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Polvani LM, Wang L, Abalos M, Butchart N, Chipperfield MP, Dameris M, Deushi M, Dhomse SS, Jöckel P, Kinnison D, Michou M, Morgenstern O, Oman LD, Plummer DA, Stone KA. Large impacts, past and future, of ozone-depleting substances on Brewer-Dobson circulation trends: A multi-model assessment. J Geophys Res Atmos 2019; 124:6669-6680. [PMID: 31632893 PMCID: PMC6800672 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd029516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Substantial increases in the atmospheric concentration of well-mixed greenhouse gases (notably CO2), such as those projected to occur by the end of the 21st century under large radiative forcing scenarios, have long been known to cause an acceleration of the Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC) in climate models. More recently, however, several single-model studies have proposed that ozone-depleting substances might also be important drivers of BDC trends. As these studies were conducted with different forcings over different periods, it is difficult to combine them to obtain a robust quantitative picture of the relative importance of ozone-depleting substances as drivers of BDC trends. To this end we here analyze - over identical past and future periods - the output from 20 similarly-forced models, gathered from two recent chemistry-climate modeling intercomparison projects. Our multi-model analysis reveals that ozone-depleting substances are responsible for more than half of the modeled BDC trends in the two decades 1980-2000. We also find that, as a consequence of the Montreal Protocol, decreasing concentrations of ozone-depleting substances in coming decades will strongly decelerate the BDC until the year 2080, reducing the age-of-air trends by more than half, and will thus substantially mitigate the impact of increasing CO2. As ozone-depleting substances impact BDC trends, primarily, via the depletion/recovery of stratospheric ozone over the South Pole, they impart seasonal and hemispheric asymmetries to the trends which may offer opportunities for detection in coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Polvani
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY USA
- National Center for Atmospheric Reseach, Boulder, CO USA
| | - L Wang
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Abalos
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Butchart
- Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | | | - M Dameris
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - M Deushi
- Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - S S Dhomse
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, UK
| | - P Jöckel
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - D Kinnison
- National Center for Atmospheric Reseach, Boulder, CO USA
| | - M Michou
- Météo-France/CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - O Morgenstern
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - L D Oman
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - D A Plummer
- Climate Research Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - K A Stone
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Climate Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Cortés J, Cobo M, González CM, Gómez CD, Abalos M, Aristizábal BH. Environmental variation of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in two tropical Andean Colombian cities using passive samplers. Sci Total Environ 2016; 568:614-623. [PMID: 26953138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Passive air-sampling data of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) taken in Manizales (a medium-sized city) and Bogotá (a megacity), Colombia, were analyzed in order to identify potential sources of pollution and the possible influence of meteorological variables like temperature and precipitation. The results indicate important differences in levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs between Bogotá and Manizales, attributed to differences in site characteristics and potential local/regional sources. Higher PCDD/Fs concentrations were observed in Bogotá (373fg/m(3)) compared to those observed in Manizales, with mean levels ranging from 64fg/m(3) in a residential zone to 151fg/m(3) around a vehicular-influenced area. Higher dl-PCBs concentrations were observed in the industrial area of Manizales compared to those observed in Bogotá, with mean levels of 6668fg/m(3) and 4388fg/m(3) respectively. In terms of PCDD/Fs congener distribution, there was a predominance of octachlorodibenzodioxin (OCDD) followed by 1,2,3,4,6,7.8-heptachlorodibenzofuran (HpCDF) congeners, with both cities showing higher levels in zones of high vehicular activity. Industrial influence was most evident in dl-PCB levels. In comparison to the mean levels of dl-PCB congeners obtained in the vehicular zones of Bogotá and Manizales, the industrially influenced sampling stations showed higher concentrations of dl-PCB congeners. Passive sampling results suggested that congener concentration profiles are characteristic of their different emission sources, and can be used to distinguish between their industrial or vehicular origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cortés
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Cra 27 64-60 Bloque H Palogrande, Manizales, Colombia
| | - M Cobo
- Energy, Materials and Environment Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus Universitario Puente del Común, Km. 7 Autopista Norte, Bogotá 250001, Colombia
| | - C M González
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Cra 27 64-60 Bloque H Palogrande, Manizales, Colombia
| | - C D Gómez
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Cra 27 64-60 Bloque H Palogrande, Manizales, Colombia
| | - M Abalos
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - B H Aristizábal
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Cra 27 64-60 Bloque H Palogrande, Manizales, Colombia.
