Homölle
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Neeraj K Pandit
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Zurakowski JA, Durfy CS, Stocek NB, Fanchini G, Drover MW. Oxidatively-induced C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) bond formation at a tucked-in iron(iii) complex. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10359-10365. [PMID: 38994411 PMCID: PMC11234878 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon-carbon (C-C) bond formation is a cornerstone of synthetic chemistry, relying on routes such as transition-metal mediated cross-coupling for the introduction of new carbon-based functionality. For {[M] n+-C} (M = metal) structural units, studies that offer well-defined relationships between metal oxidation state, hydrocarbon strain, and {[M] n+-C} bond thermochemistry are thus informative, providing a means to reliably access new product classes. Here, we show that one-electron oxidation of the iron tucked-in complex [(η6-C5Me4[double bond, length as m-dash]CH2)Fe(dnppe)] (dnppe = 1,2-bis(di-n-propylphosphino)ethane) results in C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formation giving unique {Fe2} dimers. Freeze-quenched CW X-band EPR spectroscopy allowed for spectroscopic identification of the reactive [(η6-C5Me4[double bond, length as m-dash]CH2)Fe(dnppe)]+ intermediate. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal a primarily Fe-centered radical and a weak {[Fe]-C} bond (BDE[Fe]-C = 24.5 kcal mol-1, c.f. BDEC-C(ethane) = 90 kcal mol-1). For comparison, a structurally analogous Fe(iii) methyl complex was prepared, [Cp*Fe(dnppe)(CH3)]+ (Cp* = C5Me5 -), where C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling was not observed, consistent with a larger calculated BDE[Fe]-C value of 47.8 kcal mol-1. These data are analogized to the simple hydrocarbons ethane and cyclopropane, where a strain-induced BDEC-C decrease of 33 kcal mol-1 is witnessed on cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Zurakowski
- Department of Chemistry, Western University 1151 Richmond Street London ON N8K 3G6 Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Connor S Durfy
- Department of Chemistry, Western University 1151 Richmond Street London ON N8K 3G6 Canada
| | - Noah B Stocek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University 1151 Richmond Street London ON N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Giovanni Fanchini
- Department of Chemistry, Western University 1151 Richmond Street London ON N8K 3G6 Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University 1151 Richmond Street London ON N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Marcus W Drover
- Department of Chemistry, Western University 1151 Richmond Street London ON N8K 3G6 Canada
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11
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Zhao H, Ravn AK, Haibach MC, Engle KM, Johansson Seechurn CCC. Diversification of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes: Taking the Plunge into the Non-PGM Catalyst Pool. ACS Catal 2024; 14:9708-9733. [PMID: 38988647 PMCID: PMC11232362 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Recent global events have led to the cost of platinum group metals (PGMs) reaching unprecedented heights. Many chemical companies are therefore starting to seriously consider and evaluate if and where they can substitute PGMs for non-PGMs in their catalytic processes. This review covers recent highly relevant applications of non-PGM catalysts in the modern pharmaceutical industry. By highlighting these selected successful examples of non-PGM-catalyzed processes from the literature, we hope to emphasize the enormous potential of non-PGM catalysis and inspire further development within this field to enable this technology to progress toward manufacturing processes. We also present some historical contexts and review the perceived advantages and challenges of implementing non-PGM catalysts in the pharmaceutical manufacturing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Sinocompound
Catalysts, Building C,
Bonded Area Technology Innovation Zone, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215634, China
| | - Anne K. Ravn
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael C. Haibach
- Process
Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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12
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Kim RS, Kgoadi LO, Hayes JC, Rainboth DP, Mudd CM, Yap GPA, Watson DA. Nickel-Catalyzed Atroposelective Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Aryl Halides: A General and Practical Route to Diverse MOP-Type Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17606-17612. [PMID: 38780663 PMCID: PMC11222061 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We report a highly cross- and atroposelective coupling between ortho-(chloro)arylphosphine oxides and ortho-(bromo)aryl ethers. This previously unknown asymmetric nickel-catalyzed reaction offers a direct route to highly enantioenriched axially chiral biaryl monophosphine oxides that are difficult to access by other means. These products can be readily reduced to generate chiral MOP-type ligands bearing complex skeletal backbones. The utility of these chiral ligands in asymmetric catalysis is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael S Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Lebogang O Kgoadi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jacob C Hayes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Derek P Rainboth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Catherine M Mudd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Donald A Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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13
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Wang B, Huang X, Bi H, Liu J. Electroreductive alkylations of (hetero)arenes with carboxylic acids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4970. [PMID: 38862567 PMCID: PMC11166922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are widely available and generally inexpensive from abundant biomass feedstocks, and they are suitable and generic coupling partners in synthetic chemistry. Reported herein is an electroreductive coupling of stable and versatile carboxylic acids with (hetero)arenes using protons as the hydrogen source. The application of an earth-abundant titanium catalyst has significantly improved the deoxygenative reduction process. Preliminary mechanistic studies provide insights into the deoxygenative reduction of in-situ generated ketone pathway, and the intermediacy generation of ketyl radical and alkylidene titanocene. Without the necessity of pressurized hydrogen or stoichiometric hydride as reductants, this protocol enables highly selective and straightforward synthesis of various functionalized and structurally diverse alkylbenzenes under mild conditions. The utility of this reaction is further demonstrated through practical and valuable isotope incorporation from readily available deuterium source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Xianshuai Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Huihua Bi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China.
