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The Variance of the Polypropylene α Relaxation Temperature in iPP/a-PP-pPBMA/Mica Composites. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
By considering that the α relaxation related to the glass to rubber transition (obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis) of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) can be identified with the thermal history of the material (and so, with the processing step), this work deals with the changes in this transition temperature (Tα) in polypropylene/mica composites caused by the mutual effect of the other components (mica and interfacial additive). Here, the additive used is a p-phenylen-bis-maleamic grafted atactic polypropylene (aPP-pPBMA) obtained from polymerization wastes (aPP) by the authors. This additive contains 5.0·10−4 g.mol−1 (15% w/w) grafted pPBMA. In essence, this article has two different objectives: (1) To observe and discuss the changes in Tα of the polymer matrix (iPP) caused by the combined effect of the other components (mica and aPP-pPBMA); and (2) predicting the values for Tα in terms of both aPP-pPBMA and mica content for whatever composition in the experimental space scanned. This task was undertaken by employing a Box–Wilson experimental design assuming the complex character of the interactions between the components of the iPP/aPP-pPBMA/mica system, which define the ultimate properties of the composite.
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García Martínez JM, P. Collar E. On the Combined Effect of Both the Reinforcement and a Waste Based Interfacial Modifier on the Matrix Glass Transition in iPP/a-PP- pPBMA/Mica Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112606. [PMID: 33171919 PMCID: PMC7694493 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work deals with the changes of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer in polypropylene/mica composites due to the combined and synergistic effect of the reinforcement and the interfacial modifier. In our case, we studied the effect on Tg of platy mica and an interfacial modifier with p-phenylen-bis-maleamic acid (pPBMA) grafted groups onto atactic polypropylene (aPP-pPBMA). This one contains 5.0 × 10-4 g·mol-1 (15% w/w) grafted pPBMA and was previously obtained by the author's labs by using industrial polymerization wastes (aPP). The objective of the article must be perceived as two-fold. On one hand, the determination of the changes in the glass transition temperature of the isotactic polypropylene phase (iPP) due to both the reinforcement and the agent as determined form the damp factor in DMA analysis. On the other hand, forecasting the variation of this parameter (Tg) as a function of both the interfacial agent and reinforcement content. For such purposes, and by assuming the complex character of the iPP/aPP-pPBMA/Mica system, wherein interaction between the components will define the final behaviour, a Box-Wilson experimental design considering the amount of mica particles and of interface agent as the independent variables, and the Tg as the dependent one, has been used. By taking in mind that the glass transition is a design threshold for the ultimate properties of parts based in this type of organic-inorganic hybrid materials, the final purpose of the work is the prediction and interpretation of the effect of both variables on this key parameter.
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García-Martínez JM, Collar EP. The Role of a Succinyl Fluorescein-Succinic Anhydride Grafted Atactic Polypropylene on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Polyamide-6 Blends at the Polypropylene Glass Transition. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1216. [PMID: 32471039 PMCID: PMC7361966 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present article adequately supports a twofold objective. On one hand, the study of the dynamic mechanical behavior of polypropylene/polyamide-6 blends modified by a novel compatibilizer was the objective. This was previously obtained by chemical modification of an atactic polypropylene polymerization waste. On the other hand, the accurate predictions of these properties in the experimental space scanned was the objective. As a novelty, this compatibilizer contains grafts rather than just maleated ones. Therefore, it consists precisely of an atactic polymer containing succinic anhydride (SA) bridges and both backbone and terminal grafted succinyl-fluorescein groups (SFSA) attached to the atactic backbone (aPP-SFSA). Therefore, it contains 6.2% of total grafting (2.5% as SA and 3.7% as SF), which is equivalent to 6.2·× 10-4 g·mol-1. This interfacial agent was uniquely designed and obtained by the authors themselves. Essentially, this article focuses on how the beneficial effect of both PA6 and aPP-SFSA varies the elastic (E') and the viscous (E'') behavior of the iPP/aPP-SFSA/PA6 blend at the iPP glass transition. Thus, we accurately measured the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) parameters (E', E'') at this specific point considering it represents an extremely unfavorable scenario for the interfacial modifier due to mobility restrictions. Hence, this evidences the real interfacial modifications caused by aPP-SFSA to the iPP/PA6 system. Even more, and since each of the necessary components in the blend typically interacts with one another, we employed a Box-Wilson experimental design by its marked resemblance to the "agent-based models". In this manner, we obtained complex algorithms accurately forecasting the dynamic mechanical behavior of the blends for all the composition range of the iPP/aPP-SFSA/PA6 system at the glass transition of iPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús-María García-Martínez
- Polymer Engineering Group (GIP), Polymer Science and Technology Institute (ICTP), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia P. Collar
- Polymer Engineering Group (GIP), Polymer Science and Technology Institute (ICTP), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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García‐Martínez J, Collar EP. Industrial waste origin succinic anhydride‐grafted atactic polypropylene as compatibilizer of full range polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends as revealed by dynamic mechanical analysis at the polypropylene glass transition. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús‐María García‐Martínez