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Portolés T, Sales C, Abalos M, Sauló J, Abad E. Evaluation of the capabilities of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls in complex-matrix food samples. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 937:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cortés J, González CM, Morales L, Abalos M, Abad E, Aristizábal BH. PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB in the ambient air of a tropical Andean city: passive and active sampling measurements near industrial and vehicular pollution sources. Sci Total Environ 2014; 491-492:67-74. [PMID: 24555963 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Concentration gradients were observed in gas and particulate phases of PCDD/F originating from industrial and vehicular sources in the densely populated tropical Andean city of Manizales, using passive and active air samplers. Preliminary results suggest greater concentrations of dl-PCB in the mostly gaseous fraction (using quarterly passive samplers) and greater concentrations of PCDD/F in the mostly particle fraction (using daily active samplers). Dioxin-like PCB predominance was associated with the semi-volatility property, which depends on ambient temperature. Slight variations of ambient temperature in Manizales during the sampling period (15°C-27°C) may have triggered higher concentrations in all passive samples. This was the first passive air sampling monitoring of PCDD/F conducted in an urban area of Colombia. Passive sampling revealed that PCDD/F in combination with dioxin-like PCB ranged from 16 WHO-TEQ2005/m(3) near industrial sources to 7 WHO-TEQ2005/m(3) in an intermediate zone-a reduction of 56% over 2.8 km. Active sampling of particulate phase PCDD/F and dl-PCB were analyzed in PM10 samples. PCDD/F combined with dl-PCB ranged from 46 WHO-TEQ2005/m(3) near vehicular sources to 8 WHO-TEQ2005/m(3) in the same intermediate zone, a reduction of 83% over 2.6 km. Toxic equivalent quantities in both PCDD/F and dl-PCB decreased toward an intermediate zone of the city. Variations in congener profiles were consistent with variations expected from nearby sources, such as a secondary metallurgy plant, areas of concentrated vehicular emissions and a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI). These variations in congener profile measurements of dioxins and dl-PCBs in passive and active samples can be partly explained by congener variations expected from the various sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cortés
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Cra 27 64-60 Bloque H Palogrande, Manizales, Colombia.
| | - C M González
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Cra 27 64-60 Bloque H Palogrande, Manizales, Colombia
| | - L Morales
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - M Abalos
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - E Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - B H Aristizábal
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Cra 27 64-60 Bloque H Palogrande, Manizales, Colombia
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Rivera-Austrui J, Martinez K, Marco-Almagro L, Abalos M, Abad E. Long-term sampling of dioxin-like substances from a clinker kiln stack using alternative fuels. Sci Total Environ 2014; 485-486:528-533. [PMID: 24742561 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to characterize atmospheric emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) from a cement production plant where the existing clinker production line was completely replaced by a new state-of-the-art installation. The project started in April 2008 with the installation of a long-term sampling system in the stack of the clinker kiln that used petroleum coke as fuel; PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB emissions were then evaluated for a two year period. To carry out the second part of the study, in 2010 the sampling system was moved to the new installation in which, apart from conventional fuel, recovered derived fuel (RDF) and WWTP sludge were used as alternative fuels. For both the old and new clinker kilns, PCDD/PCDF emission values were well below the limit established by the European Waste Incineration Directive 2000/76/CE (EWID) of 100 pg I-TEQ/Nm(3); values ranged from 0.43 to 2.02 and from 0.07 to 3.31 pg I-TEQ/Nm(3), respectively. dl-PCBs accounted for approximately 25% of the WHO-TEQ toxicity. These results prove that the installation is capable of reducing PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB emissions when alternative fuels are integrated into the process. In the case of PCDDs/PCDFs, the major contributions to total TEQ were usually from 2,3,7,8-TCDD (owing to its relative abundance) and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (due to its high I-TEF of 0.5); while for dl-PCBs, the major contribution was from PCB-126. The slight shift in the congener profile between the old and new installations was characterized and a regression model was proposed for dl-PCB emissions depending on the RDF flow rate in the clinker.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rivera-Austrui
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, J. Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - K Martinez
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, J. Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - L Marco-Almagro
