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Basir A, Muhamad N, Sulong AB, Amin MBM, Jamadon NH, Radzuan NAM. Micro-Injection Molding and Debinding Behavior of Hydroxyapatite/Zirconia Bi-Materials Fabricated by Two-Component Micro-Powder Injection Molding Process. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6375. [PMID: 37834512 PMCID: PMC10573493 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The micro-scale joining of two different materials using two-component micro-powder injection molding (2C-µPIM) is an intriguing technique. The formation of defects in bi-materials at different processing stages makes this technique challenging. This study presents the fabrication of defect-free bi-material micro-parts containing hydroxyapatite (HA) and 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) via 2C-µPIM. Critical powder volume concentrations (CPVCs) of 61.7 vol% and 47.1 vol% were obtained for the HA and 3YSZ powders, respectively. Based on the CPVCs, the optimal loadings for the HA and 3YSZ powders were selected as 60 vol% and 45 vol%, respectively. The HA and 3YSZ feedstocks were prepared by separately mixing the optimal powder contents with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and palm stearin binders. The feedstocks displayed pseudoplastic behavior, and the lowest ranges of viscosity for the HA and 3YSZ at a temperature of 180 °C were 157.1-1392.5 Pa·s and 726.2-985.5 Pa·s, respectively. The feedstocks were injected to produce green HA/3YSZ micro-sized components. It was found that a solvent debinding temperature of 70 °C removed 60.6% of the palm stearin binder from the sample. In the thermal debinding stage, the open channels that formed in the bi-material sample's solvent debound at 70 °C and contributed to the removal of 93 to 95% of the binder system. When the debound bi-materials were sintered at 1300 °C, the highest relative density of 96.3% was obtained. The sintering operation revealed a linear shrinkage between 13 and 17% in the sintered HA/3YSZ micro-parts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.); (N.M.); (M.b.M.A.); (N.H.J.); (N.A.M.R.)
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Basir A, Muhamad N, Sulong AB, Jamadon NH, Foudzi FM. Recent Advances in Processing of Titanium and Titanium Alloys through Metal Injection Molding for Biomedical Applications: 2013-2022. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16113991. [PMID: 37297124 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal injection molding (MIM) is one of the most widely used manufacturing processes worldwide as it is a cost-effective way of producing a variety of dental and orthopedic implants, surgical instruments, and other important biomedical products. Titanium (Ti) and Ti alloys are popular modern metallic materials that have revamped the biomedical sector as they have superior biocompatibility, excellent corrosion resistance, and high static and fatigue strength. This paper systematically reviews the MIM process parameters that extant studies have used to produce Ti and Ti alloy components between 2013 and 2022 for the medical industry. Moreover, the effect of sintering temperature on the mechanical properties of the MIM-processed sintered components has been reviewed and discussed. It is concluded that by appropriately selecting and implementing the processing parameters at different stages of the MIM process, defect-free Ti and Ti alloy-based biomedical components can be produced. Therefore, this present study could greatly benefit future studies that examine using MIM to develop products for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Basir
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhamidi Muhamad
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nashrah Hani Jamadon
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farhana Mohd Foudzi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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Mohd Radzuan NA, Khalid NN, Foudzi FM, Rajendran Royan NR, Sulong AB. Mechanical Analysis of 3D Printed Polyamide Composites under Different Filler Loadings. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:1846. [PMID: 37111993 PMCID: PMC10143204 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of fabricated filaments for fused deposited modelling printing is critical, especially when higher loading filler (>20 wt.%) is involved. At higher loadings, printed samples tend to experience delamination, poor adhesion or even warping, causing their mechanical performance to deteriorate considerably. Hence, this study highlights the behaviour of the mechanical properties of printed polyamide-reinforced carbon fibre at a maximum of 40 wt.%, which can be improved via a post-drying process. The 20 wt.% samples also demonstrate improvements of 500% and 50% in impact strength and shear strength performance, respectively. These excellent performance levels are attributed to the maximum layup sequence during the printing process, which reduces the fibre breakage. Consequently, this enables better adhesion between layers and, ultimately, stronger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabilah Afiqah Mohd Radzuan
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nisa Naima Khalid
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farhana Mohd Foudzi
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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Salehmin MNI, Hil Me MF, Daud WRW, Mohd Yasin NH, Abu Bakar MH, Sulong AB, Lim SS. Construction of microbial electrodialysis cells equipped with internal proton migration pathways: Enhancement of wastewater treatment, desalination, and hydrogen production. Sci Total Environ 2023; 855:158527. [PMID: 36096221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbial electrodialysis cells (MEDCs) offer simultaneous wastewater treatment, water desalination, and hydrogen production. In a conventional design of MEDCs, the overall performance is retarded by the accumulation of protons on the anode due to the integration of an anion exchange membrane (AEM). The accumulation of protons reduces the anolyte pH to become acidic, affecting the microbial viability and thus limiting the charge carrier needed for the cathodic reaction. This study has modified the conventional MEDC with an internal proton migration pathway, known as the internal proton migration pathway-MEDC (IP-MEDC). Simulation tests under abiotic conditions demonstrated that the pH changes in the anolyte and catholyte of IP-MEDC were smaller than the pH changes in the anolyte and catholyte without the proton pathways. Under biotic conditions, the performance of the IP-MEDC agreed well with the simulation test, showing a significantly higher chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate, desalination rate, and hydrogen production than without the migration pathway. This result is supported by the lowest charge transfer resistance shown by EIS analysis and the abundance of microbes on the bioanode through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) observation. However, hydrogen production was diminished in the second-fed batch cycle, presumably due to the active diffusion of high Cl¯ concentrations from desalination to the anode chamber, which was detrimental to microbial growth. Enlarging the anode volume by threefold improved the COD removal rate and hydrogen production rate by 1.7- and 3.4-fold, respectively, owing to the dilution effect of Cl¯ in the anode. This implied that the dilution effect satisfies both the microbial viability and conductivity. This study also suggests that the anolyte and catholyte replacement frequencies can be reduced, typically at a prolonged hydraulic retention time, thus minimizing the operating cost (e.g., solution pumping). The use of a high concentration of NaCl (35 g L-1) in the desalination chamber and catholyte provides a condition that is close to practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wan Ramli Wan Daud
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nazlina Haiza Mohd Yasin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mimi Hani Abu Bakar
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Su Lim