- Grupo de Ingeniería de Polímeros (GIP)Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP/CSIC), 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Emilia P. Collar
- Grupo de Ingeniería de Polímeros (GIP)Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP/CSIC), 28006 Madrid Spain
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García-Martínez JM, Taranco J, Collar EP. A DMA study of the interfacial changes on injection-molded iPP/mica composites modified by a p
-phenylen- bis
-maleamic acid grafted atactic polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús-María García-Martínez
- Grupo de Ingeniería de Polímeros; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros. (ICTP/CSIC); C/Juan de la Cierva 3 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Jesús Taranco
- Grupo de Ingeniería de Polímeros; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros. (ICTP/CSIC); C/Juan de la Cierva 3 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Emilia P. Collar
- Grupo de Ingeniería de Polímeros; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros. (ICTP/CSIC); C/Juan de la Cierva 3 Madrid 28006 Spain
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García-Martínez JM, Collar EP. The effect of a p-phenylen-bis-maleamic acid grafted atactic polypropylene interfacial agent on the dynamic-mechanical properties of iPP/Mica composites measured at the polymer transitions. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús-María García-Martínez
- Grupo de Ingeniería de Polímeros (GIP), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP/CSIC); C/Juan de la Cierva 3 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Emilia P. Collar
- Grupo de Ingeniería de Polímeros (GIP), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP/CSIC); C/Juan de la Cierva 3 28006 Madrid Spain
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García-Martínez JM, Taranco J, Collar EP. The effect of a p-phenylen- bis-maleamic acid grafted atactic polypropylene interface agent on the impact properties of iPP/mica composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús María García-Martínez
- Grupo de Ingeniería de Polímeros (GIP); Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros. C.S.I.C. C/Juan de la Cierva 3; Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Jesús Taranco
- Grupo de Ingeniería de Polímeros (GIP); Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros. C.S.I.C. C/Juan de la Cierva 3; Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Emilia P. Collar
- Grupo de Ingeniería de Polímeros (GIP); Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros. C.S.I.C. C/Juan de la Cierva 3; Madrid 28006 Spain
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García-Martínez JM, Collar EP. Flexural behavior of PP/Mica composites interfacial modified by a p-phenylen-bis-maleamic acid grafted atactic polypropylene modifier obtained from industrial wastes. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Maria García-Martínez
- Grupo de Ingeniería de Polímeros; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros. C.S.I.C., C/Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Emilia P. Collar
- Grupo de Ingeniería de Polímeros; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros. C.S.I.C., C/Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006 Madrid Spain
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Zhang Z, Zhang R, Huang Y, Lei J, Chen YH, Tang JH, Li ZM. Efficient Utilization of Atactic Polypropylene in Its Isotactic Polypropylene Blends via “Structuring” Processing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5012867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchi Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Engineering, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Engineering, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yanfei Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Engineering, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jun Lei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Engineering, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yan-Hui Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Engineering, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jian-hua Tang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Engineering, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Engineering, and ‡College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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García-Martínez JM, Areso S, Collar EP. The role of a novelp-phenylen-bis-maleamic acid grafted atactic polypropylene interfacial modifier in polypropylene/mica composites as evidenced by tensile properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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García-Martínez JM, Areso S, Collar EP. The transient nature of maximum maleic anhydride grafting of polypropylene: A mechanistic approach based on a consecutive reaction model. II. A comparison of the batch solution and molten state processes. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ellis G, Marco C, Gómez MA, Collar EP, García‐Martínez JM. The Study of Heterogeneous Polymer Systems by Synchrotron Infrared Microscopy. J MACROMOL SCI B 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/mb-120027762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Ellis
- a Departamento de Física e Ingeniería , Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 , Madrid , Spain
| | - C. Marco
- a Departamento de Física e Ingeniería , Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 , Madrid , Spain
| | - M. A. Gómez
- a Departamento de Física e Ingeniería , Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 , Madrid , Spain
| | - E. P. Collar
- a Departamento de Física e Ingeniería , Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 , Madrid , Spain
| | - J. Ma. García‐Martínez
- a Departamento de Física e Ingeniería , Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 , Madrid , Spain
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Yang J, Lin Y, Wang J, Lai M, Li J, Liu J, Tong X, Cheng H. Morphology, thermal stability, and dynamic mechanical properties of atactic polypropylene/carbon nanotube composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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