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 647, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - M Abalos
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, J. Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - E Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, J. Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
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Parera J, Abalos M, Santos FJ, Galceran MT, Abad E. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls, paraffins and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine fish species from Ebro River Delta (Spain). Chemosphere 2013; 93:499-505. [PMID: 23859426 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The results of a surveillance programme on the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in marine fish and shellfish species which are fished, commercialised and consumed in the Ebro River Delta area (NE, Spain) are presented. The study included the analysis of five marine fish species (sardine, gilthead sea bream, conger, eel and flounder) and three shellfish species (murex, carpet shell and mussel) collected in 2012 in five fishing harbours near to this area. WHO-TEQ concentrations for PCDD/Fs and dioxin like PCBs (dl-PCBs) ranged from 0.03 to 0.31 pg WHO-TEQ2005PCDD/Fg(-1)wetweight (ww) and from 0.02 to 3.15 pg WHO-TEQ2005PCBg(-1)ww, respectively. All levels were below the maximum concentrations established by the EU Regulation. The PCBs and PCDD/Fs accumulation pattern found in the samples analysed showed a distribution typically reported for marine samples. For marker PCBs and PBDEs, concentration levels ranging from 929 to 57494 pg g(-1)ww and from 36.2 to 827 pg g(-1)ww were obtained, respectively, meanwhile for SCCPs levels were between 3.1 and 141 ng g(-1)ww. Finally, the trends in the levels of PCDD/F and dl-PCBs found from 2006 to 2012 in fish and shellfish species were studied. A slight decrease of PCDD/F and dl-PCB concentrations was found since 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Parera
- Dioxins Laboratory, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Bogdal C, Scheringer M, Abad E, Abalos M, van Bavel B, Hagberg J, Fiedler H. Worldwide distribution of persistent organic pollutants in air, including results of air monitoring by passive air sampling in five continents. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rivera-Austrui J, Martínez K, Adrados MA, Abalos M, Abad E. Analytical approach and occurrence for the determination of mass concentration of PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB in flue gas emissions using long-term sampling devices. Sci Total Environ 2012; 435-436:7-13. [PMID: 22842592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a reliable methodology for the simultaneous analysis of PCDD/PCDF and dioxin-like PCB (dl-PCB) in flue gas emissions collected using continuous sampling devices is proposed. The analytical scheme followed the minimum requirements described in the EU standard EN-1948:1,2,3,4 according to samples containing large amounts of dioxins and dl-PCBs or samples collected over a long period of time of about 4 weeks. Parameters, such as reproducibility, precision, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), extract aliquot size, analytical blanks, extraction efficiency, as well as the amount of internal standards required for an accurate determination, were assessed. The findings demonstrate the suitability of the proposed analytical scheme for the analysis of PCDD/PCDF and PCB in samples collected using long-term sampling devices. The analysis of five different 5% v/v sample aliquots reported %RSD values lower than 10% for all of the 29 congeners at both low and high levels. Similarly, %RSD values were 3.2 and 2.0 for the low level samples and 0.9 and 1.1%RSD for the high level extracts for PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB, respectively expressed in total TEQ units. Re-extraction provided values less than 3%, expressed in TEQ. Based on blank analyses, LOD values of 100 pg I-TEQ for PCDD/PCDF and 10 pg WHO-TEQ for dl-PCB were achieved when 5% v/v aliquots were analyzed. Finally, the proposed analytical approach was tested with samples from a wide range of combustion processes such as hazardous and municipal waste incinerators, as well as cement kilns (with and without waste co-incineration).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rivera-Austrui
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDÆA-CSIC, J. Girona 18‐26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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Aristizábal BH, Gonzalez CM, Morales L, Abalos M, Abad E. