1
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Guo G. Density reduction behaviors and cell morphology in extrusion of LLDPE/wood fiber composites with physical and chemical blowing agents. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gangjian Guo
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering & TechnologyBradley University Illinois 61625
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2
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Abdul Azam FA, Rajendran Royan NR, Yuhana NY, Mohd Radzuan NA, Ahmad S, Sulong AB. Fabrication of Porous Recycled HDPE Biocomposites Foam: Effect of Rice Husk Filler Contents and Surface Treatments on the Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020475. [PMID: 32092992 PMCID: PMC7077617 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a biodegradable, cheap and durable recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) polymer reinforced with rice husk (RH) fibre was fabricated into a foam structure through several processes, including extrusion, internal mixing and hot pressing. The effect of filler loading on the properties of the foam and the influence of RH surface treatments on the filler–matrix adhesion and mechanical properties of the composite foam were investigated. The morphological examination shows that 50 wt.% filler content resulted in an effective dispersion of cells with the smallest cell size (58.3 µm) and the highest density (7.62 × 1011 sel/cm3). This small cell size benefits the mechanical properties. Results indicate that the tensile strength and the Young’s modulus of the alkali-treated RH/rHDPE composite foam are the highest amongst the treatments (10.83 MPa and 858 MPa, respectively), followed by UV/O3, which has shown considerable increments compared with the untreated composite. The flexural and impact tests also show the increment in strength for the composite foam after chemical treatment. Although the UV/O3 surface treatment has minor influence on the mechanical enhancement of the composite foam, this method may be a reliable surface treatment of the fibre-reinforced composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Atiqah Abdul Azam
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia; (F.A.A.A.); (N.R.R.R.); (N.Y.Y.); (N.A.M.R.)
| | - Nishata Royan Rajendran Royan
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia; (F.A.A.A.); (N.R.R.R.); (N.Y.Y.); (N.A.M.R.)
| | - Nor Yuliana Yuhana
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia; (F.A.A.A.); (N.R.R.R.); (N.Y.Y.); (N.A.M.R.)
| | - Nabilah Afiqah Mohd Radzuan
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia; (F.A.A.A.); (N.R.R.R.); (N.Y.Y.); (N.A.M.R.)
| | - Sahrim Ahmad
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia; (F.A.A.A.); (N.R.R.R.); (N.Y.Y.); (N.A.M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-89216678
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3
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Zhao N, Zhu C, Howe Mark L, Park CB, Li Q. Batch foaming poly(vinyl alcohol)/microfibrillated cellulose composites with CO2and water as co-blowing agents. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Changwei Zhu
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lun Howe Mark
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Qian Li
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China
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4
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Okolieocha C, Köppl T, Kerling S, Tölle FJ, Fathi A, Mülhaupt R, Altstädt V. Influence of graphene on the cell morphology and mechanical properties of extruded polystyrene foam. J CELL PLAST 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x14566084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of nanoparticles to polymer foams not only reinforces the cell walls and struts but can also lead to a decrease of cell size and enhanced cell morphology which in turn, yield foams with superior mechanical properties. For this purpose, several studies have focused on identifying close-to-ideal nucleating agents as well as understanding the influence of processing parameters on foam cell morphology. This research provides a systemic approach to low-density polystyrene foams produced with graphene (thermally reduced graphite oxide), talc and carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via foam extrusion. Remarkably, the cell morphologies of polystyrene/thermally reduced graphite oxide foams show enhanced cell homogeneity with a tremendous increase of the cell densities by more than one order of magnitude compared to neat polystyrene and its counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimezie Okolieocha
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Köppl
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kerling
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Folke J Tölle
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amir Fathi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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5
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Jamalpour S, Ghaffarian SR. Investigation of Cell Structure and Expansion Ratio of Microcellular Polypropylene Nanohomocomposites Prepared by a Solid-State Process. J MACROMOL SCI B 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2014.912517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Zhao N, Mark LH, Zhu C, Park CB, Li Q, Glenn R, Thompson TR. Foaming Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Microfibrillated Cellulose Composites with CO2 and Water as Co-blowing Agents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502018v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- National
Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Microcellular
Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
| | - Lun Howe Mark
- Microcellular
Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
| | - Changwei Zhu
- Microcellular
Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular
Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
| | - Qian Li
- National
Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Robert Glenn
- Beauty
Technology Division, Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Todd Ryan Thompson
- Beauty
Technology Division, Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
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7
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Kim JH, Kim GH. Preparation and cell morphology of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/wood-flour foams with low density. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoo Kim
- Division of Energy and Bio Engineering; Dongseo University; Busan 617-716 South Korea
| | - Gue-Hyun Kim
- Division of Energy and Bio Engineering; Dongseo University; Busan 617-716 South Korea
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8