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Khalid NN, Mohd Radzuan NA, Sulong AB, Mohd Foudzi F. Prestasi Bahan Polimer Komposit Dicetak menggunakan Pemodelan Pemendapan Bersatu: Suatu Ulasan Ringkas. SAINS MALAYS 2022. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2022-5105-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Penambahan kandungan pengisi polimer komposit dapat meningkatkan kekonduksian elektrik dan terma yang baik, serta mempunyai kekuatan tegangan dan modulus yang tinggi telah memperluaskan aplikasi dalam industri peranti elektronik. Walau bagaimanapun, penambahan kandungan pengisi yang kurang daripada 20 bt.% akan mengakibatkan ketidaksempurnaan dalam penyebaran serta terdapat gumpalan pengisi ke dalam komposit. Ulasan kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti pengaruh penambahan kandungan pengisi bagi bahan konduktif polimer komposit menggunakan percetakan 3D terhadap sifat elektrik, terma dan mekanikal. Ulasan ini merangkumi penggunaan bahan konduktif polimer komposit yang dibentuk melalui kaedah Pemodelan Pemendapan Bersatu (FDM) yang merupakan salah satu daripada percetakan 3D. Proses percetakan 3D yang dilapisi oleh lapisan demi lapisan akan menghasilkan struktur objek yang kompleks serta proses pembuatan yang cepat telah memberi sumbangan kepada penghasilan konduktif polimer komposit. Kekonduksian elektrik dapat ditingkatkan dengan penambahan kandungan pengisi sehingga 50 bt.%. Selain itu, penambahan kandungan pengisi yang dapat menawarkan permukaan yang lebih berkesan antara permukaan pengisi dan matriks telah meningkatkan suhu penghabluran (Tc) dan suhu puncak penghabluran (Tp) dalam sifat terma serta nilai kekuatan tegangan dan modulus dalam sifat mekanik. Penambahan kandungan pengisi polimer komposit sehingga 50 bt.% dapat meningkatkan kesesuaian bahan untuk digunakan pada peranti elektronik.
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Yeang QW, Sulong AB, Tan SH. Electrospun carboxyl‐functionalised multi‐walled carbon nanotube/poly(vinyl alcohol) asymmetric pervaporation membrane: Application and modeling. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wen Yeang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Seri Ampangan Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - Soon Huat Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Seri Ampangan Malaysia
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Suherman H, Dweiri R, Sulong AB, Zakaria MY, Mahyoedin Y. Improvement of the Electrical-Mechanical Performance of Epoxy/Graphite Composites Based on the Effects of Particle Size and Curing Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030502. [PMID: 35160491 PMCID: PMC8839536 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to improve the electrical-mechanical performance of traditional epoxy/graphite composites for engineering applications. The improvement in the properties of these composites depended on the incorporation of different sizes of graphite particles of the same type and controlling their curing process conditions. The thermal properties and microstructural changes were also characterized. A maximum in-plane electrical conductivity value of approximately 23 S/cm was reported for composites containing 80 wt.% G with a particle size of 150 µm. The effect of combining large and small G particles increased this value to approximately 32 S/cm by replacing the large particle size with 10 wt.% smaller particles (75 µm). A further increase in the electrical conductivity to approximately 50 S/cm was achieved due to the increase in curing temperature and time. Increasing the curing temperature or time also had a crucial role in improving the tensile strength of the composites and a tensile strength of ~19 MPa was reported using a system of multiple filler particle sizes processed at the highest curing temperature and time compared to ~9 MPa for epoxy/G150 at 80 wt.%. TGA analysis showed that the composites are thermally stable, and stability was improved by the addition of filler to the resin. A slight difference in the degraded weights and the glass transition temperatures between composites of different multiple filler particle sizes was also observed from the TGA and DSC results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendra Suherman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang 25143, Indonesia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Radwan Dweiri
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan;
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (A.B.S.); (M.Y.Z.)
| | - Mohd Yusuf Zakaria
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (A.B.S.); (M.Y.Z.)
| | - Yovial Mahyoedin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Bung Hatta, Padang 25143, Indonesia;
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Abstract
This research successfully fabricated conductive polymer composites (CPCs) prepared using multiple sizes of graphite filler (40, 100, 150, and 200 µm) that provided excellent network formation within the fillers and polypropylene matrix which further improved both electrical conductivity and flexural strength. An important discussion on the fabrication technique, including compression moulding and injection moulding was conducted, to manufacture CPC materials with a thickness less than 3 mm. The findings of this study suggested that fabricating CPCs using the compression moulding technique with a graphite composition of 75 wt. % exhibited better network connectivity as the electrical conductivity increased to 15 Scm-1. Also, compared to the three sizes of graphite filler (40/100/200 µm) it resulted in 13 Scm-1, with two sizes (40/200 µm) reporting better electrical conductivity at 15 Scm-1. This demonstrated that the addition of multiple sizes was not necessarily due to agglomeration occurring. The resultant graphite composites of 40/200 µm possessed a more stable structure having a thin composite layer (2.5 mm) which promoted better electrical conductivity suitable for bipolar plate used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
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Ismail NF, Mohd Radzuan NA, Sulong AB, Muhamad N, Che Haron CH. The Effect of Alkali Treatment on Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Kenaf Fiber and Polymer Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13122005. [PMID: 34205236 PMCID: PMC8234228 DOI: 10.3390/polym13122005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of kenaf fiber as a reinforcement material for polymer composites is gaining popularity, especially in the production of automotive components. The main objective of this current work is to relate the effect of alkali treatment on the single fiber itself and the composite material simultaneously. The effect of temperature condition during mechanical testing is also investigated. Composite materials with discontinuous natural kenaf fibers and epoxy resin were fabricated using a compression moulding process. The epoxy composites were reinforced with 50 wt% untreated and treated kenaf fibers. The kenaf fiber was treated with NaOH solution (6% by weight) for 24 h at room temperature. Kenaf fiber treated with NaOH treatment had a clean surface and no impurities. For the first time we can see that alkali treatment had a damaging effect on the mechanical properties of kenaf fibers itself and the treated kenaf/epoxy composites. The composite reinforced with untreated kenaf fiber and treated kenaf fiber showed increased tensile strength (72.85% and 12.97%, respectively) compared to the neat epoxy. Reinforcement of the composite with treated kenaf fiber decreased the tensile strength due to the fiber pull out and the formation of voids which weakens the adhesion between the fibers and matrix. The temperature conditions also play an important role in composites with a significant impact on the deterioration of composite materials. Treated kenaf fiber has thermal stability and is not sensitive to temperature and as a result reinforcement with treated kenaf gives a lower loss value of 76%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Correspondence: (N.A.M.R.); (A.B.S.); Tel.: +60-3-89217190 (A.B.S.)