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, 511300, Guangzhou, China.
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14
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Wu YJ, Ma C, Qiao JF, Cheng XY, Liang YF. Nickel-catalysed highly regioselective synthesis of β-acyl naphthalenes under reductive conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5723-5726. [PMID: 38742267 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01660b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the direct C-H acylation of naphthalenes, occurring at the α or β-positions to yield valuable ketones through Friedel-Crafts acylation or transition-metal-catalysed carbonylative coupling reactions. Nevertheless, highly regioselective acylation of naphthalenes remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we developed a nickel-catalysed reductive ring-opening reaction of 7-oxabenzonorbornadienes with acyl chlorides as the electrophilic coupling partner, providing a new method for the exclusive preparation of β-acyl naphthalenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Juan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Chen Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Jia-Fan Qiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yu-Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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15
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Zhang H, Ye Z, Tang J, Wu Y, Zhang X, Ma W, Zhan Z, Zhang F. Electrochemical Reductive Cross-Coupling of Alkyl or Alkenyl Halides with gem-Difluoroalkenes. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38743653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe an electroreductive cross-electrophile coupling protocol for the construction of valuable monofluoroalkenes from easily accessible alkyl or alkenyl halides with gem-difluoroalkenes. The reaction can be conducted under sustainable and mild conditions delivering valuable and functionalized monofluoroalkenes with excellent Z-selectivity. The protocol's most notable advantage is the in situ release of nickel catalyst from the inexpensive electrodes without the addition of extra hazardous metal catalyst and superstoichiometric reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiyuan Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhajun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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16
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Zhao Z, Zhang R, Liu Y, Zhu Z, Wang Q, Qiu Y. Electrochemical C-H deuteration of pyridine derivatives with D 2O. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3832. [PMID: 38714720 PMCID: PMC11076510 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we develop a straightforward, metal-free, and acid-/base-free electrochemical C4-selective C - H deuteration of pyridine derivatives with economic and convenient D2O at room temperature. This strategy features an efficient and environmentally friendly approach with high chemo- and regioselectivity, affording a wide range of D-compounds, such as pyridines, quinolones, N-ligands and biorelevant compounds. Notably, the mechanistic experiments and cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies demonstrate that N-butyl-2-phenylpyridinium iodide is a crucial intermediate during the electrochemical transformation, which provides a general and efficient way for deuteration of pyridine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ranran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zile Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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17
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Hou JC, Jiang J, Wen YC, Zeng YY, Lu YH, Wang JS, Ou LJ, He WM. Paired Electrolysis-Enabled Arylation of Quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6117-6125. [PMID: 38654588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The first paired electrolysis-enabled arylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones was achieved using cyanoarenes as the arylation reagents. A variety of 3-arylquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with various important functional groups were obtained in moderate to good yields under metal- and chemical oxidant-free conditions. With a pair of reductive and oxidative processes occurring among the substrates and reaction intermediates, the power consumption can be dramatically reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Cheng Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yan-Cui Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yu-Han Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Li-Juan Ou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Wei-Min He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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18
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Li X, Deng W, Wen Y, Wang Z, Zhou J, Li Z, Li Y, Hu J, Huang Y. Electrochemically Driven para-Selective C(sp 2)-H Alkylation Enabled by Activation of Alkyl Halides without Sacrificial Anodes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400010. [PMID: 38389032 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
With alkyl halides (I, Br, Cl) as a coupling partner, an electrochemically driven strategy for para-selective C(sp2)-H alkylation of electron-deficient arenes (aryl esters, aldehydes, nitriles, and ketones) has been achieved to access diverse alkylated arenes in one step. The reaction enables the activation of alkyl halides in the absence of sacrificial anodes, achieving the formation of C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds under mild electrolytic conditions. The utility of this protocol is reflected in high site selectivity, broad substrate scope, and scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Deng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Yating Wen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjie Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Yubing Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
