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Wolfgang JD, White BT, Long TE. Non-isocyanate Polyurethanes from 1,1'-Carbonyldiimidazole: A Polycondensation Approach. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100163. [PMID: 34031942 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
1,1'-Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) provides a platform to generate high molecular weight polyurethanes from industrially relevant diols and diamines. CDI, which is described in the literature for its use in amidation and functionalization reactions, enables the production of well-defined and stable polyurethane precursors, thus eliminating the need for isocyanates. Herein, the functionalization of 1,4-butanediol with CDI yields an electrophilic biscarbamate, bis-carbonylimidazolide (BCI), which is suitable for further step-growth polymerization in the presence of amines. Elevated reaction temperatures enable the solvent-, catalyst-, and isocyanate-free polycondensation reaction between the BCI monomer and various diamines. The thermoplastic polyurethanes produced from this reaction demonstrate high thermal stability, tunable glass transition temperatures based on incorporation of flexible polyether segments, and mechanically ductile thin films. CDI functionalized diols will allow the preparation of diverse polyurethanes without the use of isocyanate-containing monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh D Wolfgang
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - B Tyler White
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Timothy E Long
- School of Molecular Sciences, Biodesign Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
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Saha P, Khomlaem C, Aloui H, Kim BS. Biodegradable Polyurethanes Based on Castor Oil and Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1387. [PMID: 33923329 PMCID: PMC8123115 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polyurethanes (PUs) were produced from castor oil (CO) and poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) diol (PHBD) using hexamethylene diisocyanate as a crosslinking agent. PHBDs of different molecular weights were synthesized through transesterification of bacterial PHB and ethylene glycol by changing the reaction time. The synthesized PHBDs were characterized in terms of Fourier transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A series of PUs at different NCO/OH and CO/PHBD ratios were prepared. The resulting CO/PHBD-based PUs were then characterized in terms of mechanical and thermal properties. Increasing PHBD content significantly increased the tensile strength of CO/PHBD-based PUs by 300% compared to neat CO-based PU. CO/PHBD-based PUs synthetized from short chain PHBD exhibited higher tensile strength compared to those produced from long chain PHBD. As revealed by scanning electron microscopy analysis, such improvement in stiffness of the resulting PUs is due to the good compatibility between CO and PHBD. Increasing PHBD content also increased the crystallinity of the resulting PUs. In addition, higher degradation rates were obtained for CO/PHBD-based PUs synthetized from long chain PHBD compared to neat CO PU and PUs produced from short chain PHBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Beom Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (P.S.); (C.K.); (H.A.)
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Gama NV, Ferreira A, Barros-Timmons A. Polyurethane Foams: Past, Present, and Future. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1841. [PMID: 30262722 PMCID: PMC6213201 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric foams can be found virtually everywhere due to their advantageous properties compared with counterparts materials. Possibly the most important class of polymeric foams are polyurethane foams (PUFs), as their low density and thermal conductivity combined with their interesting mechanical properties make them excellent thermal and sound insulators, as well as structural and comfort materials. Despite the broad range of applications, the production of PUFs is still highly petroleum-dependent, so this industry must adapt to ever more strict regulations and rigorous consumers. In that sense, the well-established raw materials and process technologies can face a turning point in the near future, due to the need of using renewable raw materials and new process technologies, such as three-dimensional (3D) printing. In this work, the fundamental aspects of the production of PUFs are reviewed, the new challenges that the PUFs industry are expected to confront regarding process methodologies in the near future are outlined, and some alternatives are also presented. Then, the strategies for the improvement of PUFs sustainability, including recycling, and the enhancement of their properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno V Gama
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Artur Ferreira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda-Rua Comandante Pinho e Freitas, No. 28, 3750-127 Águeda, Portugal.