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Abstract
Metallic foams and porous materials can be produced by various methods. Among the methods that can produce metallic foams and porous materials, powder metallurgy is a promising method. This study investigates the production of a porous stainless steel by the space holder method in powder metallurgy. A novel space holder i.e. glycine and binder consisting of polymethylmethacrylate and stearic acid are used. Different amounts of glycine are added to the mixture of stainless-steel powder and binder. Subsequently, each mixture is cold-pressed at a pressure of 9-ton m-2. The samples are sintered at 1050 and 1150 °C with holding times of 30, 60, and 90 min. The microstructures and physical and mechanical properties of the sintered samples are investigated. A porous stainless steel with porosity ranging from 30.8 to 51.4% is successfully fabricated. Results show that the glycine content and sintering parameters influence the properties of the porous stainless steel. The sintering temperature significantly affects volumetric shrinkage. Volumetric shrinkage decreases as the volume fraction of glycine increases to 30% whereas sintering temperature 1150 °C and holding time 90 min will increase the volumetric shrinkage. The compressive yield strength and corresponding elastic modulus are in the ranges of 22.9 to 57.6 MPa and 6.3 to 26.8 GPa, respectively. The samples produced have potential biomedical applications because their mechanical properties, yield strength and elastic modulus match those of human bones.
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Begum S, Yuhana NY, Md Saleh N, Kamarudin NHN, Sulong AB. Review of chitosan composite as a heavy metal adsorbent: Material preparation and properties. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 259:117613. [PMID: 33673980 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of wastewater is typically discharged into water bodies and has extremely harmful effects to aquatic environments. The removal of heavy metals from water bodies is necessary for the safe consumption of water and human activities. The demand for seafood has considerably increased, and millions of tons of crustacean waste are discarded every year. These waste products are rich in a natural biopolymer known as chitin. The deacetylated form of chitin, chitosan, has attracted attention as an adsorbent. It is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer that can be modified and converted to various derivatives. This review paper focuses on relevant literature on strategies for chemically modifying the biopolymer and its use in the removal of heavy metals from water and wastewater. The different aspects of chitosan-based derivatives and their preparation and application are elucidated. A list of chitosan-based composites, along with their adsorptivity and experimental conditions, are compiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbah Begum
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Yuliana Yuhana
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Noorashikin Md Saleh
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hidayatul Nazirah Kamarudin
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Shanmuganantha L, Baharudin A, Sulong AB, Shamsudin R, Ng MH. Prospect of Metal Ceramic (Titanium-Wollastonite) Composite as Permanent Bone Implants: A Narrative Review. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:E277. [PMID: 33430455 PMCID: PMC7826931 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This literature review discusses the influence of titanium ceramic composites as a biomaterial towards the fabrication of implants for orthopedic applications. The concept of applying metal-ceramic composites enable many novel combinations in the design and fabrication of complex materials which enhances functionality to improve cell and tissue matrix interactions particularly in the formation of bone. Specific focus is placed on its plethora of materials selected from the metals and ceramic group and identifying the optimal combination that matches them. The prospect of wollastonite as the ceramic counterpart is also highlighted. In this review, we have highlighted the different fabrication methods for such metal-ceramic materials as well as the role that these hybrids play in an in vitro and in vivo environment. Its economic potential as a bone implant material is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azmi Baharudin
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, National University of Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Roslinda Shamsudin
- Department of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Min Hwei Ng
- Department of Tissue Engineering, National University of Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan 56000, Malaysia;
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Mohammadi H, Muhamad N, Sulong AB, Ahmadipour M. Recent advances on biofunctionalization of metallic substrate using ceramic coating: How far are we from clinically stable implant? J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Asri NF, Teuku Husaini TH, Sulong AB, Majlan EH. Effects of the Synthesis Coating Parameters for Metal Bipolar Plates. SAINS MALAYS 2020. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2020-4912-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metallic bipolar plates tendency to have high contact resistance, but also very susceptible to corrosion. This may decrease in the performance of fuel cells after several times of usage in fuel cell applications. Research has shown that after a metal plate was coated, the characteristic of materials dependent on the type, composition of the coating materials and the method. This study determines design of coating parameters including gas flow rate, DC power, and deposition time of coating for metal bipolar plates, which can be an indicator of the suitability of these plates for use as bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) applications. The aim of this research was to obtain a limitation range value of parameters that can be used as a standard for the use of metal plates as bipolar plates. The optimization parameters designed by Taguchi are used to determine the characteristics of interfacial contact resistance (ICR) and corrosion current density (Icorr). The integration of the Taguchi method with simulation can show the optimal design parameters of the coating on the various materials use. The optimization feature based on Taguchi is applied to ICR and Icorr values, to determine the feasibility of metal plates as potential bipolar plates in PEMFC.