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19
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Wu L, Jia K, Wang M, Qiu Y. Electroreduction of unactivated alkenes using water as hydrogen source. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2780. [PMID: 38555370 PMCID: PMC10981685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47168-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report an electroreduction of unactivated alkyl alkenes enabled by [Fe]-H, which is provided through the combination of anodic iron salts and the silane generated in situ via cathodic reduction, using H2O as an H-source. The catalytic amounts of Si-additive work as an H-carrier from H2O to generate a highly active silane species in situ under continuous electrochemical conditions. This approach shows a broad substrate scope and good functional group compatibility. In addition to hydrogenation, the use of D2O instead of H2O provides the desired deuterated products in good yields with excellent D-incorporation (up to >99%). Further late-stage hydrogenation of complex molecules and drug derivatives demonstrate potential application in the pharmaceutical industry. Mechanistic studies are performed and provide support for the proposed mechanistic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kangping Jia
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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20
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Ji HT, Jiang J, He WB, Lu YH, Liu YY, Li X, He WM. Electrochemical Multicomponent Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Selenazol-2-amines with Elemental Selenium. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4113-4119. [PMID: 38448366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The first example of an electrochemical multicomponent synthesis of selenium-containing compounds with inexpensive and abundant elemental selenium as the selenating reagent was developed. A variety of selenazol-2-amines were constructed in high yields with good functional group tolerance under metal-free and chemical oxidant-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wei-Bao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yu-Han Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wei-Min He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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21
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Wang T, Guan Y, Zhang T, Liang Y. Ligand Relay for Nickel-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Alkylation of Aroyl Chlorides. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306923. [PMID: 38088530 PMCID: PMC10916626 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed direct decarboxylative transformations of aromatic carboxylic acids usually require high temperatures, which limit the substrate's scope, especially for late-stage applications. The development of the selective decarbonylative of carboxylic acid derivatives, especially the most fundamental aroyl chlorides, with stable and cheap electrophiles under mild conditions is highly desirable and meaningful, but remains challenging. Herein, a strategy of nickel-catalyzed decarbonylative alkylation of aroyl chlorides via phosphine/nitrogen ligand relay is reported. The simple phosphine ligand is found essential for the decarbonylation step, while the nitrogen ligand promotes the cross-electrophile coupling. Such a ligand relay system can effectively and orderly carry out the catalytic process at room temperature, utilizing easily available aroyl chlorides as an aryl electrophile for reductive alkylation. This discovery provides a new strategy for direct decarbonylative coupling, features operationally simple, mild conditions, and excellent functional group tolerance. The mild approach is applied to the late-stage methylation of various pharmaceuticals. Extensive experiments are carried out to provide insights into the reaction pathway and support the ligand relay process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Zhang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
| | - Yu‐Qiu Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
| | - Tian‐Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
| | - Yu‐Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
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22
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Guan YQ, Qiao JF, Liang YF. Nickel-catalysed chelation-assisted reductive defluorinative sulfenylation of trifluoropropionic acid derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2405-2408. [PMID: 38323634 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Herein we reported a directing-group assisted strategy for nickel-catalysed reductive defluorinative sulfenylation of trifluoropropionic acid derivatives with disulfides in the presence of Zn, involving triple C-F bond cleavage. This process yielded a diverse array of carbonyl-sulfide di-substituted alkenes in moderate to good yields with good functional group tolerance. Specifically, the reactions exhibited high E-selectivity with E/Z ratio up to >99 : 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiu Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Jia-Fan Qiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yu-Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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23
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Laudadio G, Neigenfind P, Péter Á, Rubel CZ, Emmanuel MA, Oderinde MS, Ewing TEH, Palkowitz MD, Sloane JL, Gillman KW, Ridge D, Mandler MD, Bolduc PN, Nicastri MC, Zhang B, Clementson S, Petersen NN, Martín-Gago P, Mykhailiuk P, Engle KM, Baran PS. Nickel-Electrocatalytic Decarboxylative Arylation to Access Quaternary Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314617. [PMID: 38181042 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