| | - Ana Barros-Timmons
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Gama NV, Soares B, Freire CSR, Silva R, Ferreira A, Barros-Timmons A. Effect of unrefined crude glycerol composition on the properties of polyurethane foams. J CELL PLAST 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x17732304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of using unrefined crude glycerol (CG), a byproduct of the biodiesel industry, in the production of polyurethane foams. In order to assess the suitability of this raw material for the production of polyurethane foams, two samples of crude glycerol with different compositions in glycerol, fatty acids, and methyl esters were used directly, without any pretreatment or purification. Additionally, one of these samples was also submitted to a pre-treatment step in order to evaluate the advantage of purifying the raw material and, for comparison, pure glycerol was also used to prepare polyurethane foams. Both chemical and structural characterizations of the produced foams, as well as the thermomechanical properties determined, showed that unrefined crude glycerol is a suitable ecopolyol for the production of polyurethane foams. Although the presence of fatty acids and esters affects their mechanical performance, this issue can be explored to tune the properties of the ensuing polyurethane foams. Furthermore, the evaluation of the impact of using unrefined CG on the sustainability of polyurethane foams production yielded promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno V Gama
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Belinda Soares
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carmen SR Freire
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Artur Ferreira
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda, Águeda, Portugal
| | - Ana Barros-Timmons
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Sharma C, Kumar S, Unni AR, Aswal VK, Rath SK, Harikrishnan G. Foam stability and polymer phase morphology of flexible polyurethane foams synthesized from castor oil. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
| | - A. Raman Unni
- Automotive and Flexible Foam Division, Huntsman Polyurethanes; Navi Mumbai Maharashtra 400710 India
| | - Vinod K. Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; Mumbai Maharashtra 400085 India
| | - Sangram K. Rath
- Polymer Division, Naval Materials Research Laboratory; Ambernath Maharashtra 421506 India
| | - G. Harikrishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
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Desroches M, Escouvois M, Auvergne R, Caillol S, Boutevin B. From Vegetable Oils to Polyurethanes: Synthetic Routes to Polyols and Main Industrial Products. POLYM REV 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2011.640443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Choi SW, Wan Seo D, Don Lim Y, Gi Jeong Y, Islam Mollah MS, Park H, Whan Hong T, Gi Kim W. Synthesis and properties of multihydroxy soybean oil from soybean oil and polymeric methylene-diphenyl- 4,4′-diisocyanate/multihydroxy soybean oil polyurethane adhesive to wood. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lligadas G, Ronda JC, Galià M, Cádiz V. Plant Oils as Platform Chemicals for Polyurethane Synthesis: Current State-of-the-Art. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2825-35. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100839x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Lligadas
- Departament de Quimica Analitica i Quimica Organica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel.li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Juan C. Ronda
- Departament de Quimica Analitica i Quimica Organica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel.li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marina Galià
- Departament de Quimica Analitica i Quimica Organica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel.li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Virginia Cádiz
- Departament de Quimica Analitica i Quimica Organica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel.li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Vaughan BR, Wilkes GL, Dounis DV, McLaughlin C. Effect of vegetable-based polyols in unimodal glass-transition polyurethane slabstock viscoelastic foams and some guidance for the control of their structure-property behavior. I. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Raquez JM, Deléglise M, Lacrampe MF, Krawczak P. Thermosetting (bio)materials derived from renewable resources: A critical review. Prog Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Campanella A, Bonnaillie LM, Wool RP. Polyurethane foams from soyoil-based polyols. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wang C, Yang L, Ni B, Wang L. Thermal and mechanical properties of cast polyurethane resin based on soybean oil. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wang TP, Li D, Wang LJ, Yin J, Chen XD, Mao ZH. Effects of CS/EC ratio on structure and properties of polyurethane foams prepared from untreated liquefied corn stover with PAPI. Chem Eng Res Des 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang L, Jeon HK, Malsam J, Herrington R, Macosko CW. Substituting soybean oil-based polyol into polyurethane flexible foams. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pechar TW, Wilkes GL, Zhou B, Luo N. Characterization of soy-based polyurethane networks prepared with different diisocyanates and their blends with petroleum-based polyols. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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