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SALLEH MOHDSHUKOR, Hashim H, Omar MZ, Sulong AB, Abd Rahman S, Yahaya SH, Abd Rashid MW, Al-Zubaidi S. T6 Heat Treatment Optimization of Thixoformed LM4 Aluminium Alloy using Response Surface Methodology. MJCSM 2020; 3:1-13. [DOI: 10.37934/mjcsm.3.1.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Abdul Azam F‘A, Razak Z, Md Radzi MKF, Muhamad N, Che Haron CH, Sulong AB. Influence of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Rheological Behavior and Physical Properties of Kenaf Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092083. [PMID: 32933225 PMCID: PMC7570251 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of kenaf fiber fillers into a polymer matrix has been pronounced in the past few decades. In this study, the effect of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with a short kenaf fiber (20 mesh) with polypropylene (PP) added was investigated. The melt blending process was performed using an internal mixer to produce polymer composites with different filler contents, while the suitability of this melt composite for the injection molding process was evaluated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to investigate the thermal stability of the raw materials. Rheological analyses were conducted by varying the temperature, load factor, and filler content. The results demonstrate a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior in all samples with changed kenaf fillers (10 to 40 wt %) and MWCNT contents (1 to 4 wt %), which confirm the suitability of the feedstock for the injection molding process. The addition of MWCNTs had an immense effect on the viscosity and an enormous reduction in the feedstock flow behavior. The main contribution of this work is the comprehensive observation of the rheological characteristics of newly produced short PP/kenaf composites that were altered after MWCNT additions. This study also presented an adverse effect on the composites containing MWCNTs, indicating a hydrophilic property with improved water absorption stability and the low flammability effect of PP/kenaf/MWCNT composites. This PP/kenaf/MWCNT green composite produced through the injection molding technique has great potential to be used as car components in the automotive industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah ‘Atiqah Abdul Azam
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (F.‘A.A.A.); (Z.R.); (M.K.F.M.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.C.H.)
| | - Zakaria Razak
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (F.‘A.A.A.); (Z.R.); (M.K.F.M.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.C.H.)
- German-Malaysian Institute, Taman Universiti Strategic Planning and Business Development, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Khairul Fadzly Md Radzi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (F.‘A.A.A.); (Z.R.); (M.K.F.M.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.C.H.)
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6 Persiaran Institusi Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhamidi Muhamad
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (F.‘A.A.A.); (Z.R.); (M.K.F.M.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.C.H.)
| | - Che Hassan Che Haron
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (F.‘A.A.A.); (Z.R.); (M.K.F.M.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.C.H.)
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (F.‘A.A.A.); (Z.R.); (M.K.F.M.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.C.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-89216678
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Abdul Azam FA, Rajendran Royan NR, Yuhana NY, Mohd Radzuan NA, Ahmad S, Sulong AB. Fabrication of Porous Recycled HDPE Biocomposites Foam: Effect of Rice Husk Filler Contents and Surface Treatments on the Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020475. [PMID: 32092992 PMCID: PMC7077617 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a biodegradable, cheap and durable recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) polymer reinforced with rice husk (RH) fibre was fabricated into a foam structure through several processes, including extrusion, internal mixing and hot pressing. The effect of filler loading on the properties of the foam and the influence of RH surface treatments on the filler–matrix adhesion and mechanical properties of the composite foam were investigated. The morphological examination shows that 50 wt.% filler content resulted in an effective dispersion of cells with the smallest cell size (58.3 µm) and the highest density (7.62 × 1011 sel/cm3). This small cell size benefits the mechanical properties. Results indicate that the tensile strength and the Young’s modulus of the alkali-treated RH/rHDPE composite foam are the highest amongst the treatments (10.83 MPa and 858 MPa, respectively), followed by UV/O3, which has shown considerable increments compared with the untreated composite. The flexural and impact tests also show the increment in strength for the composite foam after chemical treatment. Although the UV/O3 surface treatment has minor influence on the mechanical enhancement of the composite foam, this method may be a reliable surface treatment of the fibre-reinforced composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Atiqah Abdul Azam
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia; (F.A.A.A.); (N.R.R.R.); (N.Y.Y.); (N.A.M.R.)
| | - Nishata Royan Rajendran Royan
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia; (F.A.A.A.); (N.R.R.R.); (N.Y.Y.); (N.A.M.R.)
| | - Nor Yuliana Yuhana
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia; (F.A.A.A.); (N.R.R.R.); (N.Y.Y.); (N.A.M.R.)
| | - Nabilah Afiqah Mohd Radzuan
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia; (F.A.A.A.); (N.R.R.R.); (N.Y.Y.); (N.A.M.R.)
