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Fit-for-Purpose Assessment of QuEChERS LC-MS/MS Methods for Environmental Monitoring of Organotin Compounds in the Bottom Sediments of the Odra River Estuary. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154847. [PMID: 35956795 PMCID: PMC9370016 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotin compounds (OTCs) are among the most hazardous substances found in the marine environment and can be determined by either the ISO 23161 method based on extraction with non-polar organic solvents and gas chromatography analysis or by the recently developed QuEChERS method coupled to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). To date, the QuEChERS LC/MS and ISO 23161 methods have not been compared in terms of their fit-for-purpose and reliability in the determination of OTCs in bottom sediments. In the case of ISO 23161, due to a large number of interferences gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was not suitable for the determination of OTCs contrary to more selective determination by gas chromatography with an atomic emission detector. Moreover, it has been found that the derivatization of OTCs to volatile compounds, which required prior gas chromatography determination, was strongly affected by the sediments’ matrices. As a result, a large amount of reagent was needed for the complete derivatization of the compounds. Contrary to ISO 23161, the QuEChERS LC-MS/MS method did not require the derivatization of OTC and is less prone to interferences. Highly volatile and toxic solvents were not used in the QuEChERS LC-MS/MS method. This makes the method more environmentally friendly according to the principles of green analytical chemistry. QuEChERS LC-MS/MS is suitable for fast and reliable environmental monitoring of OTCs in bottom sediments from the Odra River estuary. However, determination of di- and monobutyltin by the QuEChERS LC-MS/MS method was not possible due to the constraints of the chromatographic system. Hence, further development of this method is needed for monitoring di- and monobutyltin in bottom sediments.
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Kucharski D, Drzewicz P, Nałęcz-Jawecki G, Mianowicz K, Skowronek A, Giebułtowicz J. Development and Application of a Novel QuEChERS Method for Monitoring of Tributyltin and Triphenyltin in Bottom Sediments of the Odra River Estuary, North Westernmost Part of Poland. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030591. [PMID: 32013201 PMCID: PMC7037272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction method combined with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for determination of organotin compounds (OTC) has been newly developed. The novel analytical method was validated and the quality of the results was tested by the use of certificate reference material of freshwater sediment BCR 646. The method was applied in determination of OTC concentration in real samples of bottom sediments collected from the Polish part of Odra River Estuary. The samples came from locations with different anthropogenic impact. Additionally, the extraction recovery of OTC and matrix effect on MS signal response was investigated based on those real environmental samples. It was found that organic compounds and anthropogenic contaminations present in bottom sediments may affect extraction efficiency of the organotin compounds (OTC) and change the matrix effect on MS signal response. The highest concentrations of tributyltin were found in bottom sediments collected from locations in vicinity of the Szczecin harbor and shipyards. The presence of triphenyltin above limit of detection (5 ng TPhT/g of sediment) was observed only in two samples and its concentration was several times lower compared to concentration of tributyltin (from 58 ng/g to 5263 ng/g). In spite of the fact that, the application of TBT-based paints on hull of vessel entering EU ports has been banned by European Commission regulation No. 782/2003 since 2008, the OTC compounds are still present in bottom sediment and pose significant threat to the environment. This threat should be taken into account during dredging of waterways and other hydrotechnical works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Kucharski
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Drzewicz
- Polish Geological Institute-National Research Institute, ul. Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland;
- Correspondence: (P.D.); (J.G.); Tel.: +48-22-459-2319 (P.D.); +48-572-0949 (J.G.); Fax: +48-22-849-5351 (P.D.); +48-22-572-0976 (J.G.)
| | - Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, 02-007 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Kamila Mianowicz
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Wały Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Artur Skowronek
- Polish Geological Institute-National Research Institute, ul. Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland;
- Correspondence: (P.D.); (J.G.); Tel.: +48-22-459-2319 (P.D.); +48-572-0949 (J.G.); Fax: +48-22-849-5351 (P.D.); +48-22-572-0976 (J.G.)