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Miller D, Kumar V. A Design-of-Experiment Study on the Microcellular Extrusion of Sub-critical CO2 Saturated PLA Pellets. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study we explore the use of solid-state nucleation in pellets as a means to decouple cell nucleation from cell growth in extrusion. This is achieved by feeding the extruder with gas-saturated PLA pellets. Cell nucleation occurs, similar to that of the well-studied solid-state batch foaming process, when gas-saturated pellets are crushed and heated in the feed section of the extruder. The polymer melt consequently contains the nucleated cells. Further, the gas content in the pellets provides a means to deliver a controlled amount of blowing agent for cell growth at the die exit. It was found that gas concentrations in partially desorbed pellets offers greater control of part density and foam morphology compared to that of fully saturated pellets at 2 MPa. Using Design-of-Experiment statistical methods it was found that gas concentration in the polymer was the most significant variable influencing foam density, whereas the extrudate cooling method was found to control cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Miller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - V. Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Boissard CIR, Bourban PE, Plummer CJG, Neagu RC, Månson JAE. Cellular biocomposites from polylactide and microfibrillated cellulose. J CELL PLAST 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x12448190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the production of “green” microfibrillated cellulose-reinforced polylactide cellular biocomposites using a wet mixing technique combined with supercritical carbon dioxide foaming. The effect of composition on the morphology, density and compression modulus of foams was investigated for different processing parameters, along with the use of a chain extender to modify the melt elasticity. Foams with mean densities ranging from 0.18 to 0.32 g/cm3 were obtained for the neat polylactide and polylactide/5 wt% microfibrillated cellulose, respectively, and there was a corresponding increase in compressive modulus from 25 to 47 MPa. The addition of the chain extender is argued to compensate the molar mass loss induced by the different processing steps, promoting more uniform foam structures and allowing a density reduction of up to 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole IR Boissard
- Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Etienne Bourban
- Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christopher John G Plummer
- Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Razvan Cristian Neagu
- Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Anders E Månson
- Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Miller D, Kumar V. Microcellular extrusion of PLA utilizing solid-state nucleation in the gas-saturated pellet extrusion process. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Ma P, Wang X, Liu B, Li Y, Chen S, Zhang Y, Xu G. Preparation and foaming extrusion behavior of polylactide acid/polybutylene succinate/montmorillonoid nanocomposite. J CELL PLAST 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x11434182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA)/polybutylene succinate (PBS) and the PLA/PBS/montmorillonite (MMT) composites were prepared by melt extrusion. The morphology structure, mechanical, thermal, and dynamic rheological properties of the composites were characterized, as well as foaming extrusion behavior of the composites was also studied. The results showed that MMT particles were intercalated into the PLA/PBS matrix forming an ‘intercalation’ structure. The toughness of PLA could be improved by blending with PBS. The comprehensive evaluation of mechanical properties of PLA/PBS was further improved by adding MMT. MMT could play the role of heterogeneous nucleation to improve the crystallization effect of PLA/PBS composite. The melt strength of PLA could be significantly increased by the synergies of MMT and PBS. Meanwhile, MMT could act as a compatibilizer to enhance the interfacial interaction between PLA and PBS. The synergies of PBS and MMT effectively reduced the density of PLA blend foam products, and increased their cell density, uniformity of cell size, and shape distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Ma
- College of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- College of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bengang Liu
- College of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shihong Chen
- College of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- College of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Guozhi Xu
- College of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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Zhai W, Park CB, Kontopoulou M. Nanosilica Addition Dramatically Improves the Cell Morphology and Expansion Ratio of Polypropylene Heterophasic Copolymer Foams Blown in Continuous Extrusion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie102438p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhai
- Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejinag province, 315201, China
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8
| | - Marianna Kontopoulou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada
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13
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Improvement of tensile properties and elastic recovery in ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Lee YH, Kuboki T, Park CB, Sain M. The effects of nanoclay on the extrusion foaming of wood fiber/polyethylene nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Lee YH, Kuboki T, Park CB, Sain M, Kontopoulou M. The effects of clay dispersion on the mechanical, physical, and flame-retarding properties of wood fiber/polyethylene/clay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Yeh SK, Gupta RK. Nanoclay-reinforced, polypropylene-based wood-plastic composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Microcellular extrusion foaming of poly(lactide)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2010; 30:255-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Liu H, Han C, Dong L. Study of the biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone)/clay nanocomposite foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Park KW, Kim GH. Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposite foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Lee H, Kim DS. Preparation and physical properties of wood/polypropylene/clay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Kim Y, Guo G, Park C, Wang K. Processing/structure/property relationships for artificial wood made from stretched PP/wood-fiber composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Park KW, Kim GH, Chowdhury SR. Improvement of compression set property of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer/ethylene-1-butene copolymer/organoclay nanocomposite foams. POLYM ENG SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Guo G, Lee YH, Rizvi GM, Park CB. Influence of wood fiber size on extrusion foaming of wood fiber/HDPE composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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