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran in urban air of an Andean city. Chemosphere 2011; 85:170-8. [PMID: 21745682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Particle-bound polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient air were monitored together with particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM(10)) at three sampling sites of the Andean city of Manizales, Colombia; during September 2009 and July 2010. PCDD/Fs ambient air emissions ranged from 1 fg WHO-TEQ m(-3) to 52 fg WHO-TEQ m(-3) in particulate fraction. The PM(10) concentrations ranged from 23 μg m(-3) to 54 μg m(-3). Concentrations of PM(10) and PCDD/Fs in ambient air observed for Manizales - a medium sized city with a population of 380,000 - were comparable to concentrations in larger cities. The highest concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PM(10) found in this study were determined at the central zone of the city, characterized by public transportation density, where diesel as principal fuel is used. In addition, hypothetical gas fractions of PCDD/Fs were calculated from theoretical K(p) data. Congener profiles of PCDD/Fs exhibited ratios associated with different combustion sources at the different sampling locations, ranging from steel recycling to gasoline and diesel engines. Taking into account particle and gas hypothetical fraction of PCDD/Fs, Manizales exhibited values of PCDD/Fs equivalent to rural and urban-industrial sites in the southeast and center of the city respectively. Poor correlation of PCDDs with PM(10) (r=-0.55 and r=0.52) suggests ambient air PCDDs were derived from various combustion sources. Stronger correlation was observed of PCDFs with PM(10). Poor correlation between precipitation and reduced PM(10) concentration in ambient air (r=-0.45) suggested low PM(10) removal by rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Aristizábal
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group, Cra 27 64-60, Bloque H Palogrande, Manizales, Colombia.
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Rivera-Austrui J, Borrajo MA, Martinez K, Adrados MA, Abalos M, Van Bavel B, Rivera J, Abad E. Assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran emissions from a hazardous waste incineration plant using long-term sampling equipment. Chemosphere 2011; 82:1343-1349. [PMID: 21193220 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of a continuous monitoring system for the analysis of the mass concentration of PCDD/Fs from stationary sources. Data was acquired from a modern, state of the art, hazardous waste thermal treatment plant for a period of more than 2 years using a commercial available continuous monitoring system. The study consisted of a total of 16 samples, collected in periods from 1 week to 2 months resulting in an average of 360 m³ sampled flue gas per sample. The study showed the system was able to confirm that for a period of more than 2 years the plant was complying with the limit of 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm(3). In addition, the data showed the typical fingerprint of such installations which is useful for example in impact studies. Long-term samples were compared to five short-term samples (6 h) collected every 6 months during the study period. Principal component analysis was applied to PCDD/Fs obtained data as useful statistical tool to find out trends and similarities between different samples. Improvement in terms of representativeness of data was achieved through continuous assessment since the starts of the project. The obtained data was further used to determine the emission factor for this activity and the total annual PCDD/Fs release to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rivera-Austrui
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, J. Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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Losada S, Parera J, Abalos M, Abad E, Santos F, Galceran M. Suitability of selective pressurized liquid extraction combined with gas chromatography–ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 678:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Aristizábal B, Cobo M, Hoyos A, Montes de Correa C, Abalos M, Martínez K, Abad E, Rivera J. Baseline levels of dioxin and furan emissions from waste thermal treatment in Colombia. Chemosphere 2008; 73:S171-S175. [PMID: 18485442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Background data of polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) emissions from the incineration sector in Colombia are presented. Monitoring was carried out during a two-year period, 2003-2005. Twelve plants were sampled for stack gas emissions of dioxins and total solid particulate (TSP). Additionally, PCDD/Fs in several fly ash samples were analyzed. Most incinerators burned industrial refuse materials and medical residues. A wide range of PCDD/Fs emission levels were found. In particular, levels ranging from 6.9 to 343.8 ng I-TEQ/N m(3) were determined in plants without any air pollution control system (APCS). In contrast, 0.5-39.2 ng I-TEQ/N m(3) levels were found in plants with APCS while 8.5-67.5 ng I-TEQ/g were measured in fly ash samples. TSP values ranged from 14 to 448 mg/N m(3). This study also evaluated the impact of implementing different control systems in an incinerator. Finally, for comparison purposes several samples were analyzed by both high resolution gas chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS) and high resolution gas chromatography coupled to ion-trap low resolution mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (HRGC-IT LRMS/MS). Overall, I-TEQ values deviated about 20-30% between both techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Aristizábal
- Environmental Catalysis Research Group, Sede Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62, 52-59 AA 1226 Medellín, Colombia