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Occurrence and chemical speciation analysis of organotin compounds in the environment: A review. Talanta 2010; 82:9-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bangkedphol S, Keenan HE, Davidson C, Sakultantimetha A, Songsasen A. Development of a low-cost method of analysis for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of butyltins in environmental samples. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2008; 43:1744-1751. [PMID: 18988113 DOI: 10.1080/10934520802330453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Most analytical methods for butyltins are based on high resolution techniques with complicated sample preparation. For this study, a simple application of an analytical method was developed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. The developed method was studied to determine tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) in sediment and water samples. The separation was performed in isocratic mode on an ultra cyanopropyl column with a mobile phase of hexane containing 5% THF and 0.03% acetic acid. This method was confirmed using standard GC/MS techniques and verified by statistical paired t-test method. Under the experimental conditions used, the limit of detection (LOD) of TBT and DBT were 0.70 and 0.50 microg/mL, respectively. The optimised extraction method for butyltins in water and sediment samples involved using hexane containing 0.05-0.5% tropolone and 0.2% sodium chloride in water at pH 1.7. The quantitative extraction of butyltin compounds in a certified reference material (BCR-646) and naturally contaminated samples was achieved with recoveries ranging from 95 to 108% and at %RSD 0.02-1.00%. This HPLC method and optimum extraction conditions were used to determine the contamination level of butyltins in environmental samples collected from the Forth and Clyde canal, Scotland, UK. The values obtained severely exceeded the Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) values. Although high resolution methods are utilised extensively for this type of research, the developed method is cheaper in both terms of equipment and running costs, faster in analysis time and has comparable detection limits to the alternative methods. This is advantageous not just as a confirmatory technique but also to enable further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sornnarin Bangkedphol
- David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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Békri K, Saint-Louis R, Pelletier E. Determination of tributyltin and 4-hydroxybutyldibutyltin chlorides in seawater by liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 578:203-12. [PMID: 17723713 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of tributyltin (TBT) and the hydroxylated intermediate 4-hydroxybutyldibutyltin (OHBuDBT). Separation was achieved in reverse phase mode on a cyanopropyl-bonded silica column under a gradient elution. Various organic solvents and additives were tested and the optimum composition of the mobile phase contained methanol, water, formic acid and tropolone as a complexing agent. Butyltin compounds were detected with an ion trap mass spectrometer interfaced to a liquid chromatograph with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (LC-APCI-MS). Identification and fragmentation pattern of OHBuDBT chloride in full scan MS and MS/MS are reported for the first time using LC-APCI-MS. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) spectrum of the same compound is also reported for the first time for comparison purpose. This method allowed limits of detection (LOD) of 35 and 26 ng mL(-1) for TBT and OHBuDBT, respectively, based on successive injections of 10 microL of blank seawater extract. A liquid-liquid extraction procedure using n-hexane-ethyl acetate was developed for the simultaneous analysis of TBT and OHBuDBT chlorides in natural seawater and allowed average recoveries from 72 to 96% for the two compounds at three different spiking levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Békri
- Institut des Sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, Canada G5L 3A1.
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Díez S, Ortiz L, Bayona JM. Off-line solid-phase extraction procedure for the determination of phenyl and butyltin compounds from aqueous matrices followed by GC-FPD determination. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02789767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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NARASAKI H, HOU HB, MORIMURA Y. Determination of Organotin Compounds in Fish by Gas Chromatography-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using 8-Quinolinol as a Complexing Agent. ANAL SCI 2000. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.16.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong-Bing HOU
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University
| | - Yuichi MORIMURA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University
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Abalos M, Bayona JM, Compañó R, Granados M, Leal C, Prat MD. Analytical procedures for the determination of organotin compounds in sediment and biota: a critical review. J Chromatogr A 1997; 788:1-49. [PMID: 9419872 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Analytical procedures reported over the last 10 years for the determination of organotin compounds in sediment and biota have been critically reviewed in terms of sample handling, sensitivity, analytical cost, environmental acceptance, accuracy and precision. Critical steps in the analytical procedures are identified. Finally, research needs in extraction and determination are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abalos
- Environmental Chemistry Department, CID-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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Pannier F, Astruc A, Astruc M, Morabito R. Determination of Butyltin Compounds in Mussel Samples: A Comparative Study of Analytical Procedures. Appl Organomet Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0739(199609)10:7<471::aid-aoc497>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Boutakhrit K, Quarin G, Özkan SA, Kauffmann JM. Determination of tin(II) in pharmaceuticals by amperometric oxidation after complexation with tropolone. ELECTROANAL 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140080816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Harrington CF, Eigendorf GK, Cullen WR. The use of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Speciation of Organotin Compounds. Appl Organomet Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0739(199606)10:5<339::aid-aoc490>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Harrington CF, Eigendorf GK, Cullen WR. The use of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Speciation of Organotin Compounds. Appl Organomet Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0739(199606)10:5%3c339::aid-aoc490%3e3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Poboży E, Głód B, Kaniewska J, Trojanowicz M. Determination of triorganotin compounds by ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis with preconcentration using solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Morabito R. Extraction techniques in speciation analysis of environmental samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00322906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Ferri T, Roberti F, Chiavarini S, Cremisini C, Morabito R. Influence of tropolone on voltammetric speciation analysis of butyltin compounds. Appl Organomet Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.590080707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Potin-Gautier M, Boucharat C, Astruc A, Astruc M. Speciation of selenoamino acids by on-line HPLC ETAA spectrometry. Appl Organomet Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.590070720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pannier F, Dauchy X, Potin-Gautier M, Astruc A, Astruc M. Speciation of butyltin compounds by ion chromatography coupled to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Appl Organomet Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.590070309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lawson G, Ostah N. Speciation of organotin compounds by tandem mass spectrometry. Appl Organomet Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.590070305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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