| | - Sahrim Ahmad
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia; (F.A.A.A.); (N.R.R.R.); (N.Y.Y.); (N.A.M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-89216678
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Mohd Radzuan NA, Ismail NF, Fadzly Md Radzi MK, Razak ZB, Tharizi IB, Sulong AB, Che Haron CH, Muhamad N. Kenaf Composites for Automotive Components: Enhancement in Machinability and Moldability. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101707. [PMID: 31627431 PMCID: PMC6836254 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the mechanical performance of kenaf composites is still unsatisfied in term of its mechanical performance. Therefore, research focuses on kenaf composites fabrication through the selection of polymer resin, including epoxy, polypropylene, and polylactic acid. The incorporated kenaf fibre at 10 wt % to 40 wt % loadings was conducted using injection and a compression moulding process. The compressed materials indicated high tensile strength at 240 MPa compared to inject materials (60 MPa). Significant improvement on impact strength (9 kJ/m2) was due to the unpulled-out fibre that dispersed homogenously and hence minimize the microcrack acquire. Meanwhile, high flexural strength (180 MPa) obtained by kenaf/epoxy composites due to the fibre orientate perpendicular to the loading directions, which improve its mechanical properties. The findings indicate that the kenaf fibre reinforced thermoset materials exhibit better mechanical properties as a function to the battery tray applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabilah Afiqah Mohd Radzuan
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Farhani Ismail
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Khairul Fadzly Md Radzi
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Unit of Farm Mechanisation, Biological Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Bangi Lama, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Zakaria Bin Razak
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Production Technology, German-Malaysian Institute, Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Izdihar Binti Tharizi
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Che Hassan Che Haron
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Norhamidi Muhamad
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Smart Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Mohd Radzuan NA, Sulong AB, Hui D, Verma A. Electrical Conductivity Performance of Predicted Modified Fibre Contact Model for Multi-Filler Polymer Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091425. [PMID: 31480276 PMCID: PMC6780173 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer composites have been extensively fabricated given that they are well-fitted for a variety of applications, especially concerning their mechanical properties. However, inadequate outcomes, mainly regarding their electrical performance, have limited their significant potential. Hence, this study proposed the use of multiple fillers, with different geometries, in order to improve the electrical conductivity of a polymer composite. The fabricated composite was mixed, using the ball milling method, before being compressed by a hot press machine at 3 MPa for 10 min. The composite plate was then measured for both its in-plane and through-plane conductivities, which were 3.3 S/cm, and 0.79 S/cm, respectively. Furthermore, the experimental data were then verified using a predicted electrical conductivity model, known as a modified fibre contact model, which considered the manufacturing process, including the shear rate and flow rate. The study indicated that the predicted model had a significant trend and value, compared to the experimental model (0.65 S/cm for sample S1). The resultant fabricated composite materials were found to possess an excellent network formation, and good electrical conductivity for bipolar plate application, when applying compression pressure of 3 MPa for 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabilah Afiqah Mohd Radzuan
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Smart Manufacturing (MERCU), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Smart Manufacturing (MERCU), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - David Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Anil Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, India
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Zakaria MY, Sulong AB, Muhamad N, Raza MR, Ramli MI. Incorporation of wollastonite bioactive ceramic with titanium for medical applications: An overview. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2019; 97:884-895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Shan L, Kadhum AAH, Al-Furjan MSH, Weng W, Gong Y, Cheng K, Zhou M, Dong L, Chen G, Takriff MS, Sulong AB. In Situ Controlled Surface Microstructure of 3D Printed Ti Alloy to Promote Its Osteointegration. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E815. [PMID: 30857349 PMCID: PMC6427748 DOI: 10.3390/ma12050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging technology used to produce customized implants and surface characteristics of implants, strongly deciding their osseointegration ability. In this study, Ti alloy microspheres were printed under selected rational printing parameters in order to tailor the surface micro-characteristics of the printed implants during additive manufacturing by an in situ, controlled way. The laser path and hatching space were responsible for the appearance of the stripy structure (S), while the bulbous structure (B) and bulbous⁻stripy composite surface (BS) were determined by contour scanning. A nano-sized structure could be superposed by hydrothermal treatment. The cytocompatibility was evaluated by culturing Mouse calvaria-derived preosteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1). The results showed that three typical microstructured surfaces, S, B, and BS, could be achieved by varying the 3D printing parameters. Moreover, the osteogenic differentiation potential of the S, B, and BS surfaces could be significantly enhanced, and the addition of nano-sized structures could be further improved. The BS surface with nano-sized structure demonstrated the optimum osteogenic differentiation potential. The present research demonstrated an in situ, controlled way to tailor and optimize the surface structures in micro-size during the 3D printing process for an implant with higher osseointegration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shan
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Amir H Kadhum
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
| | - M S H Al-Furjan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Wenjian Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Youping Gong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Kui Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Maoying Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Lingqing Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Guojin Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Mohd S Takriff
- Research Center for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
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Ramli MI, Sulong AB, Muhamad N, Muchtar A, Zakaria MY. Pengoptimuman Parameter Pengacuan Suntikan terhadap Ketumpatan Jasad Anum untuk Komposit Aloi Titanium-Wolastonit. SAINS MALAYS 2018. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2018-4711-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ramli MI, Sulong AB, Muhamad N, Muchtar A, Arifin A, Mohd Foudzi F, Hammadi Al-Furjan MS. Effect of sintering parameters on physical and mechanical properties of powder injection moulded stainless steel-hydroxyapatite composite. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206247. [PMID: 30359433 PMCID: PMC6201935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of metallic bio-inert material, stainless-steel 316L (SS316L) and a bio-active material, hydroxyapatite (HA) can produce a composite which has superior properties for orthopaedic applications. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of sintering temperature and holding time on the physical and mechanical properties of the sintered part. 50wt.% SS316L and 50wt.% HA were mixed with a binder system of palm stearin (PS) and polyethylene (PE) at 61 vol.% powder loading. Rheological properties show a pseudo-plastic behaviour of the feedstock, where viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate. The feedstock was injection moulded into a tensile bar shape while thermal debinding was carried out at 320°C and 500°C. The brown parts were sintered at 1000, 1100, 1200 and 1300°C, with three different sintering times of 1, 3 and 5 hours in the furnace. It was found that the highest sintered density measured was 95.61% of the theoretical density. In addition, the highest hardness and Young's modulus measured were 150.45 HV and 52.61 GPa respectively, which are higher than those of human bone. The lowest percentage of carbon content was 0.022wt.% given by the sample sintered at 1300°C for 1 hour. Therefore, SS316L/HA composite with good mechanical and physical properties was successfully produced through the PIM process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ikram Ramli