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Parera J, Abalos M, Pérez-Vendrell AM, Brufau J, de Juan F, Escribano F, Abad E, Rivera J. Occurrence and bioaccumulation study of PCDD and PCDF from mineral feed additives. Chemosphere 2008; 73:S252-S260. [PMID: 18492599 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Extraction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) was evaluated in sepiolite matrices. Soxhlet extraction using different extracting strategies and acid treatment were tested. Acid treatment or Soxhlet extraction using a mixture of toluene:ethanol as solvent allowed to reach the minimum requirements for recovery rates. However, Soxhlet extraction using a mixture cyclohexane:toluene as extracting solvent did not allow to comply with these minimum requirements. Significant differences were obtained in TEQ units when acid treatment was applied in comparison to Soxhlet extraction. This fact can be explained because the use of drastic acid conditions allows removing strongly adsorbed analytes which can be uniquely extracted after a total destruction of the crystalline. On the contrary, Soxhlet extraction was not able to destroy the structure of sepiolite and as a consequence the PCDDs/Fs remain adsorbed in the internal structure of the mineral. A bioaccumulation study was also conducted to evaluate the transference of PCDDs/Fs from the sepiolite into the animal when fed with feed containing sepiolite. Four groups of chickens were exposed through diet to a control feed, feed with 3% w/w sepiolite, spiked feed contaminated with PCDDs/Fs and feed containing contaminated kaolinitic clay. Livers of animals were analyzed throughout the exposure period. Results of this trial showed that the performance of broilers was not affected by the presence of dioxins at levels tested, and chickens did not show any abnormal behaviour. Dioxins intentionally added to the diet were significantly absorbed and accumulated in liver, whereas the PCDDs/Fs from sepiolite were not available for chickens since livers from broilers fed 3% sepiolite presented similar WHO-TEQ values than those from broilers fed control diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Parera
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Ecotechnologies, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Abalos M, Parera J, Abad E, Rivera J. PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in feeding fats obtained as co-products or by-products derived from the food chain. Chemosphere 2008; 71:1115-1126. [PMID: 18078979 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Among the tasks included in the "Quality and safety of feeding fats obtained from co-products or by-products of the food chain" Project, supported by the European Union and included in the 6th Framework Program, a number of fats and oils collected as co- or by-products from the food chain were selected for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and 'dioxin-like' polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs). In the majority of the cases these samples are currently employed as feed ingredients. Nevertheless, additional fats, which are forbidden for feedstuff purposes were also considered in this study. In general terms, fats and oils were classified taking into account their nature and the processes applied to obtain these co- or by-products. PCDD/F and DL-PCB levels were evaluated in a first group of samples composed of fish oils, animal fats and lecithins. As expected, fats and oils with an animal origin presented higher concentrations, expressed in pg WHO-TEQ/g, compared to the levels found in vegetable samples like lecithins. The category of fish oils had the highest values for both PCDD/Fs and the sum of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs, with some samples showing levels above the maximum established at the present legislation related to the presence of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in animal feed [Commission Directive 2006/13/EC of 3 February 2006 amending Annexes I and II to Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on undesirable substances in animal feed as regards dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs. Official Journal of the European Communities L32, 44-53]. In a second group, fats and oils with a more complex composition obtained from different transformation processes or even mixtures of fats were considered; thus, acid oils from chemical refining, acid oils from physical refining, recycled cooking oils, oils extracted from exhausted bleaching earths, hydrogenated by-products, fatty acids calcium soaps and miscellaneous fats were analyzed. The data revealed a significant variability in PCDD/F and DL-PCB levels, expressed in pg WHO-TEQ/g, in these products. It has to be pointed out that the analyses of fats and oils belonging to these categories of products were sometimes difficult due to the complexity of the samples. In terms of legislation most of these samples cannot be easily included into one of the specific categories of substances intended for feedstuff purposes that are regulated in Commission Directive 2006/13/EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abalos