There is a pressing need, particularly in the field of drug discovery, for general methods that will enable direct coupling of tertiary alkyl fragments to (hetero)aryl halides. Herein a uniquely powerful and simple set of conditions for achieving this transformation with unparalleled generality and chemoselectivity is disclosed. This new protocol is placed in context with other recently reported methods, applied to simplify the routes of known bioactive building blocks molecules, and scaled up in both batch and flow. The role of pyridine additive as well as the mechanism of this reaction are interrogated through Cyclic Voltammetry studies, titration experiments, control reactions with Ni(0) and Ni(II)-complexes, and ligand optimization data. Those studies indicate that the formation of a BINAPNi(0) is minimized and the formation of an active pyridine-stabilized Ni(I) species is sustained during the reaction. Our preliminary mechanistic studies ruled out the involvement of Ni(0) species in this electrochemical cross-coupling, which is mediated by Ni(I) species via a Ni(I)-Ni(II)-Ni(III)-Ni(I) catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Philipp Neigenfind
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Áron Péter
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Camille Z Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Megan A Emmanuel
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Tamara El-Hayek Ewing
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maximilian D Palkowitz
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Jack L Sloane
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Kevin W Gillman
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Daniel Ridge
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Michael D Mandler
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | | | - Benxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Pablo Martín-Gago
- Research and Early Development, LEO Pharma A/S, 2750, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Pavel Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Chemistry Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska 64, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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24
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Wang T, He F, Jiang W, Liu J. Electrohydrogenation of Nitriles with Amines by Cobalt Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316140. [PMID: 38124405 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles represents an efficient and sustainable one-step synthesis of valuable bulk and fine chemicals. We report herein a molecular cobalt electrocatalyst for selective hydrogenative coupling of nitriles with amines using protons as the hydrogen source. The key to success for this reductive reaction is the use of an electrocatalytic approach for efficient cobalt-hydride generation through a sequence of cathodic reduction and protonation. As only electrons (e- ) and protons (H+ ) as the redox equivalent and hydrogen source, this general electrohydrogenation protocol is showcased by highly selective and straightforward synthesis of various functionalized and structurally diverse amines, as well as deuterium isotope labeling applications. Mechanistic studies reveal that the electrogenerated cobalt-hydride transfer to nitrile process is the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Fangfang He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, 511300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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25
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Zhang H, Ye Z, Wu Y, Zhang X, Ma W, Zhan ZJ, Zhang F. Electrochemical Reductive Cross-Coupling of Vinyl Bromides for the Synthesis of 1,3-Dienes. Org Lett 2024; 26:994-999. [PMID: 38289335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
An electroreductive cross-electrophile coupling protocol was developed for the construction of valuable 1,3-dienes from vinyl bromides. Furthermore, this scalable method can also be used to forge complex [4 + 2] cycloadducts in a one-pot manner. One of the most important advantages of this green and sustainable protocol is the in situ release of nickel catalyst from the inexpensive electrodes without the addition of extra harmful metal catalysts and reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zha-Jun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014 Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399 Hangzhou, P. R. China
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26
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Zheng YT, Xu HC. Electrochemical Azidocyanation of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313273. [PMID: 37906439 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The difunctionalization of alkenes-a process that installs two functional groups in a single operation and transforms chemical feedstocks into value-added products-is one of the most appealing synthetic methods in contemporary chemistry. However, the introduction of two distinct functional groups via two readily accessible nucleophiles remains a formidable challenge. Existing intermolecular alkene azidocyanation methods, which primarily focus on aryl alkenes and rely on stoichiometric chemical oxidants. We report herein an unprecedented electrochemical strategy for alkene azidocyanation that is compatible with both alkyl and aryl alkenes. This is achieved by harnessing the finely-tuned anodic electron transfer and the strategic selection of copper/ligand complexes. The reactions of aryl alkenes were rendered enantioselective by employing a chiral ligand. Crucially, the mild conditions and well-regulated electrochemical process assure exceptional tolerance for various functional groups and substrate compatibility with both terminal and internal alkyl alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Tao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