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhamidi Muhamad
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andanastuti Muchtar
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amir Arifin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Farhana Mohd Foudzi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Razak Z, Sulong AB, Muhamad N, Che Haron CH, Md Radzi MKF, Tholibon D, Tharazi I, Ismail NF. The Effects of Maleic Anhydride Grafted PP (MAPP) on the Mechanical Properties of Injection Moulded Kenaf/CNTs/PP Composites. SAINS MALAYS 2018. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2018-4706-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kadiman NN, Romli JE, Muhamad N, Sulong AB, Mohd Foudzi F. Pengoptimuman Parameter Sonikasi dan Pengacauan Magnetik bagi Mendapatkan Penyerakan Sebati Komposit Kuprum-Grafin Berdasarkan Sifat Morfologi. SAINS MALAYS 2018. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2018-4705-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rajendran Royan NR, Sulong AB, Yuhana NY, Chen RS, Ab Ghani MH, Ahmad S. UV/O3 treatment as a surface modification of rice husk towards preparation of novel biocomposites. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197345. [PMID: 29847568 PMCID: PMC5976143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of rice husks (RH) to reinforce polymers in biocomposites are increasing tremendously. However, the incompatibility between the hydrophilic RH fibers and the hydrophobic thermoplastic matrices leads to unsatisfactory biocomposites. Surface modification of the fiber surface was carried out to improve the adhesion between fiber and matrix. In this study, the effect of surface modification of RH via alkali, acid and ultraviolet-ozonolysis (UV/O3) treatments on the properties of composites recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) composites was investigated. The untreated and treated RH were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The composites containing 30 wt% of RH (treated and untreated) were then prepared via extrusion and followed by compression molding. As compared to untreated RH, all surface treated RH exhibited rougher surface and showed improved adhesion with rHDPE matrix. Tensile strength of UV/O3-treated RH composites showed an optimum result at 18.37 MPa which improved about 5% in comparison to the composites filled with untreated RH. UV/O3 treatment promotes shorter processing time and lesser raw material waste during treatment process where this is beneficial for commercialization in the future developments of wood plastic composites (WPCs). Therefore, UV/O3 treatment can be served as an alternative new method to modify RH surface in order to improve the adhesion between hydrophilic RH fibre and hydrophobic rHDPE polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Yuliana Yuhana
- Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruey Shan Chen
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohd Hafizuddin Ab Ghani
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sahrim Ahmad
- School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Mohd Radzuan NA, Sulong AB, Rao Somalu M, Majlan EH, Husaini T, Rosli MI. Effects of Die Configuration on the Electrical Conductivity of Polypropylene Reinforced Milled Carbon Fibers: An Application on a Bipolar Plate. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10050558. [PMID: 30966592 PMCID: PMC6415380 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Die configurations, filler orientations, electrical conductivity, and mechanical properties of polypropylene reinforced milled carbon fibers were studied as functions of their manufacturing processes. Series of manufacturing processes often deteriorate the material properties, hence, finding a suitable process aid is key to improving the electrical and mechanical properties of composite materials. Compared with the conventional manufacturing process, extrusion is a key process in the production of a highly conductive composite. A twin-screw extruder was used at a temperature of 230 °C and a rotational speed of 50 rpm before the compression molding process was carried out at 200 °C and 13 kPa. This research examined different die configurations, namely rod and sheet dies. The results indicated that the rod dies showed better mechanical properties and electrical conductivity with 25 MPa and 5 S/cm compared to the sheet dies. Moreover, rod dies are able to orientate to 86° and obtain longest filler length with 55 μm compared to the sheet dies. The alteration of the filler orientation in the produced material at a high shear rate further enhanced the electrical conductivity of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600 UKM, Malaysia.
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Mahendra Rao Somalu
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600 UKM, Malaysia.
| | - Edy Herianto Majlan
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600 UKM, Malaysia.
| | - Teuku Husaini
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600 UKM, Malaysia.
| | - Masli Irwan Rosli
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
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Fayyaz A, Muhamad N, Sulong AB. Microstructure and physical and mechanical properties of micro cemented carbide injection moulded components. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Yeang QW, Sulong AB, Tan SH. Asymmetric membrane containing electrospun Cu-BTC/poly(vinyl alcohol) for pervaporation dehydration of 1,4-dioxane. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rajendran Royan NR, Sulong AB, Yuhana NY, Ab Ghani MH, Ahmad S. Pengoptimumam Pemprosesan Komposit rHDPE Berpenguat Sekam Padi dengan Kaedah Tindak Balas Permukaan (RSM). SAINS MALAYS 2017. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2017-4610-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mohd Salleh F, Sulong AB, Raza MR, Muhamad N, Lim TF. Effect of Space Holders on Fabrication of Porous Titanium Alloy-Hydroxyapatite Composite through Powder Injection Molding. SAINS MALAYS 2017. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2017-4609-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gaaz TS, Kadhum AAH, Michael PKA, Al-Amiery AA, Sulong AB, Nassir MH, Jaaz AH. Unique Halloysite Nanotubes⁻Polyvinyl Alcohol⁻Polyvinylpyrrolidone Composite Complemented with Physico⁻Chemical Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9060207. [PMID: 30970887 PMCID: PMC6431940 DOI: 10.3390/polym9060207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A halloysite nanotubes–polyvinyl alcohol–polyvinylpyrrolidone (HNTs–PVA–PVP) composite has been investigated for a quite long time aiming at improving the physico–chemical characterization of HNTs. In this work, HNTs–PVA–PVP composite were prepared based on a unique procedure characterized by crosslinking two polymers with HNTs. The composite of two polymers were modified by treating HNTs with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and by using malonic acid (MA) as a crosslinker. The composite was also treated by adding the dispersion agent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The HNTs–PVA–PVP composite shows better characteristics regarding agglomeration when HNTs is treated in advance by H3PO4. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), brunauer–emmett–teller (BET), size distribution, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to characterize the physio-chemical properties of the composite. FTIR shows additional peaks at 2924.29, 1455.7, and 682.4 cm−1 compared to the neat HNTs due to adding MA. Despite that, the XRD spectra do not show a significant difference, the decrease in peak intensity could be attributed to the addition of semi-crystalline PVA and the amorphous PVP. The images taken by TEM and FESEM show the possible effects of MA on the morphology and internal feature of HNTs–PVA–PVP composite treated by MA by showing the deformation of the matrix. The BET surface area increased to 121.1 m2/g compared to the neat HNTs at 59.1 m2/g. This result, the second highest recorded result, is considered a breakthrough in enhancing the properties of HNTs–PVA–PVP composite, and treatment by MA crosslinking may attribute to the size and the number of the pores. The results from these techniques clearly showed that a significant change has occurred for treated HNTs–PVA–PVP composite where MA was added. The characterization of HNTs–PVA–PVP composite with and without treating HNTs and using crosslinker may lead to a better understanding of this new composites as a precursor to possible applications in the dentistry field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayser Sumer Gaaz
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
- Department of Machinery Equipment Engineering Techniques, Technical College Al-Musaib, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Al-Musaib, Babil 51009, Iraq.