- Department of Ecotechnologies, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Albrecht J, Abalos M, Rice TM. Heavy metal levels in ribbon snakes (Thamnophis sauritus) and anuran larvae from the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, Alabama, USA. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007; 53:647-54. [PMID: 17713811 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-006-0175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Mobile-Tensaw River Delta (MTD) drains more than 75% of the state of Alabama and leads into Mobile Bay and the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Although it is a relatively healthy watershed, the MTD is potentially impacted by inputs of contaminants such as heavy metals. The levels of lead, copper, cadmium, and mercury were measured in whole body samples of Eastern Ribbon Snakes (Thamnophis sauritus) collected from the MTD. Lead, copper, and cadmium levels were also measured in anuran larvae (Rana catesbeiana, R. clamitans, and Hyla cinerea). These organisms were chosen because they are abundant in the MTD and are underrepresented in environmental contaminant biomonitoring studies. Ribbon snakes had significantly lower levels of lead, copper, and cadmium compared to whole body levels in anuran larvae, indicating that these metals were not biomagnifying through upper trophic levels. Copper and mercury levels were significantly correlated with age/growth indices in ribbon snakes. Although detectable levels of all metals were found in anuran larvae and ribbon snakes, these levels appear to be less than body burdens that would be associated with toxic effects. Populations of ribbon snakes in our particular collection sites within the MTD appear to be at minimal risk of exposure to toxic levels of metals. However, the MTD contains low- and high-impact areas, and other populations within this watershed could be at higher risk of exposure to heavy metals. We found the Eastern Ribbon Snake to be an excellent snake model for contaminant biomonitoring because of its abundance, reasonable size, and ease of collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Albrecht
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA
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Malavia J, Abalos M, Santos FJ, Abad E, Rivera J, Galceran MT. Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in vegetable oil samples by gas chromatography–ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1149:321-32. [PMID: 17399728 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography coupled to ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (CG-MS-MS) has been evaluated for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in vegetable oil samples containing different concentration levels (0.2-6 pg WHO-TEQ g(-1) for both PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs) of the 29 toxic congeners of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCBs. The effect of potential interfering compounds such as polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated diphenylethers (PCDEs) on the quantification of mono-ortho PCBs has been investigated. In addition, the influence of the clean-up procedure on the final determination by CG-MS-MS was studied, showing that the quality of the results depends to a great extent on this analytical step. Quality parameters have been established and good precisions (CV: 3-19%) and low limits of detection for PCDD/Fs (0.04-0.20 pg g(-1) oil) and dl-PCBs (0.08-0.64 pg g(-1) oil) were obtained. The method was validated by a comparison of the CG-MS-MS results with those obtained by GC-HRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Malavia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Gómara B, Bordajandi LR, Fernández MA, Herrero L, Abad E, Abalos M, Rivera J, González MJ. Levels and trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Spanish commercial fish and shellfish products, 1995-2003. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:8406-13. [PMID: 16218694 DOI: 10.1021/jf050835z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), dibenzofuran (PCDF), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contents of 123 Spanish commercial salmon, tuna fish, sardine, oyster, mussel, and clam samples from 1995 to 2003 were investigated. A significant decrease of dioxin and non-ortho PCB concentrations in the studied species was found over the years. The decrease was greater in the case of dioxins than in that of non-ortho PCBs, especially during the early years of the study. PCB and PCDD/F concentrations in the years 2001-2003 were comparable to those reported in the literature for similar species collected after 1999. Mean PCB concentrations ranged from 3.46 ng/g of fresh weight (fw) in clams to 100 ng/g of fw in tuna fish. PCDD/F mean current levels ranged from 0.62 pg/g of fw in clams to 2.89 pg/g of fw in oysters. Toxic equivalent quantities (WHO-TEQ) ranged from 0.05 pg of WHO-TEQ(PCDD/Fs)/g of fw in clams to 0.5 pg of WHO-TEQ(PCDD/Fs)/g of fw in salmon (in the upper bound determination levels). When coplanar PCBs were included, the WHO-TEQ(PCDD/Fs+cop) (PCBs) values increased by a range of 1.7 times in oysters to 14.1 times in tuna fish. The decrease in dioxin concentrations suggests that efforts to control dioxin emissions and to reduce human exposure through foodstuffs are succeeding. The high contribution of PCBs to total WHO-TEQs in the fish and shellfish species investigated suggests that it is important to determine PCBs in foodstuffs, and especially in fish products, and they should be included in further research and future legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gómara