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27
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Wang Y, Deng J, Ressler AJ, Lin S. Electroreductive Radical Addition-Polar Cyclization Cascade to Access Cycloalkanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:116-121. [PMID: 38157449 PMCID: PMC11192528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Compared with flat aromatic scaffolds, three-dimensional aliphatic ring systems feature high structural complexity and topological diversity and, thus, have received increasing attention in drug discovery. Herein, we describe a mild and general electrochemical method for the modular synthesis of structurally distinct cyclic compounds, including monocyclic alkanes, benzo-fused ring systems, and spirocycles, from readily available alkenes and alkyl halides via a radical-polar crossover mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jiachen Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, New York 14853, United States
| | - Andrew J. Ressler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, New York 14853, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, New York 14853, United States
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28
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Wang YZ, Sun B, Zhu XY, Gu YC, Ma C, Mei TS. Enantioselective Reductive Cross-Couplings of Olefins by Merging Electrochemistry with Nickel Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23910-23917. [PMID: 37883710 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The merger of electrochemistry and transition metal catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool to join two electrophiles in an enantioselective manner. However, the development of enantioselective electroreductive cross-couplings of olefins remains a challenge. Inspired by the advantages of the synergistic use of electrochemistry with nickel catalysis, we present here a Ni-catalyzed enantioselective electroreductive cross-coupling of acrylates with aryl halides and alkyl bromides, which affords chiral α-aryl carbonyls in good to excellent enantioselectivity. Additionally, this catalytic reaction can be applied to (hetero)aryl chlorides, which is difficult to achieve by other methods. The combination of cyclic voltammetry analysis with electrode potential studies suggests that the NiI species activates aryl halides by oxidative addition and alkyl bromides by single-electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Bing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire RE42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Cong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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29
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Li B, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Li X, Li Z, Gu L, Ma W, Mei R. Transition-Metal-Free Electrochemical Selenylative Cyclization of Alkynyl Phosphonates. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15414-15427. [PMID: 37871259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented regioselective electrochemical tandem selenation/cyclization of alkynyl phosphonates with diselenide is described here. These obtained selenoether products can be chemo-selectively converted into halogen-functionalized cyclic enol phosphonates under our electrochemical conditions. These protocols provide straightforward access to valuable cyclic enol phosphonate or phosphaisocoumarins under the electrochemical and transition-metal-free conditions. The robustness of these transformations was illustrated by their compatibility with various complex natural products and bioactive molecules. The selenoether and halogen functional groups allow the further diversification of the phosphorus heterocycles thus obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Yunhao Zhou
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Yue Xu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
| | - Zheyu Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Linghui Gu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
| | - Ruhuai Mei
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P. R. China
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Chang YH, Shen W, Shezaf JZ, Ortiz E, Krische MJ. Palladium(I)-Iodide-Catalyzed Deoxygenative Heck Reaction of Vinyl Triflates: A Formate-Mediated Cross-Electrophile Reductive Coupling with cine-Substitution. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22890-22895. [PMID: 37845783 PMCID: PMC10615887 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The first deoxygenative Heck reactions are described, as illustrated by formate-mediated cine-substitutions of vinyl triflates with aryl iodides. The collective data corroborate a mechanism in which Pd(OAc)2 and Bu4NI form the dianionic iodide-bridged dimer [Pd2I6][NBu4]2, which, under reducing conditions, serves as a precursor to the palladium(I) complex [Pd2I4][NBu4]2. Dinculear oxidative addition of aryl iodide forms [Pd2I5(Ar)][NBu4]2, which dissociates to the monometallic complex [PdI2(Ar)][NBu4]. Vinyl triflate migratory insertion-sulfonate elimination delivers a palladium(IV) carbene, which upon β-hydride elimination/C-H reductive elimination gives the product of cine-substitution. These processes are the first efficient formate-mediated cross-electrophile reductive couplings beyond carbonyl addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Weijia Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan Z Shezaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Eliezer Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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