| | - Abdul Amir H Kadhum
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Patina Kiah Anak Michael
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmed A Al-Amiery
- Energy and Renewable Energies Technology Centre, University of Technology, Baghdad 10001, Iraq.
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamed H Nassir
- Program of Chemical Engineering, Taylor's University-Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Ahed Hameed Jaaz
- Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
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Gaaz TS, Sulong AB, Kadhum AAH, Al-Amiery AA, Nassir MH, Jaaz AH. The Impact of Halloysite on the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites. Molecules 2017; 22:E838. [PMID: 28531126 PMCID: PMC6154593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotubular clay minerals, composed of aluminosilicate naturally structured in layers known as halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), have a significant reinforcing impact on polymer matrixes. HNTs have broad applications in biomedical applications, the medicine sector, implant alloys with corrosion protection and manipulated transportation of medicines. In polymer engineering, different research studies utilize HNTs that exhibit a beneficial enhancement in the properties of polymer-based nanocomposites. The dispersion of HNTs is improved as a result of pre-treating HNTs with acids. The HNTs' percentage additive up to 7% shows the highest improvement of tensile strength. The degradation of the polymer can be also significantly improved by doping a low percentage of HNTs. Both the mechanical and thermal properties of polymers were remarkably improved when mixed with HNTs. The effects of HNTs on the mechanical and thermal properties of polymers, such as ultimate strength, elastic modulus, impact strength and thermal stability, are emphasized in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayser Sumer Gaaz
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
- Department of Machinery Equipment Engineering Techniques, Technical College Al-Musaib, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Al-Musaib, Babil 51009, Iraq.
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Amir H Kadhum
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmed A Al-Amiery
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamed H Nassir
- Program of Chemical Engineering, Taylor's University-Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Ahed Hameed Jaaz
- Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
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Hamidi MFFA, Harun WSW, Samykano M, Ghani SAC, Ghazalli Z, Ahmad F, Sulong AB. A review of biocompatible metal injection moulding process parameters for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2017; 78:1263-1276. [PMID: 28575965 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible metals have been revolutionizing the biomedical field, predominantly in human implant applications, where these metals widely used as a substitute to or as function restoration of degenerated tissues or organs. Powder metallurgy techniques, in specific the metal injection moulding (MIM) process, have been employed for the fabrication of controlled porous structures used for dental and orthopaedic surgical implants. The porous metal implant allows bony tissue ingrowth on the implant surface, thereby enhancing fixation and recovery. This paper elaborates a systematic classification of various biocompatible metals from the aspect of MIM process as used in medical industries. In this study, three biocompatible metals are reviewed-stainless steels, cobalt alloys, and titanium alloys. The applications of MIM technology in biomedicine focusing primarily on the MIM process setting parameters discussed thoroughly. This paper should be of value to investigators who are interested in state of the art of metal powder metallurgy, particularly the MIM technology for biocompatible metal implant design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F F A Hamidi
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - W S W Harun
- Green Research for Advanced Materials Laboratory, Human Engineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - M Samykano
- Structural and Material Degradation Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - S A C Ghani
- Green Research for Advanced Materials Laboratory, Human Engineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Z Ghazalli
- Green Research for Advanced Materials Laboratory, Human Engineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - F Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
| | - A B Sulong
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Malaysia
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Mohd Radzuan NA, Sulong AB, Somalu MR. Pengoptimuman Proses Penyemperitan Gentian Karbon Terkisar dan Polipropilena bagi Komposit Polimer Pengalir. SAINS MALAYS 2016. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2016-4512-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gaaz TS, Sulong AB, Kadhum AAH, Nassir MH, Al-Amiery AA. Optimizing Injection Molding Parameters of Different Halloysites Type-Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposites via Taguchi Complemented with ANOVA. Materials (Basel) 2016; 9:ma9110947. [PMID: 28774069 PMCID: PMC5457251 DOI: 10.3390/ma9110947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Halloysite nanotubes-thermoplastic polyurethane (HNTs-TPU) nanocomposites are attractive products due to increasing demands for specialized materials. This study attempts to optimize the parameters for injection just before marketing. The study shows the importance of the preparation of the samples and how well these parameters play their roles in the injection. The control parameters for injection are carefully determined to examine the mechanical properties and the density of the HNTs-TPU nanocomposites. Three types of modified HNTs were used as untreated HNTs (uHNTs), sulfuric acid treated (aHNTs) and a combined treatment of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-malonic acid (MA) (treatment (mHNTs)). It was found that mHNTs have the most influential effect of producing HNTs-TPU nanocomposites with the best qualities. One possible reason for this extraordinary result is the effect of SDS as a disperser and MA as a crosslinker between HNTs and PVA. For the highest tensile strength, the control parameters are demonstrated at 150 °C (injection temperature), 8 bar (injection pressure), 30 °C (mold temperature), 8 min (injection time), 2 wt % (HNTs loading) and mHNT (HNTs type). Meanwhile, the optimized combination of the levels for all six control parameters that provide the highest Young’s modulus and highest density was found to be 150 °C (injection temperature), 8 bar (injection pressure), 32 °C (mold temperature), 8 min (injection time), 3 wt % (HNTs loading) and mHNT (HNTs type). For the best tensile strain, the six control parameters are found to be 160 °C (injection temperature), 8 bar (injection pressure), 32 °C (mold temperature), 8 min (injection time), 2 wt % (HNTs loading) and mHNT (HNTs type). For the highest hardness, the best parameters are 140 °C (injection temperature), 6 bar (injection pressure), 30 °C (mold temperature), 8 min (injection time), 2 wt % (HNTs loading) and mHNT (HNTs type). The analyses are carried out by coordinating Taguchi and ANOVA approaches. Seemingly, mHNTs has shown its very important role in the resulting product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayser Sumer Gaaz
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Machinery Equipment Engineering Techniques, Technical College Al-Musaib, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Al-Musaib 51009, Babil, Iraq.