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, General Organic Chemistry Institute (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Fernández MA, Gómara B, Bordajandi LR, Herrero L, Abad E, Abalos M, Rivera J, González MJ. Dietary intakes of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in Spain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:983-91. [PMID: 15712523 DOI: 10.1080/02652030400007286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Congener-specific analyses of seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs, three non-ortho and 8 mono-ortho dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were performed on 258 Spanish foodstuff samples, mainly of animal origin, for 2000--03. Daily dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and PCBs, expressed as toxic equivalents (WHO-TEQs), were estimated by combining food consumption data from the Spanish National Institute Statistics survey and concentration levels measured in individual samples, using upper bound determination values (not detectable = limit of detection). The calculated dietary intake of PCDD/Fs for a person weighing 70 kg was 1.35+/-0.11pg WHO-TEQs kg(-1) bw day(-1), and 3.22+/-0.75 pg WHO-TEQs kg(-1) bw day(-1) if dioxin-like PCBs (non- and mono-ortho PCBs) were included, showing the importance of their inclusion in monitoring studies. Both values were within the range of tolerable daily intake (TDI) proposed by the WHO (1-4pg WHO-TEQs kg(-1) bw day(-1)). The current levels are lower than earlier intakes estimates conducted in Spain. Meat and meat products accounted for more than 35% of the intake, followed by milk and milk products (29%), vegetables oils (19%), fish and seafood (11%) and eggs (4%). Dioxin-like PCBs are an important component in the total WHO-TEQs in foodstuffs. This is particularly true for the fish food group, where the total WHO-TEQs is dominated by dioxin-like PCBs (up to 80% of WHO-TEQs in some cases).
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fernández
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Jover E, Abalos M, Ortiz L, Bayona JM. Volatile fatty acids as malodorous compounds in wool scouring water and lanolin. Origin and characterisation. Environ Technol 2003; 24:1465-1470. [PMID: 14977142 DOI: 10.1080/09593330309385691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Volatile fatty acids (C2-C7) analysis in wool scouring water and lanolin is presented. These substances are of major interest as malodorous compounds in urban and industrial wastewaters. In this work, they have been analysed in wool scouring water by headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Most of the volatile fatty acids have been identified at microg g(-1) levels. In addition, since lanolin is a major impurity of raw wool, volatile fatty acid patterns of wool scouring water and lanolin have been compared in order to establish the origin of these compounds in the wastewater. Finally, the efficiency of the deodorization step, mandatory to obtain commercial lanolin, has been assessed taking into account the decrease in volatile fatty acid content from the raw wool to the lanolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jover
- Environmental Chemistry Department I.I.Q.A.B.-C.S.I.C., Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Díez S, Abalos M, Bayona JM. Organotin contamination in sediments from the Western Mediterranean enclosures following 10 years of TBT regulation. Water Res 2002; 36:905-18. [PMID: 11848361 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organotin (OT) compounds, namely butyl and phenyl, were measured in 38 recent sediments collected in harbours of the Western Mediterranean Sea (Northern: 4 and Southern: 9) and domestic and industrial sewage disposal sites (Northern: 9 and Southern: 1). Butyltins were the predominant tin species identified as being tributyltin (TBT) widespread in the whole area which suggests recent inputs of OTs. The highest levels of TBT were detected in commercial harbours associated with inputs from large vessels (average value: 5.0 microg TBT g(-1). Moreover, relatively high TBT values were also detected in fishing and recreational boating areas (average level ca. 1.0 microg TBTg(-1)). Phenyltin derivatives occurred at lower levels than butyltins being the monophenyltin the predominant compound (average values 45-945 ng g(-1)). The large predominance of the phenyltin degradation products (i.e. mono and diphenyltin) over the parent compound (i.e. triphenyltin) suggests that there are almost no recent inputs of these compounds. Furthermore, a comparative study of the OT occurrence in the sewage sludge disposal sites offshore Barcelona and Almeria (domestic) and into the Tarragona harbour (industrial) shows that domestic primary sewage sludge effluents can contribute to coastal OT pollution (244ng TBT g(-1)). Nevertheless, sewage sludge is a secondary source of OT contamination in the coastal environment in comparison to commercial harbours. In a comparative study with previous data collected in the late 1980s, the present study reveals that OT regulations established in the Mediterranean region in 1991 on the use of TBT-based antifouling paints have been effective in marinas, but reveals a significant TBT contamination in commercial and fishing harbours.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Díez
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