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Amir H Kadhum
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamed H Nassir
- Program of Chemical Engineering, Taylor's University-Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmed A Al-Amiery
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Gaaz TS, Sulong AB, Kadhum AAH, Nassir MH, Al-Amiery AA. Impact of Sulfuric Acid Treatment of Halloysite on Physico-Chemic Property Modification. Materials (Basel) 2016; 9:ma9080620. [PMID: 28773741 PMCID: PMC5509038 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Halloysite (HNT) is treated with sulfuric acid and the physico-chemical properties of its morphology, surface activity, physical and chemical properties have been investigated when HNT is exposed to sulfuric acid with treatment periods of 1 h (H1), 3 h (H3), 8 h (H8), and 21 h (H21). The significance of this and similar work lies in the importance of using HNT as a functional material in nanocomposites. The chemical structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The spectrum demonstrates that the hydroxyl groups were active for grafting modification using sulfuric acid, promoting a promising potential use for halloysite in ceramic applications as filler for novel clay-polymer nanocomposites. From the X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum, it can be seen that the sulfuric acid breaks down the HNT crystal structure and alters it into amorphous silica. In addition, the FESEM images reveal that the sulfuric acid treatment dissolves the AlO₆ octahedral layers and induces the disintegration of SiO₄ tetrahedral layers, resulting in porous nanorods. The Bruncher-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and total pore volume of HNTs showed an increase. The reaction of the acid with both the outer and inner surfaces of the nanotubes causes the AlO₆ octahedral layers to dissolve, which leads to the breakdown and collapse of the tetrahedral layers of SiO₄. The multi-fold results presented in this paper serve as a guide for further HNT functional treatment for producing new and advanced nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayser Sumer Gaaz
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
- Department of Machinery Equipment Engineering Techniques, Technical College Al-Musaib, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Al-Musaib, Babil 51009, Iraq.
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Amir H Kadhum
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamed H Nassir
- Program of Chemical Engineering, Taylor's University-Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmed A Al-Amiery
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
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Sahari J, Sulong AB, Husaini T. CRITICAL POWDER LOADING AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE/GRAPHITE COMPOSITE FEEDSTOCK FOR BIPOLAR PLATE APPLICATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17576/mjas-2016-2003-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Raza MR, Ahmad F, Muhamad N, Sulong AB, Omar M, Akhtar MN, Aslam M. Effects of solid loading and cooling rate on the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of powder injection molded 316 L stainless steel. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Gaaz TS, Sulong AB, Akhtar MN, Kadhum AAH, Mohamad AB, Al-Amiery AA. Properties and Applications of Polyvinyl Alcohol, Halloysite Nanotubes and Their Nanocomposites. Molecules 2015; 20:22833-47. [PMID: 26703542 PMCID: PMC6332455 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to analyze/investigate the synthesis, properties, and applications of polyvinyl alcohol-halloysite nanotubes (PVA-HNT), and their nanocomposites. Different polymers with versatile properties are attractive because of their introduction and potential uses in many fields. Synthetic polymers, such as PVA, natural polymers like alginate, starch, chitosan, or any material with these components have prominent status as important and degradable materials with biocompatibility properties. These materials have been developed in the 1980s and are remarkable because of their recyclability and consideration of the natural continuation of their physical and chemical properties. The fabrication of PVA-HNT nanocomposites can be a potential way to address some of PVA's limitations. Such nanocomposites have excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability. PVA-HNT nanocomposites have been reported earlier, but without proper HNT individualization and PVA modifications. The properties of PVA-HNT for medicinal and biomedical use are attracting an increasing amount of attention for medical applications, such as wound dressings, drug delivery, targeted-tissue transportation systems, and soft biomaterial implants. The demand for alternative polymeric medical devices has also increased substantially around the world. This paper reviews individualized HNT addition along with crosslinking of PVA for various biomedical applications that have been previously reported in literature, thereby showing the attainability, modification of characteristics, and goals underlying the blending process with PVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayser Sumer Gaaz
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
- Department of Machinery Equipment Engineering Techniques, Technical College Al-Musaib, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Al-Musaib, Babil 51009, Iraq.
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Majid Niaz Akhtar
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
- Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Amir H Kadhum
- Department of chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Abu Bakar Mohamad
- Department of chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
- Fuel Cell Institute, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor 43000, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmed A Al-Amiery
- Department of chemical & Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor 43600, Malaysia.
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Akhtar MN, Sulong AB, Karim SA, Azhari CH, Raza MR. Evaluation of thermal, morphological and mechanical properties of PMMA/NaCl/DMF electrospun nanofibers: an investigation through surface methodology approach. Iran Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-015-0390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Wong YN, Muhamad N, Sulong AB, Fayyaz A, Raza MR. Effects of Vanadium Carbide on Sintered WC-10% Co Produced by Micro-powder Injection Molding. SAINS MALAYS 2015. [DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2015-4408-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Arifin A, Sulong AB, Muhamad N, Syarif J, Ramli MI. Powder injection molding of HA/Ti6Al4V composite using palm stearin as based binder for implant material. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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45
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Yeang QW, Zein SHS, Sulong AB, Tan SH. Comparison of the pervaporation performance of various types of carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites in the dehydration of acetone. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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