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Abalos M, Bayona JM. Application of gas chromatography coupled to chemical ionisation mass spectrometry following headspace solid-phase microextraction for the determination of free volatile fatty acids in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2000; 891:287-94. [PMID: 11043789 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography coupled to positive and negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry was evaluated for the determination of free volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from aqueous samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction. Negative ion chemical ionisation in the selected ion monitoring mode using ammonia as reagent gas provided acceptable sensitivity and the highest selectivity for the determination of C2-C7 fatty acids using a polydimethylsiloxane-Carboxen fibre. Detection limits in the range of 150 microg l(-1) for acetic acid and from 2 to 6 microg l(-1) for the remaining carboxylic acids were achieved. The reproducibility of the method was between 9 and 16%. The developed analytical procedure was applied to the analysis of VFAs in raw sewage. The absence of interfering peaks provided a more accurate determination of acetic, propionic, butyric and isovaleric acids than a similar analytical scheme but using a flame ionisation detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abalos
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IIQAB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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Abalos M, Bayon JM, Pawliszyn J. Development of a headspace solid-phase microextraction procedure for the determination of free volatile fatty acids in waste waters. J Chromatogr A 2000; 873:107-15. [PMID: 10757289 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An analytical procedure based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to GC-flame ionization detection/Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry has been developed for the determination of free volatile fatty acids (C2-C7) in waste water samples. Five different coatings have been evaluated and polydimethylsiloxane-Carboxen was the only fiber that allows a successful extraction of the shortest chain fatty acids (acetic and propionic). Several parameters such as extraction time and temperature, desorption conditions, agitation speed and sample volume have been optimized using the polydimethylsiloxane-Carboxen fiber. The linear dynamic range was over two-four orders of magnitude, depending on the acid. Procedural detection limits were in the low to medium microg/l levels and the RSDs were between 5.6% and 13.3%. To evaluate the applicability of the developed SPME procedure on real samples, fermented urban wastewaters were analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abalos
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IIQAB-CID-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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Abalos M, Bayona JM, Ventura F. Development of a solid-phase microextraction GC-NPD procedure for the determination of free volatile amines in wastewater and sewage-polluted waters. Anal Chem 1999; 71:3531-7. [PMID: 10464481 DOI: 10.1021/ac990197h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An analytical procedure for the determination of free volatile C1-C6 amines in aqueous matrixes has been developed and applied to their determination in waste-water, primary and secondary effluents, and sewage-polluted river samples. The developed analytical procedure involves headspace sampling using solid-phase microextraction with a poly(dimethylpolysiloxane) coating (100 microns) followed by GC-NPD determination and GC/MS confirmation using a tailor-made PoraPLOT amines capillary GC column for volatile amines. Procedural detection limits were compound dependent but ranged from 3 to 56 micrograms L-1, being close to or lower than the odor threshold concentration, and the reproducibility was ca. 15% (N = 5) in real water samples. The developed analytical procedure is solvent free, cost-effective (no cryogenic trap needed), and faster than existing methods because no derivatization step is involved in the determination. Linearity was compound dependent but ranged at least from 50 to 600 micrograms L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abalos
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IIQAB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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Abalos M, Bayona JM, Quevauviller P. Comprehensive evaluation of the extraction variables affecting the determination and stability of native butyl- and phenyl-tin compounds from sediment. Appl Organomet Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0739(199808/09)12:8/9<541::aid-aoc759>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abalos M, Bayona JM, Compañó R, Granados M, Leal C, Prat MD. Analytical procedures for the determination of organotin compounds in sediment and biota: a critical review. J Chromatogr A 1997; 788:1-49. [PMID: 9419872 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Analytical procedures reported over the last 10 years for the determination of organotin compounds in sediment and biota have been critically reviewed in terms of sample handling, sensitivity, analytical cost, environmental acceptance, accuracy and precision. Critical steps in the analytical procedures are identified. Finally, research needs in extraction and determination are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abalos
- Environmental Chemistry Department, CID-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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